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Kumar H, Das R, Choithramani A, Gupta A, Khude D, Bothra G, Shard A. Efficient Green Protocols for the Preparation of Pyrazolopyrimidines. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hansal Kumar
- Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad Opposite Air force Station, Palaj Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
| | - Rudradip Das
- Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad Opposite Air force Station, Palaj Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
| | - Asmita Choithramani
- Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad Opposite Air force Station, Palaj Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
| | - Astha Gupta
- Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad Opposite Air force Station, Palaj Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
| | - Datta Khude
- Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad Opposite Air force Station, Palaj Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
| | - Gourav Bothra
- Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad Opposite Air force Station, Palaj Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
| | - Amit Shard
- Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad Opposite Air force Station, Palaj Gandhinagar Gujarat 382355 India
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2
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Lampropoulou E, Logoviti I, Koutsioumpa M, Hatziapostolou M, Polytarchou C, Skandalis SS, Hellman U, Fousteris M, Nikolaropoulos S, Choleva E, Lamprou M, Skoura A, Megalooikonomou V, Papadimitriou E. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 mediates pleiotrophin-induced endothelial cell migration. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5893. [PMID: 29651006 PMCID: PMC5897396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) stimulates endothelial cell migration through binding to receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta/zeta (RPTPβ/ζ) and ανβ3 integrin. Screening for proteins that interact with RPTPβ/ζ and potentially regulate PTN signaling, through mass spectrometry analysis, identified cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) activator p35 among the proteins displaying high sequence coverage. Interaction of p35 with the serine/threonine kinase CDK5 leads to CDK5 activation, known to be implicated in cell migration. Protein immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays verified p35-RPTPβ/ζ interaction and revealed the molecular association of CDK5 and RPTPβ/ζ. In endothelial cells, PTN activates CDK5 in an RPTPβ/ζ- and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent manner. On the other hand, c-Src, ανβ3 and ERK1/2 do not mediate the PTN-induced CDK5 activation. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of CDK5 abolished PTN-induced endothelial cell migration, suggesting that CDK5 mediates PTN stimulatory effect. A new pyrrolo[2,3-α]carbazole derivative previously identified as a CDK1 inhibitor, was found to suppress CDK5 activity and eliminate PTN stimulatory effect on cell migration, warranting its further evaluation as a new CDK5 inhibitor. Collectively, our data reveal that CDK5 is activated by PTN, in an RPTPβ/ζ-dependent manner, regulates PTN-induced cell migration and is an attractive target for the inhibition of PTN pro-angiogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Lampropoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, GR26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Ioanna Logoviti
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, GR26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Marina Koutsioumpa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, GR26504, Patras, Greece.,Center for Systems Biomedicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Maria Hatziapostolou
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Christos Polytarchou
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR26504, Patras, Greece.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751-05, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hellman
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751-05, Sweden
| | - Manolis Fousteris
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, GR26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Sotirios Nikolaropoulos
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, GR26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Efrosini Choleva
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, GR26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Margarita Lamprou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, GR26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Angeliki Skoura
- Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Evangelia Papadimitriou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, GR26504, Patras, Greece.
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3
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Abstract
Cdk5 is an atypical cyclin-dependent kinase that is well characterized for its role in the central nervous system rather than in the cell cycle. However Cdk5 has been recently implicated in the development and progression of a variety of cancers including breast, lung, colon, pancreatic, melanoma, thyroid and brain tumors. This broad pro-tumorigenic role makes Cdk5 a promising drug target for the development of new cancer therapies. Here we review the contribution of Cdk5 to molecular mechanisms that confer upon tumors the ability to grow, proliferate and disseminate to secondary organs, as well as resistance to chemotherapies. We subsequently discuss existing and new strategies for targeting Cdk5 and its downstream mechanisms as anti-cancer treatments.
