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f = m*a: A Framework for Investigating the Regulation of Replication Timing. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020249. [PMID: 35205293 PMCID: PMC8872135 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Stochastic models of replication timing posit that origin firing timing is regulated by origin firing probability, with early-firing origins having a high probability of firing and late-firing origins having a lower probability. However, they offer no insight into why one origin should have a higher firing probability than another. Here, a simple framework is suggested for how to approach the question by noting that the firing probability (f) must be the product of the stoichiometry of the MCM replicative helicase loaded at the origin (m) and the probability with which that MCM is activated (a). This framework emphasizes that mechanistic understanding of replication timing must focus on MCM loading and activation and can be simplified to the equation f = m*a.
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2
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Dual RNA-Seq Enables Full-Genome Assembly of Measles Virus and Characterization of Host-Pathogen Interactions. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071538. [PMID: 34361973 PMCID: PMC8303570 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) has a negative-sense 15 kb long RNA genome, which is generally conserved. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and Dual RNA-seq allow the analysis of viral RNA genomes and the discovery of viral infection biomarkers, via the simultaneous characterization of the host transcriptome. However, these host–pathogen interactions remain largely unexplored in MeV infections. We performed untargeted Dual RNA-seq in 6 pharyngeal and 6 peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMCs) specimens from patients with MeV infection, as confirmed via routine real-time PCR testing. Following optimised DNase treatment of total nucleic acids, we used the pharyngeal samples to build poly-A-enriched NGS libraries. We reconstructed the viral genomes using the pharyngeal datasets and we further conducted differential expression, gene-ontology and pathways enrichment analysis to compare both the pharyngeal and the peripheral blood transcriptomes of the MeV-infected patients vs. control groups of healthy individuals. We obtained 6 MeV genotype-B3 full-genome sequences. We minutely analyzed the transcriptome of the MeV-infected pharyngeal epithelium, detecting all known viral infection biomarkers, but also revealing a functional cluster of local antiviral and inflammatory immune responses, which differ substantially from those observed in the PBMCs transcriptome. The application of Dual RNA-seq technologies in MeV-infected patients can potentially provide valuable information on the virus genome structure and the cellular innate immune responses and drive the discovery of new targets for antiviral therapy.
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Kwapiszewska K, Szczepański K, Kalwarczyk T, Michalska B, Patalas-Krawczyk P, Szymański J, Andryszewski T, Iwan M, Duszyński J, Hołyst R. Nanoscale Viscosity of Cytoplasm Is Conserved in Human Cell Lines. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6914-6920. [PMID: 32787203 PMCID: PMC7450658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reactions in living cells are limited by diffusion of reagents in the cytoplasm. Any attempt to quantify the kinetics of biochemical reactions in the cytosol should be preceded by careful measurements of the physical properties of the cellular interior. The cytoplasm is a complex, crowded fluid characterized by effective viscosity dependent on its structure at a nanoscopic length scale. In this work, we present and validate the model describing the cytoplasmic nanoviscosity, based on measurements in seven human cell lines, for nanoprobes ranging in diameters from 1 to 150 nm. Irrespective of cell line origin (epithelial-mesenchymal, cancerous-noncancerous, male-female, young-adult), we obtained a similar dependence of the viscosity on the size of the nanoprobes, with characteristic length-scales of 20 ± 11 nm (hydrodynamic radii of major crowders in the cytoplasm) and 4.6 ± 0.7 nm (radii of intercrowder gaps). Moreover, we revealed that the cytoplasm behaves as a liquid for length scales smaller than 100 nm and as a physical gel for larger length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Kwapiszewska
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Szczepański
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kalwarczyk
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Michalska
- Nencki
Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteura 3, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | | | - Jędrzej Szymański
- Nencki
Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteura 3, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Tomasz Andryszewski
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland
| | - Michalina Iwan
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland
| | - Jerzy Duszyński
- Nencki
Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteura 3, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Robert Hołyst
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland
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4
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Stability of cytoplasmic nanoviscosity during cell cycle of HeLa cells synchronized with Aphidicolin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16486. [PMID: 31712575 PMCID: PMC6848169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52758-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoviscosity of the cytoplasm is a key factor affecting diffusion of biomolecules and – as a consequence – rates of biochemical reactions in a cell. Nanoviscosity is an outcome of variable chemical and structural factors, which can temporarily change with cell-cycle associated changes of intracellular architecture. Thus, the question arises, whether rates of biochemical reactions depend on the point of cell cycle. In this paper we address this topic by constant observation of nanoviscosity of HeLa cells cytoplasm during S, G2 and G1 phases after Aphidicolin synchronization. For this purpose we measured diffusion rates of EGFP molecules using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). To our surprise, a counter-intuitive stability of cytoplasmic viscosity was observed during the cell cycle. Our results hint at possible existence of robust mechanism maintaining stable physiological viscosity of the cytoplasm, despite huge structural changes during cell cycle.
