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Damasceno PKF, de Santana TA, Santos GC, Orge ID, Silva DN, Albuquerque JF, Golinelli G, Grisendi G, Pinelli M, Ribeiro Dos Santos R, Dominici M, Soares MBP. Genetic Engineering as a Strategy to Improve the Therapeutic Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in Regenerative Medicine. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:737. [PMID: 32974331 PMCID: PMC7471932 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been widely studied in the field of regenerative medicine for applications in the treatment of several disease settings. The therapeutic potential of MSCs has been evaluated in studies in vitro and in vivo, especially based on their anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative action, through the secretion of soluble mediators. In many cases, however, insufficient engraftment and limited beneficial effects of MSCs indicate the need of approaches to enhance their survival, migration and therapeutic potential. Genetic engineering emerges as a means to induce the expression of different proteins and soluble factors with a wide range of applications, such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, transcription factors, enzymes and microRNAs. Distinct strategies have been applied to induce genetic modifications with the goal to enhance the potential of MCSs. This review aims to contribute to the update of the different genetically engineered tools employed for MSCs modification, as well as the factors investigated in different fields in which genetically engineered MSCs have been tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Kauanna Fonseca Damasceno
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Health Institute of Technology, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Iasmim Diniz Orge
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Health Institute of Technology, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daniela Nascimento Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Health Institute of Technology, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Giulia Golinelli
- Division of Oncology, Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Grisendi
- Division of Oncology, Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Pinelli
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ricardo Ribeiro Dos Santos
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Health Institute of Technology, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine (INCT-REGENERA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Division of Oncology, Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Health Institute of Technology, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine (INCT-REGENERA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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Yanwu Y, Meiling G, Yunxia Z, Qiukui H, Birong D. Mesenchymal stem cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 44:102200. [PMID: 32535500 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation has been considered a possible therapeutic method for Multiple Sclerosis (MS). However, no quantitative data synthesis of MSCs therapy for MS exists. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of MSCs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model of MS. METHODS We identified eligible studies published from January 1980 to January 2017 by searching four electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science). The outcome was the effects of MSCs on clinical performance evaluated by the EAE clinical score. RESULTS 36 preclinical studies including 675 animals in MSCs treatment group, and 693 animals in control group were included in this meta-analysis. We found that MSCs transplantation significantly ameliorated the symptoms and delayed the disease progression (SMD = -1.25, 95% CI: -1.45 to -1.05, P < 0.001). However, no significant differences in effect sizes were unveiled relative to clinical score standard (P = 0.35), type of MSCs (P = 0.35), source of MSCs (P = 0.06), MSCs dose (P = 0.44), delivery methods (P = 0.31) and follow up period (P = 0.73). CONCLUSIONS The current study showed that MSCs transplantation could ameliorate clinical performance in EAE animal model of MS. These findings support the further studies translate MSCs to treat MS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yanwu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ge Meiling
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhang Yunxia
- Department of Geriatric, Sichuan Science City Hospital, No. 64, Mianshan Road, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Qiukui
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Dong Birong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Geriatric, Sichuan Science City Hospital, No. 64, Mianshan Road, Mianyang, Sichuan, China.
