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Zhu LB, Zhu HD, Huang ZH, Cao HH, Ayaz S, Yang JY, Chen XY, Zhang Y, Liu SH, Xu JP. BmNPV p35 regulates apoptosis in Bombyx mori via a novel target of interaction with the BmVDAC2-BmRACK1 complex. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 169:104125. [PMID: 38616030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Voltage-dependent anion channel 2 (VDAC2) is an important channel protein that plays a crucial role in the host response to viral infection. The receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) is also a key host factor involved in viral replication. Our previous research revealed that Bombyx mori VDAC2 (BmVDAC2) and B. mori RACK1 (BmRACK1) may interact with Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), though the specific molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the interaction between BmVDAC2 and BmRACK1 in the mitochondria was determined by various methods. We found that BmNPV p35 interacts directly with BmVDAC2 rather than BmRACK1. BmNPV infection significantly reduced the expression of BmVDAC2, and activated the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Overexpression of BmVDAC2 in BmN cells inhibited BmNPV-induced cytochrome c (cyto c) release, decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential as well as apoptosis. Additionally, the inhibition of cyto c release by BmVDAC2 requires the involvement of BmRACK1 and protein kinase C. Interestingly, overexpression of p35 inhibited cyto c release during mitochondrial apoptosis in a RACK1 and VDAC2-dependent manner. Even the mutant p35, which loses Caspase inhibitory activity, could still bind to VDAC2 and inhibit cyto c release. In summary, our results indicated that BmNPV p35 interacts with the VDAC2-RACK1 complex to regulate apoptosis by inhibiting cyto c release. These findings confirm the interaction between BmVDAC2 and BmRACK1, the interaction between p35 and the VDAC2-RACK1 complex, and a novel target that BmNPV p35 regulates apoptosis in Bombyx mori via interaction with the BmVDAC2-BmRACK1 complex. The result provide an initial exploration of the function of this interaction in the BmNPV-induced mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Bao Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China; Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Han-Dan Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hui-Hua Cao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Sadaf Ayaz
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jia-Yue Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xi-Ya Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shi-Huo Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Jia-Ping Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China.
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Oner M, Lin E, Chiu KY, Chen MC, Prince GMSH, Lai CH, Hsieh JT, Wang HY, Lin HO. p35/CDK5 Regulates Bladder Cancer Proliferation and Migration and Promotes Higher Tumor Grade and Poor Survival Rate in Patients With Bladder Cancer. Anticancer Res 2024; 44:543-553. [PMID: 38307563 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.16842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Bladder cancer remains a significant global health concern, necessitating a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying its progression. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 (CDK5) has recently emerged as a potential player in bladder cancer pathogenesis. This study investigated the involvement of CDK5 in bladder cancer, emphasizing its potential as a therapeutic target. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression levels of CDK5 and p35 (CDK5 regulatory protein) and their roles in the tumor grade and malignancy of patient samples were evaluated using western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. In addition, tumor cancer genome atlas (TCGA) was utilized to evaluate survival rate in patients with bladder cancer. We further confirmed the role of CDK5 with in vitro experiments using western blot analysis, immunocytochemistry, cell culture-based proliferation and migration assays. RESULTS Higher CDK5 and p35 were associated with a higher tumor grade and poor survival rate in patients with bladder cancer. To confirm the role of CDK5 in vitro, we over-expressed CDK5 in bladder cancer cells. The results showed that the over-expression of CDK5 enhanced bladder cancer cell proliferation and migration. In addition, CDK5 inhibition by a pan-CDK inhibitor, Roscovitine (RV), significantly reduced proliferation of bladder cancer cells. Indeed, the migration and adhesion of bladder cancer cells were inhibited by RV treatment. CONCLUSION CDK5 might play important roles in bladder cancer progression and be a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Oner
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Eugene Lin
- Department of Urology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kun-Yuan Chiu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mei-Chih Chen
- Translational Cell Therapy Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | | | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, U.S.A
| | - Hsin-Yi Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - H O Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.;
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Nikhil K, Shah K. CDK5: an oncogene or an anti-oncogene: location location location. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:186. [PMID: 37993880 PMCID: PMC10666462 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01895-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have uncovered various physiological functions of CDK5 in many nonneuronal tissues. Upregulation of CDK5 and/or its activator p35 in neurons promotes healthy neuronal functions, but their overexpression in nonneuronal tissues is causally linked to cancer of many origins. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms by which CDK5 recruits diverse tissue-specific substrates to elicit distinct phenotypes in sixteen different human cancers. The emerging theme suggests that CDK5's role as an oncogene or anti-oncogene depends upon its subcellular localization. CDK5 mostly acts as an oncogene, but in gastric cancer, it is a tumor suppressor due to its unique nuclear localization. This indicates that CDK5's access to certain nuclear substrates converts it into an anti-oncogenic kinase. While acting as a bonafide oncogene, CDK5 also activates a few cancer-suppressive pathways in some cancers, presumably due to the mislocalization of nuclear substrates in the cytoplasm. Therefore, directing CDK5 to the nucleus or exporting tumor-suppressive nuclear substrates to the cytoplasm may be promising approaches to combat CDK5-induced oncogenicity, analogous to neurotoxicity triggered by nuclear CDK5. Furthermore, while p35 overexpression is oncogenic, hyperactivation of CDK5 by inducing p25 formation results in apoptosis, which could be exploited to selectively kill cancer cells by dialing up CDK5 activity, instead of inhibiting it. CDK5 thus acts as a molecular rheostat, with different activity levels eliciting distinct functional outcomes. Finally, as CDK5's role is defined by its substrates, targeting them individually or in conjunction with CDK5 should create potentially valuable new clinical opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Nikhil
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Jahan I, Adachi R, Egawa R, Nomura H, Kuba H. CDK5/ p35-Dependent Microtubule Reorganization Contributes to Homeostatic Shortening of the Axon Initial Segment. J Neurosci 2023; 43:359-72. [PMID: 36639893 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0917-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural plasticity of the axon initial segment (AIS) contributes to the homeostatic control of activity and optimizes the function of neural circuits; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we prepared a slice culture containing nucleus magnocellularis from chickens of both sexes that reproduces most features of AIS plasticity in vivo, regarding its effects on characteristics of AIS and cell-type specificity, and revealed that microtubule reorganization via activation of CDK5 underlies plasticity. Treating the culture with a high-K+ medium shortened the AIS and reduced sodium current and membrane excitability, specifically in neurons tuned to high-frequency sound, creating a tonotopic difference in AIS length in the nucleus. Pharmacological analyses revealed that this AIS shortening was driven by multiple Ca2+ pathways and subsequent signaling molecules that converge on CDK5 via the activation of ERK1/2. AIS shortening was suppressed by overexpression of dominant-negative CDK5, whereas it was facilitated by the overexpression of p35, an activator of CDK5. Notably, p35(T138A), a phosphorylation-inactive mutant of p35, did not shorten the AIS. Moreover, microtubule stabilizers occluded AIS shortening during the p35 overexpression, indicating that CDK5/p35 mediated AIS shortening by promoting disassembly of microtubules at distal AIS. This study highlights the importance of microtubule reorganization and regulation of CDK5 activity in structural AIS plasticity and the tuning of AIS characteristics in neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The structural plasticity of AIS has a strong impact on the output of neurons and plays a fundamental role in the physiology and pathology of the brain. However, the mechanisms linking neuronal activity to structural changes in AIS are not well understood. In this study, we prepared an organotypic culture of avian auditory brainstem, reproducing most AIS plasticity features in vivo, and we revealed that activity-dependent AIS shortening occurs through the disassembly of microtubules at distal AIS via activation of CDK5/p35 signals. This study emphasizes the importance of microtubule reorganization and regulation of CDK5 activity in structural AIS plasticity and tonotopic differentiation of AIS structures in the brainstem auditory circuit.
