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Zarembska E, Ślusarczyk K, Wrzosek M. The Implication of a Polymorphism in the Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene in Homocysteine Metabolism and Related Civilisation Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:193. [PMID: 38203363 PMCID: PMC10779094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key regulatory enzyme in the one-carbon cycle. This enzyme is essential for the metabolism of methionine, folate, and RNA, as well as for the production of proteins, DNA, and RNA. MTHFR catalyses the irreversible conversion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to its active form, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, a co-substrate for homocysteine remethylation to methionine. Numerous variants of the MTHFR gene have been recognised, among which the C677T variant is the most extensively studied. The C677T polymorphism, which results in the conversion of valine to alanine at codon 222, is associated with reduced activity and an increased thermolability of the enzyme. Impaired MTHFR efficiency is associated with increased levels of homocysteine, which can contribute to increased production of reactive oxygen species and the development of oxidative stress. Homocysteine is acknowledged as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, while chronic inflammation serves as the common underlying factor among these issues. Many studies have been conducted to determine whether there is an association between the C677T polymorphism and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, and overweight/obesity. There is substantial evidence supporting this association, although several studies have concluded that the polymorphism cannot be reliably used for prediction. This review examines the latest research on MTHFR polymorphisms and their correlation with cardiovascular disease, obesity, and epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Zarembska
- Student Scientific Association “Farmakon”, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Ślusarczyk
- Student Scientific Association “Farmakon”, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, 17a Kasprzaka St., 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wrzosek
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Jakubowski H. Proteomic exploration of cystathionine β-synthase deficiency: implications for the clinic. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 17:751-765. [PMID: 33320032 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1865160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Homocystinuria due to cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency, the most frequent inborn error of sulfur amino acid metabolism, is characterized biochemically by severely elevated homocysteine (Hcy) and related metabolites, such as Hcy-thiolactone and N-Hcy-protein. CBS deficiency reduces life span and causes pathological abnormalities affecting most organ systems in the human body, including the cardiovascular (thrombosis, stroke), skeletal/connective tissue (osteoporosis, thin/non-elastic skin, thin hair), and central nervous systems (mental retardation, seizures), as well as the liver (fatty changes), and the eye (ectopia lentis, myopia). Molecular basis of these abnormalities were largely unknown and available treatments remain ineffective. Areas covered: Proteomic and transcriptomic studies over the past decade or so, have significantly contributed to our understanding of mechanisms by which the CBS enzyme deficiency leads to clinical manifestations associated with it. Expert opinion: Recent findings, discussed in this review, highlight the involvement of dysregulated proteostasis in pathologies associated with CBS deficiency, including thromboembolism, stroke, neurologic impairment, connective tissue/collagen abnormalities, hair defects, and hepatic toxicity. To ameliorate these pathologies, pharmacological, enzyme replacement, and gene transfer therapies are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań, Poland.,Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health , Newark, NJ USA
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Mei X, Qi D, Zhang T, Zhao Y, Jin L, Hou J, Wang J, Lin Y, Xue Y, Zhu P, Liu Z, Huang L, Nie J, Si W, Ma J, Ye J, Finnell RH, Saiyin H, Wang H, Zhao J, Zhao S, Xu W. Inhibiting MARSs reduces hyperhomocysteinemia-associated neural tube and congenital heart defects. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e9469. [PMID: 32003121 PMCID: PMC7059139 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a common metabolic disorder that imposes major adverse health consequences. Reducing homocysteine levels, however, is not always effective against hyperhomocysteinemia-associated pathologies. Herein, we report the potential roles of methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MARS)-generated homocysteine signals in neural tube defects (NTDs) and congenital heart defects (CHDs). Increased copy numbers of MARS and/or MARS2 were detected in NTD and CHD patients. MARSs sense homocysteine and transmit its signal by inducing protein lysine (N)-homocysteinylation. Here, we identified hundreds of novel N-homocysteinylated proteins. N-homocysteinylation of superoxide dismutases (SOD1/2) provided new mechanistic insights for homocysteine-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and Wnt signalling deregulation. Elevated MARS expression in developing and proliferating cells sensitizes them to the effects of homocysteine. Targeting MARSs using the homocysteine analogue acetyl homocysteine thioether (AHT) reversed MARS efficacy. AHT lowered NTD and CHD onsets in retinoic acid-induced and hyperhomocysteinemia-induced animal models without affecting homocysteine levels. We provide genetic and biochemical evidence to show that MARSs are previously overlooked genetic determinants and key pathological factors of hyperhomocysteinemia, and suggest that MARS inhibition represents an important medicinal approach for controlling hyperhomocysteinemia-associated diseases.
