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Wei J, Wang M, Li S, Han R, Xu W, Zhao A, Yu Q, Li H, Li M, Chi G. Reprogramming of astrocytes and glioma cells into neurons for central nervous system repair and glioblastoma therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116806. [PMID: 38796971 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) damage is usually irreversible owing to the limited regenerative capability of neurons. Following CNS injury, astrocytes are reactively activated and are the key cells involved in post-injury repair mechanisms. Consequently, research on the reprogramming of reactive astrocytes into neurons could provide new directions for the restoration of neural function after CNS injury and in the promotion of recovery in various neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to provide an overview of the means through which reactive astrocytes around lesions can be reprogrammed into neurons, to elucidate the intrinsic connection between the two cell types from a neurogenesis perspective, and to summarize what is known about the neurotranscription factors, small-molecule compounds and MicroRNA that play major roles in astrocyte reprogramming. As the malignant proliferation of astrocytes promotes the development of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), this review also examines the research advances on and the theoretical basis for the reprogramming of GBM cells into neurons and discusses the advantages of such approaches over traditional treatment modalities. This comprehensive review provides new insights into the field of GBM therapy and theoretical insights into the mechanisms of neurological recovery following neurological injury and in GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyuan Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Shilin Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Rui Han
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, 1xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China.
| | - Wenhong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Anqi Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Qi Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Haokun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Meiying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Guangfan Chi
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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Janeckova L, Knotek T, Kriska J, Hermanova Z, Kirdajova D, Kubovciak J, Berkova L, Tureckova J, Camacho Garcia S, Galuskova K, Kolar M, Anderova M, Korinek V. Astrocyte-like subpopulation of NG2 glia in the adult mouse cortex exhibits characteristics of neural progenitor cells. Glia 2024; 72:245-273. [PMID: 37772368 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells expressing neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), also known as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), play a critical role in maintaining brain health. However, their ability to differentiate after ischemic injury is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the properties and functions of NG2 glia in the ischemic brain. Using transgenic mice, we selectively labeled NG2-expressing cells and their progeny in both healthy brain and after focal cerebral ischemia (FCI). Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we classified the labeled glial cells into five distinct subpopulations based on their gene expression patterns. Additionally, we examined the membrane properties of these cells using the patch-clamp technique. Of the identified subpopulations, three were identified as OPCs, whereas the fourth subpopulation had characteristics indicative of cells likely to develop into oligodendrocytes. The fifth subpopulation of NG2 glia showed astrocytic markers and had similarities to neural progenitor cells. Interestingly, this subpopulation was present in both healthy and post-ischemic tissue; however, its gene expression profile changed after ischemia, with increased numbers of genes related to neurogenesis. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the temporal expression of neurogenic genes and showed an increased presence of NG2 cells positive for Purkinje cell protein-4 at the periphery of the ischemic lesion 12 days after FCI, as well as NeuN-positive NG2 cells 28 and 60 days after injury. These results suggest the potential development of neuron-like cells arising from NG2 glia in the ischemic tissue. Our study provides insights into the plasticity of NG2 glia and their capacity for neurogenesis after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Janeckova
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Knotek
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hermanova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kubovciak
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Berkova
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Tureckova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sara Camacho Garcia
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Galuskova
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolar
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Korinek
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Chmelova M, Androvic P, Kirdajova D, Tureckova J, Kriska J, Valihrach L, Anderova M, Vargova L. A view of the genetic and proteomic profile of extracellular matrix molecules in aging and stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1296455. [PMID: 38107409 PMCID: PMC10723838 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1296455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Modification of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is one of the major processes in the pathology of brain damage following an ischemic stroke. However, our understanding of how age-related ECM alterations may affect stroke pathophysiology and its outcome is still very limited. Methods We conducted an ECM-targeted re-analysis of our previously obtained RNA-Seq dataset of aging, ischemic stroke and their interactions in young adult (3-month-old) and aged (18-month-old) mice. The permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo) in rodents was used as a model of ischemic stroke. Altogether 56 genes of interest were chosen for this study. Results We identified an increased activation of the genes encoding proteins related to ECM degradation, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), proteases of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with the thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) family and molecules that regulate their activity, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Moreover, significant upregulation was also detected in the mRNA of other ECM molecules, such as proteoglycans, syndecans and link proteins. Notably, we identified 8 genes where this upregulation was enhanced in aged mice in comparison with the young ones. Ischemia evoked a significant downregulation in only 6 of our genes of interest, including those encoding proteins associated with the protective function of ECM molecules (e.g., brevican, Hapln4, Sparcl1); downregulation in brevican was more prominent in aged mice. The study was expanded by proteome analysis, where we observed an ischemia-induced overexpression in three proteins, which are associated with neuroinflammation (fibronectin and vitronectin) and neurodegeneration (link protein Hapln2). In fibronectin and Hapln2, this overexpression was more pronounced in aged post-ischemic animals. Conclusion Based on these results, we can conclude that the ratio between the protecting and degrading mechanisms in the aged brain is shifted toward degradation and contributes to the aged tissues' increased sensitivity to ischemic insults. Altogether, our data provide fresh perspectives on the processes underlying ischemic injury in the aging brain and serve as a freely accessible resource for upcoming research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Chmelova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Peter Androvic
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences – BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Denisa Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Tureckova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lukas Valihrach
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences – BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lydia Vargova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Steliga A, Lietzau G, Wójcik S, Kowiański P. Transient cerebral ischemia induces the neuroglial proliferative activity and the potential to redirect neuroglial differentiation. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 127:102192. [PMID: 36403746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury triggers a complex response involving morphological changes, cellular proliferation, and differentiation of newly formed neuroglial subpopulations. These processes have been extensively studied in animal stroke models with permanent large vessel occlusion. However, less is known about neuroglial response after transient cerebral ischemia. Herein, we aimed to determine an astrocytic and NG2 glial proliferative response, potential changes in expression of developmental neuroglial markers: vimentin, nestin, oligodendrocyte transcription marker (Olig2), and a role of neuroglial subpopulations as a source of cells replenishing structural deficiencies in the ischemic brain. Results showed an induction of a proliferative neuroglial response in the peri-infarct area reflected in an increased percentage of GFAP/Ki67 + and NG2/Ki67 + cells within 4 weeks after transient MCAO. The peak of GFAP+ astrocytes proliferation of 30.3 ± 10.3% was observed in the first week, and a peak of NG2 + cells proliferation of 23.1 ± 11.8% in the second week after stroke. The presence of GFAP/Vimentin+ and GFAP/Nestin+ cells, as well as GFAP/Olig2 + and NG2/Olig2 + cells indicated an induction of developmental phenotypes with a differentiation potential. Finally, observed between day 1 and week 3 transient GFAP/NG2 + colocalization suggests the heterogeneous source of the reactive neuroglia after transient MCAO. Altogether, one-hour MCAO is a sufficient pathological stimulus to trigger a strong proliferative response of GFAP+ and NG2 + neuroglial cells and induce their early developmental phenotype. Our results suggest that transient ischemia may initiate a change in the direction of differentiation within the neuroglia cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Steliga
- Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Bohaterów Westerplatte 64, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland
| | - Grazyna Lietzau
- Division of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Wójcik
- Division of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Przemysław Kowiański
- Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Bohaterów Westerplatte 64, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland; Division of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
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5
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Kirdajova D, Valihrach L, Valny M, Kriska J, Krocianova D, Benesova S, Abaffy P, Zucha D, Klassen R, Kolenicova D, Honsa P, Kubista M, Anderova M. Transient astrocyte-like NG2 glia subpopulation emerges solely following permanent brain ischemia. Glia 2021; 69:2658-2681. [PMID: 34314531 PMCID: PMC9292252 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NG2 glia display wide proliferation and differentiation potential under physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we examined these two features following different types of brain disorders such as focal cerebral ischemia (FCI), cortical stab wound (SW), and demyelination (DEMY) in 3‐month‐old mice, in which NG2 glia are labeled by tdTomato under the Cspg4 promoter. To compare NG2 glia expression profiles following different CNS injuries, we employed single‐cell RT‐qPCR and self‐organizing Kohonen map analysis of tdTomato‐positive cells isolated from the uninjured cortex/corpus callosum and those after specific injury. Such approach enabled us to distinguish two main cell populations (NG2 glia, oligodendrocytes), each of them comprising four distinct subpopulations. The gene expression profiling revealed that a subpopulation of NG2 glia expressing GFAP, a marker of reactive astrocytes, is only present transiently after FCI. However, following less severe injuries, namely the SW and DEMY, subpopulations mirroring different stages of oligodendrocyte maturation markedly prevail. Such injury‐dependent incidence of distinct subpopulations was also confirmed by immunohistochemistry. To characterize this unique subpopulation of transient astrocyte‐like NG2 glia, we used single‐cell RNA‐sequencing analysis and to disclose their basic membrane properties, the patch‐clamp technique was employed. Overall, we have proved that astrocyte‐like NG2 glia are a specific subpopulation of NG2 glia emerging transiently only following FCI. These cells, located in the postischemic glial scar, are active in the cell cycle and display a current pattern similar to that identified in cortical astrocytes. Astrocyte‐like NG2 glia may represent important players in glial scar formation and repair processes, following ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Valihrach
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Valny
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Krocianova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Benesova
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Chemical Technology, Laboratory of Informatics and Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Abaffy
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Zucha
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ruslan Klassen
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Kolenicova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Honsa
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mikael Kubista
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Kriska J, Janeckova L, Kirdajova D, Honsa P, Knotek T, Dzamba D, Kolenicova D, Butenko O, Vojtechova M, Capek M, Kozmik Z, Taketo MM, Korinek V, Anderova M. Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Promotes Differentiation of Ischemia-Activated Adult Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells to Neuronal Precursors. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:628983. [PMID: 33716653 PMCID: PMC7947698 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.628983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulating endogenous regenerative processes may represent a suitable treatment for central nervous system (CNS) injuries, such as stroke or trauma. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs), which naturally reside in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult brain, proliferate and differentiate to other cell types, and therefore may compensate the negative consequences of ischemic injury. The fate of NS/PCs in the developing brain is largely influenced by Wingless/Integrated (Wnt) signaling; however, its role in the differentiation of adult NS/PCs under ischemic conditions is still enigmatic. In our previous study, we identified the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway as a factor promoting neurogenesis at the expense of gliogenesis in neonatal mice. In this study, we used adult transgenic mice in order to assess the impact of the canonical Wnt pathway modulation (inhibition or hyper-activation) on NS/PCs derived from the SVZ, and combined it with the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to disclose the effect of focal cerebral ischemia (FCI). Based on the electrophysiological properties of cultured cells, we first identified three cell types that represented in vitro differentiated NS/PCs – astrocytes, neuron-like cells, and precursor cells. Following FCI, we detected fewer neuron-like cells after Wnt signaling inhibition. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical analysis revealed an overall higher expression of cell-type-specific proteins after FCI, indicating increased proliferation and differentiation rates of NS/PCs in the SVZ. Remarkably, Wnt signaling hyper-activation increased the abundance of proliferating and neuron-like cells, while Wnt pathway inhibition had the opposite effect. Finally, the expression profiling at the single cell level revealed an increased proportion of neural stem cells and neuroblasts after FCI. These observations indicate that Wnt signaling enhances NS/PCs-based regeneration in the adult mouse brain following FCI, and supports neuronal differentiation in the SVZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lucie Janeckova
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Denisa Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Honsa
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Knotek
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - David Dzamba
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Denisa Kolenicova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Olena Butenko
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martina Vojtechova
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Capek
- Service Laboratory of Light Microscopy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zbynek Kozmik
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Makoto Mark Taketo
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Vladimir Korinek
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Behrangi N, Lorenz P, Kipp M. Oligodendrocyte Lineage Marker Expression in eGFP-GFAP Transgenic Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:2237-2248. [PMID: 33346907 PMCID: PMC8585802 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01771-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system, orchestrate several key cellular functions in the brain and spinal cord, including axon insulation, energy transfer to neurons, and, eventually, modulation of immune responses. There is growing interest for obtaining reliable markers that can specifically label oligodendroglia and their progeny. In many studies, anti-CC1 antibodies, presumably recognizing the protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), are used to label mature, myelinating oligodendrocytes. However, it has been discussed whether anti-CC1 antibodies could recognize as well, under pathological conditions, other cell populations, particularly astrocytes. In this study, we used transgenic mice in which astrocytes are labeled by the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) under the control of the human glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter. By detailed co-localization studies we were able to demonstrate that a significant proportion of eGFP-expressing cells co-express markers of the oligodendrocyte lineage, such as the transcription factor Oligodendrocyte Transcription Factor 2 (OLIG2); the NG2 proteoglycan, also known as chrondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4); or APC. The current finding that the GFAP promoter drives transgene expression in cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage should be considered when interpreting results from co-localization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Newshan Behrangi
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Lorenz
- Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany. .,Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), Rostock University Medical Center, Gelsheimer Strasse 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany.