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4
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Herzog J, Ehrlich SM, Pfitzer L, Liebl J, Fröhlich T, Arnold GJ, Mikulits W, Haider C, Vollmar AM, Zahler S. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor-1α: a novel approach for inhibiting angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:27108-21. [PMID: 27027353 PMCID: PMC5053636 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently introduced CDK5 as target in HCC, regulating DNA damage response. Based on this and on our previous knowledge about vascular effects of CDK5, we investigated the role of CDK5 in angiogenesis in HCC, one of the most vascularized tumors. We put a special focus on the transcription factor HIF-1α, a master regulator of tumor angiogenesis. The interaction of CDK5 with HIF-1α was tested by Western blot, PCR, reporter gene assay, immunohistochemistry, kinase assay, co-immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and mutation studies. In vivo, different murine HCC models, were either induced by diethylnitrosamine or subcutaneous injection of HUH7 or HepG2 cells. The correlation of vascular density and CDK5 was assessed by immunostaining of a microarray of liver tissues from HCC patients. Inhibition of CDK5 in endothelial or HCC cells reduced HIF-1α levels in vitro and in vivo, and transcription of HIF-1α target genes (VEGFA, VEGFR1, EphrinA1). Mass spectrometry and site directed mutagenesis revealed a stabilizing phosphorylation of HIF-1α at Ser687 by CDK5. Vascular density was decreased in murine HCC models by CDK5 inhibition. In conclusion, inhibiting CDK5 is a multi-modal systemic approach to treat HCC, hitting angiogenesis, as well as the tumor cells themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Herzog
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra M Ehrlich
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Pfitzer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Liebl
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center Munich, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg J Arnold
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center Munich, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Mikulits
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Haider
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Zahler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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5
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Kambappa V, Chandrashekara GK, Rekha ND, Shivaramu PD, Palle K. Synthesis, anti-angiogenic and DNA cleavage studies of novel N-(4-methyl-3-((4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)phenyl)piperidine-4-carboxamide derivatives. Chem Cent J 2017; 11:122. [PMID: 29189954 PMCID: PMC5709256 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-017-0354-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel N-(4-methyl-3-((4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)phenyl)piperidine-4-carboxamide derivatives 10(a-f), 12(a-c) and 14(a-c) were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, mass spectral and elemental analysis. The efficacy of these derivatives to inhibit in vivo angiogenesis was evaluated using chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model and their DNA cleavage abilities were evaluated after incubating with calf thymus DNA followed by gel electrophoresis. These novel piperidine analogues efficiently blocked the formation of blood vessels in vivo in CAM model and exhibited differential migration and band intensities in DNA binding/cleavage assays. Among the tested compounds 10a, 10b, 10c, 12b, 14b and 14c showed significant anti-angiogenic and DNA cleavage activities compared to their respective controls and the other derivatives used in this study. These observations suggest that the presence of electron donating and withdrawing groups at positions 2, 3 and 4 of the phenyl ring of the side chain may determine their potency and as anticancer agents by exerting both anti-angiogenic and cytotoxic effects .
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinaya Kambappa
- Department of Chemistry, Government First Grade College, Kadur, 577 548, India. .,Department of Oncological Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, USA Mitchell Cancer Institute, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA.
| | - G K Chandrashekara
- Department of Chemistry, Government First Grade College, Kadur, 577 548, India
| | - N D Rekha
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, JSS College of Arts, Commerce & Science, Ooty Road, Mysore, 570 025, India
| | - Prasanna D Shivaramu
- Department of Nanotechnology, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Center for Postgraduate Studies, Bengaluru Region, Muddenahalli, Ckikkaballapur, 562 101, India
| | - Komaraiah Palle
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, USA Mitchell Cancer Institute, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
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Abstract
Selective abrogation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) activity is a highly promising strategy in cancer treatment. The atypical CDK, CDK5 has long been known for its role in neurodegenerative diseases, and is becoming an attractive drug target for cancer therapy. Myriads of recent studies have uncovered that aberrant expression of CDK5 contributes to the oncogenic initiation and progression of multiple solid and hematological malignancies. CDK5 is also implicated in the regulation of cancer stem cell biology. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge of CDK5 as a druggable target for cancer treatment. We also provide a detailed outlook of designing selective and potent inhibitors of this enzyme.