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S-Homocysteinylation effects on transthyretin: worsening of cardiomyopathy onset. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wang Y, Xing QQ, Tu JK, Tang WB, Yuan XN, Xie YY, Wang W, Peng ZZ, Huang L, Xu H, Qin J, Xiao XC, Tao LJ, Yuan QJ. Involvement of hydrogen sulfide in the progression of renal fibrosis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2019; 132:2872-2880. [PMID: 31856060 PMCID: PMC6940064 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Renal fibrosis is the most common manifestation of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Noting that existing treatments of renal fibrosis only slow disease progression but do not cure it, there is an urgent need to identify novel therapies. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a newly discovered endogenous small gas signaling molecule exerting a wide range of biologic actions in our body. This review illustrates recent experimental findings on the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of H2S against renal fibrosis and highlights its potential in future clinical application. DATA SOURCES Literature was collected from PubMed until February 2019, using the search terms including "Hydrogen sulfide," "Chronic kidney disease," "Renal interstitial fibrosis," "Kidney disease," "Inflammation factor," "Oxidative stress," "Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition," "H2S donor," "Hypertensive kidney dysfunction," "Myofibroblasts," "Vascular remodeling," "transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta/Smads signaling," and "Sulfate potassium channels." STUDY SELECTION Literature was mainly derived from English articles or articles that could be obtained with English abstracts. Article type was not limited. References were also identified from the bibliographies of identified articles and the authors' files. RESULTS The experimental data confirmed that H2S is widely involved in various renal pathologies by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress, inhibiting the activation of fibrosis-related cells and their cytokine expression, ameliorating vascular remodeling and high blood pressure, stimulating tubular cell regeneration, as well as reducing apoptosis, autophagy, and hypertrophy. Therefore, H2S represents an alternative or additional therapeutic approach for renal fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS We postulate that H2S may delay the occurrence and progress of renal fibrosis, thus protecting renal function. Further experiments are required to explore the precise role of H2S in renal fibrosis and its application in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qi-Qi Xing
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jing-Ke Tu
- Regenerative Medicine Clinic, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Wen-Bin Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xiang-Ning Yuan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yan-Yun Xie
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhang-Zhe Peng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jiao Qin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xiang-Cheng Xiao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Li-Jian Tao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qiong-Jing Yuan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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Long Noncoding RNA HOXA-AS3 Integrates NF-κB Signaling To Regulate Endothelium Inflammation. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00139-19. [PMID: 31285272 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00139-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The long noncoding RNA HOXA-AS3 has recently been reported to act as a critical regulator in inflammation-linked lung adenocarcinoma. However, the roles of HOXA-AS3 in endothelium inflammation and related vascular disorders remain poorly defined. In the current study, we identified HOXA-AS3 to be a critical activator to promote NF-κB-mediated endothelium inflammation. HOXA-AS3, a chromatin-associated regulator which colocalizes with NF-κB at specific gene promoters, was found to interact with NF-κB and positively regulate its activity through control of the expression of the NF-κB inhibitor protein IκBα and the acetylation status at the K310 site of p65. More importantly, clinicopathological analysis showed that HOXA-AS3 expression has a significant positive correlation with atherosclerosis. Thus, we conclude that HOXA-AS3 may serve as a crucial biomarker for the clinical diagnosis of atherosclerosis, as well as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of multiple inflammatory vascular diseases. In addition, this study suggests the functional importance of HOXA-AS3 in the regulation of inflammatory disorders.
