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Waguespack HF, Jacobs JT, Park J, Campos-Rodriguez C, Maior RS, Forcelli PA, Malkova L. Pharmacological Inhibition of the Nucleus Accumbens Increases Dyadic Social Interaction in Macaques. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0085-24.2024. [PMID: 38575350 PMCID: PMC11036116 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0085-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a central component of the brain circuitry that mediates motivated behavior, including reward processing. Since the rewarding properties of social stimuli have a vital role in guiding behavior (both in humans and nonhuman animals), the NAc is likely to contribute to the brain circuitry controlling social behavior. In rodents, prior studies have found that focal pharmacological inhibition of NAc and/or elevation of dopamine in NAc increases social interactions. However, the role of the NAc in social behavior in nonhuman primates remains unknown. We measured the social behavior of eight dyads of male macaques following (1) pharmacological inhibition of the NAc using the GABAA agonist muscimol and (2) focal application of quinpirole, an agonist at the D2 family of dopamine receptors. Transient inhibition of the NAc with muscimol increased social behavior when drug was infused in submissive, but not dominant partners of the dyad. Focal application of quinpirole was without effect on social behavior when infused into the NAc of either dominant or submissive subjects. Our data demonstrate that the NAc contributes to social interactions in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah F Waguespack
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
| | - Jessica T Jacobs
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
| | - Janis Park
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
| | | | - Rafael S Maior
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Behavior, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70.910-900, Brazil
| | - Patrick A Forcelli
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
| | - Ludise Malkova
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
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Hounchonou HF, Tang H, Paulat R, Kühn A, Spranger J, van Riesen C, Maurer L. Continuous deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens reduces food intake but does not affect body weight in mice fed a high-fat diet. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18952. [PMID: 37919311 PMCID: PMC10622429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an enormous health problem, and many patients do not respond to any of the available therapies. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is currently investigated as a potential treatment for morbid obesity. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that high-frequency DBS targeting the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell region reduces food intake and weight gain in mice fed a high-fat diet. We implanted male C57BL/6J mice with bilateral electrodes and a head-mounted microstimulator enabling continuous stimulation for up to 5 weeks. In successfully operated animals (n = 9 per group, high-frequency vs. sham stimulation), we investigated immediate and long-term stimulation effects on metabolic and behavioral phenotypes. Here we show that stimulation acutely induced a transient reduction in energy expenditure and locomotor activity but did not significantly affect spontaneous food intake, social interaction, anxiety or exploratory behaviors. In contrast, continuous stimulation over 5 weeks led to a decrease in food intake and thigmotaxis (the tendency to stay near walls in an open lit arena). However, chronic stimulation did not substantially change weight gain in mice fed a high-fat diet. Our results do not support the use of continuous high-frequency NAc shell DBS as a treatment for obesity. However, DBS can alter obesity-related parameters with differing short and long-term effects. Therefore, future research should employ time and context-sensitive experimental designs to assess the potential of DBS for clinical translation in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold F Hounchonou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Rubner Center for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Rubner Center for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raik Paulat
- Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Kühn
- Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Rubner Center for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph van Riesen
- Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Maurer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Max Rubner Center for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Flores-García M, Rizzo A, Garçon-Poca MZ, Fernández-Dueñas V, Bonaventura J. Converging circuits between pain and depression: the ventral tegmental area as a therapeutic hub. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1278023. [PMID: 37849731 PMCID: PMC10577189 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1278023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain and depression are highly prevalent pathologies and cause a major socioeconomic burden to society. Chronic pain affects the emotional state of the individuals suffering from it, while depression worsens the prognosis of chronic pain patients and may diminish the effectiveness of pain treatments. There is a high comorbidity rate between both pathologies, which might share overlapping mechanisms. This review explores the evidence pinpointing a role for the ventral tegmental area (VTA) as a hub where both pain and emotional processing might converge. In addition, the feasibility of using the VTA as a possible therapeutic target is discussed. The role of the VTA, and the dopaminergic system in general, is highly studied in mood disorders, especially in deficits in reward-processing and motivation. Conversely, the VTA is less regarded where it concerns the study of central mechanisms of pain and its mood-associated consequences. Here, we first outline the brain circuits involving central processing of pain and mood disorders, focusing on the often-understudied role of the dopaminergic system and the VTA. Next, we highlight the state-of-the-art findings supporting the emergence of the VTA as a link where both pathways converge. Thus, we envision a promising part for the VTA as a putative target for innovative therapeutic approaches to treat chronic pain and its effects on mood. Finally, we emphasize the urge to develop and use animal models where both pain and depression-like symptoms are considered in conjunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Flores-García
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
- Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, IDIBELL-Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Arianna Rizzo
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
- Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, IDIBELL-Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Zelai Garçon-Poca
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
- Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, IDIBELL-Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Víctor Fernández-Dueñas
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
- Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, IDIBELL-Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Bonaventura
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
- Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, IDIBELL-Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
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Ma L, Liu H, Xu Z, Yang M, Zhang Y. Application of the wholebrain calculation interactive framework to map whole-brain neural connectivity networks. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 132:102304. [PMID: 37331669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop a simple and feasible method of mapping the neural network topology of the mouse brain. Wild-type C57BL/6 J mice (n = 10) aged 8-10 weeks were injected with the cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) tracer in the anterior (NAcCA) and posterior (NAcCP) parts of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and in the medial (NAcSM) and lateral (NAcSL) parts of the NAc shell. The labeled neurons were reconstructed using the WholeBrain Calculation Interactive Framework. The NAcCA receives neuronal projections from the olfactory areas (OLF) and isocortex; the thalamus and isocortex project more fibers to the NAcSL, and the hypothalamus send more fiber projections to the NAcSM. Cell resolution can be automatically annotated, analyzed, and visualized using the WholeBrain Calculation Interactive Framework, making large-scale mapping of mouse brains at cellular and subcellular resolutions easier and more accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Ziyi Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Mengli Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yinghua Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
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5
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Forte N, Roussel C, Marfella B, Lauritano A, Villano R, De Leonibus E, Salviati E, Khalilzadehsabet T, Giorgini G, Silvestri C, Piscitelli F, Mollica MP, Di Marzo V, Cristino L. Olive oil-derived endocannabinoid-like mediators inhibit palatable food-induced reward and obesity. Commun Biol 2023; 6:959. [PMID: 37735539 PMCID: PMC10514336 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05295-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
N-oleoylglycine (OlGly), a lipid derived from the basic component of olive oil, oleic acid, and N-oleoylalanine (OlAla) are endocannabinoid-like mediators. We report that OlGly and OlAla, by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), reduce the rewarding properties of a highly palatable food, dopamine neuron firing in the ventral tegmental area, and the obesogenic effect of a high-fat diet rich in lard (HFD-L). An isocaloric olive oil HFD (HFD-O) reduced body weight gain compared to the HFD-L, in a manner reversed by PPARα antagonism, and enhanced brain and intestinal OlGly levels and gut microbial diversity. OlGly or OlAla treatment of HFD-L mice resulted in gut microbiota taxonomic changes partly similar to those induced by HFD-O. We suggest that OlGly and OlAla control body weight by counteracting highly palatable food overconsumption, and possibly rebalancing the gut microbiota, and provide a potential new mechanism of action for the obeso-preventive effects of olive oil-rich diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Forte
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Charlène Roussel
- Heart and Lung Research Institute of Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods, Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Brenda Marfella
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Lauritano
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Rosaria Villano
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Tina Khalilzadehsabet
- Heart and Lung Research Institute of Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods, Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Giada Giorgini
- Heart and Lung Research Institute of Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods, Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Heart and Lung Research Institute of Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods, Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
- Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati (CeSMA), Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy.
- Heart and Lung Research Institute of Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
- Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods, Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, 61V0AG, Canada.
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy.