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8
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Glia and Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells of the Healthy and Ischemic Brain: The Workplace for the Wnt Signaling Pathway. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070804. [PMID: 32708801 PMCID: PMC7397164 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays an important role in the self-renewal, fate-commitment and survival of the neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) of the adult central nervous system (CNS). Ischemic stroke impairs the proper functioning of the CNS and, therefore, active Wnt signaling may prevent, ameliorate, or even reverse the negative effects of ischemic brain injury. In this review, we provide the current knowledge of Wnt signaling in the adult CNS, its status in diverse cell types, and the Wnt pathway’s impact on the properties of NS/PCs and glial cells in the context of ischemic injury. Finally, we summarize promising strategies that might be considered for stroke therapy, and we outline possible future directions of the field.
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Belov Kirdajova D, Kriska J, Tureckova J, Anderova M. Ischemia-Triggered Glutamate Excitotoxicity From the Perspective of Glial Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:51. [PMID: 32265656 PMCID: PMC7098326 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of neurological disorders shares a final common deadly pathway known as excitotoxicity. Among these disorders, ischemic injury is a prominent cause of death and disability worldwide. Brain ischemia stems from cardiac arrest or stroke, both responsible for insufficient blood supply to the brain parenchyma. Glucose and oxygen deficiency disrupts oxidative phosphorylation, which results in energy depletion and ionic imbalance, followed by cell membrane depolarization, calcium (Ca2+) overload, and extracellular accumulation of excitatory amino acid glutamate. If tight physiological regulation fails to clear the surplus of this neurotransmitter, subsequent prolonged activation of glutamate receptors forms a vicious circle between elevated concentrations of intracellular Ca2+ ions and aberrant glutamate release, aggravating the effect of this ischemic pathway. The activation of downstream Ca2+-dependent enzymes has a catastrophic impact on nervous tissue leading to cell death, accompanied by the formation of free radicals, edema, and inflammation. After decades of “neuron-centric” approaches, recent research has also finally shed some light on the role of glial cells in neurological diseases. It is becoming more and more evident that neurons and glia depend on each other. Neuronal cells, astrocytes, microglia, NG2 glia, and oligodendrocytes all have their roles in what is known as glutamate excitotoxicity. However, who is the main contributor to the ischemic pathway, and who is the unsuspecting victim? In this review article, we summarize the so-far-revealed roles of cells in the central nervous system, with particular attention to glial cells in ischemia-induced glutamate excitotoxicity, its origins, and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Belov Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Tureckova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Kato K, Orihara-Ono M, Awasaki T. Multiple lineages enable robust development of the neuropil-glia architecture in adult Drosophila. Development 2020; 147:dev184085. [PMID: 32051172 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neural remodeling is essential for the development of a functional nervous system and has been extensively studied in the metamorphosis of Drosophila Despite the crucial roles of glial cells in brain functions, including learning and behavior, little is known of how adult glial cells develop in the context of neural remodeling. Here, we show that the architecture of neuropil-glia in the adult Drosophila brain, which is composed of astrocyte-like glia (ALG) and ensheathing glia (EG), robustly develops from two different populations in the larva: the larval EG and glial cell missing-positive (gcm+ ) cells. Whereas gcm+ cells proliferate and generate adult ALG and EG, larval EG dedifferentiate, proliferate and redifferentiate into the same glial subtypes. Each glial lineage occupies a certain brain area complementary to the other, and together they form the adult neuropil-glia architecture. Both lineages require the FGF receptor Heartless to proliferate, and the homeoprotein Prospero to differentiate into ALG. Lineage-specific inhibition of gliogenesis revealed that each lineage compensates for deficiency in the proliferation of the other. Together, the lineages ensure the robust development of adult neuropil-glia, thereby ensuring a functional brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kato
- Department of Biology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka 181-8611, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Orihara-Ono
- Department of Biology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka 181-8611, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Awasaki
- Department of Biology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka 181-8611, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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NG2 cells and their neurogenic potential. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 50:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Gómez-Pinedo U, Duran-Moreno M, Sirerol-Piquer S, Matias-Guiu J. Myelin changes in Alexander disease. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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13
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NG2/CSPG4 and progranulin in the posttraumatic glial scar. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:571-588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Zbtb20 Regulates Developmental Neurogenesis in the Olfactory Bulb and Gliogenesis After Adult Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:567-582. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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15
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Valny M, Honsa P, Waloschkova E, Matuskova H, Kriska J, Kirdajova D, Androvic P, Valihrach L, Kubista M, Anderova M. A single-cell analysis reveals multiple roles of oligodendroglial lineage cells during post-ischemic regeneration. Glia 2018; 66:1068-1081. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Valny
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Honsa
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Waloschkova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Hana Matuskova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Peter Androvic