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Retraction: Homocysteinylated Albumin Promotes Increased Monocyte-Endothelial Cell Adhesion and Up-Regulation of MCP1, Hsp60 and ADAM17. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215587. [PMID: 30978239 PMCID: PMC6461239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Jakubowski H. Homocysteine Modification in Protein Structure/Function and Human Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:555-604. [PMID: 30427275 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies established that elevated homocysteine, an important intermediate in folate, vitamin B12, and one carbon metabolism, is associated with poor health, including heart and brain diseases. Earlier studies show that patients with severe hyperhomocysteinemia, first identified in the 1960s, exhibit neurological and cardiovascular abnormalities and premature death due to vascular complications. Although homocysteine is considered to be a nonprotein amino acid, studies over the past 2 decades have led to discoveries of protein-related homocysteine metabolism and mechanisms by which homocysteine can become a component of proteins. Homocysteine-containing proteins lose their biological function and acquire cytotoxic, proinflammatory, proatherothrombotic, and proneuropathic properties, which can account for the various disease phenotypes associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. This review describes mechanisms by which hyperhomocysteinemia affects cellular proteostasis, provides a comprehensive account of the biological chemistry of homocysteine-containing proteins, and discusses pathophysiological consequences and clinical implications of their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health , Newark, New Jersey ; and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland
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Perna AF, Glorieux G, Zacchia M, Trepiccione F, Capolongo G, Vigorito C, Anishchenko E, Ingrosso D. The role of the intestinal microbiota in uremic solute accumulation: a focus on sulfur compounds. J Nephrol 2019; 32:733-740. [PMID: 30673975 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-019-00589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is considered to be a novel important factor to take into account in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease and uremia. Much attention has been paid to specific uremic retention solutes of microbial origin, such as indoxyl sulfate, p-cresyl sulfate, and trimethylamine-N-oxide. However, other novel less well studied compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide and related sulfur metabolites (sulfane sulfur, lanthionine, etc.), should be included in a more comprehensive appraisal of this topic, in light of the potential therapeutic opportunities for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra F Perna
- First Division of Nephrology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Pansini 5, Bldg 17, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Griet Glorieux
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Miriam Zacchia
- First Division of Nephrology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Pansini 5, Bldg 17, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Trepiccione
- First Division of Nephrology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Pansini 5, Bldg 17, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Capolongo
- First Division of Nephrology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Pansini 5, Bldg 17, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Vigorito
- First Division of Nephrology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Pansini 5, Bldg 17, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Evgeniya Anishchenko
- First Division of Nephrology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Pansini 5, Bldg 17, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Ingrosso
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Luigi de Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
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Liu X, Qin Z, Liu C, Song M, Luo X, Zhao H, Qian D, Chen J, Huang L. Nox4 and soluble epoxide hydrolase synergistically mediate homocysteine-induced inflammation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Vascul Pharmacol 2019; 120:106544. [PMID: 30610956 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperhomocysteinemia leads to a vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) inflammatory response. Meanwhile, Nox4 dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH)/epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are both involved in vascular inflammation. Herein, we hypothesized that Nox4 and soluble epoxide hydrolase cross regulated during homocysteine-induced VSMC inflammation. METHODS AND RESULTS In cultured VSMCs, the expression of the inflammatory factors VCAM1 and ICAM1 was measured by real-time PCR and Western blotting, while supernatant MCP1 was measured by ELISA. Upon VSMC stimulation with 50 μΜ homocysteine, we observed the VCAM1 and ICAM1 mRNA levels were increased by 1.15 and 1.0 folds, respectively. The MCP1 levels in the supernatant of cultured VSMCs treated with 100 μΜ increased to 1.76 folds. As expected, homocysteine induced Nox4 expression and Nox4-dependent ROS generation. The sEH expression was also upregulated in the presence of homocysteine in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we knocked down Nox4 with siRNA. Knockdown of Nox4 decreased ROS generation and homocysteine-induced sEH expression. Overexpression of Nox4 with an adenovirus stimulated sEH expression. Similarly, knockdown or chemical inhibition of sEH blunted the upregulation of Nox4 by homocysteine. In vivo, in homocysteine-fed mice, concomitant upregulation of Nox4 and sEH was associated with increased VCAM1 and ICAM1 expression in the aortic wall. CONCLUSIONS The inflammatory response induced by homocysteine in VSMCs was accompanied by Nox4 and sEH upregulation. Nox4 and soluble epoxide hydrolase synergistically contribute to homocysteine-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Zhexue Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Mingbao Song
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Hongqing Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Dehui Qian
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China.
