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Bauer J, Adamek M, Miebach AC, Gährken J, Wessels S, Tetens J, Dietz C, Sünder A, Matras M, Stachnik M, Reichert M, Steinhagen D. In vitro modelling of the influence of alternative feeds (Hermetia illucens, Arthrospira platensis) on the resistance of different rainbow trout populations (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and Yersinia ruckeri. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:1269-1283. [PMID: 37592444 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Replacing fishmeal, a finite resource with high market demand, in the diet of carnivorous rainbow trout with proteins from alternative sources may be a challenge for these fish. Therefore, this study investigated whether replacing fishmeal with protein derived from Hermetia illucens or Arthrospira platensis could promote disease susceptibility in local trout populations with different growth performance. This was assessed in vitro by measuring susceptibility to infection with the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) or the bacterium Yersinia ruckeri. Analysis of fin tissue explants and primary cell cultures from scales from the three trout populations infected in vitro with VHSV and gill explants infected with Y. ruckeri showed no significant differences in virus replication or bacterial counts. Evaluation of the virucidal or bactericidal effect of skin mucus showed a significant reduction in viral load and bacterial count for all samples with mucus addition, but no significant difference was observed between the experimental groups. This study documents no apparent impairment of innate immune mechanisms in the skin and gills of trout after feeding a diet replacing fishmeal with Arthrospira or Hermetia proteins. This underlines the potential of these alternative protein sources for the further development of sustainable trout aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bauer
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne-Carina Miebach
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jakob Gährken
- Aquaculture and Water Ecology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Wessels
- Aquaculture and Water Ecology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jens Tetens
- Aquaculture and Water Ecology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Dietz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Angela Sünder
- Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Marek Matras
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | | | | | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Lokesh J, Delaygues M, Defaix R, Le Bechec M, Pigot T, Dupont-Nivet M, Kerneis T, Labbé L, Goardon L, Terrier F, Panserat S, Ricaud K. Interaction between genetics and inulin affects host metabolism in rainbow trout fed a sustainable all plant-based diet. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1105-1120. [PMID: 36690577 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Inulin affects nutrition and metabolism in many animals. Although inulin is widely used in the diet of teleosts, its mechanism of action is unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of inulin (2 %) on the intestinal microbiome and metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) selected for growth and survival when fed a 100 % plant-based diet (suave) and a control line (temoin). Metabolic responses to the two factors (line and inulin) in liver, intestine, muscle and adipose were tissue-specific, with line and interaction between the two factors influencing overall expression in liver. In the intestine, inulin and line and in muscle, line influenced the expression of metabolic genes. Microbiota between the mucus and digestive contents was significantly different, with genera from Proteobacteria being more abundant in the mucus, whereas genera from the Firmicutes and Planctomycetes being more abundant in contents. Effect of inulin and interaction between factors on the microbiome was evident in contents. The significant taxa of control and inulin-fed groups differed greatly with Streptococcus and Weissella being significantly abundant in the inulin-fed group. There was a general trend showing higher levels of all SCFA in temoin group with propionic acid levels being significantly higher. An operational taxonomic unit (OTU) belonging to the Ruminococcaceae was significantly abundant in suave. The tissue-specific correlations between OTU and gene expression may indicate the link between microbiome and metabolism. Together, these results suggest that line and inulin impact the gene expression in a tissue-specific manner, possibly driven by specific OTUs enriched in inulin-fed groups and suave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jep Lokesh
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA. INRAE, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Marine Delaygues
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA. INRAE, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Raphaël Defaix
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA. INRAE, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Mickael Le Bechec
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, Pau, France; Institut des sciences analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254, Hélioparc, 2 avenue Président Angot, 64 053 PAU cedex 9, France
| | - Thierry Pigot
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IMT Mines Ales, IPREM, Pau, France; Institut des sciences analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254, Hélioparc, 2 avenue Président Angot, 64 053 PAU cedex 9, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Frédéric Terrier
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA. INRAE, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Stéphane Panserat
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA. INRAE, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Karine Ricaud
