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Zhu P, Wang D, Zhang Y, Liang Z, Li J, Zeng J, Zhang J, Xu Y, Wu S, Liu Z, Zhou X, Hu B, He F, Zhang L, Pan X, Wang X, Park NG, Xu B. Aqueous synthesis of perovskite precursors for highly efficient perovskite solar cells. Science 2024; 383:524-531. [PMID: 38301009 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj7081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
High-purity precursor materials are vital for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to reduce defect density caused by impurities in perovskite. In this study, we present aqueous synthesized perovskite microcrystals as precursor materials for PSCs. Our approach enables kilogram-scale mass production and synthesizes formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) microcrystals with up to 99.996% purity, with an average value of 99.994 ± 0.0015%, from inexpensive, low-purity raw materials. The reduction in calcium ions, which made up the largest impurity in the aqueous solution, led to the greatest reduction in carrier trap states, and its deliberate introduction was shown to decrease device performance. With these purified precursors, we achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.6% (25.3% certified) in inverted PSCs and retained 94% of the initial PCE after 1000 hours of continuous simulated solar illumination at 50°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peide Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Deng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Material, Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jingbai Li
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Jiyao Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yintai Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Siying Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xianyong Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bihua Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Feng He
- State Key Laboratory on Tunable Laser Technology, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Material, Institute of Solid-State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xingzhu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Putai Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Nam-Gyu Park
- School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Antibonding Regulated Crystals, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science & Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Baomin Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key University Laboratory of Highly Efficient Utilization of Solar Energy and Sustainable Development of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Hossain MR, Tolosa JM, Young RC, Smith R, Paul JW. Assessing the Potency of the Novel Tocolytics 2-APB, Glycyl-H-1152, and HC-067047 in Pregnant Human Myometrium. Reprod Sci 2023; 30:203-20. [PMID: 35715551 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-01000-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular signaling pathways that regulate myometrial contractions can be targeted by drugs for tocolysis. The agents, 2-APB, glycyl-H-1152, and HC-067047, have been identified as inhibitors of uterine contractility and may have tocolytic potential. However, the contraction-blocking potency of these novel tocolytics was yet to be comprehensively assessed and compared to agents that have seen greater scrutiny, such as the phosphodiesterase inhibitors, aminophylline and rolipram, or the clinically used tocolytics, nifedipine and indomethacin. We determined the IC50 concentrations (inhibit 50% of baseline contractility) for 2-APB, glycyl-H-1152, HC-067047, aminophylline, rolipram, nifedipine, and indomethacin against spontaneous ex vivo contractions in pregnant human myometrium, and then compared their tocolytic potency. Myometrial strips obtained from term, not-in-labor women, were treated with cumulative concentrations of the contraction-blocking agents. Comprehensive dose-response curves were generated. The IC50 concentrations were 53 µM for 2-APB, 18.2 µM for glycyl-H-1152, 48 µM for HC-067047, 318.5 µM for aminophylline, 4.3 µM for rolipram, 10 nM for nifedipine, and 59.5 µM for indomethacin. A single treatment with each drug at the determined IC50 concentration was confirmed to reduce contraction performance (AUC) by approximately 50%. Of the three novel tocolytics examined, glycyl-H-1152 was the most potent inhibitor. However, of all the drugs examined, the overall order of contraction-blocking potency in decreasing order was nifedipine > rolipram > glycyl-H-1152 > HC-067047 > 2-APB > indomethacin > aminophylline. These data provide greater insight into the contraction-blocking properties of some novel tocolytics, with glycyl-H-1152, in particular, emerging as a potential novel tocolytic for preventing preterm birth.
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Kim DM, Khing TM, Thein W, Choi WS, Shin CY, Sohn UD. Signaling pathways underlying changes in the contractility of the stomach fundus smooth muscle in diabetic rats. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:666-75. [PMID: 32607942 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of gastrointestinal (GI) motility is a common complication in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Studies related to changes in fundus contraction induced by inhibitors in DM are not well known. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the signaling pathways involved in the changes in the contraction of fundus smooth muscle obtained from control and DM rats. DM was induced by injecting streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) into Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were sacrificed after 14 days. Fundus smooth muscle contraction was stimulated using electrical field stimulation (amplitude, 50 V; duration, 1 min; frequency, 2-20 Hz) and acetylcholine (0.1 mM). The inhibitor-mediated cell membrane was pre-treated with atropine, verapamil, methysergide, ketanserin, ondansetron, and GR 113808. Inhibitors related to intracellular signaling, such as U73122, chelerythrine, L-NNA, were also used. ML-9 and Y-27632 were identified as inhibitors of factors of myosin light chain (MLC). The contractility was observed to be lower in the DM group than in the control group. Further, the activities of phospholipase C (PLC), protein kinase C (PKC), and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) were decreased in the DM group. DM reduced the activity of PLC, PKC, and MLCK, which resulted in a decrease in the contractility of the fundus smooth muscle. Therefore, our results present the mechanism of this DM-mediated GI disorder.
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Bai Y, Zhao YH, Xu JY, Yu XZ, Hu YX, Zhao ZQ. Atractylodin Induces Myosin Light Chain Phosphorylation and Promotes Gastric Emptying through Ghrelin Receptor. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017; 2017:2186798. [PMID: 28883883 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2186798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atractylodin is one of the main constituents in the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea Thunb., being capable of treating cancer cachexia-anorexia and age-related diseases as an agonist of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). GHSR was herein expressed in human gastric smooth muscle cells (HGSMCs) and activated by ghrelin receptor agonist L-692,585. Like L-692,585, atractylodin also increased Ca2+ and enhanced the phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) through GHSR in HGSMCs. In addition, atractylodin promoted gastric emptying and MLC phosphorylation in the gastric antrum of mice also through GHSR. Collectively, atractylodin can activate GHSR in gastric smooth muscle, as a potential target in clinical practice.
