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Perez FP, Morisaki J, Kanakri H, Rizkalla M. Electromagnetic Field Stimulation Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease. NEUROLOGY (CHICAGO, ILL.) 2024; 3:1020. [PMID: 38699565 PMCID: PMC11064876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative dementia worldwide. AD is a multifactorial disease that causes a progressive decline in memory and function precipitated by toxic beta-amyloid (Aβ) proteins, a key player in AD pathology. In 2022, 6.5 million Americans lived with AD, costing the nation $321billion. The standard of care for AD treatment includes acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AchEIs), NMDA receptor antagonists, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, these methods are either: 1) ineffective in improving cognition, 2) unable to change disease progression, 3) limited in the number of therapeutic targets, 4) prone to cause severe side effects (brain swelling, microhemorrhages with mAb, and bradycardia and syncope with AchEIs), 5) unable to effectively cross the blood-brain barrier, and 6) lack of understanding of the aging process on the disease. mAbs are available to lower Aβ, but the difficulties of reducing the levels of the toxic Aβ proteins in the brain without triggering brain swelling or microhemorrhages associated with mAbs make the risk-benefit profile of mAbs unclear. A novel multitarget, effective, and safe non-invasive approach utilizing Repeated Electromagnetic Field Stimulation (REMFS) lowers Aβ levels in human neurons and memory areas, prevents neuronal death, stops disease progression, and improves memory without causing brain edema or bleeds in AD mice. This REMFS treatment has not been developed for humans because current EMF devices have poor penetration depth and inhomogeneous E-field distribution in the brain. Here, we discussed the biology of these effects in neurons and the design of optimal devices to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe P Perez
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jorge Morisaki
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Haitham Kanakri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Maher Rizkalla
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Singh KV, Arya R, Nirala JP, Sahu D, Nanda RK, Rajamani P. Effects of mobile phone electromagnetic radiation on rat hippocampus proteome. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:836-847. [PMID: 34984797 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, the number of mobile phone users has increased from 5.57 billion in 2011 to 6.8 billion in 2019. However, short- and long-term impact of the electromagnetic radiation emitting from mobile phones on tissue homeostasis with particular to brain proteome composition needs further investigation. In this study, we attempted a global proteome profiling study of rat hippocampus exposed to mobile phone radiation for 20 weeks (for 3 h/day for 5 days/week) to identify deregulated proteins and western blot analysis for validation. As a result, we identified 358 hippocampus proteins, of which 16 showed deregulation (log2 (exposed/sham) ≥ ±1.0, p-value <.05). Majority of these deregulated proteins grouped into three clusters sharing similar molecular pathways. A set of four proteins (Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase: Aldh5a1, Na+ K+ transporting ATPase: Atp1b2, plasma membrane calcium transporting ATPase: PMCA and protein S100B) presenting each functional pathway were selected for validation. Western blot analysis of these proteins, in an independent sample set, corroborated the mass spectrometry findings. Aldh5a1 involve in cellular energy metabolism, both Atp1b2 and PMCA responsible for membrane transport and protein S100B have a neuroprotective role. In conclusion, we present a deregulated hippocampus proteome upon mobile phone radiation exposure, which might influence the healthy functioning of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rakesh Arya
- Translational Health Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Odisha, India
| | - Jay Prakash Nirala
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Debasis Sahu
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjan Kumar Nanda
- Translational Health Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Paulraj Rajamani
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Selmaoui B, Touitou Y. Association Between Mobile Phone Radiation Exposure and the Secretion of Melatonin and Cortisol, Two Markers of the Circadian System: A Review. Bioelectromagnetics 2020; 42:5-17. [PMID: 33238059 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The extremely important use of mobile phones in the world, at all ages of life, including children and adolescents, leads to significant exposure of these populations to electromagnetic waves of radiofrequency. The question, therefore, arises as to whether exposure to these radiofrequencies (RFs) could lead to deleterious effects on the body's biological systems and health. In the current article, we review the effects, in laboratory animals and humans, of exposure to RF on two hormones considered as endocrine markers: melatonin, a neurohormone produced by the pineal gland and cortisol, a glucocorticosteroid synthesized by the adrenal glands. These two hormones are also considered as markers of the circadian system. The literature search was performed using PubMed, Medline, Web of Sciences (ISI Web of Knowledge), Google Scholar, and EMF Portal. From this review on RF effects on cortisol and melatonin, it appears that scientific papers in the literature are conflicting, showing effects, no effects, or inconclusive data. This implies the need for additional research on higher numbers of subjects and with protocols perfectly controlled with follow-up studies to better determine whether the chronic effect of RF on the biological functioning and health of users exists (or not). Bioelectromagnetics. 2021;42:5-17. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Selmaoui