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA. INRAE, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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Schwepe C, Wojno M, Molinari GS, Kwasek K. Effects of applying nutritional programming at different early stages of Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides, Lacepède) development on growth and dietary plant protein utilization. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 106:1431-1443. [PMID: 36066244 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant protein (PP) utilization in fish is limited due to lower digestibility compared to fishmeal (FM) and the presence of antinutritional factors. Its utilization can be improved by nutritional programming (NP), a method wherein a fish is provided a nutritional stimulus early in life which can alter their physiology. NP has been shown to be effective but methods of applying NP are varied and have been applied at different stages of development with different outcomes. To find the optimal timeframe to perform NP in fish early stages Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides, Lacepède) were nutritionally programmed at three different ages in early development. In this study bass were programmed with: (1) live food enriched with soybean meal (SBM) from 6 to 15 days post-hatch (dph) (NPL), (2) SBM-based formulated diet from 16 to 25 dph (NPD1) and (3) formulated SBM-diet from 26 to 35 dph (NPD2). After programming, each group was fed FM-diet before being refed SBM-diet from 100 to 172 dph. A positive control (PC) was fed FM-diet throughout. Final average body weight of PC was significantly higher than NPD1 and NPD2 but did not significantly differ from NPL. Overall NPL showed much improved growth and utilization of PP compared to NPD1 and was similar to growth achieved by PC. This study showed an optimum window of time exists wherein NP of Largemouth bass yields the best impact on growth in the larval stage and later in life when fed SBM-diet. Programming should be performed right after mouth opening using enriched live food and can result in growth similar to non-programmed fish fed FM-based diet. Programming effects similar to that of the live food approach can be achieved with formulated diet, however it is crucial that Largemouth bass are of a proper age and sufficiently developed when programmed with dry food or severe impacts on growth can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Schwepe
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Michal Wojno
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Giovanni S Molinari
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Karolina Kwasek
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
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Zolotarenko AD, Shitova MV. Transcriptome Studies of Salmonid Fishes of the Genius Oncorhynchus. RUSS J GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s102279542207016x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Callet T, Dupont-Nivet M, Danion M, Burel C, Cluzeaud M, Surget A, Aguirre P, Kerneis T, Labbé L, Panserat S, Quillet E, Geurden I, Skiba-Cassy S, Médale F. Why Do Some Rainbow Trout Genotypes Grow Better With a Complete Plant-Based Diet? Transcriptomic and Physiological Analyses on Three Isogenic Lines. Front Physiol 2021; 12:732321. [PMID: 34539452 PMCID: PMC8440921 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.732321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the context of a growing aquaculture production coupled with a plateau of the production in the main components of aquafeeds (fish oil and fishmeal), recent studies have typically focused on replacing these feedstuffs with terrestrial plant ingredients for cultured carnivorous aquatic species, such as rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Substitution rates without adverse effects have, however, reached their limit. One potential way forward would be to take advantage of the genetic variability that exists in the salmonid population. However, to date, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for this genetic variability. The aim of the present research was to understand why some genotypes are better able to utilize plant-based diets devoid of marine resources. In this regard, three isogenic lines of rainbow trout (R23h, AB1h, and A22h), with similar growth when fed marine resources-based diets and which differ greatly in their responses to a plant-based diet, were fed with either a complete plant-based diet (V diet) or a marine resources-based diet (M diet) since first-feeding. Fish traits and the hepatic transcriptome of these three genotypes were compared after 5 months of feeding. First, differences in the ability to grow with the V diet observed amongst genotypes was not due to higher feed intake, but instead due to differences in feed efficiency. The comparison of transcriptome profiles revealed 575 (R23h vs. AB1h), 1,770 (R23h vs. A22h), and 2,973 (AB1h vs. A22h) probes differentially expressed amongst the three genotypes when fed the V diet. Interestingly, R23h and AB1h fish, which were the least affected by the V diet, exhibited the highest growth. These results demonstrate that these fish were able to maintain a high level of energy production and protein synthesis. Moreover, these genotypes were also able to activate pathways linked to lipid and cholesterol metabolisms, such as the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Finally, as previously, immunity seems to also play an important role in the ability of fish to use the V diet, and further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms by which immunity interacts with growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thérèse Callet
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Morgane Danion
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Christine Burel
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Marianne Cluzeaud
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Anne Surget
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Pierre Aguirre
