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Subramaniam S, Boregowda S. Curbing Rhes Actions: Mechanism-based Molecular Target for Huntington's Disease and Tauopathies. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:21-29. [PMID: 36959146 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230320103518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
A highly interconnected network of diverse brain regions is necessary for the precise execution of human behaviors, including cognitive, psychiatric, and motor functions. Unfortunately, degeneration of specific brain regions causes several neurodegenerative disorders, but the mechanisms that elicit selective neuronal vulnerability remain unclear. This knowledge gap greatly hinders the development of effective mechanism-based therapies, despite the desperate need for new treatments. Here, we emphasize the importance of the Rhes (Ras homolog-enriched in the striatum) protein as an emerging therapeutic target. Rhes, an atypical small GTPase with a SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) E3-ligase activity, modulates biological processes such as dopaminergic transmission, alters gene expression, and acts as an inhibitor of motor stimuli in the brain striatum. Mutations in the Rhes gene have also been identified in selected patients with autism and schizophrenia. Moreover, Rhes SUMOylates pathogenic form of mutant huntingtin (mHTT) and tau, enhancing their solubility and cell toxicity in Huntington's disease and tauopathy models. Notably, Rhes uses membrane projections resembling tunneling nanotubes to transport mHTT between cells and Rhes deletion diminishes mHTT spread in the brain. Thus, we predict that effective strategies aimed at diminishing brain Rhes levels will prevent or minimize the abnormalities that occur in HD and tauopathies and potentially in other brain disorders. We review the emerging technologies that enable specific targeting of Rhes in the brain to develop effective disease-modifying therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Subramaniam
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, 130 Scripps Way, C323, Florida, Jupiter, 33458, USA
| | - Siddaraju Boregowda
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, 130 Scripps Way, C323, Florida, Jupiter, 33458, USA
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2
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Association of the D-amino acid oxidase gene with methadone dose in heroin dependent patients under methadone maintenance treatment. J Hum Genet 2022; 67:273-278. [PMID: 34983973 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-021-01008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Methadone is a synthetic opioid used for the maintenance treatment (MMT) of heroin dependence. It primarily binds to the μ-opioid receptor (MOR; with its gene, namely OPRM1). Methadone is also an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. The role of NMDA receptor in the regulatory mechanisms of methadone dosage in heroin dependent patients is so far not clear. D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) is an important enzyme that indirectly activates the NMDA receptor through its effect on the D-serine level. To test the hypothesis that genetic polymorphisms in the DAO gene are associated with methadone treatment dose and responses, we selected four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DAO from the literature reports of the Taiwanese population. SNPs were genotyped in 344 MMT patients. In this study, we identified a functional SNP rs55944529 in the DAO gene that reveals a modest but significant association with the methadone dosage in the recessive model of analysis (P = 0.003) and plasma concentrations (P = 0.003) in MMT patients. However, it did not show association with plasma methadone concentration in multiple linear regression analysis. It is also associated with the methadone adverse reactions of dry mouth (P = 0.002), difficulty with urination (P = 0.0003) in the dominant model, and the withdrawal symptoms of yawning (P = 0.005) and gooseflesh skin (P = 0.004) in the recessive model. Our results suggest a role of the indirect regulatory mechanisms of the NMDA reporter, possibly via the DAO genetic variants, in the methadone dose and some adverse reactions in MMT patients.