- Laboratory of Gene Expression; Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Valihrach
- Laboratory of Gene Expression; Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Mikael Kubista
- Laboratory of Gene Expression; Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
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16
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Janowska J, Ziemka-Nalecz M, Sypecka J. The Differentiation of Rat Oligodendroglial Cells Is Highly Influenced by the Oxygen Tension: In Vitro Model Mimicking Physiologically Normoxic Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020331. [PMID: 29364139 PMCID: PMC5855553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) constitute one of the main populations of dividing cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Physiologically, OPCs give rise to mature, myelinating oligodendrocytes and confer trophic support to their neighboring cells within the nervous tissue. OPCs are known to be extremely sensitive to the influence of exogenous clues which might affect their crucial biological processes, like survival, proliferation, differentiation, and the ability to generate a myelin membrane. Alterations in their differentiation influencing their final potential for myelinogenesis are usually the leading cause of CNS dys- and demyelination, contributing to the development of leukodystrophic disorders. The evaluation of the mechanisms that cause oligodendrocytes to malfunction requires detailed studies based on designed in vitro models. Since OPCs readily respond to changes in local homeostasis, it is crucial to establish restricted culture conditions to eliminate the potential stimuli that might influence oligodendrocyte biology. Additionally, the in vitro settings should mimic the physiological conditions to enable the obtained results to be translated to future preclinical studies. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate OPC differentiation in physiological normoxia (5% O2) and a restricted in vitro microenvironment. To evaluate the impact of the combined microenvironmental clues derived from other components of the nervous tissue, which are also influenced by the local oxygen concentration, the process of generating OPCs was additionally analyzed in organotypic hippocampal slices. The obtained results show that OPC differentiation, although significantly slowed down, proceeded correctly through its typical stages in the physiologically relevant conditions created in vitro. The established settings were also conducive to efficient cell proliferation, exerting also a neuroprotective effect by promoting the proliferation of neurons. In conclusion, the performed studies show how oxygen tension influences OPC proliferation, differentiation, and their ability to express myelin components, and should be taken into consideration while planning preclinical studies, e.g., to examine neurotoxic compounds or to test neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Janowska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Ziemka-Nalecz
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Sypecka
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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17
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Multipotency and therapeutic potential of NG2 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 141:42-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Boda E, Nato G, Buffo A. Emerging pharmacological approaches to promote neurogenesis from endogenous glial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28647491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.06.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are emerging as leading contributors to the global disease burden. While some drug-based approaches have been designed to limit or prevent neuronal loss following acute damage or chronic neurodegeneration, regeneration of functional neurons in the adult Central Nervous System (CNS) still remains an unmet need. In this context, the exploitation of endogenous cell sources has recently gained an unprecedented attention, thanks to the demonstration that, in some CNS regions or under specific circumstances, glial cells can activate spontaneous neurogenesis or can be instructed to produce neurons in the adult mammalian CNS parenchyma. This field of research has greatly advanced in the last years and identified interesting molecular and cellular mechanisms guiding the neurogenic activation/conversion of glia. In this review, we summarize the evolution of the research devoted to understand how resident glia can be directed to produce neurons. We paid particular attention to pharmacologically-relevant approaches exploiting the modulation of niche-associated factors and the application of selected small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Boda
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, I-10126 Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, I-10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Giulia Nato
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, I-10126 Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, I-10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, I-10126 Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, I-10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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19
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Gómez-Pinedo U, Duran-Moreno M, Sirerol-Piquer S, Matias-Guiu J. Myelin changes in Alexander disease. Neurologia 2017; 33:526-533. [PMID: 28342553 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alexander disease (AxD) is a type of leukodystrophy. Its pathological basis, along with myelin loss, is the appearance of Rosenthal bodies, which are cytoplasmic inclusions in astrocytes. Mutations in the gene coding for GFAP have been identified as a genetic basis for AxD. However, the mechanism by which these variants produce the disease is not understood. DEVELOPMENT The most widespread hypothesis is that AxD develops when a gain of function mutation causes an increase in GFAP. However, this mechanism does not explain myelin loss, given that experimental models in which GFAP expression is normal or mutated do not exhibit myelin disorders. This review analyses other possibilities that may explain this alteration, such as epigenetic or inflammatory alterations, presence of NG2 (+) - GFAP (+) cells, or post-translational modifications in GFAP that are unrelated to increased expression. CONCLUSIONS The different hypotheses analysed here may explain the myelin alteration affecting these patients, and multiple mechanisms may coexist. These theories raise the possibility of designing therapies based on these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Gómez-Pinedo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España.