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Thierry Kerneis
- Pisciculture Expérimentale INRAE des Monts d'Arrée (PEIMA), Sizun, France
| | - Laurent Labbé
- Pisciculture Expérimentale INRAE des Monts d'Arrée (PEIMA), Sizun, France
| | - Stephane Panserat
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Edwige Quillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Inge Geurden
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Sandrine Skiba-Cassy
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Françoise Médale
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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Gonçalves CAA, Pantoja-Lima J, Machado-Bussons MRF, Rufino JPF. Apparent digestibility of juveniles of matrinxã Brycon amazonicus fed diets with different protein levels. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.52236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the apparent digestibility of juveniles of matrinxã Brycon amazonicus fed diets with different levels of protein. The experimental design was completely randomized, where the treatments consisted of four levels of protein in the diets (28, 32, 36 and 40%) and five replicates (water boxes) with 10 juveniles of matrinxã each. Diets were offered four times a day, and feces were collected twice a week, along 28 days, for digestibility analysis. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5% significance. Differences (p<0.05) were observed in dry matter digestibility, with higher digestibility according to increasing levels of protein in the diets. This behavior was directly expressed in the digestibility of nutrients by juveniles of matrinxã, such as % ash, % crude protein, apparent digestible energy, % digestibility of apparent digestible energy and energy: protein ratio. However, this was not observed (p > 0.05) in the digestibility of % ether extract. Digestibility of N, P, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn presented linear positive (p < 0.05) behavior, in which the use of these minerals increased with the increase in the level of protein in the diets. However, the digestibility of K, Fe and Mn reduced (p < 0.05) with increasing protein levels in the diets. Thus, it can be concluded that the rise in protein level in diets for juveniles of matrinxã improves nutrient digestibility. The results of this study indicated that 40% crude protein in the diets provided better results.
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Turkmen S, Zamorano MJ, Xu H, Fernández-Palacios H, Robaina L, Kaushik S, Izquierdo M. Parental LC-PUFA biosynthesis capacity and nutritional intervention with alpha-linolenic acid affect performance of Sparus aurata progeny. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:jeb.214999. [PMID: 33077642 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.214999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors such as nutritional interventions during early developmental stages affect and establish long-term metabolic changes in all animals. Diet during the spawning period has a nutritional programming effect in offspring of gilthead seabream and affects long-term metabolism. Studies showed modulation of genes such as fads2, which is considered to be a rate-limiting step in the synthesis of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA). However, it is still unknown whether this adaptation is related to the presence of precursors or to limitations in the pre-formed products, n-3 LC-PUFA, contained in the diets used during nutritional programming. This study investigated the combined effects of nutritional programming on Sparus aurata through broodstock diets during the spawning period and in broodfish showing higher or lower fads2 expression levels in the blood after 1 month of feeding with a diet containing high levels of plant protein sources and vegetable oils (VM/VO). Broodfish showing high fads2 expression had a noticeable improvement in spawning quality parameters as well as in the growth of 6 month old offspring when challenged with a high VM/VO diet. Further, nutritional conditioning with 18:3n-3-rich diets had an adverse effect in comparison to progeny obtained from fish fed high fish meal and fish oil (FM/FO) diets, with a reduction in growth of juveniles. Improved growth of progeny from the high fads2 broodstock combined with similar muscle fatty acid profiles is also an excellent option for tailoring and increasing the flesh n-3 LC-PUFA levels to meet the recommended dietary allowances for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhat Turkmen
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain .,Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Maria J Zamorano
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain
| | - Hanlin Xu
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain
| | - Hipólito Fernández-Palacios
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain
| | - Lidia Robaina
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain
| | - Sadasivam Kaushik
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain
| | - Marisol Izquierdo
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain