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3
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Singh SP, Jadhav SH, Chaturvedi CP, Nityanand S. Therapeutic efficacy of multipotent adult progenitor cells versus mesenchymal stem cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Regen Med 2017. [PMID: 28621170 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2016-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM In this study, we have evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of mouse multipotent adult progenitor cells (mMAPCs) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, and compared it with mouse mesenchymal stem cells (mMSCs). MATERIALS & METHODS We administered PKH26-labeled mMAPC and mMSC into EAE mice and evaluated their therapeutic efficacy. RESULTS The mMAPC-treated mice in comparison with the mMSC group exhibited a higher suppression of EAE (p < 0.05), and a higher fold expression of neuronal genes GAP43, NG2, PDGFR, Nestin, SMI 32, BDNF and NT 3 in spinal cord (p < 0.05), suggesting a better neuroprotective and regenerative potential of mMAPC than mMSC. CONCLUSION MAPC may be a potential cell type, which is superior to mesenchymal stem cell for the treatment of EAE/multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Pratap Singh
- Stem Cell Research Facility, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow-226014, India
| | - Sachin Hanumantrao Jadhav
- Stem Cell Research Facility, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow-226014, India
| | - Chandra Prakash Chaturvedi
- Stem Cell Research Facility, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow-226014, India
| | - Soniya Nityanand
- Stem Cell Research Facility, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow-226014, India
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4
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Wang LT, Ting CH, Yen ML, Liu KJ, Sytwu HK, Wu KK, Yen BL. Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for treatment towards immune- and inflammation-mediated diseases: review of current clinical trials. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:76. [PMID: 27809910 PMCID: PMC5095977 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0289-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multilineage somatic progenitor/stem cells that have been shown to possess immunomodulatory properties in recent years. Initially met with much skepticism, MSC immunomodulation has now been well reproduced across tissue sources and species to be clinically relevant. This has opened up the use of these versatile cells for application as 3rd party/allogeneic use in cell replacement/tissue regeneration, as well as for immune- and inflammation-mediated disease entities. Most surprisingly, use of MSCs for in immune-/inflammation-mediated diseases appears to yield more efficacy than for regenerative medicine, since engraftment of the exogenous cell does not appear necessary. In this review, we focus on this non-traditional clinical use of a tissue-specific stem cell, and highlight important findings and trends in this exciting area of stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tzu Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular & System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, 35053, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center (NDMC), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Hsuan Ting
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular & System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Men-Luh Yen
- Department of Ob/Gyn, National Taiwan University Hospital & College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Jiunn Liu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, NHRI, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center (NDMC), Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, NDMC, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kenneth K Wu
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular & System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, 35053, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - B Linju Yen
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular & System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, 35053, Taiwan.
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5
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Abramowski P, Krasemann S, Ernst T, Lange C, Ittrich H, Schweizer M, Zander AR, Martin R, Fehse B. Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells Do Not Ameliorate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Are Not Detectable in the Central Nervous System of Transplanted Mice. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1134-48. [PMID: 27250994 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) constitute progenitor cells that can be isolated from different tissues. Based on their immunomodulatory and neuroprotective functions, MSC-based cell-therapy approaches have been suggested to antagonize inflammatory activity and neuronal damage associated with autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), for example, multiple sclerosis (MS). Intravenous MSC transplantation was reported to ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the murine model of MS, within days after transplantation. However, systemic distribution patterns and fate of MSCs after administration, especially their potential to migrate into inflammatory lesions within the CNS, remain to be elucidated. This question has of recent become particularly important, since therapeutic infusion of MSCs is now being tested in clinical trials with MS-affected patients. Here, we made use of the established EAE mouse model to investigate migration and therapeutic efficacy of murine bone marrow-derived MSCs. Applying a variety of techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in-situ hybridization, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction we found no evidence for immediate migration of infused MSC into the CNS of treated mice. Moreover, in contrast to other studies, transplanted MSCs did not ameliorate EAE. In conclusion, our data does not provide substantiation for a relevant migration of infused MSCs into the CNS of EAE mice supporting the hypothesis that potential therapeutic efficacy could be based on systemic effects. Evaluation of possible mechanisms underlying the observed discrepancies in MSC treatment outcomes between different EAE models demands further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Abramowski
- 1 Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany .,2 Institute for Neuroimmunology and Clinical Multiple Sclerosis Research (INIMS), ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- 3 Institute for Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ernst
- 4 Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Lange
- 1 Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harald Ittrich
- 4 Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- 5 Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel R Zander
- 6 Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland Martin
- 2 Institute for Neuroimmunology and Clinical Multiple Sclerosis Research (INIMS), ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany .,7 Neuroimmunology and MS Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Boris Fehse
- 1 Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Schimke MM, Marozin S, Lepperdinger G. Patient-Specific Age: The Other Side of the Coin in Advanced Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy. Front Physiol 2015; 6:362. [PMID: 26696897 PMCID: PMC4667069 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipotential mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are present as a rare subpopulation within any type of stroma in the body of higher animals. Prominently, MSC have been recognized to reside in perivascular locations, supposedly maintaining blood vessel integrity. During tissue damage and injury, MSC/pericytes become activated, evade from their perivascular niche and are thus assumed to support wound healing and tissue regeneration. In vitro MSC exhibit demonstrated capabilities to differentiate into a wide variety of tissue cell types. Hence, many MSC-based therapeutic approaches have been performed to address bone, cartilage, or heart regeneration. Furthermore, prominent studies showed efficacy of ex vivo expanded MSC to countervail graft-vs.-host-disease. Therefore, additional fields of application are presently conceived, in which MSC-based therapies potentially unfold beneficial effects, such as amelioration of non-healing conditions after tendon or spinal cord injury, as well as neuropathies. Working along these lines, MSC-based scientific research has been forged ahead to prominently occupy the clinical stage. Aging is to a great deal stochastic by nature bringing forth changes in an individual fashion. Yet, is aging of stem cells or/and their corresponding niche considered a determining factor for outcome and success of clinical therapies?