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Chen G, Lai S, Bao G, Ke J, Meng X, Lu S, Wu X, Xu H, Wu F, Xu Y, Xu F, Bi GQ, Peng G, Zhou K, Zhu Y. Distinct reward processing by subregions of the nucleus accumbens. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112069. [PMID: 36753418 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays an important role in motivation and reward processing. Recent studies suggest that different NAc subnuclei differentially contribute to reward-related behaviors. However, how reward is encoded in individual NAc neurons remains unclear. Using in vivo single-cell resolution calcium imaging, we find diverse patterns of reward encoding in the medial and lateral shell subdivision of the NAc (NAcMed and NAcLat, respectively). Reward consumption increases NAcLat activity but decreases NAcMed activity, albeit with high variability among neurons. The heterogeneity in reward encoding could be attributed to differences in their synaptic inputs and transcriptional profiles. Specific optogenetic activation of Nts-positive neurons in the NAcLat promotes positive reinforcement, while activation of Cartpt-positive neurons in the NAcMed induces behavior aversion. Collectively, our study shows the organizational and transcriptional differences in NAc subregions and provides a framework for future dissection of NAc subregions in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaowei Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Shenzhen Neher Neural Plasticity Laboratory, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shishi Lai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Shenzhen Neher Neural Plasticity Laboratory, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China; Yunnan University School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Guo Bao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Shenzhen Neher Neural Plasticity Laboratory, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jincan Ke
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiaogao Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shanshan Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Shenzhen Neher Neural Plasticity Laboratory, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaocong Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Shenzhen Neher Neural Plasticity Laboratory, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fengyi Wu
- Interdisciplinary Center for Brain Information, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yu Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Fang Xu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China; Interdisciplinary Center for Brain Information, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Bi
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China; Interdisciplinary Center for Brain Information, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guangdun Peng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Kuikui Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Shenzhen Neher Neural Plasticity Laboratory, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Shenzhen Neher Neural Plasticity Laboratory, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China; Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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7
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Deep brain stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus to block morphine reward: Does the intensity of stimulation matter? Behav Brain Res 2023; 437:114159. [PMID: 36241071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that high-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) prevents morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats. However, our previous study demonstrated that the application of DBS at 150 µA did not block morphine CPP in all rats. Here, we investigated the possibility to completely block morphine CPP by increasing the intensity of LH DBS. Morphine reward was assessed by the CPP paradigm in male Wistar rats. DBS was applied in the LH during the conditioning trials with morphine (5 mg/kg, S.C.) at 130 Hz pulse frequency, 100 µs pulse duration, and either 150 µA or 200 µA pulse amplitude. Results showed that repeated morphine injections produced a robust CPP that was blocked partially by DBS at 150 µA and completely by DBS at 200 µA. Response rate was 47% with 150-µA and 100% with 200-µA stimulation. DBS treatment was not associated with changes in motor activity. In conclusion, the development of morphine reward was modulated by LH DBS in an intensity-dependent manner.
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8
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Polzin BJ, Heimovics SA, Riters LV. Immunolabeling Provides Evidence for Subregions in the Songbird Nucleus Accumbens and Suggests a Context-Dependent Role in Song in Male European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2022; 96:147-162. [PMID: 34879382 DOI: 10.1159/000521310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Birdsong is well known for its role in mate attraction during the breeding season. However, many birds, including European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), also sing outside the breeding season as part of large flocks. Song in a breeding context can be extrinsically rewarded by mate attraction; however, song in nonbreeding flocks, referred to here as gregarious song, results in no obvious extrinsic reward and is proposed to be intrinsically rewarded. The nucleus accumbens (NAC) is a brain region well known to mediate reward and motivation, which suggests it is an ideal candidate to regulate reward associated with gregarious song. The goal of this study was to provide new histochemical information on the songbird NAC and its subregions (rostral pole, core, and shell) and to begin to determine subregion-specific contributions to gregarious song in male starlings. We examined immunolabeling for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neurotensin, and enkephalin (ENK) in the NAC. We then examined the extent to which gregarious and sexually motivated song differentially correlated with immunolabeling for the immediate early genes FOS and ZENK in each subdivision of the NAC. We found that TH and ENK labeling within subregions of the starling NAC was generally similar to patterns seen in the core and shell of NACs in mammals and birds. Additionally, we found that gregarious song, but not sexually motivated song, positively correlated with FOS in all NAC subregions. Our observations provide further evidence for distinct subregions within the songbird NAC and suggest the NAC may play an important role in regulating gregarious song in songbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Polzin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarah A Heimovics
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lauren V Riters
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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9
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Knorr S, Musacchio T, Paulat R, Matthies C, Endres H, Wenger N, Harms C, Ip CW. Experimental deep brain stimulation in rodent models of movement disorders. Exp Neurol 2021; 348:113926. [PMID: 34793784 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is the preferred treatment for therapy-resistant movement disorders such as dystonia and Parkinson's disease (PD), mostly in advanced disease stages. Although DBS is already in clinical use for ~30 years and has improved patients' quality of life dramatically, there is still limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action. Rodent models of PD and dystonia are essential tools to elucidate the mode of action of DBS on behavioral and multiscale neurobiological levels. Advances have been made in identifying DBS effects on the central motor network, neuroprotection and neuroinflammation in DBS studies of PD rodent models. The phenotypic dtsz mutant hamster and the transgenic DYT-TOR1A (ΔETorA) rat proved as valuable models of dystonia for preclinical DBS research. In addition, continuous refinements of rodent DBS technologies are ongoing and have contributed to improvement of experimental quality. We here review the currently existing literature on experimental DBS in PD and dystonia models regarding the choice of models, experimental design, neurobiological readouts, as well as methodological implications. Moreover, we provide an overview of the technical stage of existing DBS devices for use in rodent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Knorr
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Musacchio
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Raik Paulat
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Cordula Matthies
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Heinz Endres
- University of Applied Science Würzburg-Schweinfurt, Schweinfurt, Germany.
| | - Nikolaus Wenger
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christoph Harms
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, Würzburg, Germany.
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10
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Neuroplasticity and Multilevel System of Connections Determine the Integrative Role of Nucleus Accumbens in the Brain Reward System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189806. [PMID: 34575969 PMCID: PMC8471564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a significant role not only in the physiological processes associated with reward and satisfaction but also in many diseases of the central nervous system. Summary of the current state of knowledge on the morphological and functional basis of such a diverse function of this structure may be a good starting point for further basic and clinical research. The NAc is a part of the brain reward system (BRS) characterized by multilevel organization, extensive connections, and several neurotransmitter systems. The unique role of NAc in the BRS is a result of: (1) hierarchical connections with the other brain areas, (2) a well-developed morphological and functional plasticity regulating short- and long-term synaptic potentiation and signalling pathways, (3) cooperation among several neurotransmitter systems, and (4) a supportive role of neuroglia involved in both physiological and pathological processes. Understanding the complex function of NAc is possible by combining the results of morphological studies with molecular, genetic, and behavioral data. In this review, we present the current views on the NAc function in physiological conditions, emphasizing the role of its connections, neuroplasticity processes, and neurotransmitter systems.
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11
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Suzuki S, Lawlor VM, Cooper JA, Arulpragasam AR, Treadway MT. Distinct regions of the striatum underlying effort, movement initiation and effort discounting. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 5:378-388. [PMID: 33230282 PMCID: PMC8555699 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-00972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The ventral striatum is believed to encode the subjective value of cost-benefit options; however, this effect has notably been absent during choices that involve physical effort. Previous work in freely moving animals has revealed opposing striatal signals, with greater response to increasing effort demands and reduced responses to rewards requiring effort. Yet, the relationship between these conflicting signals remains unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging with a naturalistic maze-navigation paradigm, we identified functionally segregated regions within the ventral striatum that separately encoded effort activation, movement initiation and effort discounting of rewards. In addition, activity in regions associated with effort activation and discounting oppositely predicted striatal encoding of effort during effort-based decision-making. Our results suggest that the dorsomedial region hitherto associated with action may instead represent the cost of effort and raise fundamental questions regarding the interpretation of striatal 'reward' signals in the context of effort demands. This has implications for uncovering the neural architecture underlying motivated behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shosuke Suzuki
- Translational Research in Affective Disorders Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Victoria M Lawlor
- Translational Research in Affective Disorders Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica A Cooper
- Translational Research in Affective Disorders Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amanda R Arulpragasam
- Translational Research in Affective Disorders Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael T Treadway
- Translational Research in Affective Disorders Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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12
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Duriez P, Bou Khalil R, Chamoun Y, Maatoug R, Strumila R, Seneque M, Gorwood P, Courtet P, Guillaume S. Brain Stimulation in Eating Disorders: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2358. [PMID: 32717984 PMCID: PMC7465000 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of eating disorders (EDs) is still difficult and few treatments are effective. Recently, several studies have described the important contribution of non-invasive brain stimulation (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and electroconvulsive therapy) and invasive brain stimulation (deep brain stimulation and vagal nerve stimulation) for ED management. This review summarizes the available evidence supporting the use of brain stimulation in ED. All published studies on brain stimulation in ED as well as ongoing trials registered at clinicaltrials.gov were examined. Articles on neuromodulation research and perspective articles were also included. This analysis indicates that brain stimulation in EDs is still in its infancy. Literature data consist mainly of case reports, cases series, open studies, and only a few randomized controlled trials. Consequently, the evidence supporting the use of brain stimulation in EDs remains weak. Finally, this review discusses future directions in this research domain (e.g., sites of modulation, how to enhance neuromodulation efficacy, personalized protocols).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philibert Duriez
- GHU Paris Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l’Encéphale (CMME), Sainte-Anne Hospital, 75014 Paris, France; (P.D.); (P.G.)