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Hua K, Cobcroft JM, Cole A, Condon K, Jerry DR, Mangott A, Praeger C, Vucko MJ, Zeng C, Zenger K, Strugnell JM. The Future of Aquatic Protein: Implications for Protein Sources in Aquaculture Diets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2019.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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D’Ambrosio J, Phocas F, Haffray P, Bestin A, Brard-Fudulea S, Poncet C, Quillet E, Dechamp N, Fraslin C, Charles M, Dupont-Nivet M. Genome-wide estimates of genetic diversity, inbreeding and effective size of experimental and commercial rainbow trout lines undergoing selective breeding. Genet Sel Evol 2019; 51:26. [PMID: 31170906 PMCID: PMC6554922 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-019-0468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective breeding is a relatively recent practice in aquaculture species compared to terrestrial livestock. Nevertheless, the genetic variability of farmed salmonid lines, which have been selected for several generations, should be assessed. Indeed, a significant decrease in genetic variability due to high selection intensity could have occurred, potentially jeopardizing the long-term genetic progress as well as the adaptive capacities of populations facing change(s) in the environment. Thus, it is important to evaluate the impact of selection practices on genetic diversity to limit future inbreeding. The current study presents an analysis of genetic diversity within and between six French rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) experimental or commercial lines based on a medium-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip and various molecular genetic indicators: fixation index (FST), linkage disequilibrium (LD), effective population size (Ne) and inbreeding coefficient derived from runs of homozygosity (ROH). RESULTS Our results showed a moderate level of genetic differentiation between selected lines (FST ranging from 0.08 to 0.15). LD declined rapidly over the first 100 kb, but then remained quite high at long distances, leading to low estimates of Ne in the last generation ranging from 24 to 68 depending on the line and methodology considered. These results were consistent with inbreeding estimates that varied from 10.0% in an unselected experimental line to 19.5% in a commercial line, and which are clearly higher than corresponding estimates in ruminants or pigs. In addition, strong variations in LD and inbreeding were observed along the genome that may be due to differences in local rates of recombination or due to key genes that tended to have fixed favorable alleles for domestication or production. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on ROH for any aquaculture species. Inbreeding appeared to be moderate to high in the six French rainbow trout lines, due to founder effects at the start of the breeding programs, but also likely to sweepstakes reproductive success in addition to selection for the selected lines. Efficient management of inbreeding is a major goal in breeding programs to ensure that populations can adapt to future breeding objectives and SNP information can be used to manage the rate at which inbreeding builds up in the fish genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D’Ambrosio
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- SYSAAF Section Aquacole, Campus de Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Florence Phocas
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pierrick Haffray
- SYSAAF Section Aquacole, Campus de Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Anastasia Bestin
- SYSAAF Section Aquacole, Campus de Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Charles Poncet
- GDEC, INRA, Université Clermont-Auvergne, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Edwige Quillet
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Dechamp
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Clémence Fraslin
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- SYSAAF Section Aquacole, Campus de Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Mathieu Charles
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Callet T, Dupont-Nivet M, Cluzeaud M, Jaffrezic F, Laloë D, Kerneis T, Labbé L, Quillet E, Geurden I, Mazurais D, Skiba-Cassy S, Médale F. Detection of new pathways involved in the acceptance and the utilisation of a plant-based diet in isogenic lines of rainbow trout fry. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201462. [PMID: 30063731 PMCID: PMC6067751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To meet the growing demand of fish feed for aquaculture, an increasing proportion of marine ingredients are being replaced by blends of plant products. However, the total replacement of marine ingredients in salmonid diets impairs fish performance. This is particularly true during the early fry stage and this stage is therefore considered of particular importance. In rainbow trout (RBT), the existence of a genetic variability to survive and grow with plant-based diets devoid of marine ingredients has now been proved, but the mechanisms behind are little studied especially at early stage. To investigate these, we analysed the whole transcriptome of three isogenic lines of RBT fry, which have similar growth when fed a marine resources-based diet (M diet) but which highly differ in their responses to a plant-based diet (V diet). Analysis of transcriptomes profiles revealed 1740, 1834 and 246 probes differentially expressed among the three genotypes when fed the V diet. The use of these lines led to the discovery of potential molecular markers linked to plant-based diet utilisation, some of them belonging to new pathways, never described before. An important number of genes was related to immunity, but further investigations are needed to better understand the difference between the genotypes in their immune status response to V diet exposure. Finally, differences in expression of genes related to feed intake and sensory perception among genotypes suggested that the mechanisms underlying the differences in growth on plant-based diet are closely linked to diet acceptance. Research on plants components affecting feed intake should be thus further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thérèse Callet
- UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- UMR NuMéA, INRA, St-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | | | | | - Florence Jaffrezic
- UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Denis Laloë
- UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - Edwige Quillet
- UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Pelletier N, Klinger DH, Sims NA, Yoshioka JR, Kittinger JN. Nutritional Attributes, Substitutability, Scalability, and Environmental Intensity of an Illustrative Subset of Current and Future Protein Sources for Aquaculture Feeds: Joint Consideration of Potential Synergies and Trade-offs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5532-5544. [PMID: 29634245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is anticipated to play an increasingly important role in global food security because it may represent one of the best opportunities to increase the availability of healthy animal protein in the context of resource and environmental constraints. However, the growth and sustainability of the aquaculture industry faces important bottlenecks with respect to feed resources, which may be derived from diverse sources. Here, using a small but representative subset of potential aquafeed inputs (which we selected to highlight a range of relevant attributes), we review a core suite of considerations that need to be accommodated in concert in order to overcome key bottlenecks to the continued development and expansion of the aquaculture industry. Specifically, we evaluate the nutritional attributes, substitutability, scalability, and resource and environmental intensity of each input. On this basis, we illustrate a range of potential synergies and trade-offs within and across attributes that are characteristic of ingredient types. We posit that the recognition and management of such synergies and trade-offs is imperative to satisfying the multi-objective decision-making associated with sustainable increases in future aquaculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Pelletier
- 340 Fipke Centre for Innovative Research , University of British Columbia , 3247 University Way , Kelowna , British Columbia V1 V1 V7 , Canada
| | - Dane H Klinger
- Center on Food Security and the Environment , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Neil A Sims
- Kampachi Farms LLC , Kailua-Kona , Hawaii 96740 , United States
| | - Janice-Renee Yoshioka
- Conservation International , Center for Oceans , Honolulu , Hawaii 96825 , United States
| | - John N Kittinger
- Conservation International , Center for Oceans , Honolulu , Hawaii 96825 , United States
- Center for Biodiversity Outcomes, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85281 , United States
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12
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Marandel L, Gaudin P, Guéraud F, Glise S, Herman A, Plagnes-Juan E, Véron V, Panserat S, Labonne J. A reassessment of the carnivorous status of salmonids: Hepatic glucokinase is expressed in wild fish in Kerguelen Islands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:276-285. [PMID: 28850848 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Salmonids belong to a high trophic level and are thus considered as strictly carnivorous species, metabolically adapted for high catabolism of proteins and low utilisation of dietary carbohydrates. However they conserved a "mammalian-type" nutritional regulation of glucokinase encoding gene and its enzymatic activity by dietary carbohydrates which remains puzzling regarding their dietary regime. The present study investigates the hypothesis that this conservation could be linked to a real consumption by trout of this nutrient in their natural habitat. To do so, brown trout were sampled in the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands, a site presenting oligotrophic hydrosystems and no local freshwater fish fauna prior the introduction of salmonids fifty years ago. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of carbohydrate content within Kerguelen trout stomachs demonstrate that these animals are fed on food resources containing digestible carbohydrates. Additionally, glycaemia and more particularly gck mRNA level and gck enzymatic activity prove that Kerguelen trout digest and metabolise dietary carbohydrates. Physiological and molecular analyses performed in the present study thus strongly evidence for consumption of dietary carbohydrates by wild trout in natural environments. Investigating differences between Kerguelen individuals, we found that smaller individuals presented higher glycaemia, as well as higher carbohydrates contents in stomach. However no relationship between scaled mass index and any physiological indicator was found. Thus it appears that Kerguelen trout do not turn to carbohydrate diet because of a different condition index, or that the consumption of carbohydrates does not lead to a generally degraded physiological status. As a conclusion, our findings may explain the evolutionary conservation of a "mammalian-type" nutritional regulation of gck by dietary carbohydrates in these carnivorous fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Marandel
- INRA, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, UMR 1419, Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle F-64310, France.
| | - Philippe Gaudin
- INRA, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, UMR 1224, ECOBIOP, Saint-Pée sur Nivelle F-64310, France'.
| | - François Guéraud
- INRA, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, UMR 1224, ECOBIOP, Saint-Pée sur Nivelle F-64310, France'.
| | - Stéphane Glise
- INRA, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, UMR 1224, ECOBIOP, Saint-Pée sur Nivelle F-64310, France'.
| | - Alexandre Herman
- INRA, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, UMR 1419, Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle F-64310, France.
| | - Elisabeth Plagnes-Juan
- INRA, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, UMR 1419, Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle F-64310, France.
| | - Vincent Véron
- INRA, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, UMR 1419, Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle F-64310, France.
| | - Stéphane Panserat
- INRA, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, UMR 1419, Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle F-64310, France.
| | - Jacques Labonne
- INRA, Univ Pau & Pays Adour, UMR 1224, ECOBIOP, Saint-Pée sur Nivelle F-64310, France'.