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3
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Chen W, Li C, Shi Y, Zhang Y, Jin D, Zhang M, Bo M, Li G. A Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Reveals Novel Biomarkers and Mechanistic Insights on Lorlatinib Crosses the Blood-Brain Barrier. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:722627. [PMID: 34497521 PMCID: PMC8419651 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.722627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Of late, lorlatinib has played an increasingly pivotal role in the treatment of brain metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer. However, its pharmacokinetics in the brain and the mechanism of entry are still controversial. The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanisms of brain penetration by lorlatinib and identify potential biomarkers for the prediction of lorlatinib concentration in the brain. Detection of lorlatinib in lorlatinib-administered mice and control mice was performed using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Metabolomics and transcriptomics were combined to investigate the pathway and relationships between metabolites and genes. Multilayer perceptron was applied to construct an artificial neural network model for prediction of the distribution of lorlatinib in the brain. Nine biomarkers related to lorlatinib concentration in the brain were identified. A metabolite-reaction-enzyme-gene interaction network was built to reveal the mechanism of lorlatinib. A multilayer perceptron model based on the identified biomarkers provides a prediction accuracy rate of greater than 85%. The identified biomarkers and the neural network constructed with these metabolites will be valuable for predicting the concentration of drugs in the brain. The model provides a lorlatinib to treat tumor brain metastases in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yafei Shi
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dujia Jin
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Bo
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guohui Li
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Cystine/Glutamate Antiporter in Schizophrenia: From Molecular Mechanism to Novel Biomarker and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189718. [PMID: 34575878 PMCID: PMC8466274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate, a crucial excitatory neurotransmitter, plays a major role in the modulation of schizophrenia’s pathogenesis. New drug developments for schizophrenia have been prompted by the hypoglutamatergic hypothesis of schizophrenia. The cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc− is related to glutamate-release regulation. Patients with schizophrenia were recently discovered to exhibit downregulation of xc− subunits—the solute carrier (SLC) family 3 member 2 and the SLC family 7 member 11. We searched for relevant studies from 1980, when Bannai and Kitamura first identified the protein subunit system xc− in lung fibroblasts, with the aim of compiling the biological, functional, and pharmacological characteristics of antiporter xc−, which consists of several subunits. Some of them can significantly stimulate the human brain through the glutamate pathway. Initially, extracellular cysteine activates neuronal xc−, causing glutamate efflux. Next, excitatory amino acid transporters enhance the unidirectional transportation of glutamate and sodium. These two biochemical pathways are also crucial to the production of glutathione, a protective agent for neural and glial cells and astrocytes. Investigation of the expression of system xc− genes in the peripheral white blood cells of patients with schizophrenia can facilitate better understanding of the mental disorder and future development of novel biomarkers and treatments for schizophrenia. In addition, the findings further support the hypoglutamatergic hypothesis of schizophrenia.
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5
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Bastings JJ, van Eijk HM, Olde Damink SW, Rensen SS. d-amino Acids in Health and Disease: A Focus on Cancer. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092205. [PMID: 31547425 PMCID: PMC6770864 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
d-amino acids, the enantiomeric counterparts of l-amino acids, were long considered to be non-functional or not even present in living organisms. Nowadays, d-amino acids are acknowledged to play important roles in numerous physiological processes in the human body. The most commonly studied link between d-amino acids and human physiology concerns the contribution of d-serine and d-aspartate to neurotransmission. These d-amino acids and several others have also been implicated in regulating innate immunity and gut barrier function. Importantly, the presence of certain d-amino acids in the human body has been linked to several diseases including schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and age-related disorders such as cataract and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, increasing evidence supports a role for d-amino acids in the development, pathophysiology, and treatment of cancer. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the various sources of d-amino acids, their metabolism, as well as their contribution to physiological processes and diseases in man, with a focus on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacco J.A.J. Bastings
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.M.v.E.); (S.W.O.D.)
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M. van Eijk
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.M.v.E.); (S.W.O.D.)
| | - Steven W. Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.M.v.E.); (S.W.O.D.)
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sander S. Rensen
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.M.v.E.); (S.W.O.D.)
- Correspondence:
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A Bayesian framework that integrates multi-omics data and gene networks predicts risk genes from schizophrenia GWAS data. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:691-699. [PMID: 30988527 PMCID: PMC6646046 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified >100 schizophrenia (SCZ)-associated loci, but using these findings to illuminate disease biology remains a challenge. Here, we present integrative RIsk Gene Selector (iRIGS), a Bayesian framework that integrates multi-omics data and gene networks to infer risk genes in GWAS loci. By applying iRIGS to SCZ GWAS data, we predicted a set of high-confidence risk genes (HRGs), most of which are not the nearest genes to the GWAS index variants. HRGs account for a significantly enriched heritability estimated by stratified LD-score regression. Moreover, HRGs are predominantly expressed in brain tissues, especially prenatally, and are enriched for targets of approved drugs, suggesting opportunities to reposition existing drugs for SCZ. Thus, iRIGS can leverage accumulating functional genomics and GWAS data to advance understanding of SCZ etiology and potential therapeutics.