- Department of Experimental Toxicology, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.,PériTox Laboratory, UMR-I 01 INERIS, Picardie Jules Verne University, Amiens, France
| | - Yvan Touitou
- Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild, Unité de Chronobiologie, Paris, France
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Bouji M, Lecomte A, Gamez C, Blazy K, Villégier AS. Impact of Cerebral Radiofrequency Exposures on Oxidative Stress and Corticosterone in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 73:467-476. [PMID: 31796670 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative disease leading to dementia. Several studies suggested that mobile phone radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposures modified AD memory deficits in rodent models. OBJECTIVE Here we aimed to test the hypothesis that RF-EMF exposure may modify memory through corticosterone and oxidative stress in the Samaritan rat model of AD. METHODS Long-Evans male rats received intracerebroventricular infusion with ferrous sulphate, amyloid-beta 1-42 peptide, and buthionine-sufloximine (AD rats) or with vehicle (control rats). To mimic cell phone use, RF-EMF were exposed to the head for 1 month (5 days/week, in restraint). To look for hazard thresholds, high brain averaged specific absorption rates (BASAR) were tested: 1.5 W/Kg (15 min), 6 W/Kg (15 min), and 6 W/Kg (45 min). The sham group was in restraint for 45 min. Endpoints were spatial memory in the radial maze, plasmatic corticosterone, heme oxygenase-1 (HO1), and amyloid plaques. RESULTS Results indicated similar corticosterone levels but impaired memory performances and increased cerebral staining of thioflavine and of HO1 in the sham AD rats compared to the controls. A correlative increase of cortical HO1 staining was the only effect of RF-EMF in control rats. In AD rats, RF-EMF exposures induced a correlative increase of hippocampal HO1 staining and reduced corticosterone. DISCUSSION According to our data, neither AD nor control rats showed modified memory after RF-EMF exposures. Unlike control rats, AD rats showed higher hippocampal oxidative stress and reduced corticosterone with the higher BASAR. This data suggests more fragility related to neurodegenerative disease toward RF-EMF exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bouji
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Anthony Lecomte
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.,PERITOX UMR I-01 INERIS 01 UFR de médecine, Amiens, France
| | - Christelle Gamez
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.,PERITOX UMR I-01 INERIS 01 UFR de médecine, Amiens, France
| | - Kelly Blazy
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.,PERITOX UMR I-01 INERIS 01 UFR de médecine, Amiens, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Villégier
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.,PERITOX UMR I-01 INERIS 01 UFR de médecine, Amiens, France
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Singh KV, Gautam R, Meena R, Nirala JP, Jha SK, Rajamani P. Effect of mobile phone radiation on oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and contextual fear memory in Wistar rat. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:19340-19351. [PMID: 32212071 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07916-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present lifestyle, we are continuously exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) radiation generated mainly by mobile phones (MP). Among other organs, our brain and hippocampus in specific, is the region where effect of any environmental perturbation is most pronounced. So, this study was aimed to examine changes in major parameters (oxidative stress, level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs), hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hormones, and contextual fear conditioning) which are linked to hippocampus directly or indirectly, upon exposure to mobile phone radiofrequency electromagnetic field (MP-RF-EMF) radiation. Exposure was performed on young adult male Wistar rats for 16 weeks continuously (2 h/day) with MP-RF-EMF radiation having frequency, power density, and specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1966.1 MHz, 4.0 mW/cm2, and 0.36 W/kg, respectively. Another set of animals kept in similar conditions without any radiation exposure serves as control. Towards the end of exposure period, animals were tested for fear memory and then euthanized to measure hippocampal oxidative stress, level of circulatory PICs, and stress hormones. We observed significant increase in hippocampal oxidative stress (p < 0.05) and elevated level of circulatory PICs viz. IL-1beta (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.05), and TNF-alpha (p < 0.001) in experimental animals upon exposure to MP-RF-EMF radiation. Adrenal gland weight (p < 0.001) and level of stress hormones viz. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (p < 0.01) and corticosterone (CORT) (p < 0.05) were also found to increase significantly in MP-RF-EMF radiation-exposed animals as compared with control. However, alteration in contextual fear memory was not significant enough. In conclusion, current study shows that chronic exposure to MP-RF-EMF radiation emitted from mobile phones may induce oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and HPA axis deregulation. However, changes in hippocampal functionality depend on the complex interplay of several opposing factors that got affected upon MP-RF-EMF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Vandana Singh
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rohit Gautam