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Bao L, Lan XM, Zhang GQ, Bao X, Li B, Ma DN, Luo HY, Cao SL, Liu SY, Jing E, Zhang JZ, Zheng YL. Cdk5 activation promotes Cos-7 cells transition towards neuronal-like cells. Transl Neurosci 2023; 14:20220318. [PMID: 37901140 PMCID: PMC10612488 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) activity is specifically active in neurogenesis, and Cdk5 and neocortical neurons migration related biomarker are expressed in Cos-7 cells. However, the function of Cdk5 on the transformation of immortalized Cos-7 cells into neuronal-like cells is not clear. Methods Cdk5 kinase activity was measured by [γ-32P] ATP and p81 phosphocellulose pads based method. The expression of neuron liker markers was evaluated by immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, Western blot, and Elisa. Results P35 overexpression upregulated Cdk5 kinase activity in Cos-7 cells. p35 mediated Cdk5 expression promoted the generation of nerite-like outgrowth. Compared with the empty vector, p35-induced Cdk5 activation resulted in time-dependent increase in neuron-like marker, including Tau, NF-H, NF-H&M, and TuJ1. Tau-5 and NF-M exhibited increased expression at 48 h while TuJ1 was only detectable after 96 h in p35 expressed Cos-7 cells. Additionally, the neural cell biomarkers exhibited well colocation with p35 proteins. Next-generation RNA sequence showed that p35 overexpression significantly upregulated the level of nerve growth factor (NGF). Gene set enrichment analysis showed significant enrichment of multiple neuron development pathways and increased NGF expression after p35 overexpression. Conclusion p35-mediated Cdk5 activation promotes the transformation of immortalized Cos-7 cells into neuronal-like cells by upregulating NGF level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Bao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan750004, P.R. China
- Department of Nephrology, Ningxia Medical University Affiliated People’s Hospital of Autonomous Region of Yinchuan, Yinchuan750002, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Lan
- Graduate School of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710061, P.R. China
- Department of Geriatrics, Ningxia Medical University Affiliated People’s Hospital of Autonomous Region of Yinchuan, Yinchuan750002, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan750004, P.R. China
- Department of Nephrology, Ningxia Medical University Affiliated People’s Hospital of Autonomous Region of Yinchuan, Yinchuan750002, P.R. China
| | - Xi Bao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan750004, P.R. China
- Department of Nephrology, Ningxia Medical University Affiliated People’s Hospital of Autonomous Region of Yinchuan, Yinchuan750002, P.R. China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan750004, P.R. China
- Graduate School of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710061, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Na Ma
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan750004, P.R. China
- Graduate School of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710061, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yan Luo
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan750004, P.R. China
- Department of Nephrology, Ningxia Medical University Affiliated People’s Hospital of Autonomous Region of Yinchuan, Yinchuan750002, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Lu Cao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan750004, P.R. China
- Department of Nephrology, Ningxia Medical University Affiliated People’s Hospital of Autonomous Region of Yinchuan, Yinchuan750002, P.R. China
| | - Shun-Yao Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan750004, P.R. China
- Department of Nephrology, Ningxia Medical University Affiliated People’s Hospital of Autonomous Region of Yinchuan, Yinchuan750002, P.R. China
| | - E Jing
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan750004, P.R. China
- Graduate School of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710061, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan750004, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Li Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Ningxia Medical University Affiliated People’s Hospital of Autonomous Region of Yinchuan, Yinchuan750002, P.R. China
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Tian Z, Feng B, Wang XQ, Tian J. Focusing on cyclin-dependent kinases 5: A potential target for neurological disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1030639. [PMID: 36438186 PMCID: PMC9687395 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1030639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases 5 (Cdk5) is a special member of proline-directed serine threonine kinase family. Unlike other Cdks, Cdk5 is not directly involved in cell cycle regulation but plays important roles in nervous system functions. Under physiological conditions, the activity of Cdk5 is tightly controlled by p35 or p39, which are specific activators of Cdk5 and highly expressed in post-mitotic neurons. However, they will be cleaved into the corresponding truncated forms namely p25 and p29 under pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases and neurotoxic insults. The binding to truncated co-activators results in aberrant Cdk5 activity and contributes to the initiation and progression of multiple neurological disorders through affecting the down-stream targets. Although Cdk5 kinase activity is mainly regulated through combining with co-activators, it is not the only way. Post-translational modifications of Cdk5 including phosphorylation, S-nitrosylation, sumoylation, and acetylation can also affect its kinase activity and then participate in physiological and pathological processes of nervous system. In this review, we focus on the regulatory mechanisms of Cdk5 and its roles in a series of common neurological disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, anxiety/depression, pathological pain and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pharmacy, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xing-Qin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Tian
- Department of Infection, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, The First Batch of Key Disciplines On Public Health in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
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Lombardelli L, Logiodice F, Kullolli O, Haller H, Agostinis C, Bulla R, Rukavina D, Piccinni MP. At Embryo Implantation Site IL-35 Secreted by Trophoblast, Polarizing T Cells towards IL-35+ IL-10+ IL-4+ Th2-Type Cells, Could Favour Fetal Allograft Tolerance and Pregnancy Success. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094926. [PMID: 35563316 PMCID: PMC9103079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of rhIL-35, at low concentrations compatible with those produced by human trophoblast cells (less than 1 ng/mL), on human T helper (Th) cell functions and the presence of decidual IL-35-producing Th cells in human pregnancy. We found that human trophoblast cells produced IL-35 but not IL-4 or IL-10. RhIL-35, at concentrations produced by human trophoblasts, polarized T cells towards IL-35+, IL-10+, IL-4+ Th2-type cells and to Foxp3+ EBI3+ p35+ T reg cells producing IL-35 but not IL-10 and IL-4. Moreover, rhIL-35 at low concentrations did not suppress the proliferation of Th cells but stimulated IL-4 and IL-10 production by established Th clones. In particular, Th1-type clones acquired the capacity to produce IL-4. In addition, purified human trophoblast cell supernatants containing IL-35 upregulated IL-4 and IL-10 production by Th clones. Finally, IL-35+, IL-10+, IL-4+ Th2-type cells, which were found to be induced by low concentrations of IL-35 compatible with those produced by human trophoblasts, are exclusively present in the decidua of a successful pregnancy and at the embryo implantation site, suggesting their stringent dependence on trophoblast cells. Thus, the proximity of Th cells to IL-35-producing trophoblasts could be the determining factor for the differentiation of IL-35+, IL-10+, IL-4+ Th2-type cells that are crucial for human pregnancy success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Lombardelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.L.); (F.L.); (O.K.)
| | - Federica Logiodice
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.L.); (F.L.); (O.K.)
| | - Ornela Kullolli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.L.); (F.L.); (O.K.)
| | - Herman Haller
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Chiara Agostinis
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Roberta Bulla
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Daniel Rukavina
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Marie-Pierre Piccinni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.L.); (F.L.); (O.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-275-8338
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Cho A, Hall BE, Limaye AS, Wang S, Chung MK, Kulkarni AB. Nociceptive signaling through transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 is regulated by Cyclin Dependent Kinase 5-mediated phosphorylation of T407 in vivo. Mol Pain 2022; 18:17448069221111473. [PMID: 35726573 PMCID: PMC9251968 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221111473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a key neuronal kinase whose activity can modulate thermo-, mechano-, and chemo-nociception. Cdk5 can modulate nociceptor firing by phosphorylating pain transducing ion channels like the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a thermoreceptor that is activated by noxious heat, acidity, and capsaicin. TRPV1 is phosphorylated by Cdk5 at threonine-407 (T407), which then inhibits Ca2+ dependent desensitization. To explore the in vivo implications of Cdk5-mediated TRPV1 phosphorylation on pain perception, we engineered a phospho-null mouse where we replaced T407 with alanine (T407A). The T407A point mutation did not affect the expression of TRPV1 in nociceptors of the dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia (TG). However, behavioral tests showed that the TRPV1T407A knock-in mice have reduced aversion to oral capsaicin along with a trend towards decreased facial displays of pain after a subcutaneous injection of capsaicin into the vibrissal pad. In addition, the TRPV1T407A mice display basal thermal hypoalgesia with increased paw withdrawal latency while tested on a hot plate. These results indicate that phosphorylation of TRPV1 by Cdk5 can have important consequences on pain perception, as loss of the Cdk5 phosphorylation site reduced capsaicin- and heat-evoked pain behaviors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cho
- Gene Transfer Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bradford E Hall
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, 2511National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Advait S Limaye
- Gene Transfer Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, 12264The University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Man-Kyo Chung
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, 12264The University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashok B Kulkarni
- Gene Transfer Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, 2511National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Zeng L, Jiang H, Ashraf GM, Liu J, Wang L, Zhao K, Liu M, Li Z, Liu R. Implications of miR-148a-3p/ p35/PTEN signaling in tau hyperphosphorylation and autoregulatory feedforward of Akt/CREB in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2022; 27:256-275. [PMID: 35024240 PMCID: PMC8714918 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Existing studies have revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) have a role in cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the function and pathophysiological mechanism of deregulated miRNAs underlying AD pathology remain to be investigated. The present study aimed to clarify the role and mechanism of miR-148a-3p in AD. RNA sequencing, qRT-PCR, and western blot analysis were used to identify the aberrant expression and signaling of miR-148a-3p within cells, mice, and patients with AD. Molecular biology techniques involving luciferase reporter assays, gene overexpression and silencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and adeno-associated virus-based miRNA overexpression were used to explore the biological function and mechanisms of miR-148a-3p. Downregulation of miR-148a-3p was identified in AD. Upregulation of miR-148a-3p was found to protect neuronal cells against Aβ-associated tau hyperphosphorylation by directly targeting p35/CDK5 and PTEN/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. A mutual regulatory link between miR-148a-3p and PTEN using a feedforward arrangement was confirmed via promotion of transcription and expression of miR-148a-3p by way of the PTEN/Akt/CREB pathway. Significantly, in vivo targeting of miR-148a-3p signaling ameliorated cognitive deficits by decreasing p35/PTEN-elicited tau hyperphosphorylation, accompanied by feedforward transduction of the PTEN/Akt/CREB pathway. In conclusion, the present study implicated the miR-148a-3p/p35/PTEN pathway as an essential contributor to tau hyperphosphorylation and feedforward regulation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zeng
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Hailun Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianghong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Kaiyue Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Mimin Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Zhuorong Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Rui Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
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10