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7
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Cherukupalli S, Hampannavar GA, Chinnam S, Chandrasekaran B, Sayyad N, Kayamba F, Reddy Aleti R, Karpoormath R. An appraisal on synthetic and pharmaceutical perspectives of pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:309-339. [PMID: 29273417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine, a fused heterocycle bearing pyrazole and pyrimidine portions has gained a significant attention in the field of bioorganic and medicinal chemistry. Pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives have demonstrated numerous pharmacological activities particularly, anti-cancer, anti-infectious, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, adenosine antagonists and cytokinin antagonists etc. This review extensively unveils the synthetic and pharmacological diversity with special emphasis on structural variations around pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold. This endeavour has thus uncovered the medicinal worthiness of pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine framework. To the best of our knowledge this review is the first compilation on synthetic, medicinal and structure activity relationship (SAR) aspects of pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidines since 1956.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasulu Cherukupalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Girish A Hampannavar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sampath Chinnam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Balakumar Chandrasekaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Nisar Sayyad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Francis Kayamba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Rajeshwar Reddy Aleti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
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8
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TRPV4 plays a role in breast cancer cell migration via Ca 2+-dependent activation of AKT and downregulation of E-cadherin cell cortex protein. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e338. [PMID: 28530703 PMCID: PMC5523072 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPV4 belongs to the 'Transient Receptor Potential' (TRP) superfamily. It has been identified to profoundly affect a variety of physiological processes, including nociception, heat sensation and inflammation. Unlike other TRP superfamily channels, its role in cancers are unknown until recently when we reported TRPV4 to be required for cancer cell softness that may promote breast cancer cell extravasation and metastasis. Here, we elucidated the molecular mechanisms mediated by TRPV4 in the metastatic breast cancer cells. TRPV4-mediated signaling was demonstrated to involve Ca2+-dependent activation of AKT and downregulation of E-cadherin expression, which was abolished upon TRPV4 silencing. Functionally, TRPV4-enhanced breast caner cell transendothelial migration requires AKT activity while a combination of transcriptional and post-translational regulation contributed to the TRPV4-mediated E-cadherin downregulation. Finally, mass spectrometry analysis revealed that TRPV4 is required for the expression of a network of secreted proteins involved in extracellular matrix remodeling. In conclusion, TRPV4 may regulate breast cancer metastasis by regulating cell softness through the Ca2+-dependent AKT-E-cadherin signaling axis and regulation of the expression of extracellular proteins.
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9
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Inhibition of Cdk5 induces cell death of tumor-initiating cells. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:912-922. [PMID: 28222068 PMCID: PMC5379151 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumour-initiating cells (TICs) account for chemoresistance, tumour recurrence and metastasis, and therefore represent a major problem in tumour therapy. However, strategies to address TICs are limited. Recent studies indicate Cdk5 as a promising target for anti-cancer therapy and Cdk5 has recently been associated with epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, a role of Cdk5 in TICs has not been described yet. Methods: Expression of Cdk5 in human cancer tissue was analysed by staining of a human tissue microarray (TMA). Functional effects of Cdk5 overexpression, genetic knockdown by siRNA and shRNA, and pharmacologic inhibition by the small molecule roscovitine were tested in migration, invasion, cell death, and tumorsphere assays and in tumour establishment in vivo. For mechanistic studies, molecular biology methods were applied. Results: In fact, here we pin down a novel function of Cdk5 in TICs: knockdown and pharmacological inhibition of Cdk5 impaired tumorsphere formation and reduced tumour establishment in vivo. Conversely, Cdk5 overexpression promoted tumorsphere formation which was in line with increased expression of Cdk5 in human breast cancer tissues as shown by staining of a human TMA. In order to understand how Cdk5 inhibition affects tumorsphere formation, we identify a role of Cdk5 in detachment-induced cell death: Cdk5 inhibition induced apoptosis in tumorspheres by stabilizing the transcription factor Foxo1 which results in increased levels of the pro-apoptotic protein Bim. Conclusions: In summary, our study elucidates a Cdk5-Foxo1-Bim pathway in cell death in tumorspheres and suggests Cdk5 as a potential target to address TICs.