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Perna AF, Pizza A, Di Nunzio A, Bellantone R, Raffaelli M, Cicchella T, Conzo G, Santini L, Zacchia M, Trepiccione F, Ingrosso D. ADAM17, a New Player in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder. J Ren Nutr 2018; 27:453-457. [PMID: 29056164 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The triad composed by α-Klotho, fibroblast growth factor-23, and its receptor are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) is a metalloproteinase causing the proteolytic shedding of α-Klotho from the cell membrane, and its role in chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder is not yet known. We studied the circulating levels of the above-mentioned mediators in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to uremia, compared to control subjects, as well as in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. We also measured the immunofluorescence pattern of the relevant tissue proteins in specimens obtained from patients undergoing parathyroid surgery for secondary compared to primary hyperparathyroidism. Results showed that α-Klotho tissue levels are reduced, in the presence of increased ADAM17 tissue levels. In addition, we showed increased serum levels of the main product of ADAM17 proteolytic activity, tumor necrosis factor-α. Thus, we found a paradoxical situation, in secondary compared to primary hyperparathyroidism, that is, that in the face of increased tumor necrosis factor-α in circulation, both soluble and tissue α-Klotho are reduced significantly, despite increased tissue ADAM17. In conclusion, tissue and serum levels of α-Klotho seem to have become independent from the regulation induced by ADAM17, which constitutes therefore another tassel in the impaired α-Klotho-FGF23 receptor axis present in uremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra F Perna
- First Division of Nephrology, Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Pizza
- First Division of Nephrology, Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Di Nunzio
- First Division of Nephrology, Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Rocco Bellantone
- Endocrine and Metabolic Surgery Unit, Polyclinic "A. Gemelli", Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Raffaelli
- Endocrine and Metabolic Surgery Unit, Polyclinic "A. Gemelli", Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Cicchella
- First Division of Nephrology, Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Conzo
- VII Division of General and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Anaesthesiologic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Santini
- VII Division of General and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Anaesthesiologic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Miriam Zacchia
- First Division of Nephrology, Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Trepiccione
- First Division of Nephrology, Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Ingrosso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Cheng X, Song Y, Wang Y. pNaKtide ameliorates renal interstitial fibrosis through inhibition of sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase-mediated signaling pathways in unilateral ureteral obstruction mice. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018; 34:242-252. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education
| | - Yi Song
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education
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Zebrafish, a Novel Model System to Study Uremic Toxins: The Case for the Sulfur Amino Acid Lanthionine. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051323. [PMID: 29710830 PMCID: PMC5983689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-proteinogenic amino acid lanthionine is a byproduct of hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis: the third endogenous vasodilator gas, after nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. While hydrogen sulfide is decreased in uremic patients on hemodialysis, lanthionine is increased and has been proposed as a new uremic toxin, since it is able to impair hydrogen sulfide production in hepatoma cells. To characterize lanthionine as a uremic toxin, we explored its effects during the early development of the zebrafish (Danio rerio), a widely used model to study the organ and tissue alterations induced by xenobiotics. Lanthionine was employed at concentrations reproducing those previously detected in uremia. Light-induced visual motor response was also studied by means of the DanioVision system. Treatment of zebrafish embryos with lanthionine determined acute phenotypical alterations, on heart organogenesis (disproportion in cardiac chambers), increased heart beating, and arrhythmia. Lanthionine also induced locomotor alterations in zebrafish embryos. Some of these effects could be counteracted by glutathione. Lanthionine exerted acute effects on transsulfuration enzymes and the expression of genes involved in inflammation and metabolic regulation, and modified microRNA expression in a way comparable with some alterations detected in uremia. Lanthionine meets the criteria for classification as a uremic toxin. Zebrafish can be successfully used to explore uremic toxin effects.
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Osteoclast Formation within a Human Co-Culture System on Bone Material as an In Vitro Model for Bone Remodeling Processes. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/jfmk3010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Caterino M, Zacchia M, Costanzo M, Bruno G, Arcaniolo D, Trepiccione F, Siciliano R, Mazzeo M, Ruoppolo M, Capasso G. Urine Proteomics Revealed a Significant Correlation Between Urine-Fibronectin Abundance and Estimated-GFR Decline in Patients with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome. Kidney Blood Press Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1159/000488096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Yuan X, Zhang J, Xie F, Tan W, Wang S, Huang L, Tao L, Xing Q, Yuan Q. Loss of the Protein Cystathionine β-Synthase During Kidney Injury Promotes Renal Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis. Kidney Blood Press Res 2017; 42:428-443. [PMID: 28750410 DOI: 10.1159/000479295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) is the common pathway of progressive chronic kidney disease. Inflammation has been widely accepted as the major driving force of TIF. Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the transsulfuration pathway. CBS is considered to play protective role in liver and pulmonary fibrosis, but its role in TIF remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role and mechanism of CBS in renal inflammation and TIF. METHODS Renal function, tubulointerstitium damage index score, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and the expressions of collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin, CD3, CD68, IL-1β, TNF-α were measured in sham operation and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) rats. Proteomics and gene array analysis were performed to screen differentially expressed molecules in the development of renal inflammation and TIF in UUO rats. The expression of CBS was detected in patients with obstructive nephropathy and UUO rats. We confirmed the expression of CBS using western blot and real-time PCR in HK-2 cells. Overexpression plasmid and siRNA were transfected specifically to study the possible function of CBS in HK-2 cells. RESULTS Abundant expression of CBS, localized in renal tubular epithelial cells, was revealed in human and rat renal tissue, which correlated negatively with the progression of fibrotic disease. Expression of CBS was dramatically decreased in the obstructed kidney from UUO rats as compared with the sham group (SHM). In addition, knocking down CBS exacerbated extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, whereas CBS overexpression attenuated TGF-β1-induced ECM deposition in vitro. Inflammatory and chemotactic factors were also increased in CBS knockdown HK-2 cells stimulated by IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish CBS as a novel inhibitor in renal fibrosis and as a new therapeutic target in patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangning Yuan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Feifei Xie
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Wenqing Tan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Shuting Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Lijian Tao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Qiqi Xing
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiongjing Yuan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
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Barroso M, Handy DE, Castro R. The Link Between Hyperhomocysteinemia and Hypomethylation. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2326409817698994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Barroso
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diane E. Handy
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rita Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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18
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Weber GJ, Pushpakumar S, Tyagi SC, Sen U. Homocysteine and hydrogen sulfide in epigenetic, metabolic and microbiota related renovascular hypertension. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:300-312. [PMID: 27602985 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several years, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to be an important player in a variety of physiological functions, including neuromodulation, vasodilation, oxidant regulation, inflammation, and angiogenesis. H2S is synthesized primarily through metabolic processes from the amino acid cysteine and homocysteine in various organ systems including neuronal, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and kidney. Derangement of cysteine and homocysteine metabolism and clearance, particularly in the renal vasculature, leads to H2S biosynthesis deregulation causing or contributing to existing high blood pressure. While a variety of environmental influences, such as diet can have an effect on H2S regulation and function, genetic factors, and more recently epigenetics, also have a vital role in H2S regulation and function, and therefore disease initiation and progression. In addition, new research into the role of gut microbiota in the development of hypertension has highlighted the need to further explore these microorganisms and how they influence the levels of H2S throughout the body and possibly exploiting microbiota for use of hypertension treatment. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the field of hypertension research emphasizing renal contribution and how H2S physiology can be exploited as a possible therapeutic strategy to ameliorate kidney dysfunction as well as to control blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Weber
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Sathnur Pushpakumar
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
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19
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Zinellu A, Sotgia S, Scanu B, Arru D, Cossu A, Posadino AM, Giordo R, Mangoni AA, Pintus G, Carru C. N- and S-homocysteinylation reduce the binding of human serum albumin to catechins. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:785-791. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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The major pathway by which polymeric formula reduces inflammation in intestinal epithelial cells: a microarray-based analysis. GENES AND NUTRITION 2015; 10:479. [PMID: 26183161 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-015-0479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional therapy is well established as a means to induce remission in active Crohn's disease (CD). Evidence indicates that exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) therapy for CD both alters the intestinal microbiota and directly suppresses the inflammatory response in the intestinal mucosa. However, the pathway(s) through which EEN suppresses inflammation is still unknown. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to use microarray technology to investigate the major pathway by which polymeric formula (PF) alters inflammatory processes in epithelial cells in vitro. HT-29 cells were grown to confluence and then co-cultured with tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α (100 ng/ml) for 5 h in the presence or absence of PF, as used for EEN. Following incubation, RNA was extracted and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microarray analysis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were employed to evaluate cytokine protein levels. Neither TNF-α nor PF had a toxic effect on cells over the experimental period. Microarray analysis showed that PF modulated the expression of genes specifically linked to nuclear factor (NF)-κB, resulting in downregulation of a number of genes in this pathway. These findings were further confirmed by real-time PCR of selected dysregulated genes as well as reduced expression of IL-6 and IL-8 proteins following PF treatment. The results arising from this study provide evidence that PF alters the inflammatory responses in intestinal epithelial cells through modulation of the NF-κB pathway.