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Nie J, Zhang Y, Ning L, Yan Z, Duan L, Xi H, Niu Q, Zhang Q. Phosphorylation of p53 by Cdk5 contributes to benzo[a]pyrene-induced neuronal apoptosis. Environ Toxicol 2022; 37:17-27. [PMID: 34529316 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a ubiquitous carcinogenic pollutant in the environment, however, the potential neurotoxic effects of B[a]P has not been elucidated clearly. In the present study, we explored the potential involvement of p53 phosphorylation by Cdk5 in B[a]P-induced neuronal apoptosis at both in vitro and in vivo settings. For in vitro studies, primary cortical neurons isolated from the brains of Sprague Dawley (SD) rat pup were exposed to 0, 10, 20, and 40 μM of B[a]P for 12, 24, or 48 h. For in vivo studies, SD rats were injected intraperitoneally with 0, 1.0, 2.5, and 6.25 mg/kg of B[a]P every other day for 1, 2, or 3 months. Our results demonstrated that exposure to B[a]P caused a dose- and a time-dependent increase in neuronal apoptotic ratio in both in vitro and in vivo studies. There was also a dose- and a time-dependent upregulation of p35, p25, Cdk5, and phosphorylated p53 at Ser15 after B[a]P exposure. In order to explore whether B[a]P-induced increased neuronal apoptosis was through Cdk5/p53 pathway, roscovitine, a specific Cdk5 inhibitor, was applied to pretreat neurons prior to B[a]P exposure. The results showed that pretreatment of neurons with roscovitine partially rescued cells from B[a]P-induced apoptosis, and alleviated B[a]P-induced upregulation of phosphorylated p53 at Ser15. Our results suggest that Cdk5/p53 signaling pathway may be involved in B[a]P-induced neuronal apoptosis, which will provide information to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms of B[a]P-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Nie
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Lijun Ning
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhiwei Yan
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Lei Duan
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Huaxing Xi
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Qiao Niu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Qunwei Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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11
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Abstract
Cdk5 is a proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase that governs a variety of cellular processes in neurons, the dysregulation of which compromises normal brain function. The mechanisms underlying the modulation of Cdk5, its modes of action, and its effects on the nervous system have been a great focus in the field for nearly three decades. In this review, we provide an overview of the discovery and regulation of Cdk5, highlighting recent findings revealing its role in neuronal/synaptic functions, circadian clocks, DNA damage, cell cycle reentry, mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as its non-neuronal functions under physiological and pathological conditions. Moreover, we discuss evidence underscoring aberrant Cdk5 activity as a common theme observed in many neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chieh Pao
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are generally known to be involved in controlling the cell cycle, but Cdk5 is a unique member of this protein family for being most active in post-mitotic neurons. Cdk5 is developmentally important in regulating neuronal migration, neurite outgrowth, and axon guidance. Cdk5 is enriched in synaptic membranes and is known to modulate synaptic activity. Postnatally, Cdk5 can also affect neuronal processes such as dopaminergic signaling and pain sensitivity. Dysregulated Cdk5, in contrast, has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Despite primarily being implicated in neuronal development and activity, Cdk5 has lately been linked to non-neuronal functions including cancer cell growth, immune responses, and diabetes. Since Cdk5 activity is tightly regulated, a method for measuring its kinase activity is needed to fully understand the precise role of Cdk5 in developmental and disease processes. This article includes methods for detecting Cdk5 kinase activity in cultured cells or tissues, identifying new substrates, and screening for new kinase inhibitors. Furthermore, since Cdk5 shares homology and substrate specificity with Cdk1 and Cdk2, the Cdk5 kinase assay can be used, with modification, to measure the activity of other Cdks as well. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA. Basic Protocol 1: Measuring Cdk5 activity from protein lysates Support Protocol 1: Immunoprecipitation of Cdk5 using Dynabeads Alternate Protocol: Non-radioactive protocols to measure Cdk5 kinase activity Support Protocol 2: Western blot analysis for the detection of Cdk5, p35, and p39 Support Protocol 3: Immunodetection analysis for Cdk5, p35, and p39 Support Protocol 4: Genetically engineered mice (+ and - controls) Basic Protocol 2: Identifying new Cdk5 substrates and kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Terse
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Niranjana Amin
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bradford Hall
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manju Bhaskar
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B.K Binukumar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - Elias Utreras
- Department of Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Harish Pant
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ashok B. Kulkarni
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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Mangold N, Pippin J, Unnersjoe-Jess D, Koehler S, Shankland S, Brähler S, Schermer B, Benzing T, Brinkkoetter PT, Hagmann H. The Atypical Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 (Cdk5) Guards Podocytes from Apoptosis in Glomerular Disease While Being Dispensable for Podocyte Development. Cells 2021; 10:2464. [PMID: 34572114 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is expressed in terminally differentiated cells, where it drives development, morphogenesis, and survival. Temporal and spatial kinase activity is regulated by specific activators of Cdk5, dependent on the cell type and environmental factors. In the kidney, Cdk5 is exclusively expressed in terminally differentiated glomerular epithelial cells called podocytes. In glomerular disease, signaling mechanisms via Cdk5 have been addressed by single or combined conventional knockout of known specific activators of Cdk5. A protective, anti-apoptotic role has been ascribed to Cdk5 but not a developmental phenotype, as in terminally differentiated neurons. The effector kinase itself has never been addressed in animal models of glomerular disease. In the present study, conditional and inducible knockout models of Cdk5 were analyzed to investigate the role of Cdk5 in podocyte development and glomerular disease. While mice with podocyte-specific knockout of Cdk5 had no developmental defects and regular lifespan, loss of Cdk5 in podocytes increased susceptibility to glomerular damage in the nephrotoxic nephritis model. Glomerular damage was associated with reduced anti-apoptotic signals in Cdk5-deficient mice. In summary, Cdk5 acts primarily as master regulator of podocyte survival during glomerular disease and—in contrast to neurons—does not impact on glomerular development or maintenance.
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14
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Kiss E, Kins S, Gorgas K, Orlik M, Fischer C, Endres K, Schlicksupp A, Kirsch J, Kuhse J. Artemisinin-treatment in pre-symptomatic APP-PS1 mice increases gephyrin phosphorylation at Ser270: a modification regulating postsynaptic GABA AR density. Biol Chem 2021; 403:73-87. [PMID: 33878252 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinins, a group of plant-derived sesquiterpene lactones, are efficient antimalarial agents. They also share anti-inflammatory and anti-viral activities and were considered for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, artemisinins bind to gephyrin, the multifunctional scaffold of GABAergic synapses, and modulate inhibitory neurotransmission in vitro. We previously reported an increased expression of gephyrin and GABAA receptors in early pre-symptomatic stages of an AD mouse model (APP-PS1) and in parallel enhanced CDK5-dependent phosphorylation of gephyrin at S270. Here, we studied the effects of artemisinin on gephyrin in the brain of young APP-PS1 mice. We detected an additional increase of gephyrin protein level, elevated gephyrin phosphorylation at Ser270, and an increased amount of GABAAR-γ2 subunits after artemisinin-treatment. Interestingly, the CDK5 activator p35 was also upregulated. Moreover, we demonstrate decreased density of postsynaptic gephyrin and GABAAR-γ2 immunoreactivities in cultured hippocampal neurons expressing gephyrin with alanine mutations at two CDK5 phosphorylation sites. In addition, the activity-dependent modulation of synaptic protein density was abolished in neurons expressing gephyrin lacking one or both of these phosphorylation sites. Thus, our results reveal that artemisinin modulates expression as well as phosphorylation of gephyrin at sites that might have important impact on GABAergic synapses in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kiss
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, D-69120Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology "G.E. Palade" of Târgu Mures, Str. Gheorghe Marinescu nr. 38, 540 139Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Stefan Kins
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67633 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Karin Gorgas
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, D-69120Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maret Orlik
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, D-69120Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolin Fischer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, D-69120Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Schlicksupp
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, D-69120Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Kirsch
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, D-69120Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Kuhse
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, D-69120Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Shi L, Tian Z, Yang J, Gao S, Du J, Zhao Y, Liu Z, Guan G, Liu G, Luo J, Yin H. [Comparison of the antigenicity of African swine fever virus p35 protein as diagnostic antigen]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2021; 37:187-195. [PMID: 33501800 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.200359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to screen African swine fever virus (ASFV) diagnostic antigen with the best enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reactivity. By establishing the ELISA method, the diagnostic antigen of ASFV p30 protein expressed by baculovirus-insect cell expression system as reference, we explored the antigenic properties and diagnostic potential of ASFV p35 protein expressed by prokaryotic expression system as a diagnostic antigen. The results of Western blotting and immunofluorescence show that the molecular weight of the recombinant p35 protein and p30 protein obtained was 40 kDa and 30 kDa, respectively, and these two proteins had good immuno-reactivity with ASFV positive serum. Recombinant p30 and p35 proteins were used as diagnostic antigens to establish ELISA, and the sensitivity and repeatability of these methods were tested. The results show that although the detection sensitivity of the p30-ELISA established in this study was higher than that of the p35-ELISA, the sensitivity of p35-ELISA was 95.8%, and variations in intra- and inter-assay repeatability of the two methods were less than 10%. The coincidence rate between the p35-ELISA and the imported kit was 97.2%. Results show that p35-ELISA was sensitive and stable, and could detect specific antibodies against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Zhancheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Jifei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Junzheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yaru Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
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16
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Sullivan JA, Tomita Y, Jankowska-Gan E, Lema DA, Arvedson MP, Nair A, Bracamonte-Baran W, Zhou Y, Meyer KK, Zhong W, Sawant DV, Szymczak-Workman AL, Zhang Q, Workman CJ, Hong S, Vignali DAA, Burlingham WJ. Treg-Cell-Derived IL-35-Coated Extracellular Vesicles Promote Infectious Tolerance. Cell Rep 2020; 30:1039-1051.e5. [PMID: 31995748 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is an immunosuppressive cytokine composed of Epstein-Barr-virus-induced protein 3 (Ebi3) and IL-12α chain (p35) subunits, yet the forms that IL-35 assume and its role in peripheral tolerance remain elusive. We induce CBA-specific, IL-35-producing T regulatory (Treg) cells in TregEbi3WT C57BL/6 reporter mice and identify IL-35 producers by expression of Ebi3TdTom gene reporter plus Ebi3 and p35 proteins. Curiously, both subunits of IL-35 are displayed on the surface of tolerogen-specific Foxp3+ and Foxp3neg (iTr35) T cells. Furthermore, IL-35 producers, although rare, secrete Ebi3 and p35 on extracellular vesicles (EVs) targeting a 25- to 100-fold higher number of T and B lymphocytes, causing them to acquire surface IL-35. This surface IL-35 is absent when EV production is inhibited or if Ebi3 is genetically deleted in Treg cells. The unique ability of EVs to coat bystander lymphocytes with IL-35, promoting exhaustion in, and secondary suppression by, non-Treg cells identifies a novel mechanism of infectious tolerance.