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13
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Callet T, Médale F, Larroquet L, Surget A, Aguirre P, Kerneis T, Labbé L, Quillet E, Geurden I, Skiba-Cassy S, Dupont-Nivet M. Successful selection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on their ability to grow with a diet completely devoid of fishmeal and fish oil, and correlated changes in nutritional traits. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186705. [PMID: 29059226 PMCID: PMC5653330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of limited marine resources, the exponential growth of aquaculture requires the substitution of fish oil and fishmeal, the traditional components of fish feeds by terrestrial plant ingredients. High levels of such substitution are known to negatively impact fish performance such as growth and survival in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as in other salmonids. In this respect, genetic selection is a key enabler for improving those performances and hence for the further sustainable development of aquaculture. We selected a rainbow trout line over three generations for its ability to survive and grow on a 100% plant-based diet devoid of both fish oil and fishmeal (V diet) from the very first meal. In the present study, we compared the control line and the selected line after 3 generations of selection, both fed either the V diet or a marine resources-based diet (M diet). The objective of the study was to assess the efficiency of selection and the consequences on various correlated nutritional traits: feed intake, feed efficiency, digestibility, composition of whole fish, nutrient retention and fatty acid (FA) profile. We demonstrated that the genetic variability present in our rainbow trout population can be selected to improve survival and growth. The major result of the study is that after only three generations of selection, selected fish fed the V diet grew at the same rate as the control line fed the M diet, whilst the relative reduction of body weight was 36.8% before the selection. This enhanced performance on the V diet seems to be mostly linked to a higher feed intake for the selected fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thérèse Callet
- UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- UMR NuMéA, INRA, St-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edwige Quillet
- UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - Mathilde Dupont-Nivet
- UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
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14
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Sadoul B, Foucard A, Valotaire C, Labbé L, Goardon L, LeCalvez JM, Médale F, Quillet E, Dupont-Nivet M, Geurden I, Prunet P, Colson V. Adaptive capacities from survival to stress responses of two isogenic lines of rainbow trout fed a plant-based diet. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35957. [PMID: 27808103 PMCID: PMC5093906 DOI: 10.1038/srep35957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of feed for farmed salmonids has strongly evolved during the last decades due to the substitution of fishery-derived fish oil and fishmeal by ingredients of plant origin. Little information is available regarding the effects of this transition on adaptive capacities in fish. Two rainbow trout isogenic lines, known for their divergent ability to grow on a plant-based diet (PBD), were fed for seven months from first feeding either a fully PBD or a control marine-resources diet and were compared for their growing and survival capacities over time and their behavioral and stress responses at similar sizes but different ages. Although fish displayed similar appetitive behaviour, the two lines were highly affected by the PBD translated in decreased growth and apathetic behaviour, but also stronger stress responses displayed by stronger cortisol increases and more stress-related behaviour when isolated. The two lines were found to be similarly sensitive to a PBD for the assessed stress-related parameters, but one line displayed a lower survival during the early rearing period. Overall, these results suggest that a PBD supplied to fish from the alevin stage has strong effects on physiological and behavioural parameters, with possible impairment of fish welfare, but also genome-dependent survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sadoul
- INRA, UR1037, Fish Physiology and Genomics, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - A Foucard
- INRA, UR1037, Fish Physiology and Genomics, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - C Valotaire
- INRA, UR1037, Fish Physiology and Genomics, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - L Labbé
- INRA, UE937 Pisciculture expérimentale des Monts d'Arrée, 29450 Sizun, France
| | - L Goardon
- INRA, UE937 Pisciculture expérimentale des Monts d'Arrée, 29450 Sizun, France
| | - J M LeCalvez
- INRA, UE937 Pisciculture expérimentale des Monts d'Arrée, 29450 Sizun, France
| | - F Médale
- INRA, UR1419 Nutrition Métabolisme Aquaculture, 64310 St-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - E Quillet
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M Dupont-Nivet
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - I Geurden
- INRA, UR1419 Nutrition Métabolisme Aquaculture, 64310 St-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - P Prunet
- INRA, UR1037, Fish Physiology and Genomics, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - V Colson
- INRA, UR1037, Fish Physiology and Genomics, 35042 Rennes, France
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15