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Ali R, Ramadurai S, Barry F, Nasheuer HP. Optimizing fluorescent protein expression for quantitative fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy using herpes simplex thymidine kinase promoter sequences. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:1043-1060. [PMID: 29928582 PMCID: PMC5985997 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of expression levels of fluorescent fusion proteins (FFPs) is central for recombinant DNA technologies in modern biology as overexpression of proteins contributes to artifacts in biological experiments. In addition, some microscopy techniques such as fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and single-molecule-based techniques are very sensitive to high expression levels of FFPs. To reduce the levels of recombinant protein expression in comparison with the commonly used, very strong CMV promoter, the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (TK) gene promoter, and mutants thereof were analyzed. Deletion mutants of the TK promoter were constructed and introduced into the Gateway® system for ectopic expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), monomeric cherry (mCherry), and FFPs containing these FPs. Two promoter constructs, TK2ST and TKTSC, were established, which have optimal low expression levels suitable for FCS studies in U2OS, HeLa CCL2, NIH 3T3, and BALB/c cells. Interestingly, when tested in these four cell lines, promoter constructs having a deletion within TK gene 5'-UTR showed significantly higher protein expression levels than the equivalent constructs lacking this deletion. This suggests that a negative regulatory element is localized within the TK gene 5'-UTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ali
- Systems Biology IrelandNUI GalwayIreland
- BiochemistrySchool of Natural Sciences and Centre for Chromosome BiologyNational University of Ireland GalwayIreland
- Present address:
Medical Core Facility & Research PlatformsKing Abdullah International Medical Research CenterNational Guard Health AffairsP.O. Box 3660Riyadh11481 Mail Code 1515Saudi Arabia
| | - Sivaramakrishnan Ramadurai
- Systems Biology IrelandNUI GalwayIreland
- BiochemistrySchool of Natural Sciences and Centre for Chromosome BiologyNational University of Ireland GalwayIreland
- Present address:
School of Chemical SciencesDublin City UniversityDublin‐9Ireland
| | - Frank Barry
- Systems Biology IrelandNUI GalwayIreland
- Regenerative Medicine InstituteNational University of Ireland GalwayIreland
| | - Heinz Peter Nasheuer
- Systems Biology IrelandNUI GalwayIreland
- BiochemistrySchool of Natural Sciences and Centre for Chromosome BiologyNational University of Ireland GalwayIreland
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6
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Kalwarczyk T, Kwapiszewska K, Szczepanski K, Sozanski K, Szymanski J, Michalska B, Patalas-Krawczyk P, Duszynski J, Holyst R. Apparent Anomalous Diffusion in the Cytoplasm of Human Cells: The Effect of Probes’ Polydispersity. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:9831-9837. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b07158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kalwarczyk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karina Kwapiszewska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Szczepanski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sozanski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jedrzej Szymanski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Michalska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Patalas-Krawczyk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Duszynski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Holyst
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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Köhler C, Koalick D, Fabricius A, Parplys AC, Borgmann K, Pospiech H, Grosse F. Cdc45 is limiting for replication initiation in humans. Cell Cycle 2017; 15:974-85. [PMID: 26919204 PMCID: PMC4889307 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1152424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc45 is an essential protein that together with Mcm2-7 and GINS forms the eukaryotic replicative helicase CMG. Cdc45 seems to be rate limiting for the initial unwinding or firing of replication origins. In line with this view, Cdc45-overexpressing cells fired at least twice as many origins as control cells. However, these cells displayed an about 2-fold diminished fork elongation rate, a pronounced asymmetry of replication fork extension, and an early S phase arrest. This was accompanied by H2AX-phosphorylation and subsequent apoptosis. Unexpectedly, we did not observe increased ATR/Chk1 signaling but rather a mild ATM/Chk2 response. In addition, we detected accumulation of long stretches of single-stranded DNA, a hallmark of replication catastrophe. We conclude that increased origin firing by upregulated Cdc45 caused exhaustion of the single-strand binding protein RPA, which in consequence diminished the ATR/Chk1 response; the subsequently occurring fork breaks led to an ATM/Chk2 mediated phosphorylation of H2AX and eventually to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Köhler
- a Research group Biochemistry, Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute , Jena , Germany
| | - Dennis Koalick
- a Research group Biochemistry, Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute , Jena , Germany