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17
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Wang Y, Zhao J, Guo FL, Gao X, Xie X, Liu S, Yang X, Yang X, Zhang L, Ye Y, Fan L, Wang J. Metformin Ameliorates Synaptic Defects in a Mouse Model of AD by Inhibiting Cdk5 Activity. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:170. [PMID: 32670025 PMCID: PMC7327108 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a serine/threonine kinase that is activated by the neuron-specific activators p35/p39 and plays important roles in neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive behavior. However, the proteolytic cleavage of p35 to p25 leads to prolonged and aberrant Cdk5 activation and results in synaptic depression, highly mimicking the early pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Therefore, Cdk5 inhibition is a potential promising strategy for AD drug development. Here in the present study, we showed that metformin, the most widely used drug for type 2 diabetes, suppressed Cdk5 hyper-activation and Cdk5-dependent tau hyper-phosphorylation in the APP/PS1 mouse hippocampus. We also identified the underlying molecular and cellular mechanism that metformin prevented Cdk5 hyper-activation by inhibiting the calpain-dependent cleavage of p35 into p25. Moreover, chronic metformin treatment rescued the core phenotypes in APP/PS1 mice as evidenced by restored spine density, surface GluA1 trafficking, Long-term potentiation (LTP) expression, and spatial memory. Altogether our study discovered an unidentified role of metformin in suppressing Cdk5 hyper-activation and thus preventing AD pathogenesis and suggested that metformin is a potential promising AD therapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- YaLi Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Brain Research of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - JianHua Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Fang-Li Guo
- Department of Neurology, Anyang District Hospital of Puyang City, Anyang, China
| | - XiaHuan Gao
- Department of Pathology, People's Hospital of Tongchuan, Tongchuan, China
| | - Xine Xie
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jinhua, Jinhua, China
| | - ShouQing Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jinhua, Jinhua, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - XinFeng Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - LuYi Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - YuXiao Ye
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - LiBing Fan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - JianGang Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Brain Research of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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18
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Shukla AK, Spurrier J, Kuzina I, Giniger E. Hyperactive Innate Immunity Causes Degeneration of Dopamine Neurons upon Altering Activity of Cdk5. Cell Rep 2019; 26:131-144.e4. [PMID: 30605670 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is central to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders, but it remains unclear why immunity is altered in the disease state and whether changes in immunity are a cause or a consequence of neuronal dysfunction. Here, we identify a molecular pathway that links innate immunity to age-dependent loss of dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila. We find, first, that altering the expression of the activating subunit of the Cdk5 protein kinase (Cdk5α) causes severe disruption of autophagy. Second, this disruption of autophagy is both necessary and sufficient to cause the hyperactivation of innate immunity, particularly expression of anti-microbial peptides. Finally, it is the upregulation of immunity that induces the age-dependent death of dopaminergic neurons. Given the dysregulation of Cdk5 and innate immunity in human neurodegeneration and the conserved role of the kinase in the regulation of autophagy, this sequence is likely to have direct application to the chain of events in human neurodegenerative disease. How can one disentangle the many pathologies of neurodegeneration from one another and from normal aging? Shukla et al. show that a mutation in Drosophila kills neurons by impairing autophagy, which in turn stimulates neurotoxic levels of innate immunity, and this acts synergistically with a parallel pathway that accelerates aging.
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19
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Zhuang K, Huang C, Leng L, Zheng H, Gao Y, Chen G, Ji Z, Sun H, Hu Y, Wu D, Shi M, Li H, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Xue M, Bu G, Huang TY, Xu H, Zhang J. Neuron-Specific Menin Deletion Leads to Synaptic Dysfunction and Cognitive Impairment by Modulating p35 Expression. Cell Rep 2019; 24:701-712. [PMID: 30021166 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Menin (MEN1) is a critical modulator of tissue development and maintenance. As such, MEN1 mutations are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome. Although menin is abundantly expressed in the nervous system, little is known with regard to its function in the adult brain. Here, we demonstrate that neuron-specific deletion of Men1 (CcKO) affects dendritic branching and spine formation, resulting in defects in synaptic function, learning, and memory. Furthermore, we find that menin binds to the p35 promoter region to facilitate p35 transcription. As a primary Cdk5 activator, p35 is expressed mainly in neurons and is critical for brain development and synaptic plasticity. Restoration of p35 expression in the hippocampus and cortex of Men1 CcKO mice rescues synaptic and cognitive deficits associated with Men1 deletion. These results reveal a critical role for menin in synaptic and cognitive function by modulating the p35-Cdk5 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhuang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Changquan Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Lige Leng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Honghua Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yuehong Gao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Guimiao Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhilin Ji
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Di Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Meng Shi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Huifang Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yunwu Zhang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maoqiang Xue
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Guojun Bu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Timothy Y Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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20
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Abstract
The atypical cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is considered as a neuron-specific kinase that plays important roles in many cellular functions including cell motility and survival. The activation of CDK5 is dependent on interaction with its activator p35, p39, or p25. These activators share a CDK5-binding domain and form a tertiary structure similar to that of cyclins. Upon activation, CDK5/p35 complexes localize primarily in the plasma membrane, cytosol, and perinuclear region. Although other CDKs are activated by cyclins, binding of cyclin D and E showed no effect on CDK5 activation. However, it has been shown that CDK5 can be activated by cyclin I, which results in anti-apoptotic functions due to the increased expression of Bcl-2 family proteins. Treatment with the CDK5 inhibitor roscovitine sensitizes cells to heat-induced apoptosis and its phosphorylation, which results in prevention of the apoptotic protein functions. Here, we highlight the regulatory mechanisms of CDK5 and its roles in cellular processes such as gene regulation, cell survival, and apoptosis.
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21
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Zhou T, Wang H, Shen J, Li W, Cao M, Hong Y, Cao M. The p35/CDK5 signaling is regulated by p75NTR in neuronal apoptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15856-15871. [PMID: 30770557 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), a member of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, involves in neuronal apoptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). It has been previously demonstrated that phosphorylation of p35 is a crucial factor for fighting against the proapoptotic p25/CDK5 signaling in neuronal apoptosis. Then, in ICH models of rats and primary cortical neurons, we found that the expressions of p75NTR, p-histone H1 (the kinase activity of CDK5), p25, Fas-associated phosphatase-1 (FAP-1), and phosphorylated myocyte enhancer factor 2D (p-MEF2D) were enhanced after ICH, whereas the expression of p35-Thr(138) was attenuated. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis indicated several interactions as follows: p35/p25 and CKD5, p75NTR and p35, as well as p75NTR and FAP-1. After p75NTR or FAP-1 depletion with double-stranded RNA interference in PC12 cells, the levels of p25 and p-histone H1 were attenuated, whereas p35-Thr(138) was elevated. Considering p75NTR has no effect of dephosphorylation, our results suggested that p75NTR might promote the dephosphorylation of p35-Thr(138) via interaction with FAP-1, and the p75NTR/p35 complex upregulated p25/CDK5 signaling to facilitate the neuronal apoptosis following ICH. So, in the study, we aimed to provide a theoretical and experimental basis that p75NTR could be regulated to reduce neuronal apoptosis following ICH for potential clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nantong Rich Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiabing Shen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanyan Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Maosheng Cao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Hong
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Maohong Cao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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22
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Oner M, Lin E, Chen MC, Hsu FN, Shazzad Hossain Prince GM, Chiu KY, Teng CLJ, Yang TY, Wang HY, Yue CH, Yu CH, Lai CH, Hsieh JT, Lin H. Future Aspects of CDK5 in Prostate Cancer: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163881. [PMID: 31395805 PMCID: PMC6720211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is a unique member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family. CDK5 is activated by binding with its regulatory proteins, mainly p35, and its activation is essential in the development of the central nervous system (CNS) and neurodegeneration. Recently, it has been reported that CDK5 plays important roles in regulating various biological and pathological processes, including cancer progression. Concerning prostate cancer, the androgen receptor (AR) is majorly involved in tumorigenesis, while CDK5 can phosphorylate AR and promotes the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Clinical evidence has also shown that the level of CDK5 is associated with the progression of prostate cancer. Interestingly, inhibition of CDK5 prevents prostate cancer cell growth, while drug-triggered CDK5 hyperactivation leads to apoptosis. The blocking of CDK5 activity by its small interfering RNAs (siRNA) or Roscovitine, a pan-CDK inhibitor, reduces the cellular AR protein level and triggers the death of prostate cancer cells. Thus, CDK5 plays a crucial role in the growth of prostate cancer cells, and AR regulation is one of the important pathways. In this review paper, we summarize the significant studies on CDK5-mediated regulation of prostate cancer cells. We propose that the CDK5–p35 complex might be an outstanding candidate as a diagnostic marker and potential target for prostate cancer treatment in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Oner
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Eugene Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 505, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chih Chen
- Translational Cell Therapy Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Ning Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | | | - Kun-Yuan Chiu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Lin Jerry Teng
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Internal, Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ying Yang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Herng Yue
- Department of Surgery, Tung's Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Han Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung Medical University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ho Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
- Program in Translational Medicine and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
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23
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Kamiki E, Boehringer R, Polygalov D, Ohshima T, McHugh TJ. Inducible Knockout of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 Activator p35 Alters Hippocampal Spatial Coding and Neuronal Excitability. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:138. [PMID: 29867369 PMCID: PMC5966581 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
p35 is an activating co-factor of Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), a protein whose dysfunction has been implicated in a wide-range of neurological disorders including cognitive impairment and disease. Inducible deletion of the p35 gene in adult mice results in profound deficits in hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and synaptic physiology, however the impact of the loss of p35 function on hippocampal in vivo physiology and spatial coding remains unknown. Here, we recorded CA1 pyramidal cell activity in freely behaving p35 cKO and control mice and found that place cells in the mutant mice have elevated firing rates and impaired spatial coding, accompanied by changes in the temporal organization of spiking both during exploration and rest. These data shed light on the role of p35 in maintaining cellular and network excitability and provide a physiological correlate of the spatial learning deficits in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Kamiki
- Laboratory for Molecular Brain Science, Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Roman Boehringer
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Denis Polygalov
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Laboratory for Molecular Brain Science, Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas J McHugh
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Japan
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24
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Spurrier J, Shukla AK, McLinden K, Johnson K, Giniger E. Altered expression of the Cdk5 activator-like protein, Cdk5α, causes neurodegeneration, in part by accelerating the rate of aging. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm031161. [PMID: 29469033 PMCID: PMC5897722 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the greatest risk factor for neurodegeneration, but the connection between the two processes remains opaque. This is in part for want of a rigorous way to define physiological age, as opposed to chronological age. Here, we develop a comprehensive metric for physiological age in Drosophila, based on genome-wide expression profiling. We applied this metric to a model of adult-onset neurodegeneration, increased or decreased expression of the activating subunit of the Cdk5 protein kinase, encoded by the gene Cdk5α, the ortholog of mammalian p35. Cdk5α-mediated degeneration was associated with a 27-150% acceleration of the intrinsic rate of aging, depending on the tissue and genetic manipulation. Gene ontology analysis and direct experimental tests revealed that affected age-associated processes included numerous core phenotypes of neurodegeneration, including enhanced oxidative stress and impaired proteostasis. Taken together, our results suggest that Cdk5α-mediated neurodegeneration results from accelerated aging, in combination with cell-autonomous neuronal insults. These data fundamentally recast our picture of the relationship between neurodegeneration and its most prominent risk factor, natural aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Spurrier
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 02892, USA
- The Johns Hopkins University/National Institutes of Health Graduate Partnership Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 02892, USA
| | - Arvind Kumar Shukla
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 02892, USA
| | - Kristina McLinden
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 02892, USA
| | - Kory Johnson
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 02892, USA
| | - Edward Giniger
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 02892, USA
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25
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Lenjisa JL, Tadesse S, Khair NZ, Kumarasiri M, Yu M, Albrecht H, Milne R, Wang S. CDK5 in oncology: recent advances and future prospects. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1939-62. [PMID: 29076761 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective abrogation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) activity is a highly promising strategy in cancer treatment. The atypical CDK, CDK5 has long been known for its role in neurodegenerative diseases, and is becoming an attractive drug target for cancer therapy. Myriads of recent studies have uncovered that aberrant expression of CDK5 contributes to the oncogenic initiation and progression of multiple solid and hematological malignancies. CDK5 is also implicated in the regulation of cancer stem cell biology. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge of CDK5 as a druggable target for cancer treatment. We also provide a detailed outlook of designing selective and potent inhibitors of this enzyme.
