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Cook LB, Ophardt HD, Shen R, Pratt BH, Galbier LA. Transcriptome analysis of ciliary-dependent MCH signaling in differentiating 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4880. [PMID: 33649390 PMCID: PMC7921120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of adipocyte responsiveness to G-protein-coupled receptor-(GPCR) derived signals must take into consideration the role of membrane microenvironments; that individual sub-populations of proteins may vary significantly across different regions of the cell, and that cell differentiation alters those microenvironments. 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes undergo a dramatic phenotypic transformation during differentiation into adipocytes, requiring the development of a transient primary cilium. We demonstrate that melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor 1, a GPCR that stimulates appetite, translocates to the transient primary cilium during early 3T3-L1 cell adipogenesis. Furthermore, we used RNA-Seq to investigate whether MCH signaling is influenced by its receptor localization and whether MCH can influence the transcriptome of early adipocyte development. We found that MCH signaling is sensitive to receptor localization to cilia, and this alters the adipogenic transcriptional program. Also, novel MCH signaling pathways in 3T3-L1 cells are identified, including those for circadian rhythm, the inflammatory response, and ciliary biogenesis. The presence of active MCH-signaling pathways in pre-adipocytes and the discovery that these pathways intersect with the early adipogenic program, among other newly-identified signaling pathways, suggests that the use of MCH receptor 1 antagonists for clinical interventions may have unintended consequences on adipose tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie B Cook
- Department of Biology, 217 Lennon Hall, SUNY Brockport, 350 New Campus Drive, Brockport, NY, 14420, USA.
| | - Henry D Ophardt
- Department of Biology, 217 Lennon Hall, SUNY Brockport, 350 New Campus Drive, Brockport, NY, 14420, USA
| | - Rongkun Shen
- Department of Biology, 217 Lennon Hall, SUNY Brockport, 350 New Campus Drive, Brockport, NY, 14420, USA
| | - Bryan H Pratt
- Department of Biology, 217 Lennon Hall, SUNY Brockport, 350 New Campus Drive, Brockport, NY, 14420, USA
| | - Lucas A Galbier
- Department of Biology, 217 Lennon Hall, SUNY Brockport, 350 New Campus Drive, Brockport, NY, 14420, USA
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2
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Szpirer C. Rat models of human diseases and related phenotypes: a systematic inventory of the causative genes. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:84. [PMID: 32741357 PMCID: PMC7395987 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00673-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The laboratory rat has been used for a long time as the model of choice in several biomedical disciplines. Numerous inbred strains have been isolated, displaying a wide range of phenotypes and providing many models of human traits and diseases. Rat genome mapping and genomics was considerably developed in the last decades. The availability of these resources has stimulated numerous studies aimed at discovering causal disease genes by positional identification. Numerous rat genes have now been identified that underlie monogenic or complex diseases and remarkably, these results have been translated to the human in a significant proportion of cases, leading to the identification of novel human disease susceptibility genes, helping in studying the mechanisms underlying the pathological abnormalities and also suggesting new therapeutic approaches. In addition, reverse genetic tools have been developed. Several genome-editing methods were introduced to generate targeted mutations in genes the function of which could be clarified in this manner [generally these are knockout mutations]. Furthermore, even when the human gene causing a disease had been identified without resorting to a rat model, mutated rat strains (in particular KO strains) were created to analyze the gene function and the disease pathogenesis. Today, over 350 rat genes have been identified as underlying diseases or playing a key role in critical biological processes that are altered in diseases, thereby providing a rich resource of disease models. This article is an update of the progress made in this research and provides the reader with an inventory of these disease genes, a significant number of which have similar effects in rat and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Szpirer
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium.
- , Waterloo, Belgium.