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris (IPNP), UMR_S1266, INSERM, Université de Paris, 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Rami Bou Khalil
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotel Dieu de France- Saint Joseph University, 166830 Beirut, Lebanon; (R.B.K.); (Y.C.)
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Université Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Yara Chamoun
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotel Dieu de France- Saint Joseph University, 166830 Beirut, Lebanon; (R.B.K.); (Y.C.)
| | - Redwan Maatoug
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Service de Psychiatrie Adulte de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut du Cerveau, ICM, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Robertas Strumila
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatric Clinic, Vilnius University, 03101 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Maude Seneque
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Université Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (P.C.)
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Post-Acute Care, CHRU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Philip Gorwood
- GHU Paris Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l’Encéphale (CMME), Sainte-Anne Hospital, 75014 Paris, France; (P.D.); (P.G.)
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris (IPNP), UMR_S1266, INSERM, Université de Paris, 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Courtet
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Université Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (P.C.)
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Post-Acute Care, CHRU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Guillaume
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Université Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (P.C.)
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Post-Acute Care, CHRU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
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13
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Wenwen W, Qiongbo WU, Chao Z, Mengya W, Huanhuan Z. [Neural pathway between the nucleus accumbens and the rostral ventrolateral medulla in a rat model of anorexia nervosa]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:609-615. [PMID: 32897201 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.05.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential neural pathway connecting the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and whether the pathway participates in the regulation of cardiovascular function in a model rat of anorexia nervosa (AN). METHODS Rat models of AN were established by allowing voluntary activity in a running wheel with restricted feeding, with the rats having free access to normal chow without exercise as the control group. FluoroGold (FG) retrograde tracing method and multi-channel simultaneous recording technique were used to explore the possible pathway between the NAc and the RVLM. RESULTS The rats in AN group exhibited significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) with significantly increased discharge frequency of RVLM neurons in comparison with the control rats. After the injection of FG into the RVLM, retrograde labeled neurons were observed in the NAc of the rats in both the normal control and AN groups. In both groups, SBP and HR were significantly decreased in response to 400 μA electrical stimulation of the NAc accompanied by an obvious increase in the discharge frequency of the RVLM neurons; the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and MAP were significantly lower in AN model rats than in the normal rats in response to the stimulation. CONCLUSIONS We successfully established a rat model of AN via hyperactivity and restricted feeding and confirm the presence of a neural pathway connecting the NAc and the RVLM. This pathway might participate in the regulation of cardiovascular function in AN model rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wenwen
- Psychophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China.,Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - W U Qiongbo
- Psychophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China.,Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Zheng Chao
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Wang Mengya
- Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Zhang Huanhuan
- Psychophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
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14
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Liu X, Gao S, Zhang N, Jin T, Sun X, Luan X, Xu L, Guo F. The orexinergic neural pathway from the lateral hypothalamus to the nucleus accumbens and its regulation of palatable food intake. Neuropeptides 2020; 80:102028. [PMID: 32067750 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the orexinergic pathway from the lateral hypothalamus (LHA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and its regulation on the palatable food intake. METHODS Fluorescent gold retrograde tracing combined with fluoro-immunohistochemical staining were used to observe the projection of orexinergic neurons from LHA to NAc. The orexin-A expression in LHA and c-Fos in NAc were studied after electrical stimulation of LHA. The firing rates of neurons were monitored by single-unit extracellular electric discharge recording and the palatable food intake were measured after orexin microinjection in NAc or electrical stimulation of LHA. RESULTS (1) Fluorescent gold retrograde tracing combined with fluoro-immunohistochemical staining showed some orexinergic neural projection from the LHA to the NAc shell. (2) Electrical stimulation of LHA significantly enhanced the expression of orexin-A in LHA and the expression of c-Fos in NAc (P < .05). (3) The results of single-unit extracellular discharge recording showed that the microinjection of orexin in NAc or electrical stimulation of LHA significantly increased the discharge activity of gastric distension responsive neurons in NAc, and the effect could be partly blocked by pretreatment of orexin-A receptor inhibitor SB334867 in NAc (P < .05). (4) Microinjection orexin-A in NAc or electrical stimulation of LHA significantly increased the palatable food intake in rats, and the effect also was partly inhibited by pretreatment of SB334867 in NAc (P < .05). CONCLUSION There is an orexinergic pathway from LHA to NAc, which may have potential regulatory effects on food reward and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Liu
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shengli Gao
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Nana Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Jin
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangrong Sun
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Luan
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Luo Xu
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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15
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Ma L, Chen W, Yu D, Han Y. Brain-Wide Mapping of Afferent Inputs to Accumbens Nucleus Core Subdomains and Accumbens Nucleus Subnuclei. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:15. [PMID: 32317941 PMCID: PMC7150367 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is the ventral part of the striatum and the interface between cognition, emotion, and action. It is composed of three major subnuclei: i.e., NAc core (NAcC), lateral shell (NAcLS), and medial shell (NAcMS), which exhibit functional heterogeneity. Thus, determining the synaptic inputs of the subregions of the NAc is important for understanding the circuit mechanisms involved in regulating different functions. Here, we simultaneously labeled subregions of the NAc with cholera toxin subunit B conjugated with multicolor Alexa Fluor, then imaged serial sections of the whole brain with a fully automated slide scanning system. Using the interactive WholeBrain framework, we characterized brain-wide inputs to the NAcC subdomains, including the rostral, caudal, dorsal, and ventral subdomains (i.e., rNAcC, cNAcC, dNAcC, and vNAcC, respectively) and the NAc subnuclei. We found diverse brain regions, distributed from the cerebrum to brain stem, projecting to the NAc. Of the 57 brain regions projecting to the NAcC, the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) exhibited the greatest inputs. The input neurons of rNAcC and cNAcC are two distinct populations but share similar distribution over the same upstream brain regions, whereas the input neurons of dNAcC and vNAcC exhibit slightly different distributions over the same upstream regions. Of the 55 brain regions projecting to the NAcLS, the piriform area contributed most of the inputs. Of the 72 brain regions projecting to the NAcMS, the lateral septal nucleus contributed most of the inputs. The input neurons of NAcC and NAcLS share similar distributions, whereas the NAcMS exhibited brain-wide distinct distribution. Thus, the NAcC subdomains appeared to share the same upstream brain regions, although with distinct input neuron populations and slight differences in the input proportions, whereas the NAcMS subnuclei received distinct inputs from multiple upstream brain regions. These results lay an anatomical foundation for understanding the different functions of NAcC subdomains and NAc subnuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqi Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Danfang Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunyun Han
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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16
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Weight Change after Striatal/Capsule Deep Brain Stimulation Relates to Connectivity to the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis and Hypothalamus. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9100264. [PMID: 31623328 PMCID: PMC6826646 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Weight changes are insufficiently understood adverse events of deep brain stimulation. In this context, exploring neural networks of weight control may inform novel treatment strategies for weight-related disorders. In this study, we investigated weight changes after deep brain stimulation of the ventral striatum/ventral capsule and to what extent changes are associated with connectivity to feeding-related networks. We retrospectively analyzed 25 patients undergoing deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder or substance dependency. Weight changes were assessed preoperatively and six to twelve months after surgery and then matched with individual stimulation sites and stimulation-dependent functional connectivity to a priori defined regions of interest that are involved in food intake. We observed a significant weight gain after six to twelve months of continuous stimulation. Weight increases were associated with medial/apical localization of stimulation sites and with connectivity to hypothalamic areas and the bed nucleus. Thus, deep brain stimulation of the ventral striatum/ventral capsule influences weight depending on localization and connectivity of stimulation sites. Bearing in mind the significance of weight-related disorders, we advocate further prospective studies investigating the neuroanatomical and neuropsychological underpinnings of food intake and their neuromodulatory therapeutic potential.