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26
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Shah K, Rossie S. Tale of the Good and the Bad Cdk5: Remodeling of the Actin Cytoskeleton in the Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3426-3438. [PMID: 28502042 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cdk5 kinase, a cyclin-dependent kinase family member, is a key regulator of cytoskeletal remodeling in the brain. Cdk5 is essential for brain development during embryogenesis. After birth, it is essential for numerous neuronal processes such as learning and memory formation, drug addiction, pain signaling, and long-term behavior changes, all of which rely on rapid alterations in the cytoskeleton. Cdk5 activity is deregulated in various brain disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and ischemic stroke, resulting in profound remodeling of the neuronal cytoskeleton, loss of synapses, and ultimately neurodegeneration. This review focuses on the "good and bad" Cdk5 in the brain and its pleiotropic contribution in regulating neuronal actin cytoskeletal remodeling. A vast majority of physiological and pathological Cdk5 substrates are associated with the actin cytoskeleton. Thus, our special emphasis is on the numerous Cdk5 substrates identified in the past two decades such as ephexin1, p27, Mst3, CaMKv, kalirin-7, RasGRF2, Pak1, WAVE1, neurabin-1, TrkB, 5-HT6R, talin, drebrin, synapsin I, synapsin III, CRMP1, GKAP, SPAR, PSD-95, and LRRK2. These substrates have unraveled the molecular mechanisms by which Cdk5 plays divergent roles in regulating neuronal actin cytoskeletal dynamics both in healthy and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center of Cancer Research, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Sandra Rossie
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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27
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Abstract
Axon specification is a critical step in neuronal development, and the function of glial cells in this process is not fully understood. Here, we show that C. elegans GLR glial cells regulate axon specification of their nearby GABAergic RME neurons through GLR-RME gap junctions. Disruption of GLR-RME gap junctions causes misaccumulation of axonal markers in non-axonal neurites of RME neurons and converts microtubules in those neurites to form an axon-like assembly. We further uncover that GLR-RME gap junctions regulate RME axon specification through activation of the CDK-5 pathway in a calcium-dependent manner, involving a calpain clp-4. Therefore, our study reveals the function of glia-neuron gap junctions in neuronal axon specification and shows that calcium originated from glial cells can regulate neuronal intracellular pathways through gap junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Meng
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Albert Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Yishi Jin
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke Medical Center, Durham, United States
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28
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He H, Deng K, Siddiq MM, Pyie A, Mellado W, Hannila SS, Filbin MT. Cyclic AMP and Polyamines Overcome Inhibition by Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein through eIF5A-Mediated Increases in p35 Expression and Activation of Cdk5. J Neurosci 2016; 36:3079-91. [PMID: 26961960 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4012-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory molecules associated with CNS myelin, such as myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), represent major obstacles to axonal regeneration following CNS injury. Our laboratory has shown that elevating levels of intracellular cAMP, via application of the nonhydrolyzable analog dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP), can block the inhibitory effects of MAG and myelin. We have also shown that elevation of cAMP results in upregulation of arginase I and increased polyamine synthesis. Treatment with putrescine or spermidine blocks myelin-mediated inhibition of neurite outgrowth, but the mechanism underlying this effect has not yet been elucidated. Here we show that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is required for dbcAMP and putrescine to overcome MAG-mediated inhibition. The ability of dbcAMP and putrescine to overcome inhibition by MAG is abolished in the presence of roscovitine, a Cdk inhibitor that has greater selectivity for Cdk5, and expression of dominant negative Cdk5 abolishes the ability of dbcAMP or putrescine to enhance neurite outgrowth in the presence of MAG. Importantly, dbcAMP and putrescine increase expression of p35, the neuron-specific activator of Cdk5, and rat DRG neurons transduced with HSV overexpressing p35 can overcome inhibition by MAG. The upregulation of p35 by putrescine is also reflected in increased localization of p35 to neurites and growth cones. Last, we show that putrescine upregulates p35 expression by serving as a substrate for hypusine modification of eIF5A, and that this hypusination is necessary for putrescine's ability to overcome inhibition by MAG. Our findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism by which polyamines may encourage regeneration after CNS injury.
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29
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Luo F, Zhang J, Burke K, Miller RH, Yang Y. The Activators of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 p35 and p39 Are Essential for Oligodendrocyte Maturation, Process Formation, and Myelination. J Neurosci 2016; 36:3024-37. [PMID: 26961956 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2250-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of oligodendrocyte development and myelin formation in the CNS is poorly defined. Multiple signals influence the rate and extent of CNS myelination, including the noncanonical cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) whose functions are regulated by its activators p35 and p39. Here we show that selective loss of either p35 or p39 perturbed specific aspects of oligodendrocyte development, whereas loss of both p35 and p39 completely inhibited the development of mature oligodendrocytes and myelination. In the absence of p35, oligodendrocyte differentiation was delayed, process outgrowth was truncated in vitro, and the patterning and extent of myelination were perturbed in the CNS of p35(-/-) mice. In the absence of p39, oligodendrocyte maturation was transiently affected both in vitro and in vivo. However, loss of both p35 and p39 in oligodendrocyte lineage cells completely inhibited oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation and myelination both in vitro and after transplantation into shiverer slice cultures. Loss of p35 and p39 had a more profound effect on oligodendrocyte development than simply the loss of Cdk5 and could not be rescued by Cdk5 overexpression. These data suggest p35 and p39 have specific and overlapping roles in oligodendrocyte development, some of which may be independent of Cdk5 activation.
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30
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Cardone A, Brady M, Sriram R, Pant HC, Hassan SA. Computational study of the inhibitory mechanism of the kinase CDK5 hyperactivity by peptide p5 and derivation of a pharmacophore. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2016; 30:513-21. [PMID: 27387995 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-016-9922-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The hyperactivity of the cyclic dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) induced by the activator protein p25 has been linked to a number of pathologies of the brain. The CDK5-p25 complex has thus emerged as a major therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative conditions. Experiments have shown that the peptide p5 reduces the CDK5-p25 activity without affecting the endogenous CDK5-p35 activity, whereas the peptide TFP5, obtained from p5, elicits similar inhibition, crosses the blood-brain barrier, and exhibits behavioral rescue of AD mice models with no toxic side effects. The molecular basis of the kinase inhibition is not currently known, and is here investigated by computer simulations. It is shown that p5 binds the kinase at the same CDK5/p25 and CDK5/p35 interfaces, and is thus a non-selective competitor of both activators, in agreement with available experimental data in vitro. Binding of p5 is enthalpically driven with an affinity estimated in the low µM range. A quantitative description of the binding site and pharmacophore is presented, and options are discussed to increase the binding affinity and selectivity in the design of drug-like compounds against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cardone
- Software and System Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
- Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - M Brady
- Software and System Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - R Sriram
- Software and System Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - H C Pant
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - S A Hassan
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Division of Computational Bioscience, CIT, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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31
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Park SJ, Yang SW, Kim BC. Transforming growth factor-β1 induces cell cycle arrest by activating atypical cyclin-dependent kinase 5 through up-regulation of Smad3-dependent p35 expression in human MCF10A mammary epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:502-7. [PMID: 26966064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) play important roles in control of cell division. Cdk5 is an atypical member of Cdk family with non-cyclin-like regulatory subunit, p35, but its role in cell cycle progression is still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of Cdk5/p35 on transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced cell cycle arrest. In human MCF10A mammary epithelial cells, TGF-β1 induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and increased p27KIP1 expression. Interestingly, pretreatment with roscovitine, an inhibitor of Cdk5, or transfection with small interfering (si) RNAs specific to Cdk5 and p35 significantly attenuated the TGF-β1-induced p27KIP1 expression and cell cycle arrest. TGF-β1 increased Cdk5 activity via up-regulation of p35 gene at transcriptional level, and these effects were abolished by transfection with Smad3 siRNA or infection of adenovirus carrying Smad3 mutant at the C-tail (3SA). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay further revealed that wild type Smad3, but not mutant Smad3 (3SA), binds to the region of the p35 promoter region (-1000--755) in a TGF-β1-dependent manner. These results for the first time demonstrate a role of Cdk5/p35 in the regulation of cell cycle progression modulated by TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ji Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Sun Woo Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea.