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3
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Horiguchi T, Miyatake Y, Miyoshi K, Tanimura A, Hagita H, Sakaue H, Noma T. Gene-expression profile reveals the genetic and acquired phenotypes of hyperactive mutant SPORTS rat. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2020; 67:51-61. [PMID: 32378618 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.67.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneously Running Tokushima Shikoku (SPORTS) rat is a hyperactive rat strain. However, the causative mutation of this phenotype has not yet been identified. To investigate the molecular basis for the unique phenotype of SPORTS rats, we examined gene-expression profiles by microarray analyses. Among adenylate kinase isozymes that maintain the homeostasis of cellular adenine nucleotide composition in the cell, only adenylate kinase 1 is highly up-regulated in both exercised and sedentary SPORTS rats compared with wild-type (WT) rats, 5.5-fold and 3.3-fold, respectively. Further comparative analyses revealed that genes involved in glucose metabolism were up-regulated in skeletal muscle tissue of exercised SPORTS rats compared with sedentary mutants, whereas genes related to extracellular matrix or region were down-regulated compared with WT rats. In brain tissue of sedentary SPORTS rats, genes associated with defense and catecholamine metabolism were highly expressed compared with WT rats. These findings suggest that genetic mutation(s) in SPORTS rat remodels metabolic demands through differentially regulating gene expression regardless of exercise. Therefore, the SPORTS rats are useful animal model not only for further examining the effects of exercise on metabolism but also for deeply studying the molecular basis how mutation affect the psychological motivation with spontaneous voluntary exercise phenotype. J. Med. Invest. 67 : 51-61, February, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taigo Horiguchi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Yumiko Miyatake
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama City, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Keiko Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Ayako Tanimura
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.,Division of Food & Health Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental & Symbiotic Sciences, Faculty of Environmental & Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, 3-1-100, Tsukide, Higashi-ku, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hagita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakaue
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takafumi Noma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
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4
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Srikantan S, Deng Y, Cheng ZM, Luo A, Qin Y, Gao Q, Sande-Docor GM, Tao S, Zhang X, Harper N, Shannon CE, Fourcaudot M, Li Z, Kasinath BS, Harrison S, Ahuja S, Reddick RL, Dong LQ, Abdul-Ghani M, Norton L, Aguiar RCT, Dahia PLM. The tumor suppressor TMEM127 regulates insulin sensitivity in a tissue-specific manner. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4720. [PMID: 31624249 PMCID: PMC6797792 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular components of insulin signaling is relevant to effectively manage insulin resistance. We investigated the phenotype of the TMEM127 tumor suppressor gene deficiency in vivo. Whole-body Tmem127 knockout mice have decreased adiposity and maintain insulin sensitivity, low hepatic fat deposition and peripheral glucose clearance after a high-fat diet. Liver-specific and adipose-specific Tmem127 deletion partially overlap global Tmem127 loss: liver Tmem127 promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis and inhibits peripheral glucose uptake, while adipose Tmem127 downregulates adipogenesis and hepatic glucose production. mTORC2 is activated in TMEM127-deficient hepatocytes suggesting that it interacts with TMEM127 to control insulin sensitivity. Murine hepatic Tmem127 expression is increased in insulin-resistant states and is reversed by diet or the insulin sensitizer pioglitazone. Importantly, human liver TMEM127 expression correlates with steatohepatitis and insulin resistance. Our results suggest that besides tumor suppression activities, TMEM127 is a nutrient-sensing component of glucose/lipid homeostasis and may be a target in insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanya Srikantan
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Yilun Deng
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Zi-Ming Cheng
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Anqi Luo
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Yuejuan Qin
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Qing Gao
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Glaiza-Mae Sande-Docor
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Sifan Tao
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Nathan Harper
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Chris E Shannon
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Marcel Fourcaudot
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Cellular Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Balakuntalam S Kasinath
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Stephen Harrison
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sunil Ahuja
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie Murphy VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert L Reddick
- Department of Pathology, UTHSCSA, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Lily Q Dong
- Department of Cellular Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Muhammad Abdul-Ghani
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Luke Norton
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Ricardo C T Aguiar
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie Murphy VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, UTHSCSA, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Patricia L M Dahia
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
- Mays Cancer Center, UTHSCSA, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Rao CV, Farooqui M, Zhang Y, Asch AS, Yamada HY. Spontaneous development of Alzheimer's disease-associated brain pathology in a Shugoshin-1 mouse cohesinopathy model. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12797. [PMID: 29943428 PMCID: PMC6052391 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) accounts for more than 95% of all human AD. As mice do not normally develop AD and as understanding on molecular processes leading to spontaneous LOAD has been insufficient to successfully model LOAD in mouse, no mouse model for LOAD has been available. Existing mouse AD models are all early-onset AD (EOAD) models that rely on forcible expression of AD-associated protein(s), which may not recapitulate prerequisites for spontaneous LOAD. This limitation in AD modeling may contribute to the high failure rate of AD drugs in clinical trials. In this study, we hypothesized that genomic instability facilitates development of LOAD and tested two genomic instability mice models in the brain pathology at the old age. Shugoshin-1 (Sgo1) haploinsufficient (∓) mice, a model of chromosome instability (CIN) with chromosomal and centrosomal cohesinopathy, spontaneously exhibited a major feature of AD pathology; amyloid beta accumulation that colocalized with phosphorylated Tau, beta-secretase 1 (BACE), and mitotic marker phospho-Histone H3 (p-H3) in the brain. Another CIN model, spindle checkpoint-defective BubR1-/+ haploinsufficient mice, did not exhibit the pathology at the same age, suggesting the prolonged mitosis-origin of the AD pathology. RNA-seq identified ten differentially expressed genes, among which seven genes have indicated association with AD pathology or neuronal functions (e.g., ARC, EBF3). Thus, the model represents a novel model that recapitulates spontaneous LOAD pathology in mouse. The Sgo1-/+ mouse may serve as a novel tool for investigating mechanisms of spontaneous progression of LOAD pathology, for early diagnosis markers, and for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinthalapally V. Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug DevelopmentDepartment of MedicineHematology/Oncology SectionUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOklahoma
| | - Mudassir Farooqui
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug DevelopmentDepartment of MedicineHematology/Oncology SectionUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOklahoma
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug DevelopmentDepartment of MedicineHematology/Oncology SectionUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOklahoma
| | - Adam S. Asch
- Stephenson Cancer CenterDepartment of MedicineHematology/Oncology SectionUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOklahoma
| | - Hiroshi Y. Yamada
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug DevelopmentDepartment of MedicineHematology/Oncology SectionUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOklahoma
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6
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Bartness TJ, Liu Y, Shrestha YB, Ryu V. Neural innervation of white adipose tissue and the control of lipolysis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:473-93. [PMID: 24736043 PMCID: PMC4175185 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and its activation is necessary for lipolysis. WAT parasympathetic innervation is not supported. Fully-executed SNS-norepinephrine (NE)-mediated WAT lipolysis is dependent on β-adrenoceptor stimulation ultimately hinging on hormone sensitive lipase and perilipin A phosphorylation. WAT sympathetic drive is appropriately measured electrophysiologically and neurochemically (NE turnover) in non-human animals and this drive is fat pad-specific preventing generalizations among WAT depots and non-WAT organs. Leptin-triggered SNS-mediated lipolysis is weakly supported, whereas insulin or adenosine inhibition of SNS/NE-mediated lipolysis is strongly supported. In addition to lipolysis control, increases or decreases in WAT SNS drive/NE inhibit and stimulate white adipocyte proliferation, respectively. WAT sensory nerves are of spinal-origin and sensitive to local leptin and increases in sympathetic drive, the latter implicating lipolysis. Transsynaptic viral tract tracers revealed WAT central sympathetic and sensory circuits including SNS-sensory feedback loops that may control lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Bartness
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA; Metabolic Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yogendra B Shrestha
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vitaly Ryu
- Department of Biology, Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA; Metabolic Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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7
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Bulloch JM, Daly CJ. Autonomic nerves and perivascular fat: interactive mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:61-73. [PMID: 24560685 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The evidence describing the autonomic innervation of body fat is reviewed with a particular focus on the role of the sympathetic neurotransmitters. In compiling the evidence, a strong case emerges for the interaction between autonomic nerves and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). Adipocytes have been shown to express receptors for neurotransmitters released from nearby sympathetic varicosities such as adrenoceptors (ARs), purinoceptors and receptors for neuropeptide Y (NPY). Noradrenaline can modulate both lipolysis (via α2- and β3-ARs) and lipogenesis (via α1- and β3-ARs). ATP can inhibit lipolysis (via P1 purinoceptors) or stimulate lipolysis (via P2y purinoceptors). NPY, which can be produced by adipocytes and sympathetic nerves, inhibits lipolysis. Thus the sympathetic triad of transmitters can influence adipocyte free fatty acid (FFA) content. Substance P (SP) released from sensory nerves has also been shown to promote lipolysis. Therefore, we propose a mechanism whereby sympathetic neurotransmission can simultaneously activate smooth muscle cells in the tunica media to cause vasoconstriction and alter FFA content and release from adjacent adipocytes in PVAT. The released FFA can influence endothelial function. Adipocytes also release a range of vasoactive substances, both relaxing and contractile factors, including adiponectin and reactive oxygen species. The action of adipokines (such as adiponectin) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) on cells of the vascular adventitia and nerves has yet to be fully elucidated. We hypothesise a strong link between PVAT and autonomic fibres and suggest that this poorly understood relationship is extremely important for normal vascular function and warrants a detailed study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette M Bulloch
- School of Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton ML3 0JB, Scotland.
| | - Craig J Daly
- School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, Scotland.
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Nguyen NLT, Randall J, Banfield BW, Bartness TJ. Central sympathetic innervations to visceral and subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R375-86. [PMID: 24452544 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00552.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a link between visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) and the metabolic syndrome in humans, with health improvements produced with small visceral WAT reduction. By contrast, subcutaneous WAT provides a site for lipid storage that is rather innocuous relative to ectopic lipid storage in muscle or liver. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is the principal initiator for lipolysis in WAT by mammals. Nothing is known, however, about the central origins of the SNS circuitry innervating the only true visceral WAT in rodents, mesenteric WAT (MWAT), which drains into the hepatic portal vein. We tested whether the central sympathetic circuits to subcutaneous [inguinal WAT (IWAT)] and visceral WAT (MWAT) are separate or shared and whether they possess differential sympathetic drives with food deprivation in Siberian hamsters. Using two isogenic strains of pseudorabies virus, a retrograde transneuronal viral tract tracer within the same hamsters, we found some overlap (∼20-55% doubly infected neurons) between the two circuitries across the neural axis with lesser overlap proximal to the depots (spinal cord and sympathetic chain) and with more neurons involved in the innervation of IWAT than MWAT in some brain regions. Food deprivation triggered a greater sympathetic drive to subcutaneous (IWAT) than visceral (MWAT) depots. Collectively, we demonstrated both shared and separate populations of brain, spinal cord, and sympathetic chain neurons ultimately project to a subcutaneous WAT depot (IWAT) and the only visceral WAT depot in rodents (MWAT). In addition, the lipolytic stimulus of food deprivation only increased SNS drive to subcutaneous fat (IWAT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Ly T Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Obesity Reversal Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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