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ramovtar Meena
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jay Prakash Nirala
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Jha
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Paulraj Rajamani
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Ahmed NA, Radwan NM, Aboul Ezz HS, Khadrawy YA, Salama NA. The chronic effect of pulsed 1800 MHz electromagnetic radiation on amino acid neurotransmitters in three different areas of juvenile and young adult rat brain. Toxicol Ind Health 2018; 34:860-872. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233718798975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The extensive use of mobile phones worldwide has raised increasing concerns about the effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on the brain due to the proximity of the mobile phone to the head and the appearance of several adverse neurological effects after mobile phone use. It has been hypothesized that the EMR-induced neurological effects may be mediated by amino acid neurotransmitters. Thus, the present study investigated the effect of EMR (frequency 1800 MHz, specific absorption rate 0.843 W/kg, power density 0.02 mW/cm2, modulated at 217 Hz) on the concentrations of amino acid neurotransmitters (glutamic acid, aspartic acid, gamma aminobutyric acid, glycine, taurine, and the amide glutamine) in the hippocampus, striatum, and hypothalamus of juvenile and young adult rats. The juvenile and young adult animals were each divided into two groups: control rats and rats exposed to EMR 1 h daily for 1, 2, and 4 months. A subgroup of rats were exposed daily to EMR for 4 months and then left without exposure for 1 month to study the recovery from EMR exposure. Amino acid neurotransmitters were measured in the hippocampus, striatum, and hypothalamus using high-performance liquid chromatography. Exposure to EMR induced significant changes in amino acid neurotransmitters in the studied brain areas of juvenile and young adult rats, being more prominent in juvenile animals. It could be concluded that the alterations in amino acid neurotransmitters induced by EMR exposure of juvenile and young adult rats may underlie many of the neurological effects reported after EMR exposure including cognitive and memory impairment and sleep disorders. Some of these effects may persist for some time after stopping exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal A Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nasr M Radwan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba S Aboul Ezz
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yasser A Khadrawy
- Medical Division, Department of Medical Physiology, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noha A Salama
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Pawlak K, Nieckarz Z, Lis M, Bojarski B, Tombarkiewicz B, Swadźba M, Niedziółka J. The effects of exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field on the
hatchability of domestic chicken embryos (Gallus gallus domesticus). ROCZNIKI NAUKOWE POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA ZOOTECHNICZNEGO 2016. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.5401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
From the second half of the 20th century there has been a rapid increase in electromagnetic
radiation (EMR), generated in part by mobile phone networks. The aim of the study was to examine
the effects of an electromagnetic field (EMF) with a frequency of 900 MHz on the hatchability of
chicken embryos. The experimental groups were exposed to the electromagnetic field during the entire
incubation period, for 10x4 minutes per day or 1x40 minutes per day. The results obtained indicate that
an electromagnetic field with a frequency of 900 MHz, irrespective of the duration of a single exposure,
significantly accelerates the process of pipping and hatching. In the experimental groups subjected to
electromagnetic radiation the time between pipping and hatching was reduced. No influence of the 900
MHz EMF was observed on the hatching rate, number of developmental defects in the embryos, body
weight, or the number of culled chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Pawlak
- University of Agriculture in Kraków Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences Department of Veterinary Science
| | - Zenon Nieckarz
- Jagiellonian University in Kraków Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Department of Experimental Computer Physics Department of Experimental Computer Physics
| | - Marcin Lis
- University of Agriculture in Kraków Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences Department of Veterinary Science
| | - Bartosz Bojarski
- University of Agriculture in Kraków Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences Department of Veterinary Science
| | - Barbara Tombarkiewicz
- University of Agriculture in Kraków Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences Department of Veterinary Science
| | - Magdalena Swadźba
- University of Agriculture in Kraków Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences Department of Veterinary Science
| | - Jerzy Niedziółka
- University of Agriculture in Kraków Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences Department of Veterinary Science