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Schimke
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Stem Cell Research, Aging and Regeneration, University Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sabrina Marozin
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Stem Cell Research, Aging and Regeneration, University Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
| | - Günter Lepperdinger
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Stem Cell Research, Aging and Regeneration, University Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
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7
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Glenn JD, Smith MD, Kirby LA, Baxi EG, Whartenby KA. Disparate Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139008. [PMID: 26407166 PMCID: PMC4583481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pleiotropic cells with potential therapeutic benefits for a wide range of diseases. Because of their immunomodulatory properties they have been utilized to treat autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), which is characterized by demyelination. The microenvironment surrounding MSCs is thought to affect their differentiation and phenotype, which could in turn affect the efficacy. We thus sought to dissect the potential for differential impact of MSCs on central nervous system (CNS) disease in T cell mediated and non-T cell mediated settings using the MOG35–55 experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and cuprizone-mediated demyelination models, respectively. As the pathogeneses of MS and EAE are thought to be mediated by IFNγ-producing (TH1) and IL-17A-producing (TH17) effector CD4+ T cells, we investigated the effect of MSCs on the development of these two key pathogenic cell groups. Although MSCs suppressed the activation and effector function of TH17 cells, they did not affect TH1 activation, but enhanced TH1 effector function and ultimately produced no effect on EAE. In the non- T cell mediated cuprizone model of demyelination, MSC administration had a positive effect, with an overall increase in myelin abundance in the brain of MSC-treated mice compared to controls. These results highlight the potential variability of MSCs as a biologic therapeutic tool in the treatment of autoimmune disease and the need for further investigation into the multifaceted functions of MSCs in diverse microenvironments and the mechanisms behind the diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Glenn
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Smith
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leslie A. Kirby
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emily G. Baxi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katharine A Whartenby
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Roubeix C, Denoyer A, Brignole-Baudouin F, Baudouin C. [Mesenchymal stem cell therapy, a new hope for eye disease]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2015. [PMID: 26215486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are adult stem cells, first identified in skeletal tissues and then found in the entire body. MSC are able to not only differentiate into specialized cells within skeletal tissue - chondrocytes, osteocytes, adipocytes and fibroblasts - but also secrete a large range of soluble mediators defining their secretome and allowing their interaction with a number of cell protagonists. Thus, in a general sense, MSC are involved in tissue homeostasis through their secretome and are specifically responsible for cell turn-over in skeletal tissues. For a decade and a half, safety and efficiency of MSC has led to the development of many clinical trials in various fields. However, results were often disappointing, probably because of difficulties in methods and evaluation. At a time when the first clinical trials using MSC are emerging in ophthalmology, the goal of this literature review is to gather and put into perspective preclinical and clinical results in order to better predict the future of this innovative therapeutic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roubeix
- Inserm, U968, 75012 Paris, France; UMR_S 968, institut de la vision, UPMC université Paris 06, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, 75012 Paris, France.