| | - M Duran-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | - S Sirerol-Piquer
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | - J Matias-Guiu
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
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20
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Keiner S, Niv F, Neumann S, Steinbach T, Schmeer C, Hornung K, Schlenker Y, Förster M, Witte OW, Redecker C. Effect of skilled reaching training and enriched environment on generation of oligodendrocytes in the adult sensorimotor cortex and corpus callosum. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:31. [PMID: 28279169 PMCID: PMC5345235 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Increased motor activity or social interactions through enriched environment are strong stimulators of grey and white matter plasticity in the adult rodent brain. In the present study we evaluated whether specific reaching training of the dominant forelimb (RT) and stimulation of unspecific motor activity through enriched environment (EE) influence the generation of distinct oligodendrocyte subpopulations in the sensorimotor cortex and corpus callosum of the adult rat brain. Animals were placed in three different housing conditions: one group was transferred to an EE, a second group received daily RT, whereas a third group remained in the standard cage. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was applied at days 2–6 after start of experiments and animals were allowed to survive for 10 and 42 days. Results Enriched environment and daily reaching training of the dominant forelimb significantly increased the number of newly differentiated GSTπ+ oligodendrocytes at day 10 and newly differentiated CNPase+ oligodendrocytes in the sensorimotor cortex at day 42. The myelin level as measured by CNPase expression was increased in the frontal cortex at day 42. Distribution of newly differentiated NG2+ subpopulations changed between 10 and 42 days with an increase of GSTπ+ subtypes and a decrease of NG2+ cells in the sensorimotor cortex and corpus callosum. Analysis of neuronal marker doublecortin (DCX) showed that more than half of NG2+ cells express DCX in the cortex. The number of new DCX+NG2+ cells was reduced by EE at day 10. Conclusions Our results indicate for the first time that specific and unspecific motor training conditions differentially alter the process of differentiation from oligodendrocyte subpopulations, in particular NG2+DCX+ cells, in the sensorimotor cortex and corpus callosum. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12868-017-0347-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Keiner
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
| | - Fanny Niv
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Tanja Steinbach
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Schmeer
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Hornung
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Yvonne Schlenker
- Pneumology, Internal Medicine I, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Förster
- Pneumology, Internal Medicine I, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Redecker
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
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21
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Hackett AR, Lee JK. Understanding the NG2 Glial Scar after Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurol 2016; 7:199. [PMID: 27895617 PMCID: PMC5108923 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NG2 cells, also known as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, are located throughout the central nervous system and serve as a pool of progenitors to differentiate into oligodendrocytes. In response to spinal cord injury (SCI), NG2 cells increase their proliferation and differentiation into remyelinating oligodendrocytes. While astrocytes are typically associated with being the major cell type in the glial scar, many NG2 cells also accumulate within the glial scar but their function remains poorly understood. Similar to astrocytes, these cells hypertrophy, upregulate expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, inhibit axon regeneration, contribute to the glial-fibrotic scar border, and some even differentiate into astrocytes. Whether NG2 cells also have a role in other astrocyte functions, such as preventing the spread of infiltrating leukocytes and expression of inflammatory cytokines, is not yet known. Thus, NG2 cells are not only important for remyelination after SCI but are also a major component of the glial scar with functions that overlap with astrocytes in this region. In this review, we describe the signaling pathways important for the proliferation and differentiation of NG2 cells, as well as the role of NG2 cells in scar formation and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Hackett
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA
| | - Jae K Lee
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA
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22
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A new role for the P2Y-like GPR17 receptor in the modulation of multipotency of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in vitro. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:661-672. [PMID: 27544384 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs, also called NG2 cells) are scattered throughout brain parenchyma, where they function as a reservoir to replace lost or damaged oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells. The hypothesis that, under some circumstances, OPCs can actually behave as multipotent cells, thus generating astrocytes and neurons as well, has arisen from some in vitro and in vivo evidence, but the molecular pathways controlling this alternative fate of OPCs are not fully understood. Their identification would open new opportunities for neuronal replace strategies, by fostering the intrinsic ability of the brain to regenerate. Here, we show that the anti-epileptic epigenetic modulator valproic acid (VPA) can promote the generation of new neurons from NG2+ OPCs under neurogenic protocols in vitro, through their initial de-differentiation to a stem cell-like phenotype that then evolves to "hybrid" cell population, showing OPC morphology but expressing the neuronal marker βIII-tubulin and the GPR17 receptor, a key determinant in driving OPC transition towards myelinating oligodendrocytes. Under these conditions, the pharmacological blockade of the P2Y-like receptor GPR17 by cangrelor, a drug recently approved for human use, partially mimics the effects mediated by VPA thus accelerating cells' neurogenic conversion. These data show a co-localization between neuronal markers and GPR17 in vitro, and suggest that, besides its involvement in oligodendrogenesis, GPR17 can drive the fate of neural precursor cells by instructing precursors towards the neuronal lineage. Being a membrane receptor, GPR17 represents an ideal "druggable" target to be exploited for innovative regenerative approaches to acute and chronic brain diseases.
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23
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Ahrendsen JT, Grewal HS, Hickey SP, Culp CM, Gould EA, Shimizu T, Strnad FA, Traystman RJ, Herson PS, Macklin WB. Juvenile striatal white matter is resistant to ischemia-induced damage. Glia 2016; 64:1972-86. [PMID: 27463063 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
White matter injury following ischemic stroke is a major cause of functional disability. Injury to both myelinated axons and oligodendrocytes, the myelin producing cells in the central nervous system, occurs in experimental models of ischemic stroke. Age-related changes in white matter vulnerability to ischemia have been extensively studied and suggest that both the perinatal and the aged periods are times of increased white matter vulnerability. However, sensitivity of white matter following stroke in the juvenile brain has not been evaluated. Interestingly, the late pediatric period is an important developmental stage, as it is the time of maximal myelination. The current study demonstrates that neurons in late pediatric/juvenile striatum are vulnerable to ischemic damage, with neuronal injury being comparable in juvenile and adult mice following ischemia. By contrast, actively myelinating striatal oligodendrocytes in the juvenile brain are resistant to ischemia, whereas adult oligodendrocytes are quite sensitive. As a result, myelin sheaths are remarkably intact and axons survive well in the injured striatum of juvenile mice. In addition to relative resistance of juvenile white matter, other glial responses were very different in juvenile and adult mice following cerebral ischemia, including differences in astrogliosis, fibrosis, NG2-cell reactivity, and vascular integrity. Together, these responses lead to long-term preservation of brain parenchyma in juvenile mice, compared to severe tissue loss and scarring in adult mice. Overall, the current study suggests that equivalent ischemic insults may result in less functional deficit in children compared to adults and an environment more conducive to long-term recovery. GLIA 2016;64:1972-1986.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared T Ahrendsen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Himmat S Grewal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sean P Hickey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Cecilia M Culp