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Xie T, Zaidi H. Development of computational small animal models and their applications in preclinical imaging and therapy research. Med Phys 2016; 43:111. [PMID: 26745904 DOI: 10.1118/1.4937598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of multimodality preclinical imaging techniques and the rapid growth of realistic computer simulation tools have promoted the construction and application of computational laboratory animal models in preclinical research. Since the early 1990s, over 120 realistic computational animal models have been reported in the literature and used as surrogates to characterize the anatomy of actual animals for the simulation of preclinical studies involving the use of bioluminescence tomography, fluorescence molecular tomography, positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, microcomputed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and optical imaging. Other applications include electromagnetic field simulation, ionizing and nonionizing radiation dosimetry, and the development and evaluation of new methodologies for multimodality image coregistration, segmentation, and reconstruction of small animal images. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the history and fundamental technologies used for the development of computational small animal models with a particular focus on their application in preclinical imaging as well as nonionizing and ionizing radiation dosimetry calculations. An overview of the overall process involved in the design of these models, including the fundamental elements used for the construction of different types of computational models, the identification of original anatomical data, the simulation tools used for solving various computational problems, and the applications of computational animal models in preclinical research. The authors also analyze the characteristics of categories of computational models (stylized, voxel-based, and boundary representation) and discuss the technical challenges faced at the present time as well as research needs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwu Xie
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva 4 CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Habib Zaidi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva 4 CH-1211, Switzerland; Geneva Neuroscience Center, Geneva University, Geneva CH-1205, Switzerland; and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
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Neurobiological effects of repeated radiofrequency exposures in male senescent rats. Biogerontology 2016; 17:841-857. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y, Zhang C. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2015; 56:261-268. [PMID: 25359903 PMCID: PMC4380045 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The recent rapid development of electronic communication techniques is resulting in a marked increase in exposure of humans to electromagnetic fields (EMFs). This has raised public concerns about the health hazards of long-term environmental EMF exposure for fetuses and children. Some studies have suggested EMF exposure in children could induce nervous system disorders. However, gender-dependent effects of microwave radiation exposure on cognitive dysfunction have not previously been reported. Here we investigated whether in utero exposure to 9.417-GHz microwave throughout gestation (Days 3.5-18) affected behavior, using the open field test (OFT), elevated-plus maze (EPM), tail suspension test (TST), forced swimming test (FST) and Morris water maze (MWM). We found that mice showed less movement in the center of an open field (using the OFT) and in an open arm (using the EPM) after in utero exposure to 9.417-GHz radiation, which suggested that the mice had increased anxiety-related behavior. Mice demonstrated reduced immobility in TST and FST after in utero exposure to 9.417-GHz radiation, which suggested that the mice had decreased depression-related behavior. From the MWM test, we observed that male offspring demonstrated decreased learning and memory, while females were not affected in learning and memory, which suggested that microwaves had gender-dependent effects. In summary, we have provided the first experimental evidence of microwaves inducing gender-dependent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center of the PLA, Taiping Road 27, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center of the PLA, Taiping Road 27, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center of the PLA, Taiping Road 27, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chenggang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center of the PLA, Taiping Road 27, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
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Exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation impairs neurite outgrowth of embryonic neural stem cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5103. [PMID: 24869783 PMCID: PMC4037711 DOI: 10.1038/srep05103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) of 1800 MHz is widely used in mobile communications. However, the effects of RF-EMFs on cell biology are unclear. Embryonic neural stem cells (eNSCs) play a critical role in brain development. Thus, detecting the effects of RF-EMF on eNSCs is important for exploring the effects of RF-EMF on brain development. Here, we exposed eNSCs to 1800 MHz RF-EMF at specific absorption rate (SAR) values of 1, 2, and 4 W/kg for 1, 2, and 3 days. We found that 1800 MHz RF-EMF exposure did not influence eNSC apoptosis, proliferation, cell cycle or the mRNA expressions of related genes. RF-EMF exposure also did not alter the ratio of eNSC differentiated neurons and astrocytes. However, neurite outgrowth of eNSC differentiated neurons was inhibited after 4 W/kg RF-EMF exposure for 3 days. Additionally, the mRNA and protein expression of the proneural genes Ngn1 and NeuroD, which are crucial for neurite outgrowth, were decreased after RF-EMF exposure. The expression of their inhibitor Hes1 was upregulated by RF-EMF exposure. These results together suggested that 1800 MHz RF-EMF exposure impairs neurite outgrowth of eNSCs. More attention should be given to the potential adverse effects of RF-EMF exposure on brain development.