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21
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Genoud V, Castañon M, Lauricella AM, Quintana I. Characterization of N-homocysteinylated Albumin Adducts. Protein J 2014; 33:85-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-013-9540-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Duhachek-Muggy S, Li H, Qi Y, Zolkiewska A. Alternative mRNA splicing generates two distinct ADAM12 prodomain variants. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75730. [PMID: 24116070 PMCID: PMC3792144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ADAM12, transcript variant 1 (later on referred to as Var-1b), present in publicly available databases contains the sequence 5′-GTAATTCTG-3′ at the nucleotide positions 340–348 of the coding region, at the 3′ end of exon 4. The translation product of this variant, ADAM12-Lb, includes the three amino acid motif 114VIL116 in the prodomain. This motif is not conserved in ADAM12 from different species and is not present in other human ADAMs. Currently, it is not clear whether a shorter variant, Var-1a, encoding the protein version without the 114VIL116 motif, ADAM12-La, is expressed in human. In this work, we have established that human mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer cells express both Var-1a and Var-1b transcripts. Importantly, the proteolytic processing and intracellular trafficking of the corresponding ADAM12-La and ADAM12-Lb proteins are different. While ADAM12-La is cleaved and trafficked to the cell surface in a manner similar to ADAM12 in other species, ADAM12-Lb is retained in the ER and is not proteolytically processed. Furthermore, the relative abundance of ADAM12-La and ADAM12-Lb proteins detected in several breast cancer cell lines varies significantly. We conclude that the canonical form of transmembrane ADAM12 is represented by Var-1a/ADAM12-La, rather than Var-1b/ADAM12-Lb currently featured in major sequence databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Duhachek-Muggy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Anna Zolkiewska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Jakubowski H. The Mechanism and Consequences of Homocysteine Incorporation Into Protein in Humans. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2012.736104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- a Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School , International Center for Public Health , Newark , NJ , USA
- b Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology , University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland
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Perna AF, Sepe I, Lanza D, Capasso R, Zappavigna S, Capasso G, Caraglia M, Ingrosso D. Hydrogen sulfide reduces cell adhesion and relevant inflammatory triggering by preventing ADAM17-dependent TNF-α activation. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1536-48. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Perna AF, Lanza D, Sepe I, Conzo G, Altucci L, Ingrosso D. Altered folate receptor 2 expression in uraemic patients on haemodialysis: implications for folate resistance. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:1214-24. [PMID: 23439585 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folate therapy reduces, but does not normalize homocysteine (Hcy) levels, frequently elevated in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The mechanisms of this folate resistance are unknown. Cellular acquisition of folate is mediated by folate receptors (FRs), whose expression is also modulated by folate status, through an Hcy-dependent regulation mechanism involving heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-E1 (hnRNP-E1). Our objective was to evaluate whether an alteration of the FR2 (the form present in nucleated blood cells) expression is present in CKD patients on haemodialysis (HD), and its susceptibility to folate treatment. METHODS A population of chronic uraemic patients on HD was enrolled, along with a control group, and studies on FR2 receptor expression and related items were performed in plasma and mononuclear cells from peripheral blood. A subgroup of patients was treated with methyltetrahydrofolate for 1 month. RESULTS In HD, there was a significant reduction in FR2 protein expression compared with controls, not correlated with Hcy concentrations, while its mRNA levels were significantly increased. After folate treatment, there was a significant mRNA decrease, in the absence of significant changes in receptor protein expression. hnRNP-E1 gene and protein expression levels increased pre-treatment, while decreased post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS In HD, FR2 expression is altered in peripheral mononuclear cells, since its levels are decreased and are not responsive to variations in Hcy concentration, while the intracellular machinery (receptor mRNA and hnRNP-E1), possibly triggering its regulation, is conserved. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms of folate resistance in uraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra F Perna
- First Division of Nephrology, Department of Cardio-thoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second University of Naples, School of Medicine, Naples, Italy.
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Abstract
Kidney dysfunction leads to disturbed renal metabolic activities and to impaired glomerular filtration, resulting in the retention of toxic solutes affecting all organs of the body. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and infections are the main causes for the increased occurrence of morbidity and mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Both complications are directly or indirectly linked to a compromised immune defense. The specific coordinated roles of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs), monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in maintaining an efficient immune response are affected. Their normal response can be impaired, giving rise to infectious diseases or pre-activated/primed, leading to inflammation and consequently to CVD. Whereas the coordinated removal via apoptosis of activated immune cells is crucial for the resolution of inflammation, inappropriately high apoptotic rates lead to a diminished immune response. In uremia, the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory and between pro- and anti-apoptotic factors is disturbed. This review summarizes the interrelated parameters interfering with the immune response in uremia, with a special focus on the non-specific immune response and the role of uremic toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Cohen
- Abteilung für Nephrologie und Dialyse, Univ.-Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Wien A-1090, Austria.
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