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7
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Chu CS, Chow PCK, Cohen-Woods S, Gaysina D, Tang KY, McGuffin P. The DAOA gene is associated with schizophrenia in the Taiwanese population. Psychiatry Res 2017; 252:201-207. [PMID: 28285246 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gene D-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA), which has a former name of G72, and the D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) gene have been suggested as candidate genes of schizophrenia. However, association studies have so far yielded equivocal results. We analyzed one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for DAO (rs3741775) and seven SNPs for G72 (rs3916956, rs2391191, rs9558562, rs947267, rs778292, rs3918342, and rs1421292) in this study enrolling 248 schizophrenia cases and 267 controls in the Taiwanese samples. In SNP-based single locus association analyses, the rs778292 in the DAOA gene showed significant association with schizophrenia. The rs3741775 in the DAO gene could not withstand statistically significant after multiple corrections. Additionally, a three-SNP haplotype (rs778292-rs3918342-rs1421292) in the DAOA gene were observed to be significantly associated with schizophrenia. Among them, the TCT haplotype presented higher prevalence in controls than in cases whereas the TTT and CTT haplotype were significantly more frequent in cases than in controls. The study also provides significant evidence for epistatic interactions among DAOA and DAO gene in the development of schizophrenia. These results provide additional evidence and indicate that the DAOA gene and DAOA-DAO gene-gene interactions might play a role for schizophrenia in a Taiwanese sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Sheng Chu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Philip Chik-Keung Chow
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | | | | | - Kwong-Yui Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Conde de São Januário Central Hospital, Macau, China
| | - Peter McGuffin
- MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
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8
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Sacchi S, Cappelletti P, Pirone L, Smaldone G, Pedone E, Pollegioni L. Elucidating the role of the pLG72 R30K substitution in schizophrenia susceptibility. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:646-655. [PMID: 28166363 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the human brain, pLG72 interacts with the flavoenzyme d-amino acid oxidase (hDAAO), which is involved in catabolism of d-serine, a co-agonist of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR). Here, we investigated the wild-type pLG72, the R30K variant associated with schizophrenia susceptibility, and the K62E variant. The protein conformation, oligomeric state, ligand-, and hDAAO-binding properties are only slightly modified by the substitutions. All pLG72 variants inhibit hDAAO and lead to an increase in cellular (d/d+l)-serine. However, the R30K pLG72 is significantly more prone to degradation than the R30 and the K62E variants in a cell system, thus possessing a lower ability to interact/inhibit hDAAO. This links R30K pLG72 with the hyperactivity of hDAAO, the decreased d-serine level, and NMDAR hypofunction observed in schizophrenia-affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sacchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Italy
| | - Pamela Cappelletti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Italy
| | - Luciano Pirone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Italian Research National Council, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Emilia Pedone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Italian Research National Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Italy
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9
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Shahani N, Swarnkar S, Giovinazzo V, Morgenweck J, Bohn LM, Scharager-Tapia C, Pascal B, Martinez-Acedo P, Khare K, Subramaniam S. RasGRP1 promotes amphetamine-induced motor behavior through a Rhes interaction network ("Rhesactome") in the striatum. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra111. [PMID: 27902448 PMCID: PMC5142824 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf6670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The striatum of the brain coordinates motor function. Dopamine-related drugs may be therapeutic to patients with striatal neurodegeneration, such as Huntington's disease (HD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), but these drugs have unwanted side effects. In addition to stimulating the release of norepinephrine, amphetamines, which are used for narcolepsy and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), trigger dopamine release in the striatum. The guanosine triphosphatase Ras homolog enriched in the striatum (Rhes) inhibits dopaminergic signaling in the striatum, is implicated in HD and L-dopa-induced dyskinesia, and has a role in striatal motor control. We found that the guanine nucleotide exchange factor RasGRP1 inhibited Rhes-mediated control of striatal motor activity in mice. RasGRP1 stabilized Rhes, increasing its synaptic accumulation in the striatum. Whereas partially Rhes-deficient (Rhes+/-) mice had an enhanced locomotor response to amphetamine, this phenotype was attenuated by coincident depletion of RasGRP1. By proteomic analysis of striatal lysates from Rhes-heterozygous mice with wild-type or partial or complete knockout of Rasgrp1, we identified a diverse set of Rhes-interacting proteins, the "Rhesactome," and determined that RasGRP1 affected the composition of the amphetamine-induced Rhesactome, which included PDE2A (phosphodiesterase 2A; a protein associated with major depressive disorder), LRRC7 (leucine-rich repeat-containing 7; a protein associated with bipolar disorder and ADHD), and DLG2 (discs large homolog 2; a protein associated with chronic pain). Thus, this Rhes network provides insight into striatal effects of amphetamine and may aid the development of strategies to treat various neurological and psychological disorders associated with the striatal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Shahani
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Supriya Swarnkar
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Vincenzo Giovinazzo
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jenny Morgenweck
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Laura M Bohn
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | | | - Bruce Pascal
- Informatics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | | | - Kshitij Khare
- Department of Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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10