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Elizabeth A Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Takeru Shimizu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Frank A Strnad
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Richard J Traystman
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Deparment of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Paco S Herson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado. .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado. .,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
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24
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Honsa P, Valny M, Kriska J, Matuskova H, Harantova L, Kirdajova D, Valihrach L, Androvic P, Kubista M, Anderova M. Generation of reactive astrocytes from NG2 cells is regulated by sonic hedgehog. Glia 2016; 64:1518-31. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Honsa
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague 142 20 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Valny
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague 142 20 Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague 142 20 Czech Republic
| | - Hana Matuskova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague 142 20 Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Harantova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague 142 20 Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague 142 20 Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Valihrach
- Laboratory of Gene Expression; Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague 142 20 Czech Republic
| | - Peter Androvic
- Laboratory of Gene Expression; Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague 142 20 Czech Republic
| | - Mikael Kubista
- Laboratory of Gene Expression; Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague 142 20 Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague 142 20 Czech Republic
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25
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Minocha S, Valloton D, Brunet I, Eichmann A, Hornung JP, Lebrand C. NG2 glia are required for vessel network formation during embryonic development. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26651999 PMCID: PMC4764555 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The NG2(+) glia, also known as polydendrocytes or oligodendrocyte precursor cells, represent a new entity among glial cell populations in the central nervous system. However, the complete repertoire of their roles is not yet identified. The embryonic NG2(+) glia originate from the Nkx2.1(+) progenitors of the ventral telencephalon. Our analysis unravels that, beginning from E12.5 until E16.5, the NG2(+) glia populate the entire dorsal telencephalon. Interestingly, their appearance temporally coincides with the establishment of blood vessel network in the embryonic brain. NG2(+) glia are closely apposed to developing cerebral vessels by being either positioned at the sprouting tip cells or tethered along the vessel walls. Absence of NG2(+) glia drastically affects the vascular development leading to severe reduction of ramifications and connections by E18.5. By revealing a novel and fundamental role for NG2(+) glia, our study brings new perspectives to mechanisms underlying proper vessels network formation in embryonic brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Minocha
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Valloton
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jean-Pierre Hornung
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cecile Lebrand
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Sakry D, Trotter J. The role of the NG2 proteoglycan in OPC and CNS network function. Brain Res 2015; 1638:161-166. [PMID: 26100334 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the normal mammalian CNS, the NG2 proteoglycan is expressed by oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) but not by any other neural cell-type. NG2 is a type-1 membrane protein, exerting multiple roles in the CNS including intracellular signaling within the OPC, with effects on migration, cytoskeleton interaction and target gene regulation. It has been recently shown that the extracellular region of NG2, in addition to an adhesive function, acts as a soluble ECM component with the capacity to alter defined neuronal network properties. This region of NG2 is thus endowed with neuromodulatory properties. In order to generate biologically active fragments yielding these properties, the sequential cleavage of the NG2 protein by α- and γ-secretases occurs. The basal level of constitutive cleavage is stimulated by neuronal network activity. This processing leads to 4 major NG2 fragments which all have been associated with distinct biological functions. Here we summarize these functions, focusing on recent discoveries and their implications for the CNS. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:NG2-glia(Invited only).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sakry
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Jacqueline Trotter
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Dzamba D, Honsa P, Valny M, Kriska J, Valihrach L, Novosadova V, Kubista M, Anderova M. Quantitative Analysis of Glutamate Receptors in Glial Cells from the Cortex of GFAP/EGFP Mice Following Ischemic Injury: Focus on NMDA Receptors. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:1187-202. [PMID: 25994914 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cortical glial cells contain both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Despite several efforts, a comprehensive analysis of the entire family of glutamate receptors and their subunits present in glial cells is still missing. Here, we provide an overall picture of the gene expression of ionotropic (AMPA, kainate, NMDA) and the main metabotropic glutamate receptors in cortical glial cells isolated from GFAP/EGFP mice before and after focal cerebral ischemia. Employing single-cell RT-qPCR, we detected the expression of genes encoding subunits of glutamate receptors in GFAP/EGFP-positive (GFAP/EGFP(+)) glial cells in the cortex of young adult mice. Most of the analyzed cells expressed mRNA for glutamate receptor subunits, the expression of which, in most cases, even increased after ischemic injury. Data analyses disclosed several classes of GFAP/EGFP(+) glial cells with respect to glutamate receptors and revealed in what manner their expression correlates with the expression of glial markers prior to and after ischemia. Furthermore, we also examined the protein expression and functional significance of NMDA receptors in glial cells. Immunohistochemical analyses of all seven NMDA receptor subunits provided direct evidence that the GluN3A subunit is present in GFAP/EGFP(+) glial cells and that its expression is increased after ischemia. In situ and in vitro Ca(2+) imaging revealed that Ca(2+) elevations evoked by the application of NMDA were diminished in GFAP/EGFP(+) glial cells following ischemia. Our results provide a comprehensive description of glutamate receptors in cortical GFAP/EGFP(+) glial cells and may serve as a basis for further research on glial cell physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dzamba
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic.,2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Honsa
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Valny
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic.,2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Valihrach
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Novosadova
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mikael Kubista
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Alghamdi B, Fern R. Phenotype overlap in glial cell populations: astroglia, oligodendroglia and NG-2(+) cells. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:49. [PMID: 26106302 PMCID: PMC4460730 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent to which NG-2(+) cells form a distinct population separate from astrocytes is central to understanding whether this important cell class is wholly an oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) or has additional functions akin to those classically ascribed to astrocytes. Early immuno-staining studies indicate that NG-2(+) cells do not express the astrocyte marker GFAP, but orthogonal reconstructions of double-labeled confocal image stacks here reveal a significant degree of co-expression in individual cells within post-natal day 10 (P10) and adult rat optic nerve (RON) and rat cortex. Extensive scanning of various antibody/fixation/embedding approaches identified a protocol for selective post-embedded immuno-gold labeling. This first ultrastructural characterization of identified NG-2(+) cells revealed populations of both OPCs and astrocytes in P10 RON. NG-2(+) astrocytes had classic features including the presence of glial filaments but low levels of glial filament expression were also found in OPCs and myelinating oligodendrocytes. P0 RONs contained few OPCs but positively identified astrocytes were observed to ensheath pre-myelinated axons in a fashion previously described as a definitive marker of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Astrocyte ensheathment was also apparent in P10 RONs, was absent from developing nodes of Ranvier and was never associated with compact myelin. Astrocyte processes were also shown to encapsulate some oligodendrocyte somata. The data indicate that common criteria for delineating astrocytes and oligodendroglia are insufficiently robust and that astrocyte features ascribed to OPCs may arise from misidentification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badrah Alghamdi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester Leicester, UK