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Effects of exposure to an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field on hippocampal long-term potentiation in rat. Brain Res 2014; 1564:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Huang J, Tang T, Hu G, Zheng J, Wang Y, Wang Q, Su J, Zou Y, Peng X. Association between exposure to electromagnetic fields from high voltage transmission lines and neurobehavioral function in children. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67284. [PMID: 23843999 PMCID: PMC3700989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence for a possible causal relationship between exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted by high voltage transmission (HVT) lines and neurobehavioral dysfunction in children is insufficient. The present study aims to investigate the association between EMF exposure from HVT lines and neurobehavioral function in children. Methods Two primary schools were chosen based on monitoring data of ambient electromagnetic radiation. A cross-sectional study with 437 children (9 to 13 years old) was conducted. Exposure to EMF from HVT lines was monitored at each school. Information was collected on possible confounders and relevant exposure predictors using standardized questionnaires. Neurobehavioral function in children was evaluated using established computerized neurobehavioral tests. Data was analyzed using multivariable regression models adjusted for relevant confounders. Results After controlling for potential confounding factors, multivariable regression revealed that children attending a school near 500 kV HVT lines had poorer performance on the computerized neurobehavioral tests for Visual Retention and Pursuit Aiming compared to children attending a school that was not in close proximity to HVT lines. Conclusions The results suggest long-term low-level exposure to EMF from HVT lines might have a negative impact on neurobehavioral function in children. However, because of differences in results only for two of four tests achieved statistical significance and potential limitations, more studies are needed to explore the effects of exposure to extremely low frequency EMF on neurobehavioral function and development in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiongli Huang
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Tiantong Tang
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guocheng Hu
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuyu Wang
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Bejing, China
| | - Jing Su
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yunfeng Zou
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (XP)
| | - Xiaowu Peng
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (XP)
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Jin YB, Choi HD, Kim BC, Pack JK, Kim N, Lee YS. Effects of simultaneous combined exposure to CDMA and WCDMA electromagnetic fields on serum hormone levels in rats. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2013; 54:430-437. [PMID: 23239176 PMCID: PMC3650745 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrs120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite more than a decade of research on the endocrine system, there have been no published studies about the effects of concurrent exposure of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) on this system. The present study investigated the several parameters of the endocrine system including melatonin, thyroid stimulating hormone, stress hormone and sex hormone after code division multiple access (CDMA, 849 MHz) and wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA, 1.95 GHz) signals for simultaneous exposure in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to RF-EMF signals for 45 min/day, 5 days/week for up to 8 weeks. The whole-body average specific absorption rate (SAR) of CDMA or WCDMA was 2.0 W/kg (total 4.0 W/kg). At 4 and 8 weeks after the experiment began, each experimental group's 40 rats (male 20, female 20) were autopsied. Exposure for 8 weeks to simultaneous CDMA and WCDMA RF did not affect serum levels in rats of melatonin, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen) as assessed by the ELISA method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeung Bae Jin
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Korea
| | - Hyung-Do Choi
- Electromagnetic Engineering Team, Radio Technology Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejon 305-350, Korea
| | - Byung Chan Kim
- Electromagnetic Engineering Team, Radio Technology Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejon 305-350, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Pack
- Department of Radio Sciences and Engineering, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejon 305-764, Korea
| | - Nam Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Yun-Sil Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Women's University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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15