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17
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Xia X, Fan L, Hou B, Zhang B, Zhang D, Cheng C, Deng H, Dong Y, Zhao X, Li H, Jiang T. Fine-Grained Parcellation of the Macaque Nucleus Accumbens by High-Resolution Diffusion Tensor Tractography. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:709. [PMID: 31354418 PMCID: PMC6635473 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited in part by the spatial resolution of typical in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, recent neuroimaging studies have only identified a connectivity-based shell-core-like partitioning of the nucleus accumbens (Acb) in humans. This has hindered the process of making a more refined description of the Acb using non-invasive neuroimaging technologies and approaches. In this study, high-resolution ex vivo macaque brain diffusion MRI data were acquired to investigate the tractography-based parcellation of the Acb. Our results identified a shell-core-like partitioning in macaques that is similar to that in humans as well as an alternative solution that subdivided the Acb into four parcels, the medial shell, the lateral shell, the ventral core, and the dorsal core. Furthermore, we characterized the specific anatomical and functional connectivity profiles of these Acb subregions and generalized their specialized functions to establish a fine-grained macaque Acb brainnetome atlas. This atlas should be helpful in neuroimaging, stereotactic surgery, and comparative neuroimaging studies to reveal the neurophysiological substrates of various diseases and cognitive functions associated with the Acb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoluan Xia
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, China.,Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingzhong Fan
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Hou
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baogui Zhang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Core Facility, Center of Biomedical Analysis, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, China.,Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Deng
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yunyun Dong
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haifang Li
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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18
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Brain Stimulation as a Method for Understanding, Treating, and Preventing Disorders of Indulgent Food Consumption. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Casquero-Veiga M, García-García D, Pascau J, Desco M, Soto-Montenegro ML. Stimulating the nucleus accumbens in obesity: A positron emission tomography study after deep brain stimulation in a rodent model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204740. [PMID: 30261068 PMCID: PMC6160153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) has been suggested as a possible target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the treatment of obesity. Our hypothesis was that NAcc-DBS would modulate brain regions related to reward and food intake regulation, consequently reducing the food intake and, finally, the weight gain. Therefore, we examined changes in brain glucose metabolism, weight gain and food intake after NAcc-DBS in a rat model of obesity. PROCEDURES Electrodes were bilaterally implanted in 2 groups of obese Zucker rats targeting the NAcc. One group received stimulation one hour daily during 15 days, while the other remained as control. Weight and daily consumption of food and water were everyday registered the days of stimulation, and twice per week during the following month. Positron emission tomography (PET) studies with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) were performed 1 day after the end of DBS. PET data was assessed by statistical parametric mapping (SPM12) software and region of interest (ROI) analyses. RESULTS NAcc-DBS lead to increased metabolism in the cingulate-retrosplenial-parietal association cortices, and decreased metabolism in the NAcc, thalamic and pretectal nuclei. Furthermore, ROIs analyses confirmed these results by showing a significant striatal and thalamic hypometabolism, and a cortical hypermetabolic region. However, NAcc-DBS did not induce a decrease in either weight gain or food intake. CONCLUSIONS NAcc-DBS led to changes in the metabolism of regions associated with cognitive and reward systems, whose impairment has been described in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javier Pascau
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Soto-Montenegro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
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20
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Oterdoom DLM, van Dijk G, Verhagen MHP, Jiawan VCR, Drost G, Emous M, van Beek AP, van Dijk JMC. Therapeutic potential of deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens in morbid obesity. Neurosurg Focus 2018; 45:E10. [DOI: 10.3171/2018.4.focus18148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEMorbid obesity is a growing problem worldwide. The current treatment options have limitations regarding effectiveness and complication rates. New treatment modalities are therefore warranted. One of the options is deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus accumbens (NAC). This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on NAC-DBS for the treatment of morbid obesity.METHODSStudies were obtained from multiple electronic bibliographic databases, supplemented with searches of reference lists. All animal and human studies reporting on the effects of NAC-DBS on body weight in morbidly obese patients were included. Articles found during the search were screened by 2 reviewers, and when deemed applicable, the relevant data were extracted.RESULTSFive relevant animal experimental papers were identified, pointing toward a beneficial effect of high-frequency stimulation of the lateral shell of the NAC. Three human case reports show a beneficial effect of NAC-DBS on body weight in morbidly obese patients.CONCLUSIONSThe available literature supports NAC-DBS to treat morbid obesity. The number of well-conducted animal studies, however, is very limited. Also, the optimal anatomical position of the DBS electrode within the NAC, as well as the optimal stimulation parameters, has not yet been established. These matters need to be addressed before this strategy can be considered for human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gertjan van Dijk
- 2Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Cluster Neurobiology, Groningen
| | - Martijn H. P. Verhagen
- Departments of 1Neurosurgery,
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar; and
| | | | | | - Marloes Emous
- 6Department of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Medical Center Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - André P. van Beek
- 7Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen
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Dandekar MP, Fenoy AJ, Carvalho AF, Soares JC, Quevedo J. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: an integrative review of preclinical and clinical findings and translational implications. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1094-1112. [PMID: 29483673 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2018.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established treatment choice for Parkinson's disease (PD), essential tremor and movement disorders, its effectiveness for the management of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains unclear. Herein, we conducted an integrative review on major neuroanatomical targets of DBS pursued for the treatment of intractable TRD. The aim of this review article is to provide a critical discussion of possible underlying mechanisms for DBS-generated antidepressant effects identified in preclinical studies and clinical trials, and to determine which brain target(s) elicited the most promising outcomes considering acute and maintenance treatment of TRD. Major electronic databases were searched to identify preclinical and clinical studies that have investigated the effects of DBS on depression-related outcomes. Overall, 92 references met inclusion criteria, and have evaluated six unique DBS targets namely the subcallosal cingulate gyrus (SCG), nucleus accumbens (NAc), ventral capsule/ventral striatum or anterior limb of internal capsule (ALIC), medial forebrain bundle (MFB), lateral habenula (LHb) and inferior thalamic peduncle for the treatment of unrelenting TRD. Electrical stimulation of these pertinent brain regions displayed differential effects on mood transition in patients with TRD. In addition, 47 unique references provided preclinical evidence for putative neurobiological mechanisms underlying antidepressant effects of DBS applied to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, NAc, MFB, LHb and subthalamic nucleus. Preclinical studies suggest that stimulation parameters and neuroanatomical locations could influence DBS-related antidepressant effects, and also pointed that modulatory effects on monoamine neurotransmitters in target regions or interconnected brain networks following DBS could have a role in the antidepressant effects of DBS. Among several neuromodulatory targets that have been investigated, DBS in the neuroanatomical framework of the SCG, ALIC and MFB yielded more consistent antidepressant response rates in samples with TRD. Nevertheless, more well-designed randomized double-blind, controlled trials are warranted to further assess the efficacy, safety and tolerability of these more promising DBS targets for the management of TRD as therapeutic effects have been inconsistent across some controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Dandekar
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - A J Fenoy
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - A F Carvalho
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - J C Soares
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil
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Park RJ, Scaife JC, Aziz TZ. Study Protocol: Using Deep-Brain Stimulation, Multimodal Neuroimaging and Neuroethics to Understand and Treat Severe Enduring Anorexia Nervosa. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:24. [PMID: 29681866 PMCID: PMC5898619 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests that altered eating and the pursuit of thinness in anorexia nervosa (AN) are, in part, a consequence of aberrant reward circuitry. The neural circuits involved in reward processing and compulsivity overlap significantly, and this has been suggested as a transdiagnostic factor underpinning obsessive compulsive disorder, addictions and eating disorders. The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) is central to both reward processing and compulsivity. In previous studies, deep-brain stimulation (DBS) to the NAcc has been shown to result in neural and symptomatic improvement in both obsessive compulsive disorder and addictions. Moreover, in rats, DBS to the NAcc medial shell increases food intake. We hypothesise that this treatment may be of benefit in severe and enduring anorexia nervosa (SE-AN), but first, feasibility and ethical standards need to be established. The aims of this study are as follows: (1) to provide feasibility and preliminary efficacy data on DBS to the NAcc as a treatment for SE-AN; (2) to assess any subsequent neural changes and (3) to develop a neuroethical gold standard to guide applications of this treatment. METHOD This is a longitudinal study of six individuals with SE-AN of >7 years. It includes an integrated neuroethical sub-study. DBS will be applied to the NAcc and we will track the mechanisms underpinning AN using magnetoelectroencephalography, neuropsychological and behavioural measures. Serial measures will be taken on each intensively studied patient, pre- and post-DBS system insertion. This will allow elucidation of the processes involved in symptomatic change over a 15-month period, which includes a double-blind crossover phase of stimulator on/off. DISCUSSION Novel, empirical treatments for SE-AN are urgently required due to high morbidity and mortality costs. If feasible and effective, DBS to the NAcc could be game-changing in the management of this condition. A neuroethical gold standard is crucial to optimally underpin such treatment development. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION The study is ongoing and registered with www.ClinicalTrials.gov, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01924598, 22 July, 2013. It has full ethical and HRA approval (Project ID 128658).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica C. Scaife
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tipu Z. Aziz
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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23
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Bétry C, Thobois S, Laville M, Disse E. Deep brain stimulation as a therapeutic option for obesity: A critical review. Obes Res Clin Pract 2018; 12:260-269. [PMID: 29475604 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite a better understanding of obesity pathophysiology, treating this disease remains a challenge. New therapeutic options are needed. Targeting the brain is a promising way, considering both the brain abnormalities in obesity and the effects of bariatric surgery on the gut-brain axis. Deep brain stimulation could be an alternative treatment for obesity since this safe and reversible neurosurgical procedure modulates neural circuits for therapeutic purposes. We aimed to provide a critical review of published clinical and preclinical studies in this field. Owing to the physiology of eating and brain alterations in people with obesity, two brain areas, namely the hypothalamus and the nucleus accumbens are putative targets. Preclinical studies with animal models of obesity showed that deep brain stimulation of hypothalamus or nucleus accumbens induces weight loss. The mechanisms of action remain to be fully elucidated. Preclinical data suggest that stimulation of nucleus accumbens reduces food intake, while stimulation of hypothalamus could increase resting energy expenditure. Clinical experience with deep brain stimulation for obesity remains limited to six patients with mixed results, but some clinical trials are ongoing. Thus, drawing clear conclusions about the effectiveness of this treatment is not yet possible, even if the results of preclinical studies are encouraging. Future clinical studies should examine its efficacy and safety, while preclinical studies could help understand its mechanisms of action. We hope that our review will provide ways to design further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bétry