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10
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Merk H, Zhang S, Lehr T, Müller C, Ulrich M, Bibb JA, Adams RH, Bracher F, Zahler S, Vollmar AM, Liebl J. Inhibition of endothelial Cdk5 reduces tumor growth by promoting non-productive angiogenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:6088-104. [PMID: 26755662 PMCID: PMC4868742 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic success of VEGF-based anti-angiogenic tumor therapy is limited due to resistance. Thus, new strategies for anti-angiogenic cancer therapy based on novel targets are urgently required. Our previous in vitro work suggested that small molecule Cdk5 inhibitors affect angiogenic processes such as endothelial migration and proliferation. Moreover, we recently uncovered a substantial role of Cdk5 in the development of lymphatic vessels. Here we pin down the in vivo impact of endothelial Cdk5 inhibition in angiogenesis and elucidate the underlying mechanism in order to judge the potential of Cdk5 as a novel anti-angiogenic and anti-cancer target. By the use of endothelial-specific Cdk5 knockout mouse models and various endothelial and tumor cell based assays including human tumor xenograft models, we show that endothelial-specific knockdown of Cdk5 results in excessive but non-productive angiogenesis during development but also in tumors, which subsequently leads to inhibition of tumor growth. As Cdk5 inhibition disrupted Notch function by reducing the generation of the active Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and Cdk5 modulates Notch-dependent endothelial cell proliferation and sprouting, we propose that the Dll4/Notch driven angiogenic signaling hub is an important and promising mechanistic target of Cdk5. In fact, Cdk5 inhibition can sensitize tumors to conventional anti-angiogenic treatment as shown in tumor xenograft models. In summary our data set the stage for Cdk5 as a drugable target to inhibit Notch-driven angiogenesis condensing the view that Cdk5 is a promising target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Merk
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lehr
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Ulrich
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - James A Bibb
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany.,University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Zahler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Liebl
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
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11
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Zhang S, Ulrich M, Gromnicka A, Havlíček L, Kryštof V, Jorda R, Strnad M, Vollmar AM, Zahler S. Anti-angiogenic effects of novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors with a pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2645-56. [PMID: 27390037 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) has recently emerged as an attractive target in several tumour entities. Inhibition of CDK5 has been shown to have anti-angiogenic effects in vitro and in vivo. However, potent inhibitors of CDK5, which can be applied in vivo, are still scarce. We have recently developed a new series of 5-substituted 3-isopropyl-7-[4-(2-pyridyl)benzyl]amino-1(2)H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidines that show a preference for inhibiting CDK5 and tested them in vitro and in vivo in a murine model of hepatocellular carcinoma. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH All compounds were initially examined for effects on proliferation of HUVECs. The most potent compounds were then tested on migration, and one of them, LGR2674, was selected for assessing effects on nuclear fragmentation, cell cycle, cell viability and metabolic activity. Furthermore, LGR2674 was tested in a tube formation assay and in vivo in a murine model of hepatocellular carcinoma, induced by s.c. injection of HUH7 cells (measurement of in vivo toxicity, tumour vascularization, tumour cell proliferation and tumour size). KEY RESULTS LGR2674 showed an EC50 in the low nanomolar range in the proliferation and migration assays. Cytotoxic effects started at 50 nM, a concentration that did not influence the cell cycle. In vivo, LGR2674 was well tolerated and caused a clear reduction in vessel density in the tumours; also tumour cell proliferation was inhibited and tumour growth retarded. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine is a novel scaffold for the development of potent CDK inhibitors with in vivo potential. Such structures are good candidates for broadening our pharmacological arsenal against various tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhang
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - M Ulrich
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - A Gromnicka
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - L Havlíček
- Isotope laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Kryštof
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - R Jorda
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - A M Vollmar
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - S Zahler
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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12
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Liebl J. Cdk5 and Foxc2--a new relationship in the lymphatic vasculature. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21799-801. [PMID: 26327394 PMCID: PMC4673126 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessel dysfunction is associated with various pathologic conditions, including immunologic disorders, lymphedema, as well as tumor dissemination. Yet, the knowledge about the regulation of lymphatic vessel development is still limited. Our study elucidates cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) as an essential player in the development of lymphatic vessels. Deletion of Cdk5 in the mouse endothelium results in severe lymphedema formation and embryonic lethality. On the mechanistic level, we show that Cdk5 phosphorylates the forkhead transcription factor Foxc2 which regulates Foxc2-dependent transcription. In summary, our study elucidates the Cdk5-Foxc2 interaction as a critical regulator of lymphatic vessel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Liebl