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Walter EE, Fernandez F, Snelling M, Barkus E. Genetic Consideration of Schizotypal Traits: A Review. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1769. [PMID: 27895608 PMCID: PMC5108787 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizotypal traits are of interest and importance in their own right and also have theoretical and clinical associations with schizophrenia. These traits comprise attenuated psychotic symptoms, social withdrawal, reduced cognitive capacity, and affective dysregulation. The link between schizotypal traits and psychotic disorders has long since been debated. The status of knowledge at this point is such schizotypal traits are a risk for psychotic disorders, but in and of themselves only confer liability, with other risk factors needing to be present before a transition to psychosis occurs. Investigation of schizotypal traits also has the possibility to inform clinical and research pursuits concerning those who do not make a transition to psychotic disorders. A growing body of literature has investigated the genetic underpinnings of schizotypal traits. Here, we review association, family studies and describe genetic disorders where the expression of schizotypal traits has been investigated. We conducted a thorough review of the existing literature, with multiple search engines, references, and linked articles being searched for relevance to the current review. All articles and book chapters in English were sourced and reviewed for inclusion. Family studies demonstrate that schizotypal traits are elevated with increasing genetic proximity to schizophrenia and some chromosomal regions have been associated with schizotypy. Genes associated with schizophrenia have provided the initial start point for the investigation of candidate genes for schizotypal traits; neurobiological pathways of significance have guided selection of genes of interest. Given the chromosomal regions associated with schizophrenia, some genetic disorders have also considered the expression of schizotypal traits. Genetic disorders considered all comprise a profile of cognitive deficits and over representation of psychotic disorders compared to the general population. We conclude that genetic variations associated with schizotypal traits require further investigation, perhaps with targeted phenotypes narrowed to assist in refining the clinical end point of significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E. Walter
- School of Psychology, University of WollongongWollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Francesca Fernandez
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of WollongongWollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Mollie Snelling
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of WollongongWollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma Barkus
- School of Psychology, University of WollongongWollongong, NSW, Australia
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11
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Martinez FJ, Pratt GA, Van Nostrand EL, Batra R, Huelga SC, Kapeli K, Freese P, Chun SJ, Ling K, Gelboin-Burkhart C, Fijany L, Wang HC, Nussbacher JK, Broski SM, Kim HJ, Lardelli R, Sundararaman B, Donohue JP, Javaherian A, Lykke-Andersen J, Finkbeiner S, Bennett CF, Ares M, Burge CB, Taylor JP, Rigo F, Yeo GW. Protein-RNA Networks Regulated by Normal and ALS-Associated Mutant HNRNPA2B1 in the Nervous System. Neuron 2016; 92:780-795. [PMID: 27773581 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HnRNPA2B1 encodes an RNA binding protein associated with neurodegeneration. However, its function in the nervous system is unclear. Transcriptome-wide crosslinking and immunoprecipitation in mouse spinal cord discover UAGG motifs enriched within ∼2,500 hnRNP A2/B1 binding sites and an unexpected role for hnRNP A2/B1 in alternative polyadenylation. HnRNP A2/B1 loss results in alternative splicing (AS), including skipping of an exon in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-associated D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) that reduces D-serine metabolism. ALS-associated hnRNP A2/B1 D290V mutant patient fibroblasts and motor neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-MNs) demonstrate abnormal splicing changes, likely due to increased nuclear-insoluble hnRNP A2/B1. Mutant iPSC-MNs display decreased survival in long-term culture and exhibit hnRNP A2/B1 localization to cytoplasmic granules as well as exacerbated changes in gene expression and splicing upon cellular stress. Our findings provide a cellular resource and reveal RNA networks relevant to neurodegeneration, regulated by normal and mutant hnRNP A2/B1. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J Martinez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Stem Cell Program and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gabriel A Pratt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Stem Cell Program and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eric L Van Nostrand
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Stem Cell Program and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ranjan Batra
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Stem Cell Program and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephanie C Huelga
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Stem Cell Program and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Katannya Kapeli
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Stem Cell Program and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Peter Freese
- Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Karen Ling
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Chelsea Gelboin-Burkhart
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Stem Cell Program and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Layla Fijany
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Stem Cell Program and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Harrison C Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Stem Cell Program and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Julia K Nussbacher
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Stem Cell Program and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sara M Broski
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hong Joo Kim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rea Lardelli
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Balaji Sundararaman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Stem Cell Program and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John P Donohue
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Sinsheimer Labs, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Ashkan Javaherian
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jens Lykke-Andersen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | | | - Manuel Ares
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Sinsheimer Labs, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | | | - J Paul Taylor
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Stem Cell Program and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Molecular Engineering Laboratory, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