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; The Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Stéphane Thobois
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hopital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de neurologie C, Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de médecine Lyon Sud Charles Merieux, Lyon, France; CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerot, UMR 5229, Bron, France
| | - Martine Laville
- Service d'Endocrinologie-Diabétologie-Maladies de la nutrition, Centre Intégré de l'Obésité, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite, France; Unité INSERM 1060, Laboratoire CARMEN, CENS-Centre Européen pour la Nutrition et la Santé, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes., Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Emmanuel Disse
- Service d'Endocrinologie-Diabétologie-Maladies de la nutrition, Centre Intégré de l'Obésité, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite, France; Unité INSERM 1060, Laboratoire CARMEN, CENS-Centre Européen pour la Nutrition et la Santé, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes., Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, France
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Lee DJ, Elias GJB, Lozano AM. Neuromodulation for the treatment of eating disorders and obesity. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2018; 8:73-92. [PMID: 29399320 PMCID: PMC5788100 DOI: 10.1177/2045125317743435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders and obesity adversely affect individuals both medically and psychologically, leading to reduced life expectancy and poor quality of life. While there exist a number of treatments for anorexia, morbid obesity and bulimia, many patients do not respond favorably to current behavioral, medical or bariatric surgical management. Neuromodulation has been postulated as a potential treatment for eating disorders and obesity. In particular, deep brain stimulation and transcranial non-invasive brain stimulation have been studied for these indications across a variety of brain targets. Here, we review the neurobiology behind eating and eating disorders as well as the current status of preclinical and clinical neuromodulation trials for eating disorders and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrin J Lee
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gavin J B Elias
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andres M Lozano
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst St., West Wing 4-431, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
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25
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Prinz P, Stengel A. Deep Brain Stimulation-Possible Treatment Strategy for Pathologically Altered Body Weight? Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8010019. [PMID: 29361753 PMCID: PMC5789350 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of obesity and eating disorders such as binge-eating disorder or anorexia nervosa is challenging. Besides lifestyle changes and pharmacological options, bariatric surgery represents a well-established and effective-albeit invasive-treatment of obesity, whereas for binge-eating disorder and anorexia nervosa mostly psychotherapy options exist. Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a method that influences the neuronal network, is by now known for its safe and effective applicability in patients with Parkinson’s disease. However, the use does not seem to be restricted to these patients. Recent preclinical and first clinical evidence points towards the use of DBS in patients with obesity and eating disorders as well. Depending on the targeted area in the brain, DBS can either inhibit food intake and body weight or stimulate energy intake and subsequently body weight. The current review focuses on preclinical and clinical evidence of DBS to modulate food intake and body weight and highlight the different brain areas targeted, stimulation protocols applied and downstream signaling modulated. Lastly, this review will also critically discuss potential safety issues and gaps in knowledge to promote further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Prinz
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 12200 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 12200 Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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26
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Pelloux Y, Baunez C. Targeting the subthalamic nucleus in a preclinical model of alcohol use disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2127-2137. [PMID: 28401284 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The subthalamic nucleus (STN) has only recently been considered to have a role in reward processing. In rats, inactivation of the STN by lesion or high-frequency stimulation (HFS) decreases motivation for cocaine but increases motivation for sucrose. For ethanol, the effect of STN lesion depends on the individual's baseline intake; decreasing motivation for ethanol in rats with lower ethanol intake, while increasing motivation for ethanol in rats with higher-but still limited-ethanol intake. However, the involvement of the STN in behaviour more closely resembling some aspects of alcohol use disorder has not been assessed. This study aimed to determine the effect of STN lesions on the escalation of ethanol intake, subsequent increases in the motivation to "work" for ethanol and the choice of ethanol over a non-drug alternative. RESULTS We found that STN lesion prevented increases in ethanol intake observed during intermittent ethanol access and after a long period of ethanol privation. STN lesion also decreased the motivation to work for ethanol after escalated intake. Surprisingly, STN lesion increased the choice of alcohol over saccharin. This was associated with a blunting of the hedonic responses to the taste of the reinforcement alternatives. CONCLUSION These results evidence the involvement of the STN in different ethanol-motivated behaviours and therefore position the STN as an interesting target for the treatment of alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Pelloux
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, CNRS & Aix-Marseille Université, 27, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 51 Bayview Blvd #200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Christelle Baunez
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, CNRS & Aix-Marseille Université, 27, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
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27
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Prinz P, Stengel A. Control of Food Intake by Gastrointestinal Peptides: Mechanisms of Action and Possible Modulation in the Treatment of Obesity. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 23:180-196. [PMID: 28096522 PMCID: PMC5383113 DOI: 10.5056/jnm16194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the control of appetite by food intake-regulatory peptides secreted from the gastrointestinal tract, namely cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1, peptide YY, ghrelin, and the recently discovered nesfatin-1 via the gut-brain axis. Additionally, we describe the impact of external factors such as intake of different nutrients or stress on the secretion of gastrointestinal peptides. Finally, we highlight possible conservative—physical activity and pharmacotherapy—treatment strategies for obesity as well as surgical techniques such as deep brain stimulation and bariatric surgery also altering these peptidergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Prinz
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Schippers MC, Bruinsma B, Gaastra M, Mesman TI, Denys D, De Vries TJ, Pattij T. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Nucleus Accumbens Core Affects Trait Impulsivity in a Baseline-Dependent Manner. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:52. [PMID: 28386221 PMCID: PMC5362621 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus accumbens (NA) is explored as a treatment for refractory psychiatric disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), depressive disorder (MDD), and substance use disorder (SUD). A common feature of some of these disorders is pathological impulsivity. Here, the effects of NAcore DBS on impulsive choice and impulsive action, two distinct forms of impulsive behavior, were investigated in translational animal tasks, the delayed reward task (DRT) and five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), respectively. In both tasks, the effects of NAcore DBS were negatively correlated with baseline impulsive behavior, with more pronounced effects in the 5-CSRTT. To further examine the effects of DBS on trait impulsive action, rats were screened for high (HI) and low (LI) impulsive responding in the 5-CSRTT. NAcore DBS decreased impulsive, premature responding in HI rats under conventional conditions. However, upon challenged conditions to increase impulsive responding, NAcore DBS did not alter impulsivity. These results strongly suggest a baseline-dependent effect of DBS on impulsivity, which is in line with clinical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Schippers
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan Bruinsma
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mathijs Gaastra
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tanja I Mesman
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Taco J De Vries
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tommy Pattij
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Gao S, Guo F, Sun X, Zhang N, Gong Y, Xu L. The Inhibitory Effects of Nesfatin-1 in Ventromedial Hypothalamus on Gastric Function and Its Regulation by Nucleus Accumbens. Front Physiol 2017; 7:634. [PMID: 28105016 PMCID: PMC5213809 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nesfatin-1 signaling in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) on gastric functions, as well as the regulation of these effects by nucleus accumbens (NAc) projections to VMH. Methods: The expression of c-fos in nesfatinergic VMH neurons induced by gastric distension (GD) was measured using the double fluoro-immunohistochemical staining. The firing rates of neurons were monitored with single-unit extracellular electric discharge recording. The projection of nesfatinergic neurons from NAc to VMH was observed by fluorogold retrograde tracer combined with fluoro-immunohistochemical staining. The effect of nesfatin-1 in VMH or electric stimulation in NAc on gastric function was studied by measuring food intake, gastric acid output, gastric motility, and gastric emptying, and the ability of the melanocortin-3/4 receptor antagonist SHU9119 or the anti-nesfatin-1 antibody to block nesfatin-1 in the VMH was assessed. Results: Expression of c-fos was observed in VMH nesfatinergic neurons following GD in rats. Further, nesfatin-1 delivery to single GD-responsive neurons changed the firing rates of these neurons in the VMH. In awake, behaving rats, intra-VMH administration of nesfatin-1 inhibited food intake, gastric acid output, gastric motility, and gastric emptying. These effects were abolished by SHU9119. Fluorogold retrograde tracing showed nesfatinergic neural projection from the NAc to the VMH. Electrical stimulation of NAc modified the firing rates of the VMH neurons and inhibited food intake and gastric functions. The pretreatment with an anti-nesfatin-1 antibody in the VMH reversed the effects of NAc electrical stimulation on the VMH neuronal firing rates and gastric function. Conclusions: Nesfatin-1 in the VMH inhibited food intake, gastric acid output, gastric motility, and gastric emptying. A nesfatinergic pathway between NAc and VMH transmitted metabolism-regulating signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University Qingdao, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangrong Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University Qingdao, China
| | - Nana Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao, China
| | - Yanling Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao, China
| | - Luo Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University Qingdao, China
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Testing different paradigms to optimize antidepressant deep brain stimulation in different rat models of depression. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 81:36-45. [PMID: 27367210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of several targets induces beneficial responses in approximately 60% of patients suffering from treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The remaining 40% indicate that these stimulation sites do not bear therapeutic relevance for all TRD patients and consequently DBS-targets should be selected according to individual symptom profiles. We here used two animal models of depression known to have different genetic backgrounds and behavioral responses: the therapy-responsive Flinders sensitive line (FSL) and the therapy-refractory congenitally learned helpless rats (cLH) to study symptom-specific DBS effects i) of different brain sites ii) at different stimulation parameters, and iii) at different expressions of the disease. Sham-stimulation/DBS was applied chronic-intermittently or chronic-continuously to either the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC, rodent equivalent to subgenual cingulate), nucleus accumbens (Nacc) or subthalamic nucleus (STN), and effects were studied on different depression-associated behaviors, i.e. anhedonia, immobility/behavioral despair and learned helplessness. Biochemical substrates of behaviorally effective versus ineffective DBS were analyzed using in-vivo microdialysis and post-mortem high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We found that i) vmPFC-DBS outperforms Nacc-DBS, ii) STN-DBS increases depressive states, iii) chronic-continuous DBS does not add benefits compared to chronic-intermittent DBS, iv) DBS-efficacy depends on the disease expression modeled and iv) antidepressant DBS is associated with an increase in serotonin turnover alongside site-specific reductions in serotonin contents. The reported limited effectiveness of vmPFC DBS suggests that future research may consider the specific disease expression, investigation of different DBS-targets and alternative parameter settings.