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32
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Shah K, Lahiri DK. A Tale of the Good and Bad: Remodeling of the Microtubule Network in the Brain by Cdk5. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2255-2268. [PMID: 26944284 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cdk5, a cyclin-dependent kinase family member, is a global orchestrator of neuronal cytoskeletal dynamics. During embryogenesis, Cdk5 is indispensable for brain development. In adults, it is essential for numerous neuronal processes, including higher cognitive functions such as learning and memory formation, drug addiction, pain signaling, and long-term behavior changes through long-term potentiation and long-term depression, all of which rely on rapid alterations in the cytoskeleton. Cdk5 activity becomes deregulated in various brain disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and ischemic stroke; these all result in profound remodeling of the neuronal cytoskeleton. This Commentary specifically focuses on the pleiotropic contribution of Cdk5 in regulating neuronal microtubule remodeling. Because the vast majority of the physiological substrates of Cdk5 are associated with the neuronal cytoskeleton, our emphasis is on the Cdk5 substrates, such as CRMP2, stathmin, drebrin, dixdc1, axin, MAP2, MAP1B, doublecortin, kinesin-5, and tau, that have allowed to unravel the molecular mechanisms through which Cdk5 exerts its divergent roles in regulating neuronal microtubule dynamics, both in healthy and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Debomoy K Lahiri
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical & Molecular Genetics, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Neuroscience Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-2266, USA
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33
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Kong B, Liu GB, Zhang JA, Fu XX, Xiang WY, Gao YC, Lu YB, Wu XJ, Qiu F, Wang WD, Yi LL, Zhong JX, Chen ZW, Xu JF. Elevated serum IL-35 and increased expression of IL-35- p35 or -EBI3 in CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in patients with active tuberculosis. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:623-633. [PMID: 27158354 PMCID: PMC4846911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent appreciation of interleukin 35 (IL-35) function in inflammatory diseases, little is known for IL-35 response in patients with active tuberculosis (ATB). In the current study, we demonstrated that ATB patients exhibited increases in serum IL-35 and in mRNA expression of both subunits of IL-35 (p35 and EBI3) in white blood cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Consistently, anti-TB drug treatment led to reduction in serum IL-35 level and p35 or EBI3 expression. TB infection was associated with expression of p35 or EBI3 protein in CD4(+) but not CD8(+) T cells. Most p35(+)CD4(+) T cells and EBI3(+)CD4(+) T cells expressed Treg-associated marker CD25. Our findings may be important in understanding immune pathogenesis of TB. IL-35 in the blood may potentially serve as a biomarker for immune status and prognosis in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular DiagnosticsNo. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Gan-Bin Liu
- Dongguan 6 People’s HospitalDongguan 523008, China
| | - Jun-Ai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular DiagnosticsNo. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical CollegeNo. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular DiagnosticsNo. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Wen-Yu Xiang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical CollegeNo. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yu-Chi Gao
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical CollegeNo. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yuan-Bin Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular DiagnosticsNo. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xian-Jing Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular DiagnosticsNo. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical collegeZhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineGuangzhou 510120, China
| | - Wan-Dang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular DiagnosticsNo. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of MedicineChicago 60612, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lai-Long Yi
- Dongguan 6 People’s HospitalDongguan 523008, China
| | - Ji-Xin Zhong
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, Maryland 21201, United States of America
| | - Zheng W Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of MedicineChicago 60612, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jun-Fa Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular DiagnosticsNo. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical CollegeNo. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China
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Maskey D, Marlin MC, Kim S, Kim S, Ong EC, Li G, Tsiokas L. Cell cycle-dependent ubiquitylation and destruction of NDE1 by CDK5-FBW7 regulates ciliary length. EMBO J 2015. [PMID: 26206584 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia start forming within the G1 phase of the cell cycle and continue to grow as cells exit the cell cycle (G0). They start resorbing when cells re-enter the cell cycle (S phase) and are practically invisible in mitosis. The mechanisms by which cilium biogenesis and disassembly are coupled to the cell cycle are complex and not well understood. We previously identified the centrosomal phosphoprotein NDE1 as a negative regulator of ciliary length and showed that its levels inversely correlate with ciliogenesis. Here, we identify the tumor suppressor FBW7 (also known as FBXW7, CDC4, AGO, or SEL-10) as the E3 ligase that mediates the destruction of NDE1 upon entry into G1. CDK5, a kinase active in G1/G0, primes NDE1 for FBW7-mediated recognition. Cells depleted of FBW7 or CDK5 show enhanced levels of NDE1 and a reduction in ciliary length, which is corrected in cells depleted of both FBW7 or CDK5 and NDE1. These data show that cell cycle-dependent mechanisms can control ciliary length through a CDK5-FBW7-NDE1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Maskey
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Matthew Caleb Marlin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Seokho Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sehyun Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - E-Ching Ong
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Guangpu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Leonidas Tsiokas
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Tsai SYA, Pokrass MJ, Klauer NR, Nohara H, Su TP. Sigma-1 receptor regulates Tau phosphorylation and axon extension by shaping p35 turnover via myristic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6742-7. [PMID: 25964330 PMCID: PMC4450430 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1422001112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) per relative concentrations of its activators p35 and p25 is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. P35 has a short t½ and undergoes rapid proteasomal degradation in its membrane-bound myristoylated form. P35 is converted by calpain to p25, which, along with an extended t½, promotes aberrant activation of cdk5 and causes abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau, thus leading to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. The sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) is an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone that is implicated in neuronal survival. However, the specific role of the Sig-1R in neurodegeneration is unclear. Here we found that Sig-1Rs regulate proper tau phosphorylation and axon extension by promoting p35 turnover through the receptor's interaction with myristic acid. In Sig-1R-KO neurons, a greater accumulation of p35 is seen, which results from neither elevated transcription of p35 nor disrupted calpain activity, but rather to the slower degradation of p35. In contrast, Sig-1R overexpression causes a decrease of p35. Sig-1R-KO neurons exhibit shorter axons with lower densities. Myristic acid is found here to bind Sig-1R as an agonist that causes the dissociation of Sig-1R from its cognate partner binding immunoglobulin protein. Remarkably, treatment of Sig-1R-KO neurons with exogenous myristic acid mitigates p35 accumulation, diminishes tau phosphorylation, and restores axon elongation. Our results define the involvement of Sig-1Rs in neurodegeneration and provide a mechanistic explanation that Sig-1Rs help maintain proper tau phosphorylation by potentially carrying and providing myristic acid to p35 for enhanced p35 degradation to circumvent the formation of overreactive cdk5/p25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Yi A Tsai
- Cellular Pathobiology Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Michael J Pokrass
- Cellular Pathobiology Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Neal R Klauer
- Cellular Pathobiology Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Hiroshi Nohara
- Cellular Pathobiology Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Tsung-Ping Su
- Cellular Pathobiology Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD 21224
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Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinase-5 (Cdk5), a family member of the cyclin-dependent kinases, plays a pivotal role in the central nervous system. During embryogenesis, Cdk5 is indispensable for brain development and, in the adult brain, it is essential for numerous neuronal processes, including higher cognitive functions such as learning and memory formation. However, Cdk5 activity becomes deregulated in several neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, which leads to neurotoxicity. Therefore, precise control over Cdk5 activity is essential for its physiological functions. This Commentary covers the various mechanisms of Cdk5 regulation, including several recently identified protein activators and inhibitors of Cdk5 that control its activity in normal and diseased brains. We also discuss the autoregulatory activity of Cdk5 and its regulation at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. We finally highlight physiological and pathological roles of Cdk5 in the brain. Specific modulation of these protein regulators is expected to provide alternative strategies for the development of effective therapeutic interventions that are triggered by deregulation of Cdk5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Debomoy K Lahiri
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Departments of Psychiatry and of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Neuroscience Research Building, 320 W. 15th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Posada-Duque RA, López-Tobón A, Piedrahita D, González-Billault C, Cardona-Gomez GP. p35 and Rac1 underlie the neuroprotection and cognitive improvement induced by CDK5 silencing. J Neurochem 2015; 134:354-70. [PMID: 25864429 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
CDK5 plays an important role in neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity in the normal function of the adult brain, and dysregulation can lead to Tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive impairment. In a previous study, we demonstrated that RNAi knock down of CDK5 reduced the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and prevented neuronal loss in triple transgenic Alzheimer's mice. Here, we report that CDK5 RNAi protected against glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity using primary hippocampal neurons transduced with adeno-associated virus 2.5 viral vector eGFP-tagged scrambled or CDK5 shRNA-miR during 12 days. Protection was dependent on a concomitant increase in p35 and was reversed using p35 RNAi, which affected the down-stream Rho GTPase activity. Furthermore, p35 over-expression and constitutively active Rac1 mimicked CDK5 silencing-induced neuroprotection. In addition, 3xTg-Alzheimer's disease mice (24 months old) were injected in the hippocampus with scrambled or CDK5 shRNA-miR, and spatial learning and memory were performed 3 weeks post-injection using 'Morris' water maze test. Our data showed that CDK5 knock down induced an increase in p35 protein levels and Rac activity in triple transgenic Alzheimer's mice, which correlated with the recovery of cognitive function; these findings confirm that increased p35 and active Rac are involved in neuroprotection. In summary, our data suggest that p35 acts as a mediator of Rho GTPase activity and contributes to the neuroprotection induced by CDK5 RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Andres Posada-Duque