| | - Anja Fabricius
- a Research group Biochemistry, Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute , Jena , Germany
| | - Ann Christin Parplys
- b Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Kerstin Borgmann
- b Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Helmut Pospiech
- a Research group Biochemistry, Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute , Jena , Germany.,c Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu , Finland
| | - Frank Grosse
- a Research group Biochemistry, Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute , Jena , Germany.,d Centre for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich-Schiller University , Jena , Germany
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Rienth M, Torregrosa L, Sarah G, Ardisson M, Brillouet JM, Romieu C. Temperature desynchronizes sugar and organic acid metabolism in ripening grapevine fruits and remodels their transcriptome. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:164. [PMID: 27439426 PMCID: PMC4955140 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit composition at harvest is strongly dependent on the temperature during the grapevine developmental cycle. This raises serious concerns regarding the sustainability of viticulture and the socio-economic repercussions of global warming for many regions where the most heat-tolerant varieties are already cultivated. Despite recent progress, the direct and indirect effects of temperature on fruit development are far from being understood. Experimental limitations such as fluctuating environmental conditions, intra-cluster heterogeneity and the annual reproductive cycle introduce unquantifiable biases for gene expression and physiological studies with grapevine. In the present study, DRCF grapevine mutants (microvine) were grown under several temperature regimes in duly-controlled environmental conditions. A singly berry selection increased the accuracy of fruit phenotyping and subsequent gene expression analyses. The physiological and transcriptomic responses of five key stages sampled simultaneously at day and nighttime were studied by RNA-seq analysis. RESULTS A total of 674 millions reads were sequenced from all experiments. Analysis of differential expression yielded in a total of 10 788 transcripts modulated by temperature. An acceleration of green berry development under higher temperature was correlated with the induction of several candidate genes linked to cell expansion. High temperatures impaired tannin synthesis and degree of galloylation at the transcriptomic levels. The timing of malate breakdown was delayed to mid-ripening in transgressively cool conditions, revealing unsuspected plasticity of berry primary metabolism. Specific ATPases and malate transporters displayed development and temperature-dependent expression patterns, besides less marked but significant regulation of other genes in the malate pathway. CONCLUSION The present study represents, to our knowledge the first abiotic stress study performed on a fleshy fruits model using RNA-seq for transcriptomic analysis. It confirms that a careful stage selection and a rigorous control of environmental conditions are needed to address the long-term plasticity of berry development with respect to temperature. Original results revealed temperature-dependent regulation of key metabolic processes in the elaboration of berry composition. Malate breakdown no longer appears as an integral part of the veraison program, but as possibly triggered by an imbalance in cytoplasmic sugar, when efficient vacuolar storage is set on with ripening, in usual temperature conditions. Furthermore, variations in heat shock responsive genes that will be very valuable for further research on temperature adaptation of plants have been evidenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rienth
- />Montpellier SupAgro-INRA, UMR AGAP-DAAV Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales-Diversité, Adaptation et Amélioration de la Vigne, 2 place Pierre Viala, Montpellier, 34060 France
- />Fondation Jean Poupelain, 30 Rue Gâte Chien, Javrezac, 16100 France
- />CHANGINS, haute école de viticulture et œnologie, 50 route de Duillier, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Torregrosa
- />Montpellier SupAgro-INRA, UMR AGAP-DAAV Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales-Diversité, Adaptation et Amélioration de la Vigne, 2 place Pierre Viala, Montpellier, 34060 France
| | - Gautier Sarah
- />Montpellier SupAgro-INRA, UMR AGAP-DAAV Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales-Diversité, Adaptation et Amélioration de la Vigne, 2 place Pierre Viala, Montpellier, 34060 France
| | - Morgane Ardisson
- />Montpellier SupAgro-INRA, UMR AGAP-DAAV Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales-Diversité, Adaptation et Amélioration de la Vigne, 2 place Pierre Viala, Montpellier, 34060 France
| | - Jean-Marc Brillouet
- />INRA Montpellier UMR SPO- Science pour l’œnologie, 2 place, Pierre Viala, Montpellier, 34060 France
| | - Charles Romieu
- />Montpellier SupAgro-INRA, UMR AGAP-DAAV Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales-Diversité, Adaptation et Amélioration de la Vigne, 2 place Pierre Viala, Montpellier, 34060 France
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9