| | - Robert Fern
- Peninsula School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth Plymouth, UK
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Struzyna LA, Katiyar K, Cullen DK. Living scaffolds for neuroregeneration. CURRENT OPINION IN SOLID STATE & MATERIALS SCIENCE 2014; 18:308-318. [PMID: 28736499 PMCID: PMC5520662 DOI: 10.1016/j.cossms.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Neural tissue engineers are exploiting key mechanisms responsible for neural cell migration and axonal path finding during embryonic development to create living scaffolds for neuroregeneration following injury and disease. These mechanisms involve the combined use of haptotactic, chemotactic, and mechanical cues to direct cell movement and re-growth. Living scaffolds provide these cues through the use of cells engineered in a predefined architecture, generally in combination with biomaterial strategies. Although several hurdles exist in the implementation of living regenerative scaffolds, there are considerable therapeutic advantages to using living cells in conjunction with biomaterials. The leading contemporary living scaffolds for neurorepair are utilizing aligned glial cells and neuronal/axonal tracts to direct regenerating axons across damaged tissue to appropriate targets, and in some cases to directly replace the function of lost cells. Future advances in technology, including the use of exogenous stimulation and genetically engineered stem cells, will further the potential of living scaffolds and drive a new era of personalized medicine for neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Struzyna
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kritika Katiyar
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - D Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Transgenic rat model of Huntington's disease: a histopathological study and correlations with neurodegenerative process in the brain of HD patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:291531. [PMID: 25162006 PMCID: PMC4137602 DOI: 10.1155/2014/291531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rats transgenic for Huntington's disease (tgHD51 CAG rats), surviving up to two years, represent an animal model of HD similar to the late-onset form of human disease. This enables us to follow histopathological changes in course of neurodegenerative process (NDP) within the striatum and compare them with postmortem samples of human HD brains. A basic difference between HD pathology in human and tgHD51 rats is in the rate of NDP progression that originates primarily from slow neuronal degeneration consequently resulting in lesser extent of concomitant reactive gliosis in the brain of tgHD51 rats. Although larger amount of striatal neurons displays only gradual decrease in their size, their number is significantly reduced in the oldest tgHD51 rats. Our quantitative analysis proved that the end of the first year represents the turn in the development of morphological changes related to the progression of NDP in tgHD51 rats. Our data also support the view that all types of CNS glial cells play an important, irreplaceable role in NDP. To the best of our knowledge, our findings are the first to document that tgHD51 CAG rats can be used as a valid animal model for detailed histopathological studies related to HD in human.
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Honsa P, Pivonkova H, Harantova L, Butenko O, Kriska J, Dzamba D, Rusnakova V, Valihrach L, Kubista M, Anderova M. Increased expression of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in reactive astrocytes following ischemia. Glia 2014; 62:2004-21. [PMID: 25042871 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes respond to ischemic brain injury by proliferation, the increased expression of intermediate filaments and hypertrophy, which results in glial scar formation. In addition, they alter the expression of ion channels, receptors and transporters that maintain ionic/neurotransmitter homeostasis. Here, we aimed to demonstrate the expression of Hcn1-4 genes encoding hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in reactive astrocytes following focal cerebral ischemia (FCI) or global cerebral ischemia (GCI) and to characterize their functional properties. A permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAo) was employed to induce FCI in adult GFAP/EGFP mice, while GCI was induced by transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion combined with hypoxia in adult rats. Using FACS, we isolated astrocytes from non-injured or ischemic brains and performed gene expression profiling using single-cell RT-qPCR. We showed that 2 weeks after ischemia reactive astrocytes express high levels of Hcn1-4 transcripts, while immunohistochemical analyses confirmed the presence of HCN1-3 channels in reactive astrocytes 5 weeks after ischemia. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that post-ischemic astrocytes are significantly depolarized, and compared with astrocytes from non-injured brains, they display large hyperpolarization-activated inward currents, the density of which increased 2-3-fold in response to ischemia. Their activation was facilitated by cAMP and their amplitudes were decreased by ZD7288 or low extracellular Na(+) concentration, suggesting that they may belong to the family of HCN channels. Collectively, our results demonstrate that regardless of the type of ischemic injury, reactive astrocytes express HCN channels, which could therefore be an important therapeutic target in poststroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Honsa
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 4, 14220, Czech Republic
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Dzamba D, Honsa P, Anderova M. NMDA Receptors in Glial Cells: Pending Questions. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:250-62. [PMID: 24179462 PMCID: PMC3648778 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311030002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type are involved in many cognitive processes, including behavior, learning and synaptic plasticity. For a long time NMDA receptors were thought to be the privileged domain of neurons; however, discoveries of the last 25 years have demonstrated their active role in glial cells as well. Despite the large number of studies in the field, there are many unresolved questions connected with NMDA receptors in glia that are still a matter of debate. The main objective of this review is to shed light on these controversies by summarizing results from all relevant works concerning astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and polydendrocytes (also known as NG2 glial cells) in experimental animals, further extended by studies performed on human glia. The results are divided according to the study approach to enable a better comparison of how findings obtained at the mRNA level correspond with protein expression or functionality. Furthermore, special attention is focused on the NMDA receptor subunits present in the particular glial cell types, which give them special characteristics different from those of neurons – for example, the absence of Mg2+ block and decreased Ca2+ permeability. Since glial cells are implicated in important physiological and pathophysiological roles in the central nervous system (CNS), the last part of this review provides an overview of glial NMDA receptors with respect to ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dzamba
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic and Second Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Heterogeneity of astrocytes: from development to injury - single cell gene expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69734. [PMID: 23940528 PMCID: PMC3734191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes perform control and regulatory functions in the central nervous system; heterogeneity among them is still a matter of debate due to limited knowledge of their gene expression profiles and functional diversity. To unravel astrocyte heterogeneity during postnatal development and after focal cerebral ischemia, we employed single-cell gene expression profiling in acutely isolated cortical GFAP/EGFP-positive cells. Using a microfluidic qPCR platform, we profiled 47 genes encoding glial markers and ion channels/transporters/receptors participating in maintaining K+ and glutamate homeostasis per cell. Self-organizing maps and principal component analyses revealed three subpopulations within 10–50 days of postnatal development (P10–P50). The first subpopulation, mainly immature glia from P10, was characterized by high transcriptional activity of all studied genes, including polydendrocytic markers. The second subpopulation (mostly from P20) was characterized by low gene transcript levels, while the third subpopulation encompassed mature astrocytes (mainly from P30, P50). Within 14 days after ischemia (D3, D7, D14), additional astrocytic subpopulations were identified: resting glia (mostly from P50 and D3), transcriptionally active early reactive glia (mainly from D7) and permanent reactive glia (solely from D14). Following focal cerebral ischemia, reactive astrocytes underwent pronounced changes in the expression of aquaporins, nonspecific cationic and potassium channels, glutamate receptors and reactive astrocyte markers.