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, Calle 70 N°. 52-21, University of Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alejandro López-Tobón
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, Calle 70 N°. 52-21, University of Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diego Piedrahita
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, Calle 70 N°. 52-21, University of Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Christian González-Billault
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Universidad de Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gomez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, Calle 70 N°. 52-21, University of Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
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Tan X, Chen Y, Li J, Li X, Miao Z, Xin N, Zhu J, Ge W, Feng Y, Xu X. The inhibition of Cdk5 activity after hypoxia/ischemia injury reduces infarct size and promotes functional recovery in neonatal rats. Neuroscience 2015; 290:552-60. [PMID: 25665755 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that over-activation of Cdk5 is a crucial pro-death signal and Cdk5 activity inhibition provides neuroprotection in animal stroke models. However, Cdk5 inhibitors are reported to affect physiological functions of Cdk5 and lead to serious side effects. Therefore, targeting Cdk5 or its activators without affecting physiological functions of Cdk5 is a therapeutic strategy for ischemic brain injury. In this study, we examined Cdk5 activity in a rat hypoxia/ischemia (HI) injury model. Cdk5 expression was not changed after HI injury, but Cdk5 activity significantly increased, which was demonstrated by the increased phorsphorylation-phosphorylation of Tau and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), two downstream signals of Cdk5. We further showed that the levels of Cdk5 activators p35 and p39 decreased after HI injury, while p25, which is converted from p35 and has a higher activator activity on Cdk5, increased markedly after HI injury. P5, a 24-residue mimetic peptide of p35, was reported to specifically inhibit the p25/Cdk5 signal pathway in an Alzheimer's disease model. P5-TAT, which can cross the blood-brain barrier and cell membrane facilitated by TAT protein, was used in our study. We found that p5-TAT treatment did not change the levels of p35, p39, and p25, but reduced the phorsphorylation of Tau and GR, suggesting the inhibition of the p25/Cdk5 by the peptide p5-TAT. This was supported by the fact that p5 interacted with Cdk5, but not with Cdk5 activators. In addition, p5-TAT reduced cleaved caspase-3 level, a marker of neuronal apoptosis. We further demonstrated that p5-TAT pre-treatment reduced cerebral infarct volume; even when p5-TAT was delayed to be administered at 24h after HI injury, p5-TAT still promoted long-term functional recovery. Therefore, Cdk5 inhibition by the small peptide p5-TAT or its derivatives is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemic brain injury including hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China; The Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Y Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China; The Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - J Li
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, 118 Wansheng Street, Suzhou City, China
| | - X Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China; The Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Z Miao
- The Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - N Xin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China; The Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - J Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - W Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Y Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - X Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China; The Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Jun YL, Bae CH, Kim D, Koo S, Kim S. Korean Red Ginseng protects dopaminergic neurons by suppressing the cleavage of p35 to p25 in a Parkinson's disease mouse model. J Ginseng Res 2014; 39:148-54. [PMID: 26045688 PMCID: PMC4452523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng is known to have antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. The present study investigated a possible role of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) in suppressing dopaminergic neuronal cell death and the cleavage of p35 to p25 in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum (ST) using a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model. Methods Ten-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with 30 mg/kg of MPTP at 24-h intervals for 5 d, and then administered KRG (1 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, or 100 mg/kg) once a day for 12 consecutive days from the first injection. Pole tests were performed to assess the motor function of the mice, dopaminergic neuronal survival in the SN and ST was evaluated using tyrosine hydroxylase-immunohistochemistry, and the expressions of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), p35, and p25 in the SN and ST were measured using Western blotting. Results MPTP administration caused behavioral impairment, dopaminergic neuronal death, increased Cdk5 and p25 expression, and decreased p35 expression in the nigrostriatal system of mice, whereas KRG dose-dependently alleviated these MPTP-induced changes. Conclusion These results indicate that KRG can inhibit MPTP-induced dopaminergic neuronal death and suppress the cleavage of p35 to p25 in the SN and the ST, suggesting a possible role for KRG in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lee Jun
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Bae
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Dongsoo Kim
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Sungtae Koo
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Seungtae Kim
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
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Wang T, Husain M. The expanding repertoire of the IL-12 cytokine family in teleost fish: Identification of three paralogues each of the p35 and p40 genes in salmonids, and comparative analysis of their expression and modulation in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Dev Comp Immunol 2014; 46:194-207. [PMID: 24759618 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-12 family cytokines are heterodimers of an α-chain (p19, p28 and p35) and a β-chain (p40 and Ebi3), present as IL-12 (p35/p40), IL-23 (p19/p40), IL-27 (p28/Ebi3) and IL-35 (p35/Ebi3), and play key roles in immune responses in mammals. One p35 and up to three p40 genes have been cloned in some fish species. The identification of three active p35 genes, along with three p40 paralogues in salmonids in the current study further expands the repertoire of IL-12, IL-23 and IL-35 molecules in these species. The multiple p35 genes in teleost fish appear to have arisen via whole genome duplications. The different paralogues of the subunits are divergent, and differentially expressed and modulated by PAMPs and proinflammatory cytokines, hinting that distinct isoforms could be produced in response to infection. Therefore, the expanded IL-12 cytokine family may provide an unprecedented level of regulation to fine tune the immune response in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Mansourah Husain
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
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Yu F, Wang Y, Xu H, Dong J, Wei W, Wang Y, Shan Z, Teng W, Xi Q, Chen J. Developmental iodine deficiency delays the maturation of newborn granule neurons associated with downregulation of p35 in postnatal rat hippocampus. Environ Toxicol 2014; 29:847-855. [PMID: 22987596 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the role of p35 in the maturation of hippocampal granule neurons in offspring caused by developmental iodine deficiency. Two developmental rat models were established with either an iodine-deficient diet, or propylthiouracil-adulterated water (5 ppm) to impair thyroid function, in pregnant rats from gestational day 6 until postnatal day 28. The protein levels of p35, cyclin-dependent kinase 5, β-catenin, and N-cadherin were assessed on postnatal day 14, 21, and 28. Dendritic morphogenesis of newborn granule neurons in dentate gyrus was examined. Developmental hypothyroidism induced by iodine deficiency and PTU treatment delayed the maturation of hippocampal granule neurons in the offspring and decreased the percentage of Dcx-positive neurons that expressed β-catenin on postnatal day 21 and 28. In addition, downregulation of p35 was observed in dentate gyrus of hypothyroid groups. Developmental hypothyroidism induced by iodine deficiency and PTU treatment could delay the maturation of newborn granule neurons in dentate gyrus, and this deficit may be attributed to the downregulation of p35.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Inoue T, Kusano T, Tomori K, Nakamoto H, Suzuki H, Okada H. Effects of cell-type-specific expression of a pan-caspase inhibitor on renal fibrogenesis. Clin Exp Nephrol 2014; 19:350-8. [PMID: 25070875 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-014-1011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The caspase family of enzymes is grouped into two major sub-families, namely apoptotic and inflammatory caspases, which play central roles in the induction of apoptosis, regulation of inflammation and immunity, and cellular differentiation. METHODS The role of caspase activation in tubular epithelium and interstitial cells of 3 lines of transgenic mice with obstructed nephropathy was examined: p35 mice bearing the pan-caspase inhibitor protein expressed by the p35 gene separated from the universal CAG promoter by a floxed STOP sequence were crossed with γGT.Cre and FSP1.Cre mice that express Cre recombinase in the cortical tubular epithelium and FSP1(+) interstitial cells, respectively. The γGT.Cre;p35, FSP1.Cre;p35 and p35 control mice were then challenged with unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO). RESULTS Proinflammatory parameters such as protein levels of active IL-1β subunit and mRNA levels of TNF-α and NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing-3, and profibrogenic parameters such as interstitial matrix deposition and mRNA levels of fibronectin EIIIA isoform and α1 chain of procollagen type I in the kidneys were significantly increased at 7 days in the FSP1.Cre;p35- and p35-UUO mice, but not in the γGT.Cre;p35-UUO mice. These changes paralleled the numbers of apoptotic nuclei in tubules, but not in interstitial cells, and the protein levels of active caspase-3 subunit in the kidneys of FSP1.Cre;p35-, p35- and γGT.Cre;p35-UUO mice. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence of the critical role of caspase activation in the tubular epithelium, but not in FSP1(+) interstitial cells, in apoptosis and inflammasome induction, leading to proinflammatory and profibrogenic processes in fibrous kidneys with UUO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Inoue
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Irumagun, Saitama, 350-0451, Japan
- Division of Project Research, Saitama Medical University Research Center of Genomic Medicine, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan
| | - Takeru Kusano
- Division of Project Research, Saitama Medical University Research Center of Genomic Medicine, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Irumagun, Saitama, 350-0451, Japan
| | - Kouji Tomori
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Irumagun, Saitama, 350-0451, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Nakamoto
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Irumagun, Saitama, 350-0451, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Irumagun, Saitama, 350-0451, Japan
- Division of Project Research, Saitama Medical University Research Center of Genomic Medicine, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Okada
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Irumagun, Saitama, 350-0451, Japan.
- Division of Project Research, Saitama Medical University Research Center of Genomic Medicine, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan.
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Irumagun, Saitama, 350-0451, Japan.