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Prochnow N, Abdulazim A, Kurtenbach S, Wildförster V, Dvoriantchikova G, Hanske J, Petrasch-Parwez E, Shestopalov VI, Dermietzel R, Manahan-Vaughan D, Zoidl G. Pannexin1 stabilizes synaptic plasticity and is needed for learning. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51767. [PMID: 23284764 PMCID: PMC3527502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pannexin 1 (Panx1) represents a class of vertebrate membrane channels, bearing significant sequence homology with the invertebrate gap junction proteins, the innexins and more distant similarities in the membrane topologies and pharmacological sensitivities with gap junction proteins of the connexin family. In the nervous system, cooperation among pannexin channels, adenosine receptors, and KATP channels modulating neuronal excitability via ATP and adenosine has been recognized, but little is known about the significance in vivo. However, the localization of Panx1 at postsynaptic sites in hippocampal neurons and astrocytes in close proximity together with the fundamental role of ATP and adenosine for CNS metabolism and cell signaling underscore the potential relevance of this channel to synaptic plasticity and higher brain functions. Here, we report increased excitability and potently enhanced early and persistent LTP responses in the CA1 region of acute slice preparations from adult Panx1−/− mice. Adenosine application and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-blocking normalized this phenotype, suggesting that absence of Panx1 causes chronic extracellular ATP/adenosine depletion, thus facilitating postsynaptic NMDAR activation. Compensatory transcriptional up-regulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (grm4) accompanies these adaptive changes. The physiological modification, promoted by loss of Panx1, led to distinct behavioral alterations, enhancing anxiety and impairing object recognition and spatial learning in Panx1−/− mice. We conclude that ATP release through Panx1 channels plays a critical role in maintaining synaptic strength and plasticity in CA1 neurons of the adult hippocampus. This result provides the rationale for in-depth analysis of Panx1 function and adenosine based therapies in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Prochnow
- Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Amr Abdulazim
- Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Kurtenbach
- Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Verena Wildförster
- Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Galina Dvoriantchikova
- Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Research Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Julian Hanske
- Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Valery I. Shestopalov
- Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Research Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rolf Dermietzel
- Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Georg Zoidl
- Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Psychology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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Bouji M, Lecomte A, Hode Y, de Seze R, Villégier AS. Effects of 900 MHz radiofrequency on corticosterone, emotional memory and neuroinflammation in middle-aged rats. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:444-51. [PMID: 22507567 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of mobile phones raises the question of the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF, 900 MHz) on the brain. Previous studies reported increased levels of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the rat's brain after a single exposure to 900 MHz global system for mobile (GSM) signal, suggesting a potential inflammatory process. While this result was obtained in adult rats, no data is currently available in older animals. Since the transition from middle-age to senescence is highly dependent on environment and lifestyle, we studied the reactivity of middle-aged brains to EMF exposure. We assessed the effects of a single 15 min GSM exposure (900 MHz; specific absorption rate (SAR)=6 W/kg) on GFAP expression in young adults (6 week-old) and middle-aged rats (12 month-old). Brain interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, plasmatic levels of corticosterone (CORT), and emotional memory were also assessed. Our data indicated that, in contrast to previously published work, acute GSM exposure did not induce astrocyte activation. Our results showed an IL-1β increase in the olfactory bulb and enhanced contextual emotional memory in GSM-exposed middle-aged rats, and increased plasmatic levels of CORT in GSM-exposed young adults. Altogether, our data showed an age dependency of reactivity to GSM exposure in neuro-immunity, stress and behavioral parameters. Reproducing these effects and studying their mechanisms may allow a better understanding of mobile phone EMF effects on neurobiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bouji
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Technologique ALATA, BP no. 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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17
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Demirel S, Doganay S, Turkoz Y, Dogan Z, Turan B, Firat PGB. Effects of third generation mobile phone-emitted electromagnetic radiation on oxidative stress parameters in eye tissue and blood of rats. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012; 31:89-94. [DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2012.657725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Animal studies on growth and development. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 107:404-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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