| | - A Denoyer
- Inserm, U968, 75012 Paris, France; UMR_S 968, institut de la vision, UPMC université Paris 06, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, 75012 Paris, France; Inserm-DHOS CIC 503, centre hospitalier national d'ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, 75012 Paris, France
| | - F Brignole-Baudouin
- Inserm, U968, 75012 Paris, France; UMR_S 968, institut de la vision, UPMC université Paris 06, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, 75012 Paris, France; Inserm-DHOS CIC 503, centre hospitalier national d'ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, 75012 Paris, France; Faculté de pharmacie de Paris, université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - C Baudouin
- Inserm, U968, 75012 Paris, France; UMR_S 968, institut de la vision, UPMC université Paris 06, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, 75012 Paris, France; Inserm-DHOS CIC 503, centre hospitalier national d'ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, 75012 Paris, France; Service d'ophtalmologie, hôpital Ambroise-Paré, AP-HP, 92100 Boulogne, France; Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
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9
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Glenn JD, Smith MD, Calabresi PA, Whartenby KA. Mesenchymal stem cells differentially modulate effector CD8+ T cell subsets and exacerbate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2744-55. [PMID: 24911892 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have emerged as a promising candidate for inflammatory suppression and disease amelioration, especially of neuro-inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Auto-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells acquire pathogenic IFNγ-producing- (Type I) and IL-17A-producing- (Type 17) effector phenotypes in MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Although MSC have been extensively demonstrated to suppress pathogenic effector CD4+ T cells and CD4+ T cell-mediated EAE, surprisingly few studies have addressed their modulation of effector CD8+ T cells represented in MS or their impact on CD8+ T cell-mediated EAE. We find that MSC differentially modulate CD8+ T cell development depending on effector T cell subtype. MSC drive activated low-IFNγ producers toward an enhanced high-IFNγ Tc1-like phenotype but strongly inhibit the production of IL-17A and Tc17 polarization in vitro. These observations are underscored by differential MSC modulation of T cell activation, proliferation, and signature transcription factor up-regulation. In addition, effector CD8+ T cells co-cultured with MSC exhibited increased production of IL-2, a molecule known to enhance IFNγ, yet suppress IL-17A, production. Based on these in vitro effects on CD8+ T cells, we next evaluated their impact on the severity of EAE. To better evaluate CD8+ T cells, we immunized mice with MOG37-50 , which is a CD8-targeted epitope. Our results revealed a worsening of disease, consistent with their in vitro stimulation of Tc1 cells. These findings highlight the emerging duality of MSC in immune modulation and provide implications for their future use in immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Glenn
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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10
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Glenn JD, Whartenby KA. Mesenchymal stem cells: Emerging mechanisms of immunomodulation and therapy. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:526-539. [PMID: 25426250 PMCID: PMC4178253 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i5.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a pleiotropic population of cells that are self-renewing and capable of differentiating into canonical cells of the mesenchyme, including adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes. They employ multi-faceted approaches to maintain bone marrow niche homeostasis and promote wound healing during injury. Biomedical research has long sought to exploit their pleiotropic properties as a basis for cell therapy for a variety of diseases and to facilitate hematopoietic stem cell establishment and stromal reconstruction in bone marrow transplantation. Early results demonstrated their usage as safe, and there was little host response to these cells. The discovery of their immunosuppressive functions ushered in a new interest in MSCs as a promising therapeutic tool to suppress inflammation and down-regulate pathogenic immune responses in graft-versus-host and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, autoimmune diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. MSCs produce a large number of soluble and membrane-bound factors, some of which inhibit immune responses. However, the full range of MSC-mediated immune-modulation remains incompletely understood, as emerging reports also reveal that MSCs can adopt an immunogenic phenotype, stimulate immune cells, and yield seemingly contradictory results in experimental animal models of inflammatory disease. The present review describes the large body of literature that has been accumulated on the fascinating biology of MSCs and their complex effects on immune responses.