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Balasubramanian MN, Panserat S, Dupont-Nivet M, Quillet E, Montfort J, Le Cam A, Medale F, Kaushik SJ, Geurden I. Molecular pathways associated with the nutritional programming of plant-based diet acceptance in rainbow trout following an early feeding exposure. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:449. [PMID: 27296167 PMCID: PMC4907080 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The achievement of sustainable feeding practices in aquaculture by reducing the reliance on wild-captured fish, via replacement of fish-based feed with plant-based feed, is impeded by the poor growth response seen in fish fed high levels of plant ingredients. Our recent strategy to nutritionally program rainbow trout by early short-term exposure to a plant-based (V) diet versus a control fish-based (M) diet at the first-feeding fry stage when the trout fry start to consume exogenous feed, resulted in remarkable improvements in feed intake, growth and feed utilization when the same fish were challenged with the diet V (V-challenge) at the juvenile stage, several months following initial exposure. We employed microarray expression analysis at the first-feeding and juvenile stages to deduce the mechanisms associated with the nutritional programming of plant-based feed acceptance in trout. Results Transcriptomic analysis was performed on rainbow trout whole fry after 3 weeks exposure to either diet V or diet M at the first feeding stage (3-week), and in the whole brain and liver of juvenile trout after a 25 day V-challenge, using a rainbow trout custom oligonucleotide microarray. Overall, 1787 (3-week + Brain) and 924 (3-week + Liver) mRNA probes were affected by the early-feeding exposure. Gene ontology and pathway analysis of the corresponding genes revealed that nutritional programming affects pathways of sensory perception, synaptic transmission, cognitive processes and neuroendocrine peptides in the brain; whereas in the liver, pathways mediating intermediary metabolism, xenobiotic metabolism, proteolysis, and cytoskeletal regulation of cell cycle are affected. These results suggest that the nutritionally programmed enhanced acceptance of a plant-based feed in rainbow trout is driven by probable acquisition of flavour and feed preferences, and reduced sensitivity to changes in hepatic metabolic and stress pathways. Conclusions This study outlines the molecular mechanisms in trout brain and liver that accompany the nutritional programming of plant-based diet acceptance in trout, reinforces the notion of the first-feeding stage in oviparous fish as a critical window for nutritional programming, and provides support for utilizing this strategy to achieve improvements in sustainability of feeding practices in aquaculture. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2804-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukundh N Balasubramanian
- INRA, UR1067 NUMEA Nutrition, Métabolisme et Aquaculture, Pôle d'Hydrobiologie INRA, 64310, Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Stephane Panserat
- INRA, UR1067 NUMEA Nutrition, Métabolisme et Aquaculture, Pôle d'Hydrobiologie INRA, 64310, Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Mathilde Dupont-Nivet
- INRA, UMR1313 GABI Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edwige Quillet
- INRA, UMR1313 GABI Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jerome Montfort
- INRA, UR 1037 Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons (LPGP), Rennes, France
| | - Aurelie Le Cam
- INRA, UR 1037 Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons (LPGP), Rennes, France
| | - Francoise Medale
- INRA, UR1067 NUMEA Nutrition, Métabolisme et Aquaculture, Pôle d'Hydrobiologie INRA, 64310, Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Sadasivam J Kaushik
- INRA, UR1067 NUMEA Nutrition, Métabolisme et Aquaculture, Pôle d'Hydrobiologie INRA, 64310, Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Inge Geurden
- INRA, UR1067 NUMEA Nutrition, Métabolisme et Aquaculture, Pôle d'Hydrobiologie INRA, 64310, Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France.
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16
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Véron V, Panserat S, Le Boucher R, Labbé L, Quillet E, Dupont-Nivet M, Médale F. Long-term feeding a plant-based diet devoid of marine ingredients strongly affects certain key metabolic enzymes in the rainbow trout liver. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:771-785. [PMID: 26746847 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of a plant blend in the diet can affect growth parameters and metabolism in carnivorous fish. We studied for the first time the long-term (1 year) metabolic response of rainbow trout fed from first feeding with a plant-based diet totally devoid of marine ingredients. Hepatic enzymes were analyzed at enzymatic and molecular levels, at 3, 8 and 24 h after the last meal to study both the short-term effects of the last meal and long-term effects of the diet. The results were compared with those of fish fed a control diet of fish meal and fish oil. Growth, feed intake, feed efficiency and protein retention were lower in the group fed the plant-based diet. Glucokinase and pyruvate kinase activity were lower in the livers of trout fed the plant-based diet which the proportion of starch was lower than in the control diet. Glutamate dehydrogenase was induced by the plant-based diet, suggesting an imbalance of amino acids and a possible link with the lower protein retention observed. Gene expression of delta 6 desaturase was higher in fish fed the plant-based diet, probably linked to a high dietary level of linolenic acid and the absence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oils. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase expression was also induced by plant-based diet because of the low rate of cholesterol in the diet. Changes in regulation mechanisms already identified through short-term nutritional experiments (<12 weeks) suggest that metabolic responses are implemented at short term and remain in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Véron
- INRA UR 1067 NuMeA (Nutrition Metabolism Aquaculture), Aquapôle, 64310, Saint Pée Sur Nivelle, France.