- Ludwig Maximilians-University Munich, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Munich, Germany
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13
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Novel pyrazolopyridine derivatives as potential angiogenesis inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation and transcriptome-based mechanistic analysis. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:143-157. [PMID: 27240270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Modified purine derivatives exemplified by pyrazolopyrimidines have emerged as highly selective inhibitors of several angiogenic receptor tyrosine kinases. Herein, we designed and synthesized a new series of substituted pyrazolopyridines and explored their ability to influence crucial pro-angiogenic attributes of endothelial cells. Four of the synthesized compounds, possessing analogous substitution pattern, were found able to inhibit at low micromolar concentrations endothelial cell proliferation, migration and differentiation, constitutively or in response to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and to attenuate VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGF receptor-2 and downstream kinases AKT and ERK1/2. Administration of effective compounds in mice delayed the growth of syngeneic Lewis lung carcinoma transplants and reduced tumor microvessel density, without causing toxicity. Genome-wide microarray and gene ontology analyses of treated endothelial cells revealed derivative 18c as the most efficient modulator of gene expression and "mitotic cell cycle/cell division" along with "cholesterol biosynthesis" as the most significantly altered biological processes.
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14
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Vymětalová L, Havlíček L, Šturc A, Skrášková Z, Jorda R, Pospíšil T, Strnad M, Kryštof V. 5-Substituted 3-isopropyl-7-[4-(2-pyridyl)benzyl]amino-1(2)H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidines with anti-proliferative activity as potent and selective inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 110:291-301. [PMID: 26851505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5-substituted 3-isopropyl-7-[4-(2-pyridyl)benzyl]amino-1(2)H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for their cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibition activity. The most potent compounds contained various hydroxyalkylamines at the 5 position and possessed low nanomolar IC50 values for CDK2 and CDK5. Preliminary profiling of one of the most active compounds on a panel of 50 protein kinases revealed its high selectivity for CDKs. The compounds arrested cells in S and G2/M phases, and induced apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. Significant dephosphorylation of the C-terminus of RNA polymerase II and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), well-established substrates of CDKs, has been found in treated cells. Cleavage of PARP-1, down-regulation of Mcl-1 and activation of caspases correlated well with CDK inhibition and confirmed apoptosis as the primary type of cell death induced in cancer cells treated with the compounds in vitro. A comparison of known purine-based CDK inhibitor CR8 with its pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine bioisosteres confirmed that the novel compounds are more potent in cellular assays than purines. Therefore, pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine may emerge as a novel scaffold in medicinal chemistry and as a source of potent CDK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislava Vymětalová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Havlíček
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Šturc
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Skrášková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Jorda
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Pospíšil
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Kryštof
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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15
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Řezníčková E, Weitensteiner S, Havlíček L, Jorda R, Gucký T, Berka K, Bazgier V, Zahler S, Kryštof V, Strnad M. Characterization of a Pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine Inhibitor of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases 2 and 5 and Aurora A With Pro-Apoptotic and Anti-Angiogenic ActivityIn Vitro. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Řezníčková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics; Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research; Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR; Šlechtitelů 27 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Sabine Weitensteiner
- Department of Pharmacy; LMU Munich - Center for Drug Research - Pharmaceutical Biology; Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Libor Havlíček
- Isotope Laboratory; Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR; Vídeňská 1083 14220 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Radek Jorda
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics; Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research; Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR; Šlechtitelů 27 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Gucký
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics; Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research; Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR; Šlechtitelů 27 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Karel Berka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Department of Physical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Palacký University; 17. listopadu 12 77146 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Václav Bazgier