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11
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Zafranskaya M, Nizheharodava D, Yurkevich M, Ivanchik G, Demidchik Y, Kozhukh H, Fedulov A. PGE2 contributes to in vitro MSC-mediated inhibition of non-specific and antigen-specific T cell proliferation in MS patients. Scand J Immunol 2014; 78:455-62. [PMID: 23944654 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current theories of multiple sclerosis (MS) induction and progression place autoreactive T cells in the focus of the pathogenesis. Mesenchymal/stromal stem cells (MSC) have become a promising alternative approach for pathogenic therapy of MS due to their immunomodulatory properties, underlying mechanisms of which are intensive study. The objective of the research was to investigate the contribution of PGE2 to MSC-mediated suppression in patients with MS using in vitro model of mitogen- and myelin-stimulated T cell cocultivation with autologous/allogeneic MSC. We have showed that PGE2 production depends on cell-to-cell contact of MSC and lymphocytes. The antigenic stimulation did not affect PGE2 production following cocultivation of MSC and PBMC, and it is the presence of MSC in cell culture that significantly increases PGE2 production irrespective of antigenic cultivation conditions. Simultaneously, PGE2 synthesis correlated with indexes of MSC-mediated suppression of mitogen- and myelin-stimulated T cell proliferation in patients with MS. No significant differences in PGE2 production by autologous and allogeneic MSC have been established. These results have demonstrated that in patients with MS, PGE2 is one of the possible factors of MSC immunosuppression. The interrelation between PGE2 concentrations and T cell proliferation suppression mediated by MSC may explain one of the immune mechanisms of cell therapy, which is crucial for the further proper use of MSC in MS research and pathogenic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zafranskaya
- Belarusian Medical Academy of Post-Graduate Education, Minsk, Belarus
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12
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a heterogeneous progenitor cell population derived from various sources, including bone marrow, placental and adipose tissues. These cell populations are being extensively investigated for their regenerative, immunomodulatory and tissue-protective properties, and the therapeutic potential of MSCs is officially being tested in patients suffering from ischaemic, inflammatory, autoimmune and degenerative disorders. Unofficially, hundreds of centres worldwide already offer MSCs as a 'miracle' panacea treatment for almost every known human disease. Data from in vitro and animal models suggest that MSCs administered either locally or systemically are able to home to stressed tissue and indeed deliver a protective effect via predominately paracrine factors. Furthermore, dozens of published uncontrolled clinical trials have demonstrated strikingly positive therapeutic effects of MSCs with little acute toxicity; however, no prospective controlled trials have yet confirmed these findings, with the exception of one randomized controlled trial in renal transplantation. Thus, large prospective controlled trials are urgently needed to better understand MSC-based therapies and define their potential utility in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Herein, I provide my opinions regarding the progress of MSC therapies to date and highlight issues that need to be addressed in the future.
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13
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Hou X, Liang Q, Wu Y. Transplantation of Schwann cells co-cultured with brain-derived neurotrophic factor for the treatment of experimental autoimmune neuritis. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 263:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Allogeneic bone marrow cocultured with human islets significantly improves islet survival and function in vivo. Transplantation 2013; 95:801-9. [PMID: 23416682 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31828235c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant barrier to islet transplantation is the rapid loss of human islet function in vivo. The present study evaluates whether bone marrow (BM) could be used to support human islet survival and function in vivo. METHODS We cocultured human islets and BM for 3 weeks before transplantation into the left subrenal capsule of diabetic severe combined immunodeficient mice. RESULTS The cocultured human islets before transplantation demonstrated improved viability, increased size, and migration capacity in vitro. After 4 months, animals transplanted with precultured BM/islets exhibited euglycemia and detectable human insulin levels (157 μU/mL), whereas no human insulin was detected in the islet-only transplantation group. Furthermore, the removal of the transplants on day 126 resulted in hyperglycemia, indicating that the reduction of blood glucose was dependent on the transplants. Diabetic mice transplanted with BM/islets demonstrated the longest survival period (130 vs. 40 days for those with islet-only transplants). The transplanted BM/islets showed signs of vascularization and migration from the renal capsule into medulla. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that BM precultured with human islets may enhance the survival and function of transplanted islets, thus significantly improving the therapeutic efficacy of islet transplantation for type 1 diabetes.