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Fábián Z, Ramadurai S, Shaw G, Nasheuer HP, Kolch W, Taylor C, Barry F. Basic fibroblast growth factor modifies the hypoxic response of human bone marrow stromal cells by ERK-mediated enhancement of HIF-1α activity. Stem Cell Res 2014; 12:646-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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10
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Recent applications of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy in live systems. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3571-84. [PMID: 24726724 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a widely used technique in biophysics and has helped address many questions in the life sciences. It provides important advantages compared to other fluorescence and biophysical methods. Its single molecule sensitivity allows measuring proteins within biological samples at physiological concentrations without the need of overexpression. It provides quantitative data on concentrations, diffusion coefficients, molecular transport and interactions even in live organisms. And its reliance on simple fluorescence intensity and its fluctuations makes it widely applicable. In this review we focus on applications of FCS in live samples, with an emphasis on work in the last 5 years, in the hope to provide an overview of the present capabilities of FCS to address biologically relevant questions.
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Rienth M, Torregrosa L, Kelly MT, Luchaire N, Pellegrino A, Grimplet J, Romieu C. Is transcriptomic regulation of berry development more important at night than during the day? PLoS One 2014; 9:e88844. [PMID: 24551177 PMCID: PMC3923830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diurnal changes in gene expression occur in all living organisms and have been studied on model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana. To our knowledge the impact of the nycthemeral cycle on the genetic program of fleshly fruit development has been hitherto overlooked. In order to circumvent environmental changes throughout fruit development, young and ripening berries were sampled simultaneously on continuously flowering microvines acclimated to controlled circadian light and temperature changes. Gene expression profiles along fruit development were monitored during both day and night with whole genome microarrays (Nimblegen® vitis 12x), yielding a total number of 9273 developmentally modulated probesets. All day-detected transcripts were modulated at night, whereas 1843 genes were night-specific. Very similar developmental patterns of gene expression were observed using independent hierarchical clustering of day and night data, whereas functional categories of allocated transcripts varied according to time of day. Many transcripts within pathways, known to be up-regulated during ripening, in particular those linked to secondary metabolism exhibited a clearer developmental regulation at night than during the day. Functional enrichment analysis also indicated that diurnally modulated genes considerably varied during fruit development, with a shift from cellular organization and photosynthesis in green berries to secondary metabolism and stress-related genes in ripening berries. These results reveal critical changes in gene expression during night development that differ from daytime development, which have not been observed in other transcriptomic studies on fruit development thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rienth
- Fondation Jean Poupelain, Javrezac, France
- INRA-SupAgro, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Mary T. Kelly
- Laboratoire d’Oenologie, UMR1083, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Luchaire
- INRA-SupAgro, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- INRA, UMR LEPSE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jérôme Grimplet
- ICVV (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Logroño, Spain
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Broderick R, Rainey MD, Santocanale C, Nasheuer HP. Cell cycle-dependent formation of Cdc45-Claspin complexes in human cells is compromized by UV-mediated DNA damage. FEBS J 2013; 280:4888-902. [PMID: 23910567 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The replication factor Cdc45 has essential functions in the initiation and elongation steps of eukaryotic DNA replication and plays an important role in the intra-S-phase checkpoint. Its interactions with other replication proteins during the cell cycle and after intra-S-phase checkpoint activation are only partially characterized. In the present study, we show that the C terminal part of Cdc45 may mediate its interactions with Claspin. The interactions of human Cdc45 with the three replication factors Claspin, replication protein A and DNA polymerase δ are maximal during the S phase. Following UVC-induced DNA damage, Cdc45-Claspin complex formation is reduced, whereas the binding of Cdc45 to replication protein A is not affected. We also show that treatment of cells with UCN-01 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-like kinase inhibitors does not rescue the UV-induced destabilization of Cdc45-Claspin interactions, suggesting that the loss of the interaction between Cdc45 and Claspin occurs upstream of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad 3-related activation in the intra-S-phase checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Broderick
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
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