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Neuron-NG2 cell synapses: novel functions for regulating NG2 cell proliferation and differentiation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:402843. [PMID: 23984358 PMCID: PMC3747365 DOI: 10.1155/2013/402843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
NG2 cells are a population of CNS cells that are distinct from neurons, mature oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. These cells can be identified by their NG2 proteoglycan expression. NG2 cells have a highly branched morphology, with abundant processes radiating from the cell body, and express a complex set of voltage-gated channels, AMPA/kainate, and GABA receptors. Neurons notably form classical and nonclassical synapses with NG2 cells, which have varied characteristics and functions. Neuron-NG2 cell synapses could fine-tune NG2 cell activities, including the NG2 cell cycle, differentiation, migration, and myelination, and may be a novel potential therapeutic target for NG2 cell-related diseases, such as hypoxia-ischemia injury and periventricular leukomalacia. Furthermore, neuron-NG2 cell synapses may be correlated with the plasticity of CNS in adulthood with the synaptic contacts passing onto their progenies during proliferation, and synaptic contacts decrease rapidly upon NG2 cell differentiation. In this review, we highlight the characteristics of classical and nonclassical neuron-NG2 cell synapses, the potential functions, and the fate of synaptic contacts during proliferation and differentiation, with the emphasis on the regulation of the NG2 cell cycle by neuron-NG2 cell synapses and their potential underlying mechanisms.
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Ionic transporter activity in astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes during brain ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:969-82. [PMID: 23549380 PMCID: PMC3705429 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells constitute a large percentage of cells in the nervous system. During recent years, a large number of studies have critically attributed to glia a new role which no longer reflects the long-held view that glia constitute solely a silent and passive supportive scaffolding for brain cells. Indeed, it has been hypothesized that glia, partnering neurons, have a much more actively participating role in brain function. Alteration of intraglial ionic homeostasis in response to ischemic injury has a crucial role in inducing and maintaining glial responses in the ischemic brain. Therefore, glial transporters as potential candidates in stroke intervention are becoming promising targets to enhance an effective and additional therapy for brain ischemia. In this review, we will describe in detail the role played by ionic transporters in influencing astrocyte, microglia, and oligodendrocyte activity and the implications that these transporters have in the progression of ischemic lesion.
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Ninkovic J, Götz M. Fate specification in the adult brain - lessons for eliciting neurogenesis from glial cells. Bioessays 2013; 35:242-52. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Butenko O, Dzamba D, Benesova J, Honsa P, Benfenati V, Rusnakova V, Ferroni S, Anderova M. The increased activity of TRPV4 channel in the astrocytes of the adult rat hippocampus after cerebral hypoxia/ischemia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39959. [PMID: 22761937 PMCID: PMC3384594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymodal transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel, a member of the TRP channel family, is a calcium-permeable cationic channel that is gated by various stimuli such as cell swelling, low pH and high temperature. Therefore, TRPV4-mediated calcium entry may be involved in neuronal and glia pathophysiology associated with various disorders of the central nervous system, such as ischemia. The TRPV4 channel has been recently found in adult rat cortical and hippocampal astrocytes; however, its role in astrocyte pathophysiology is still not defined. In the present study, we examined the impact of cerebral hypoxia/ischemia (H/I) on the functional expression of astrocytic TRPV4 channels in the adult rat hippocampal CA1 region employing immunohistochemical analyses, the patch-clamp technique and microfluorimetric intracellular calcium imaging on astrocytes in slices as well as on those isolated from sham-operated or ischemic hippocampi. Hypoxia/ischemia was induced by a bilateral 15-minute occlusion of the common carotids combined with hypoxic conditions. Our immunohistochemical analyses revealed that 7 days after H/I, the expression of TRPV4 is markedly enhanced in hippocampal astrocytes of the CA1 region and that the increasing TRPV4 expression coincides with the development of astrogliosis. Additionally, adult hippocampal astrocytes in slices or cultured hippocampal astrocytes respond to the TRPV4 activator 4-alpha-phorbol-12,-13-didecanoate (4αPDD) by an increase in intracellular calcium and the activation of a cationic current, both of which are abolished by the removal of extracellular calcium or exposure to TRP antagonists, such as Ruthenium Red or RN1734. Following hypoxic/ischemic injury, the responses of astrocytes to 4αPDD are significantly augmented. Collectively, we show that TRPV4 channels are involved in ischemia-induced calcium entry in reactive astrocytes and thus, might participate in the pathogenic mechanisms of astroglial reactivity following ischemic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Butenko
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Dzamba
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Benesova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Honsa
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Material, National Research Council, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vendula Rusnakova
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stefano Ferroni
- Department of Human and General Physiology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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