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Bari AA, King NKK, Lipsman N, Lozano AM. Deep Brain Stimulation for Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Transl Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7654-3_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation in a rat model of binge eating. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e695. [PMID: 26670280 PMCID: PMC5068592 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Binge eating (BE) is a difficult-to-treat behavior with high relapse rates, thus complicating several disorders including obesity. In this study, we tested the effects of high-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) in a rodent model of BE. We hypothesized that BE rats receiving high-frequency DBS in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core would have reduced binge sizes compared with sham stimulation in both a 'chronic BE' model as well as in a 'relapse to chronic BE' model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (N=18) were implanted with stimulating electrodes in bilateral NAc core, and they received either active stimulation (N=12) or sham stimulation (N=6) for the initial chronic BE experiments. After testing in the chronic BE state, rats did not engage in binge sessions for 1 month, and then resumed binge sessions (relapse to chronic BE) with active or sham stimulation (N=5-7 per group). A significant effect of intervention group was observed on binge size in the chronic BE state, but no significant difference between intervention groups was observed in the relapse to chronic BE experiments. This research, making use of both a chronic BE model as well as a relapse to chronic BE model, provides data supporting the hypothesis that DBS of the NAc core can decrease BE. Further research will be needed to learn how to increase the effect size and decrease deep brain stimulation-treatment outcome variability across the continuum of BE behavior.
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Pallarés V, Moya J, Samper-Belda FJ, Canals S, Moratal D. Neurosurgery planning in rodents using a magnetic resonance imaging assisted framework to target experimentally defined networks. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 121:66-76. [PMID: 26094858 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Meaningful targeting of brain structures is required in a number of experimental designs in neuroscience. Current technological developments as high density electrode arrays for parallel electrophysiological recordings and optogenetic tools that allow fine control of activity in specific cell populations provide powerful tools to investigate brain physio-pathology. However, to extract the maximum yield from these fine developments, increased precision, reproducibility and cost-efficiency in experimental procedures is also required. METHODS We introduce here a framework based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and digitized brain atlases to produce customizable 3D-environments for brain navigation. It allows the use of individualized anatomical and/or functional information from multiple MRI modalities to assist experimental neurosurgery planning and in vivo tissue processing. RESULTS As a proof of concept we show three examples of experimental designs facilitated by the presented framework, with extraordinary applicability in neuroscience. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results illustrate its feasibility for identifying and selecting functionally and/or anatomically connected neuronal population in vivo and directing electrode implantations to targeted nodes in the intricate system of brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Pallarés
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Javier Moya
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Samper-Belda
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Canals
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain.
| | - David Moratal
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
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Abstract
Since its successful application for the treatment of neurological disorders, deep brain stimulation (DBS) is currently also applied for the treatment of psychiatric disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorders or depression. DBS is being considered, or even applied, as a treatment for certain forms of addiction. We review here the cerebral structures aimed for such a strategy and discuss their respective positive and negative aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Pelloux
- Équipe BAGAMORE (ganglions de la base, motivation et récompense), institut de neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289 CNRS et Aix-Marseille université, campus santé Timone, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Christelle Baunez
- Équipe BAGAMORE (ganglions de la base, motivation et récompense), institut de neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289 CNRS et Aix-Marseille université, campus santé Timone, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
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Val-Laillet D, Aarts E, Weber B, Ferrari M, Quaresima V, Stoeckel L, Alonso-Alonso M, Audette M, Malbert C, Stice E. Neuroimaging and neuromodulation approaches to study eating behavior and prevent and treat eating disorders and obesity. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 8:1-31. [PMID: 26110109 PMCID: PMC4473270 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Functional, molecular and genetic neuroimaging has highlighted the existence of brain anomalies and neural vulnerability factors related to obesity and eating disorders such as binge eating or anorexia nervosa. In particular, decreased basal metabolism in the prefrontal cortex and striatum as well as dopaminergic alterations have been described in obese subjects, in parallel with increased activation of reward brain areas in response to palatable food cues. Elevated reward region responsivity may trigger food craving and predict future weight gain. This opens the way to prevention studies using functional and molecular neuroimaging to perform early diagnostics and to phenotype subjects at risk by exploring different neurobehavioral dimensions of the food choices and motivation processes. In the first part of this review, advantages and limitations of neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), pharmacogenetic fMRI and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) will be discussed in the context of recent work dealing with eating behavior, with a particular focus on obesity. In the second part of the review, non-invasive strategies to modulate food-related brain processes and functions will be presented. At the leading edge of non-invasive brain-based technologies is real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) neurofeedback, which is a powerful tool to better understand the complexity of human brain-behavior relationships. rtfMRI, alone or when combined with other techniques and tools such as EEG and cognitive therapy, could be used to alter neural plasticity and learned behavior to optimize and/or restore healthy cognition and eating behavior. Other promising non-invasive neuromodulation approaches being explored are repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS). Converging evidence points at the value of these non-invasive neuromodulation strategies to study basic mechanisms underlying eating behavior and to treat its disorders. Both of these approaches will be compared in light of recent work in this field, while addressing technical and practical questions. The third part of this review will be dedicated to invasive neuromodulation strategies, such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS). In combination with neuroimaging approaches, these techniques are promising experimental tools to unravel the intricate relationships between homeostatic and hedonic brain circuits. Their potential as additional therapeutic tools to combat pharmacorefractory morbid obesity or acute eating disorders will be discussed, in terms of technical challenges, applicability and ethics. In a general discussion, we will put the brain at the core of fundamental research, prevention and therapy in the context of obesity and eating disorders. First, we will discuss the possibility to identify new biological markers of brain functions. Second, we will highlight the potential of neuroimaging and neuromodulation in individualized medicine. Third, we will introduce the ethical questions that are concomitant to the emergence of new neuromodulation therapies.