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics; Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research; Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR; Šlechtitelů 27 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Palacký University; 17. listopadu 1192/12 771 46 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Zahler
- Department of Pharmacy; LMU Munich - Center for Drug Research - Pharmaceutical Biology; Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Vladimír Kryštof
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics; Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research; Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR; Šlechtitelů 27 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics; Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research; Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR; Šlechtitelů 27 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
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16
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Bisht S, Nolting J, Schütte U, Haarmann J, Jain P, Shah D, Brossart P, Flaherty P, Feldmann G. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 (CDK5) Controls Melanoma Cell Motility, Invasiveness, and Metastatic Spread-Identification of a Promising Novel therapeutic target. Transl Oncol 2015; 8:295-307. [PMID: 26310376 PMCID: PMC4562979 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in recent years, the overall prognosis of metastatic malignant melanoma remains poor, and curative therapeutic options are lacking. Therefore, better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying melanoma progression and metastasis, as well as identification of novel therapeutic targets that allow inhibition of metastatic spread, are urgently required. The current study provides evidence for aberrant cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) activation in primary and metastatic melanoma lesions by overexpression of its activator protein CDK5R1/p35. Moreover, using melanoma in vitro model systems, shRNA-mediated inducible knockdown of CDK5 was found to cause marked inhibition of cell motility, invasiveness, and anchorage-independent growth, while at the same time net cell growth was not affected. In vivo, CDK5 knockdown inhibited growth of orthotopic xenografts as well as formation of lung and liver colonies in xenogenic injection models mimicking systemic metastases. Inhibition of lung metastasis was further validated in a syngenic murine melanoma model. CDK5 knockdown was accompanied by dephosphorylation and overexpression of caldesmon, and concomitant caldesmon knockdown rescued cell motility and proinvasive phenotype. Finally, it was found that pharmacological inhibition of CDK5 activity by means of roscovitine as well as by a novel small molecule CDK5-inhibitor, N-(5-isopropylthiazol-2-yl)-3-phenylpropanamide, similarly caused marked inhibition of invasion/migration, colony formation, and anchorage-independent growth of melanoma cells. Thus, experimental data presented here provide strong evidence for a crucial role of aberrantly activated CDK5 in melanoma progression and metastasis and establish CDK5 as promising target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Bisht
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology (CIO) Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Nolting
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology (CIO) Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
| | - Ute Schütte
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology (CIO) Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Haarmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology (CIO) Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
| | - Prashi Jain
- Mylan School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Dhruv Shah
- Mylan School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Peter Brossart
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology (CIO) Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrick Flaherty
- Mylan School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Georg Feldmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology (CIO) Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany.
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17
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Ehrlich SM, Liebl J, Ardelt MA, Lehr T, De Toni EN, Mayr D, Brandl L, Kirchner T, Zahler S, Gerbes AL, Vollmar AM. Targeting cyclin dependent kinase 5 in hepatocellular carcinoma--A novel therapeutic approach. J Hepatol 2015; 63:102-13. [PMID: 25660209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS For a long time cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) was thought to be exclusively important in neuronal cells. However, increasing evidence recently suggests a function of Cdk5 in cancer progression. In this study, we examined the role of Cdk5 and its therapeutic accessibility in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a highly chemoresistant cancer with poor prognosis and paramount clinical importance in order to develop novel targeted therapies for systemic treatment. METHODS Expression and activity of Cdk5 was analyzed in a human HCC tissue microarray, human patient samples and HCC cell lines. To characterize Cdk5 functions and signaling pathways in HCC, we applied genetic downregulation and pharmacologic inhibition in various approaches including cell based assays and mouse xenograft models. RESULTS Expression and activity of Cdk5 was increased in human HCC tissues as compared to normal liver tissues. Functional ablation of Cdk5 significantly decreased HCC cell proliferation and clonogenic survival. Moreover, genetic and pharmacological inhibition of Cdk5 showed in vivo efficacy in HCC xenograft mouse models. Investigating the mechanisms behind these functional effects revealed that Cdk5 is most active in the nucleus of cells in G2/M phase. Cdk5 regulates DNA damage response by phosphorylating ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and thereby influencing its downstream cascade. Consequently, combination of Cdk5 inhibition with DNA-damage-inducing chemotherapeutics synergistically inhibited HCC tumor progression in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we introduce Cdk5 as a novel drugable target for HCC treatment and suggest the combination of Cdk5 inhibition and DNA damaging agents as a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Ehrlich