| | - Stéphane Panserat
- INRA UR 1067 NuMeA (Nutrition Metabolism Aquaculture), Aquapôle, 64310, Saint Pée Sur Nivelle, France
| | - Richard Le Boucher
- INRA, UMR1313 GABI (Génétique animale et biologie intégrative), Jouy-En-Josas, France
| | - Laurent Labbé
- INRA, UE 0937 PEIMA (Pisciculture Expérimentale INRA des Monts d'Arrée), Sizun, France
| | - Edwige Quillet
- INRA, UMR1313 GABI (Génétique animale et biologie intégrative), Jouy-En-Josas, France
| | - Mathilde Dupont-Nivet
- INRA, UMR1313 GABI (Génétique animale et biologie intégrative), Jouy-En-Josas, France
| | - Françoise Médale
- INRA UR 1067 NuMeA (Nutrition Metabolism Aquaculture), Aquapôle, 64310, Saint Pée Sur Nivelle, France
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Geurden I, Borchert P, Balasubramanian MN, Schrama JW, Dupont-Nivet M, Quillet E, Kaushik SJ, Panserat S, Médale F. The positive impact of the early-feeding of a plant-based diet on its future acceptance and utilisation in rainbow trout. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83162. [PMID: 24386155 PMCID: PMC3873907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable aquaculture, which entails proportional replacement of fish-based feed sources by plant-based ingredients, is impeded by the poor growth response frequently seen in fish fed high levels of plant ingredients. This study explores the potential to improve, by means of early nutritional exposure, the growth of fish fed plant-based feed. Rainbow trout swim-up fry were fed for 3 weeks either a plant-based diet (diet V, V-fish) or a diet containing fishmeal and fish oil as protein and fat source (diet M, M-fish). After this 3-wk nutritional history period, all V- or M-fish received diet M for a 7-month intermediate growth phase. Both groups were then challenged by feeding diet V for 25 days during which voluntary feed intake, growth, and nutrient utilisation were monitored (V-challenge). Three isogenic rainbow trout lines were used for evaluating possible family effects. The results of the V-challenge showed a 42% higher growth rate (P = 0.002) and 30% higher feed intake (P = 0.005) in fish of nutritional history V compared to M (averaged over the three families). Besides the effects on feed intake, V-fish utilized diet V more efficiently than M-fish, as reflected by the on average 18% higher feed efficiency (P = 0.003). We noted a significant family effect for the above parameters (P<0.001), but the nutritional history effect was consistent for all three families (no interaction effect, P>0.05). In summary, our study shows that an early short-term exposure of rainbow trout fry to a plant-based diet improves acceptance and utilization of the same diet when given at later life stages. This positive response is encouraging as a potential strategy to improve the use of plant-based feed in fish, of interest in the field of fish farming and animal nutrition in general. Future work needs to determine the persistency of this positive early feeding effect and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Geurden
- INRA, UR1067 NUMEA Nutrition, Métabolisme et Aquaculture, Aquapôle INRA, Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Borchert
- INRA, UR1067 NUMEA Nutrition, Métabolisme et Aquaculture, Aquapôle INRA, Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences (WIAS), Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan W. Schrama
- INRA, UR1067 NUMEA Nutrition, Métabolisme et Aquaculture, Aquapôle INRA, Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | | | - Edwige Quillet
- INRA, UMR1313 GABI Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sadasivam J. Kaushik
- INRA, UR1067 NUMEA Nutrition, Métabolisme et Aquaculture, Aquapôle INRA, Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Stéphane Panserat
- INRA, UR1067 NUMEA Nutrition, Métabolisme et Aquaculture, Aquapôle INRA, Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Françoise Médale
- INRA, UR1067 NUMEA Nutrition, Métabolisme et Aquaculture, Aquapôle INRA, Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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