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Key Words
- 5-HT, serotonin
- ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- AN, anorexia nervosa
- ANT, anterior nucleus of the thalamus
- B N, bulimia nervosa
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- BED, binge eating disorder
- BMI, body mass index
- BOLD, blood oxygenation level dependent
- BS, bariatric surgery
- Brain
- CBF, cerebral blood flow
- CCK, cholecystokinin
- Cg25, subgenual cingulate cortex
- DA, dopamine
- DAT, dopamine transporter
- DBS, deep brain stimulation
- DBT, deep brain therapy
- DTI, diffusion tensor imaging
- ED, eating disorders
- EEG, electroencephalography
- Eating disorders
- GP, globus pallidus
- HD-tDCS, high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HHb, deoxygenated-hemoglobin
- Human
- LHA, lateral hypothalamus
- MER, microelectrode recording
- MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- Nac, nucleus accumbens
- Neuroimaging
- Neuromodulation
- O2Hb, oxygenated-hemoglobin
- OCD, obsessive–compulsive disorder
- OFC, orbitofrontal cortex
- Obesity
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PFC, prefrontal cortex
- PYY, peptide tyrosine tyrosine
- SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography
- STN, subthalamic nucleus
- TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation
- TRD, treatment-resistant depression
- VBM, voxel-based morphometry
- VN, vagus nerve
- VNS, vagus nerve stimulation
- VS, ventral striatum
- VTA, ventral tegmental area
- aCC, anterior cingulate cortex
- dTMS, deep transcranial magnetic stimulation
- daCC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
- dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging
- fNIRS, functional near-infrared spectroscopy
- lPFC, lateral prefrontal cortex
- pCC, posterior cingulate cortex
- rCBF, regional cerebral blood flow
- rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
- rtfMRI, real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging
- tACS, transcranial alternate current stimulation
- tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation
- tRNS, transcranial random noise stimulation
- vlPFC, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
- vmH, ventromedial hypothalamus
- vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. Aarts
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B. Weber
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - M. Ferrari
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - V. Quaresima
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - L.E. Stoeckel
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - M. Alonso-Alonso
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, USA
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Electrical stimulation alleviates depressive-like behaviors of rats: investigation of brain targets and potential mechanisms. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e535. [PMID: 25826110 PMCID: PMC4354354 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising therapy for patients with refractory depression. However, key questions remain with regard to which brain target(s) should be used for stimulation, and which mechanisms underlie the therapeutic effects. Here, we investigated the effect of DBS, with low- and high-frequency stimulation (LFS, HFS), in different brain regions (ventromedial prefrontal cortex, vmPFC; cingulate cortex, Cg; nucleus accumbens (NAc) core or shell; lateral habenula, LHb; and ventral tegmental area) on a variety of depressive-like behaviors using rat models. In the naive animal study, we found that HFS of the Cg, vmPFC, NAc core and LHb reduced anxiety levels and increased motivation for food. In the chronic unpredictable stress model, there was a robust depressive-like behavioral phenotype. Moreover, vmPFC HFS, in a comparison of all stimulated targets, produced the most profound antidepressant effects with enhanced hedonia, reduced anxiety and decreased forced-swim immobility. In the following set of electrophysiological and histochemical experiments designed to unravel some of the underlying mechanisms, we found that vmPFC HFS evoked a specific modulation of the serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), which have long been linked to mood. Finally, using a neuronal mapping approach by means of c-Fos expression, we found that vmPFC HFS modulated a brain circuit linked to the DRN and known to be involved in affect. In conclusion, HFS of the vmPFC produced the most potent antidepressant effects in naive rats and rats subjected to stress by mechanisms also including the DRN.
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Salgado S, Kaplitt MG. The Nucleus Accumbens: A Comprehensive Review. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2015; 93:75-93. [PMID: 25720819 DOI: 10.1159/000368279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Salgado
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, N.Y., USA
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Urstadt KR, Stanley BG. Direct hypothalamic and indirect trans-pallidal, trans-thalamic, or trans-septal control of accumbens signaling and their roles in food intake. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:8. [PMID: 25741246 PMCID: PMC4327307 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Due in part to the increasing incidence of obesity in developed nations, recent research aims to elucidate neural circuits that motivate humans to overeat. Earlier research has described how the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) motivates organisms to feed by activating neuronal populations in the lateral hypothalamus (LH). However, more recent research suggests that the LH may in turn communicate with the AcbSh, both directly and indirectly, to re-tune the motivation to consume foods with homeostatic and food-related sensory signals. Here, we discuss the functional and anatomical evidence for an LH to AcbSh connection and its role in eating behaviors. The LH appears to modulate Acb activity directly, using neurotransmitters such as hypocretin/orexin or melanin concentrating hormone (MCH). The LH also indirectly regulates AcbSh activity through certain subcortical "relay" regions, such as the lateral septum (LS), ventral pallidum (VP), and paraventricular thalamus, using a variety of neurotransmitters. This review aims to summarize studies on these topics and outline a model by which LH circuits processing energy balance can modulate AcbSh neural activity to regulate feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Urstadt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - B Glenn Stanley
- Departments of Psychology and Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California - Riverside Riverside, CA, USA
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Alba-Ferrara L, Fernandez F, Salas R, de Erausquin GA. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Deep Brain Stimulation in the treatment of alcohol dependence. ADDICTIVE DISORDERS & THEIR TREATMENT 2014; 13:159-169. [PMID: 25598743 PMCID: PMC4292849 DOI: 10.1097/adt.0b013e31829cf047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence is a major social, economic, and public health problem. Alcoholism can lead to damage of the gastrointestinal, nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems and it can be lethal, costing hundreds of billions to the health care system. Despite the existence of cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychosocial interventions, and spiritually integrated treatment to treat it, alcohol dependence has a high relapse rate and poor prognosis, albeit with high interindividual variability. In this review, we discuss the use of two neuromodulation techniques, namely repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS), and their advantages and disadvantages compared to first-line pharmacological treatment for alcohol dependence. We also discuss rTMS and DBS targets for alcohol dependence treatment, considering experimental animal and human evidence, with careful consideration of methodological issues preventing the identification of feasible targets for neuromodulation treatments, as well as inter-individual variability factors influencing alcoholism prognosis. Lastly, we anticipate future research aiming to tailor the treatment to each individual patient by combining neurofunctional, neuroanatomical and neurodisruptive techniques optimizing the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Alba-Ferrara
- Roskamp Laboratory of Brain Development, Modulation and Repair, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - F. Fernandez
- Institute for Research in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - R. Salas
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - G. A. de Erausquin
- Roskamp Laboratory of Brain Development, Modulation and Repair, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Clark PJ, Ghasem PR, Mika A, Day HE, Herrera JJ, Greenwood BN, Fleshner M. Wheel running alters patterns of uncontrollable stress-induced cfos mRNA expression in rat dorsal striatum direct and indirect pathways: A possible role for plasticity in adenosine receptors. Behav Brain Res 2014; 272:252-63. [PMID: 25017571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that adenosine is a major regulator of striatum activity, in part, through the antagonistic modulation of dopaminergic function. Exercise can influence adenosine and dopamine activity, which may subsequently promote plasticity in striatum adenosine and dopamine systems. Such changes could alter activity of medium spiny neurons and impact striatum function. The purpose of this study was twofold. The first was to characterize the effect of long-term wheel running on adenosine 1 (A1R), adenosine 2A (A2AR), dopamine 1 (D1R), and dopamine 2 (D2R) receptor mRNA expression in adult rat dorsal and ventral striatum structures using in situ hybridization. The second was to determine if changes to adenosine and dopamine receptor mRNA from running are associated with altered cfos mRNA induction in dynorphin- (direct pathway) and enkephalin- (indirect pathway) expressing neurons of the dorsal striatum following stress exposure. We report that chronic running, as well as acute uncontrollable stress, reduced A1R and A2AR mRNA levels in the dorsal and ventral striatum. Running also modestly elevated D2R mRNA levels in striatum regions. Finally, stress-induced cfos was potentiated in dynorphin and attenuated in enkephalin expressing neurons of running rats. These data suggest striatum adenosine and dopamine systems are targets for neuroplasticity from exercise, which may contribute to changes in direct and indirect pathway activity. These findings may have implications for striatum mediated motor and cognitive processes, as well as exercise facilitated stress-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Clark
- Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
| | - Parsa R Ghasem
- Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Agnieszka Mika
- Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Heidi E Day
- Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Muenzinger D244, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Jonathan J Herrera
- Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Benjamin N Greenwood
- Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Monika Fleshner
- Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
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Response to deep brain stimulation in the lateral hypothalamic area in a rat model of obesity: in vivo assessment of brain glucose metabolism. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 16:830-7. [PMID: 24903031 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate changes in glucose brain metabolism after deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) in a rat model of obesity. PROCEDURES Ten obese male Zucker rats were divided into two groups: LHA-control and LHA-DBS. Concentric bipolar platinum-iridium electrodes were implanted bilaterally. After 7 days, DBS was applied for 15 days. Weight and food and water intake were monitored. 2-Deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose ([(18)F]FDG) PET-CT imaging studies were performed the day after the end of DBS. Differences in glucose uptake between the groups were assessed with statistical parametric mapping. RESULTS A difference in weight gain of 3.19 percentage points was found between groups. Average food consumption during the first 15 days was lower in DBS-treated animals than in non-stimulated animals. DBS increased metabolism in the mammillary body, subiculum-hippocampal area, and amygdala, while a decrease in metabolism was recorded in the thalamus, caudate, temporal cortex, and cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS DBS produced significant changes in brain regions associated with the control of food intake and the brain reward system. DBS seems to normalize the impaired hippocampal functioning that has been described in obese rats. The smaller weight gain in the DBS group suggests that this technique could be considered an option for the treatment of obesity.