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Li Z, Wang L, Cong Y, Guo L, Lin X, Yu Z, Wu X, Dong J, Yang R, Cong Y. Flucrypyrim, a novel uterine relaxant, has antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42040. [PMID: 28220794 DOI: 10.1038/srep42040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Consequences of primary dsysmenorrhea (PD) can be severe. Increased prostaglandin production leads to uterine contraction and insufficient blood flow to the endometrium causing ischemia and pain symptoms. Protein tyrosine kinase/phosphatase activities contribute to the modulation of uterine contraction. In our previous study, we found the synthetic β-methoxyacrylates compound Fluacrypyrim (FAPM), significantly increased protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) activity, resulting in dephosphorylation of tyrosine kinases. In the present study, we found that FAPM near completely inhibited prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)-, oxytocin-, acetylcholine-, and high K+-induced uterine contractions in rats in vitro, and decreased rat myometrial myosin light chain (MLC20) phosphorylation induced by PGF2α. A structure–activity relationship assay indicated that the β-methoxyacrylates structure of FAPM is crucial for the inhibition of PGF2α-induced uterine contractions. FAPM caused a concentration-dependent parallel rightward shift of the concentration–response curve induced by oxytocin, dose-dependently reduced the number of abdominal constrictions and increased the latency time in PGF2α- and acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice in vivo. Furthermore, FAPM considerably inhibited the development of Carr-induced rat paw edemas and thexylene-induced mouse ear edemas. Taken together, our results indicate that FAPM exerts antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo with considerable potential as a novel uterine relaxant.
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Lai S, Collins BC, Colson BA, Kararigas G, Lowe DA. Estradiol modulates myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation and contractility in skeletal muscle of female mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E724-33. [PMID: 26956186 PMCID: PMC4867308 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00439.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of skeletal muscle function has been associated with changes in ovarian hormones, especially estradiol. To elucidate mechanisms of estradiol on skeletal muscle strength, the hormone's effects on phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain (pRLC) and muscle contractility were investigated, hypothesizing an estradiol-specific beneficial impact. In a skeletal muscle cell line, C2C12, pRLC was increased by 17β-estradiol (E2) in a concentration-dependent manner. In skeletal muscles of C57BL/6 mice that were E2 deficient via ovariectomy (OVX), pRLC was lower than that from ovary-intact, sham-operated mice (Sham). The reduced pRLC in OVX muscle was reversed by in vivo E2 treatment. Posttetanic potentiation (PTP) of muscle from OVX mice was low compared with that from Sham mice, and this decrement was reversed by acute E2 treatment, demonstrating physiological consequence. Western blot of those muscles revealed that low PTP corresponded with low pRLC and higher PTP with greater pRLC. We aimed to elucidate signaling pathways affecting E2-mediated pRLC using a kinase inhibitor library and C2C12 cells as well as a specific myosin light chain kinase inhibitor in muscles. PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and CamKII were identified as candidate kinases sensitive to E2 in terms of phosphorylating RLC. Applying siRNA strategy in C2C12 cells, pRLC triggered by E2 was found to be mediated by estrogen receptor-β and the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor. Together, these results provide evidence that E2 modulates myosin pRLC in skeletal muscle and is one mechanism by which this hormone can affect muscle contractility in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojuan Lai
- Programs in Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; and
| | - Brittany C Collins
- Programs in Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Brett A Colson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Georgios Kararigas
- Institute of Gender in Medicine, Charite University Hospital, and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dawn A Lowe
- Programs in Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota;
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Kirschstein T, Protzel C, Porath K, Sellmann T, Köhling R, Hakenberg OW. Age-dependent contribution of Rho kinase in carbachol-induced contraction of human detrusor smooth muscle in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:74-81. [PMID: 24122009 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Activation of muscarinic receptors on the detrusor smooth muscle is followed by contraction, which involves both myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and Rho kinase (ROCK). The aim of this study was to determine the relative contributions of MLCK and ROCK to carbachol-induced contraction of human detrusor smooth muscle in vitro. METHODS Detrusor smooth muscle strips were prepared from the macroscopically unaffected bladder wall of patients underwent cystectomy. The strips were fixed in an organ bath, and carbachol or KCl-induced isometric contractions were measured by force transducers. RESULTS Addition of carbachol (0.4-4 μmol/L) into the bath induced concentration-dependent contractions of detrusor specimens, which was completely abolished by atropine (1 μmol/L). Pre-incubation of detrusor specimens with either the MLCK inhibitor ML-9 or the ROCK inhibitors HA1100 and Y-27632 (each at 10 μmol/L) significantly blocked carbachol-induced contractions as compared to the time-control experiments. Moreover, MLCK and ROCK inhibition were equally effective in reducing carbachol-induced contractions. The residual carbachol-induced contractions in the presence of both MLCK and ROCK inhibitors were significantly smaller than the contractions obtained when only one enzyme (either MLCK or ROCK) was inhibited, suggesting an additive effect of the two kinases. Interestingly, ROCK-mediated carbachol-induced contractions were positively correlated to the age of patients (r=o.52, P<0.05). CONCLUSION Both MLCK and ROCK contribute to carbachol-induced contractions of human detrusor smooth muscle. ROCK inhibitors may be a new pharmacological approach to modulate human bladder hyperactivity.
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