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12
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Lin CH, Lin PP, Lin CY, Lin CH, Huang CH, Huang YJ, Lane HY. Decreased mRNA expression for the two subunits of system xc(-), SLC3A2 and SLC7A11, in WBC in patients with schizophrenia: Evidence in support of the hypo-glutamatergic hypothesis of schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 72:58-63. [PMID: 26540405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc(-), playing a critical role in the regulation of glutamate release, might be implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. This study examined whether peripheral expressions of the system xc(-) subunits are characteristic of schizophrenia. METHODS Expression of system xc(-) genes including SLC3A2 and SLC7A11 in peripheral WBCs of patients with schizophrenia and healthy individuals were measured using quantitative PCR. Both psychotropic-free and medicated patients with schizophrenia were recruited. RESULTS A total of 96 schizophrenia patients (48 medicated and 48 drug-free) and 96 healthy individuals were enrolled. The mRNA expression levels using the 2(-ΔΔC)T Method of both SLC3A2 and SLC7A11 in WBCs of schizophrenia patients were markedly lower than that of healthy individuals (0.22 and 0.48, respectively, the mRNA expression level of normal controls was normalized to 1). There was no significant difference between medicated and drug-free patients in the mRNA expressions of both SLC3A2 and SLC7A11. The Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis of SLC3A2 mRNA levels using ΔΔCT values for drug-free schizophrenia patients vs. healthy controls determined an optimal cutoff value, 0.801, with high sensitivity (1.000) and modest specificity (0.694) (area under curve of ROC = 0.794). CONCLUSION This is the first study indicating that the peripheral mRNA expression levels of SLC7A11 and SLC3A2 may be lower in patients with schizophrenia than healthy individuals. The finding supports the hypo-glutamatergic neurotransmission hypothesis in schizophrenia. Whether mRNA expression of system xc(-) subunits genes, particularly SLC3A2, could serve as a potential biomarker of schizophrenia needs further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Pei Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuan Lin
- Department of General Psychiatry, Tsaotun Psychiatric Center, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kai-Suan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Hsien Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jhen Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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13
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Sahu A, Kumar S, Sreenivasamurthy SK, Selvan LDN, Madugundu AK, Yelamanchi SD, Puttamallesh VN, Dey G, Anil AK, Srinivasan A, Mukherjee KK, Gowda H, Satishchandra P, Mahadevan A, Pandey A, Prasad TSK, Shankar SK. Host response profile of human brain proteome in toxoplasma encephalitis co-infected with HIV. Clin Proteomics 2014; 11:39. [PMID: 25404878 PMCID: PMC4232683 DOI: 10.1186/1559-0275-11-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma encephalitis is caused by the opportunistic protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Primary infection with T. gondii in immunocompetent individuals remains largely asymptomatic. In contrast, in immunocompromised individuals, reactivation of the parasite results in severe complications and mortality. Molecular changes at the protein level in the host central nervous system and proteins associated with pathogenesis of toxoplasma encephalitis are largely unexplored. We used a global quantitative proteomic strategy to identify differentially regulated proteins and affected molecular networks in the human host during T. gondii infection with HIV co-infection. Results We identified 3,496 proteins out of which 607 proteins were differentially expressed (≥1.5-fold) when frontal lobe of the brain from patients diagnosed with toxoplasma encephalitis was compared to control brain tissues. We validated differential expression of 3 proteins through immunohistochemistry, which was confirmed to be consistent with mass spectrometry analysis. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed proteins indicated deregulation of several pathways involved in antigen processing, immune response, neuronal growth, neurotransmitter transport and energy metabolism. Conclusions Global quantitative proteomic approach adopted in this study generated a comparative proteome profile of brain tissues from toxoplasma encephalitis patients co-infected with HIV. Differentially expressed proteins include previously reported and several new proteins in the context of T. gondii and HIV infection, which can be further investigated. Molecular pathways identified to be associated with the disease should enhance our understanding of pathogenesis in toxoplasma encephalitis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1559-0275-11-39) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apeksha Sahu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India ; Bioinformatics Centre, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014 India
| | - Satwant Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Sreelakshmi K Sreenivasamurthy
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India ; Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104 India
| | - Lakshmi Dhevi N Selvan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India ; Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam, 690525 India
| | - Anil K Madugundu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India ; Bioinformatics Centre, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014 India
| | - Soujanya D Yelamanchi
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India ; School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024 India
| | | | - Gourav Dey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India ; Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104 India
| | | | - Anand Srinivasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Kanchan K Mukherjee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | | | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029 India ; Human Brain Tissue Repository, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029 India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 1205 USA ; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India ; Bioinformatics Centre, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014 India ; Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576104 India ; Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam, 690525 India ; NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029 India
| | - Susarla Krishna Shankar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029 India ; Human Brain Tissue Repository, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029 India
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