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WABLE GAURIS, BARBARICH-MARSTELLER NICOLEC, CHOWDHURY TARAG, SABALIAUSKAS NICOLEA, FARB CLAUDIAR, AOKI CHIYE. Excitatory synapses on dendritic shafts of the caudal basal amygdala exhibit elevated levels of GABAA receptor α4 subunits following the induction of activity-based anorexia. Synapse 2014; 68:1-15. [PMID: 23766101 PMCID: PMC4111138 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterized by self-imposed severe starvation, excessive exercise, and anxiety. The onset of AN is most often at puberty, suggesting that gonadal hormonal fluctuations may contribute to AN vulnerability. Activity-based anorexia (ABA) is an animal model that reproduces some of the behavioral phenotypes of AN, including the paradoxical increase in voluntary exercise following food restriction. The basal amygdala as well as the GABAergic system regulate trait anxiety. We therefore examined the subcellular distribution of GABA receptors (GABARs) in the basal amygdala of female pubertal rats and specifically of their α4 subunits, because expression of α4-containing GABARs is regulated by gonadal hormone fluctuations. Moreover, because these GABARs reduce neuronal excitability through shunting of EPSPs, we quantified the frequency of occurrence of these GABARs adjacent to excitatory synapses. Electron microscopic immunoctychemistry revealed no change in the frequency of association of α4 subunits with excitatory synapses on dendritic spines, whether in the anterior (Bregma -2.8 mm) or caudal (Bregma -3.8 mm) portion of the basal amygdala. Sholl analysis of golgi-stained neurons also revealed no change in the extent of dendritic branching by these densely spiny, pyramidal-like neurons. However, there was an increase of membranous α4 subunits near excitatory synapses on dendritic shafts, specifically in the caudal basal amygdala, and this was accompanied by a rise of α4 subunits intracellularly. Because most dendritic shafts exhibiting excitatory synapses are GABAergic interneurons, the results predict disinhibition, which would increase excitability of the amygdaloid network, in turn augmenting ABA animals' anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- GAURI S. WABLE
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York
| | - NICOLE C. BARBARICH-MARSTELLER
- Deartment of Psychiatry, College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
- Eating Disorder Research Unit, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | | | | | - CLAUDIA R. FARB
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York
| | - CHIYE AOKI
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York
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Diepenbroek C, van der Plasse G, Eggels L, Rijnsburger M, Feenstra MGP, Kalsbeek A, Denys D, Fliers E, Serlie MJ, la Fleur SE. Alterations in blood glucose and plasma glucagon concentrations during deep brain stimulation in the shell region of the nucleus accumbens in rats. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:226. [PMID: 24339800 PMCID: PMC3857552 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is an effective therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and is currently under investigation as a treatment for eating disorders. DBS of this area is associated with altered food intake and pharmacological treatment of OCD is associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Therefore we examined if DBS of the NAc-shell (sNAc) influences glucose metabolism. Male Wistar rats were subjected to DBS, or sham stimulation, for a period of 1 h. To assess the effects of stimulation on blood glucose and glucoregulatory hormones, blood samples were drawn before, during and after stimulation. Subsequently, all animals were used for quantitative assessment of Fos immunoreactivity in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) using computerized image analysis. DBS of the sNAc rapidly increased plasma concentrations of glucagon and glucose while sham stimulation and DBS outside the sNAc were ineffective. In addition, the increase in glucose was dependent on DBS intensity. In contrast, the DBS-induced increase in plasma corticosterone concentrations was independent of intensity and region, indicating that the observed DBS-induced metabolic changes were not due to corticosterone release. Stimulation of the sNAc with 200 μA increased Fos immunoreactivity in the LHA compared to sham or 100 μA stimulated animals. These data show that DBS of the sNAc alters glucose metabolism in a region- and intensity- dependent manner in association with neuronal activation in the LHA. Moreover, these data illustrate the need to monitor changes in glucose metabolism during DBS-treatment of OCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Diepenbroek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To systematize new neurobiological findings on the cause and treatment of eating disorders. RECENT FINDINGS The conceptual framework of the cause of eating disorders has undergone great changes in the past decades. Recently, the National Institute of Mental Health proposed a new set of criteria for research purposes--the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). We aim to structure this study as much as possible using these constructs across biological units of analysis, summarizing new findings. Brain imaging techniques have become sophisticated in identifying brain circuits related to illness behaviour and to fundamental traits such as reward and social processing. Genetic studies have moved from candidate gene studies onto genome-wide association studies; however, the field needs to cooperate to collect larger samples in order to benefit from this approach. Hormonal changes as the results of starvation or as underlying factors for behavioural changes still receive attention in both animal and human studies. Advances made in neuropsychology show problems in cognition (set shifting and central coherence) and in other RDoC domains. Some of these findings have been translated into treatment. SUMMARY New biological models are being developed which explain causal and maintaining factors. The RDoC construct may be used to systematize these findings.
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McClelland J, Bozhilova N, Campbell I, Schmidt U. A systematic review of the effects of neuromodulation on eating and body weight: evidence from human and animal studies. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2013; 21:436-55. [PMID: 24155246 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders (ED) are chronic and sometimes deadly illnesses. Existing treatments have limited proven efficacy, especially in the case of adults with anorexia nervosa (AN). Emerging neural models of ED provide a rationale for more targeted, brain-directed interventions. AIMS This systematic review has examined the effects of neuromodulation techniques on eating behaviours and body weight and assessed their potential for therapeutic use in ED. METHOD All articles in PubMed, PsychInfo and Web of Knowledge were considered and screened against a priori inclusion/exclusion criteria. The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) were examined across studies in ED samples, other psychiatric and neurological disorders, and animal models. RESULTS Sixty studies were identified. There is evidence for ED symptom reduction following rTMS and DBS in both AN and bulimia nervosa. Findings from studies of other psychiatric and neurological disorders and from animal studies demonstrate that increases in food intake and body weight can be achieved following DBS and that VNS has potential value as a means of controlling eating and inducing weight loss. CONCLUSIONS Neuromodulation tools have potential for reducing ED symptomatology and related behaviours, and for altering food intake and body weight. In response to such findings, and emerging neural models of ED, treatment approaches are highly unlikely to remain 'brainless'. More research is required to evaluate the potential of neuromodulation procedures for improving long-term outcomes in ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica McClelland
- Section of Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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Treasure J, Ashkan K. Deep brain stimulation for anorexia nervosa: a step forward. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2013; 21:507-8. [PMID: 24115472 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Treasure
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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Diepenbroek C, Serlie MJ, Fliers E, Kalsbeek A, la Fleur SE. Brain areas and pathways in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Biofactors 2013; 39:505-13. [PMID: 23913677 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucose is the most important source of fuel for the brain and its concentration must be kept within strict boundaries to ensure the organism's optimal fitness. To maintain glucose homeostasis, an optimal balance between glucose uptake and glucose output is required. Besides managing acute changes in plasma glucose concentrations, the brain controls a daily rhythm in glucose concentrations. The various nuclei within the hypothalamus that are involved in the control of both these processes are well known. However, novel studies indicate an additional role for brain areas that are originally appreciated in other processes than glucose metabolism. Therefore, besides the classic hypothalamic pathways, we will review cortico-limbic brain areas and their role in glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Diepenbroek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Using brain surgery, specific areas in the brain can be stimulated with electrical impulses to reversibly change their activity and alleviate symptoms related to mental illnesses. This so-called deep brain stimulation and other methodological advances that even more selectively activate specific groups of neurons can give us clues as to what neural circuitry is involved in a particular mental disorder and whether therapeutic activation of these brain areas and neurons may be effective. In "Bedside to Bench", Eric Nestler discusses two trials of individuals with anorexia nervosa in which deep brain stimulation of different brain areas resulted in improvement of behavioral domains associated with the syndrome. The results and potential of this technique in animals and humans may bring us closer to understanding the neurobiology of anorexia nervosa, which still remains a mystery and poses a challenge for treatment. In "Bench to Bedside", Jennifer Warner-Schmidt peruses recent findings that uncover the functional connectivity of brain regions involved in depression and how activation of cortical regions can result in antidepressant effects that can compensate for the malfunction of other brain circuits that results in depression.
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Arulpragasam AR, Chou T, Kaur N, Corse AK, Deckersbach T, Camprodon JA. Future Directions of Deep Brain Stimulation: Current Disorders, New Technologies. Psychiatr Ann 2013. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20130806-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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50
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Deep brain stimulation for addiction: why the subthalamic nucleus should be favored. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:713-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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