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Kimura T, Ishiguro K, Hisanaga SI. Physiological and pathological phosphorylation of tau by Cdk5. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:65. [PMID: 25076872 PMCID: PMC4097945 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau is one of the major pathological events in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other related neurodegenerative diseases, including frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17). Mutations in the tau gene MAPT are a cause of FTDP-17, and the mutated tau proteins are hyperphosphorylated in patient brains. Thus, it is important to determine the molecular mechanism of hyperphosphorylation of tau to understand the pathology of these diseases collectively called tauopathy. Tau is phosphorylated at many sites via several protein kinases, and a characteristic is phosphorylation at Ser/Thr residues in Ser/Thr-Pro sequences, which are targeted by proline-directed protein kinases such as ERK, GSK3β, and Cdk5. Among these kinases, Cdk5 is particularly interesting because it could be abnormally activated in AD. Cdk5 is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), but in contrast to the major Cdks, which promote cell cycle progression in proliferating cells, Cdk5 is activated in post-mitotic neurons via the neuron-specific activator p35. Cdk5-p35 plays a critical role in brain development and physiological synaptic activity. In contrast, in disease brains, Cdk5 is thought to be hyperactivated by p25, which is the N-terminal truncated form of p35 and is generated by cleavage with calpain. Several reports have indicated that tau is hyperphosphorylated by Cdk5-p25. However, normal and abnormal phosphorylation of tau by Cdk5 is still not completely understood. In this article, we summarize the physiological and pathological phosphorylation of tau via Cdk5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Kimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji, Japan
| | - Koichi Ishiguro
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hisanaga
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji, Japan
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Yang Y, Xuan M, Zhang X, Zhang D, Fu R, Zhou F, Ma L, Li H, Xue F, Zhang L, Yang R. Decreased IL-35 levels in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:909-13. [PMID: 24994465 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
IL-35 is a novel heterodimeric anti-inflammatory cytokine consisting of Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) and the p35 subunit of IL-12. IL-35 has been shown to possess the potency of inhibiting the CD4+ effector T cells and alleviating autoimmune diseases. In the study we investigated the levels of IL-35 as well as its prospective role in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).ELISA was adopted to measure plasma IL-35, TGF-β and IL-10 levels. The mRNA expression levels of P35 and EBI3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were studied based on real-time quantitative PCR. The correlation between plasma cytokine levels and clinical parameters was analyzed. Significantly lower plasma IL-35 levels were found in active ITP patients compared with those in remission (p = 0.017) and the healthy controls (p < 0.001). In active ITP patients, the plasma IL-35 levels displayed a significantly positive correlation with platelet counts (r = 0.5335, p < 0.0008). Further, P35 mRNA expression levels were lower in patients with active ITP than patients in remission (p = 0.033) and normal controls (p = 0.016).Thus, for the first time, this research reported a dramatically decreased IL-35 levels in ITP patients, suggesting that IL-35 may be involved in the pathogenesis of ITP.
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Abstract
In Drosophila, the Imd pathway is activated by diaminopimelic acid-type peptidoglycan and triggers the humoral innate immune response, including the robust induction of antimicrobial peptide gene expression. Imd and Relish, two essential components of this pathway, are both endoproteolytically cleaved upon immune stimulation. Genetic analyses have shown that these cleavage events are dependent on the caspase-8 like Dredd, suggesting that Imd and Relish are direct substrates of Dredd. Among the seven Drosophila caspases, we find that Dredd uniquely promotes Imd and Relish processing, and purified recombinant Dredd cleaves Imd and Relish in vitro. In addition, interdomain cleavage of Dredd is not required for Imd or Relish processing and is not observed during immune stimulation. Baculovirus p35, a suicide substrate of executioner caspases, is not cleaved by purified Dredd in vitro. Consistent with this biochemistry but contrary to earlier reports, p35 does not interfere with Imd signaling in S2* cells or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Hee Kim
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Donggi Paik
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Florentina Rus
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Neal Silverman
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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Kobayashi H, Saito T, Sato K, Furusawa K, Hosokawa T, Tsutsumi K, Asada A, Kamada S, Ohshima T, Hisanaga SI. Phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) at Tyr-15 is inhibited by Cdk5 activators and does not contribute to the activation of Cdk5. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19627-36. [PMID: 24872417 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.501148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdk5 is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) family. In contrast to other Cdks that promote cell proliferation, Cdk5 plays a role in regulating various neuronal functions, including neuronal migration, synaptic activity, and neuron death. Cdks responsible for cell proliferation need phosphorylation in the activation loop for activation in addition to binding a regulatory subunit cyclin. Cdk5, however, is activated only by binding to its activator, p35 or p39. Furthermore, in contrast to Cdk1 and Cdk2, which are inhibited by phosphorylation at Tyr-15, the kinase activity of Cdk5 is reported to be stimulated when phosphorylated at Tyr-15 by Src family kinases or receptor-type tyrosine kinases. We investigated the activation mechanism of Cdk5 by phosphorylation at Tyr-15. Unexpectedly, however, it was found that Tyr-15 phosphorylation occurred only on monomeric Cdk5, and the coexpression of activators, p35/p25, p39, or Cyclin I, inhibited the phosphorylation. In neuron cultures, too, the activation of Fyn tyrosine kinase did not increase Tyr-15 phosphorylation of Cdk5. Further, phospho-Cdk5 at Tyr-15 was not detected in the p35-bound Cdk5. In contrast, expression of active Fyn increased p35 in neurons. These results indicate that phosphorylation at Tyr-15 is not an activation mechanism of Cdk5 but, rather, indicate that tyrosine kinases could activate Cdk5 by increasing the protein amount of p35. These results call for reinvestigation of how Cdk5 is regulated downstream of Src family kinases or receptor tyrosine kinases in neurons, which is an important signaling cascade in a variety of neuronal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Taro Saito
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Ko Sato
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kotaro Furusawa
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hosokawa
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Koji Tsutsumi
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Akiko Asada
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shinji Kamada
- the Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, and
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- the Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Hisanaga
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan,
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Giese KP. Generation of the Cdk5 activator p25 is a memory mechanism that is affected in early Alzheimer's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:36. [PMID: 24822036 PMCID: PMC4013459 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
About 15 years ago it was proposed that generation of the truncated protein p25 contributes to toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). p25 is a calcium-dependent degradation product of p35, the principal activator of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5). The biochemical properties of p25 suggested that its generation would cause Cdk5 overactivation and tau hyperphosphorylation, a prerequisite for neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation. Whilst this model was appealing as it explained NFT formation, many laboratories could not confirm the finding of increased p25 generation in brain from AD patients. On the contrary, it emerged that p25 levels are reduced in AD. This reduction occurs primarily in the early stages of the disease. Further, p25 generation in the mouse hippocampus is associated with normal memory formation and p25 overexpression enhances synaptogenesis. Therefore, it transpires that p25 generation is a molecular memory mechanism that is impaired in early AD. I discuss the prospect that investigation of p25-regulated proteins will shed light into mechanisms underlying synaptic degeneration associated with memory decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Peter Giese
- Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, James Black Centre, King’s College LondonLondon, UK
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Xie W, Wang H, He Y, Li D, Gong L, Zhang Y. CDK5 and its activator P35 in normal pituitary and in pituitary adenomas: relationship to VEGF expression. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:192-9. [PMID: 24550687 PMCID: PMC3927131 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary tumors are monoclonal adenomas that account for about 10-15% of intracranial tumors. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) regulates the activities of various proteins and cellular processes in the nervous system, but its potential roles in pituitary adenomas are poorly understood. The kinase activity of CDK5 requires association with an activating protein, p35 (also known as CDK5 activator 1, p35). Here, we show that functional CDK5, associated with p35, is present in normal human pituitary and in pituitary tumors. Furthermore, p35 mRNA and protein levels were higher in pituitary adenomas than in the normal glands, suggesting that CDK5 activity might be upregulated in pituitary tumors. Inhibition of CDK5 activity in rat pituitary cells, reduced the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a protein that regulates vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Our results suggest that increased CDK5-mediated VEGF expression might play a crucial role in the development of pituitary adenomas, and that roscovitine and other CDK5 inhibitors could be useful as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Xie
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hongyun Wang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yue He
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dan Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
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Fortin JS, Cloutier M, Thibodeau J. Exposing the Specific Roles of the Invariant Chain Isoforms in Shaping the MHC Class II Peptidome. Front Immunol 2013; 4:443. [PMID: 24379812 PMCID: PMC3861868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide repertoire (peptidome) associated with MHC class II molecules (MHCIIs) is influenced by the polymorphic nature of the peptide binding groove but also by cell-intrinsic factors. The invariant chain (Ii) chaperones MHCIIs, affecting their folding and trafficking. Recent discoveries relating to Ii functions have provided insights as to how it edits the MHCII peptidome. In humans, the Ii gene encodes four different isoforms for which structure-function analyses have highlighted common properties but also some non-redundant roles. Another layer of complexity arises from the fact that Ii heterotrimerizes, a characteristic that has the potential to affect the maturation of associated MHCIIs in many different ways, depending on the isoform combinations. Here, we emphasize the peptide editing properties of Ii and discuss the impact of the various isoforms on the MHCII peptidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Simon Fortin
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Maryse Cloutier
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Jacques Thibodeau
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC , Canada
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Zhang L, Bonilla S, Zhang Y, Leung YF. p35 promotes the differentiation of amacrine cell subtype in the zebrafish retina under the regulation of egr1. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:315-23. [PMID: 24115595 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early growth response 1 (egr1) is a transcription factor (TF) for controlling the differentiation of Parvalbumin (Parv) -expressing amacrine cells (ACs) in zebrafish. However, the downstream factors of this process have not been identified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of p35, a neuronal-specific activator of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) and a known in vitro target of egr1, in the differentiation of these ACs. RESULTS In the p35-knockdown retinas, Parv+ but not islet1+ ACs were specifically reduced. This phenotype was highly similar to that in the Egr1-knockdown retinas. Furthermore, p35 expression was reduced in the Egr1-knockdown retinas, particularly in the AC region; while egr1 was only modestly reduced in this region in the p35-knockdown retinas. CONCLUSIONS p35 likely acts downstream of egr1 to control the differentiation of Parv+ ACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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