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Liebl
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian A Ardelt
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lehr
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Enrico N De Toni
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Liver Center Munich®, Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lydia Brandl
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Zahler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander L Gerbes
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Liver Center Munich®, Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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18
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Cdk5 controls lymphatic vessel development and function by phosphorylation of Foxc2. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7274. [PMID: 26027726 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system maintains tissue fluid balance, and dysfunction of lymphatic vessels and valves causes human lymphedema syndromes. Yet, our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying lymphatic vessel development is still limited. Here, we show that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is an essential regulator of lymphatic vessel development. Endothelial-specific Cdk5 knockdown causes congenital lymphatic dysfunction and lymphedema due to defective lymphatic vessel patterning and valve formation. We identify the transcription factor Foxc2 as a key substrate of Cdk5 in the lymphatic vasculature, mechanistically linking Cdk5 to lymphatic development and valve morphogenesis. Collectively, our findings show that Cdk5-Foxc2 interaction represents a critical regulator of lymphatic vessel development and the transcriptional network underlying lymphatic vascular remodeling.
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19
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Abbas SES, Aly EI, Awadallah FM, Mahmoud WR. 4-Substituted-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives: design, synthesis, antitumor and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 85:608-22. [PMID: 25318985 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Four series of some 4-substituted-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives 5a-f, 6a-f, 8a-f, and 9a-f were designed to be screened for their antitumor activity. All compounds were evaluated against breast (MCF-7) and lung (A-549) cell lines. Six compounds 5a, 5b, 6b, 6e, 9e, and 9f displaying activity against both cell lines were further estimated for their EGFR-TK inhibitory activity where they revealed 41-91% inhibition and compound 6b elicited the highest activity (91%). A docking study of these compounds into the ATP-binding site of EGFR-TK demonstrated their binding mode where H-bonding interaction with Met793 through N(1) of pyrimidine or N(2) of pyrazole was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safinaz E-S Abbas
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Eini Street, 11562, Cairo, Egypt
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20
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Kasiotis KM, Tzanetou EN, Haroutounian SA. Pyrazoles as potential anti-angiogenesis agents: a contemporary overview. Front Chem 2014; 2:78. [PMID: 25250310 PMCID: PMC4158875 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a mulit-step process by which new blood vessels are formed from preexisting vasculature. It is a key rate limiting factor in tumor growth since new blood vessels are necessary to increase tumor size. In this context it has been shown that anti-angiogenic factors can be used in cancer therapy. Among the plethora of heterocyclic compounds administered as anti-angiogenesis agents, pyrazoles constitute one of the bottlenecks of this category. Currently, several pyrazole based compounds are administered or are in Phase II and III trials and new targets emerge. It is highly possible that the advent of the next two decades will lead to the discovery and use of additional pyrazoles whose anti-angiogenic profile will position them in the forefront of the battle of various malignancies. The present review is an attempt to focus on those pyrazoles that arise as anti-angiogenesis agents commenting both on the chemistry and bioactivity that these exhibit aiming to contribute to the perspectives that they hold for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos M Kasiotis
- Laboratory of Pesticides Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia N Tzanetou
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Serkos A Haroutounian
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens Athens, Greece
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21
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Havlíček L, Moravcová D, Kryštof V, Strnad M. The Identification of a Novel Highly Condensed Pentacyclic Heteroaromatic Ring System 1,3,5,5b,6,8,10,10b-Octaazacyclopenta[h,i]Aceanthrylene and its Application in the Synthesis of 5,7-Substituted Pyrazolo[4,3-d]Pyrimidines. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libor Havlíček
- Isotope Laboratory; Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR; Videnska 1083 142 20 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Moravcová
- Isotope Laboratory; Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR; Videnska 1083 142 20 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Kryštof
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science; Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR; Šlechtitelů 11 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science; Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR; Šlechtitelů 11 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
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