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15
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Forrester JV, Steptoe RJ, Klaska IP, Martin-Granados C, Dua HS, Degli-Esposti MA, Wikstrom ME. Cell-based therapies for ocular inflammation. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 35:82-101. [PMID: 23542232 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the plasticity and the potential for re-programming cells has become widely accepted, there has been great interest in cell-based therapies. These are being applied to a range of diseases, not least ocular diseases, where it is assumed that there is a reduced risk of immune rejection although this may be more perceived than real. There are two broad classes of cell-based therapies: those aimed at restoring structure and function of specific tissues and cells; and those directed towards restoring immunological homeostasis by controlling the damaging effects of inflammatory disease. Stem cells of all types represent the first group and prototypically have been used with the aim of regenerating failing cells. In contrast, immune cells have been suggested as potential modulators of inflammation. However, there is functional overlap in these two applications, with some types of stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells, demonstrating a potent immunomodulatory effect. This review summarises recent information on cell based therapies for ocular disease, with special emphasis on ocular inflammatory disease, and explores current uses, potential and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Forrester
- Immunology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Zafranskaya MM, Nizheharodova DB, Yurkevich MY, Lamouskaya NV, Motuzova YM, Bagatka SS, Ivanchik HI, Fedulov AS. In vitro assessment of mesenchymal stem cells immunosuppressive potential in multiple sclerosis patients. Immunol Lett 2013; 149:9-18. [PMID: 23089549 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are promising for multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment. However, clinical results remain controversial, and no criteria are available for predicting the efficiency of MSC therapy. Using an in vitro model of lymphocytes and MSC cocultivation we revealed that the Index of MSC Suppression of myelin-induced memory T cells proliferation was stronger than that of PHA-stimulated proliferation and inversely correlated with patients'EDSS score. In vitro expression of CD119 (IFNGR1) in mitogen/myelin-stimulated T cells increased in the presence of MSC being inversely correlated with T-lymphocytes proliferation. The Index of MSC Suppression and CD119 expression in T-lymphocytes may be useful when assessing MSC immunosuppressive potential in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Zafranskaya
- Belarusian Medical Academy of Post-Graduate Education, 3, Brovki str., build. 3, Minsk 220013, Belarus.
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Payne NL, Sun G, McDonald C, Layton D, Moussa L, Emerson-Webber A, Veron N, Siatskas C, Herszfeld D, Price J, Bernard CCA. Distinct immunomodulatory and migratory mechanisms underpin the therapeutic potential of human mesenchymal stem cells in autoimmune demyelination. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:1409-25. [PMID: 23057962 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are efficacious in a variety of intractable diseases. While bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) have been widely investigated, MSCs from other tissue sources have also been shown to be effective in several autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. In the present study, we simultaneously assessed the therapeutic efficacy of human BM-MSCs, as well as MSCs isolated from adipose tissue (Ad-MSCs) and umbilical cord Wharton's jelly (UC-MSCs), in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Prior to in vivo experiments, we characterized the phenotype and function of all three MSC types. We show that BM-MSCs were more efficient at suppressing the in vitro proliferation of mitogen or antigen-stimulated T-cell responses compared to Ad-MSCs and UC-MSCs. Notably BM-MSCs induced the differential expression of cytokines from normal and stimulated T-cells. Paradoxically, intravenous transplantation of BM-MSCs into C57Bl/6 mice with chronic progressive EAE had a negligible effect on the disease course, even when multiple MSC injections were administered over a number of time points. In contrast, Ad-MSCs had the most significant impact on clinical and pathological disease outcomes in chronic progressive and relapsing-remitting EAE models. In vivo tracking studies revealed that Ad-MSCs were able to migrate to the central nervous system (CNS), a property that most likely correlated with their broader expression of homing molecules, while BM-MSCs were not detected in this anatomic region. Collectively, this comparative investigation demonstrates that transplanted Ad-MSCs play a significant role in tissue repair processes by virtue of their ability to suppress inflammation coupled with their enhanced ability to home to the injured CNS. Given the access and relatively ease for harvesting adipose tissue, these data further implicate Ad-MSCs as a cell therapeutic that may be used to treat MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L Payne
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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