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Tilp C, Bucher H, Haas H, Duechs MJ, Wex E, Erb KJ. Effects of conventional tobacco smoke and nicotine-free cigarette smoke on airway inflammation, airway remodelling and lung function in a triple allergen model of severe asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:957-72. [PMID: 26502779 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with asthma who smoke have reduced lung function, increased exacerbation rates and increased steroid resistance compared to non-smoking asthmatics. In mice, cigarette smoke has been reported to have both pro- and anti-Th2 response effects. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that combining tobacco cigarette smoke (tCS) with allergen exposure increases inflammation, airway remodelling and lung function in mice. To test this hypothesis, we combined a severe triple allergen model with tCS exposure and investigated whether effects were due to Toll-like receptor 4 signalling and/or nicotine and also observed when nicotine-free cigarettes were used. METHODS Mice were sensitized with ovalbumin, cockroach and house dust mite allergen in alum followed by intratracheal challenges with allergen twice a week for 6 weeks or additionally exposed to tCS during the allergen challenge period. Nicotine or nicotine-free herbal cigarette smoke was also applied to allergen challenged mice. RESULTS tCS significantly reduced eosinophil numbers, IL-4 and IL-5 concentrations in the lung, total and allergen-specific IgE in serum, improved lung function and reduced collagen I levels. With the exception of collagen I all parameters reduced by tobacco cigarette smoke were also reduced in Toll-like receptor 4-deficient mice. Nicotine-free cigarette smoke also had significant anti-inflammatory effects on eosinophils, IL-4 and IL-5 concentrations in the lung and reduced airway hyperreactivity, albeit weaker than tobacco smoke. Applying nicotine alone also reduced Th2 cytokine levels and eosinophil numbers in the airways. CONCLUSION Our experiments show that tCS exposure reduces allergen-induced Th2 response in the lung and associated collagen I production and development of airway hyperreactivity. With the exception on collagen I formation, these effects were not dependent on Toll-like receptor 4. The observed anti-Th2 effects of both nicotine and nicotine-free herbal cigarette smoke together suggests that tCS reduces the Th2 responses through nicotine and other products released by burning tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tilp
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany
| | - H Bucher
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany
| | - H Haas
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany
| | - M J Duechs
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany
| | - E Wex
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany
| | - K J Erb
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany
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Capannolo M, Fasciani I, Romeo S, Aloisi G, Rossi M, Bellio P, Celenza G, Cinque B, Cifone MG, Scarselli M, Maggio R. The atypical antipsychotic clozapine selectively inhibits interleukin 8 (IL-8)-induced neutrophil chemotaxis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:413-24. [PMID: 25554564 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Clozapine is the most effective antipsychotic to date, but its benefits are counterbalanced by the risk of severe hematological effects. In this study, we analyzed whether clozapine inhibits polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte chemotaxis. We found that clozapine, within the therapeutic concentration range, potently and selectively inhibits PMN chemotaxis induced by interleukin 8 (IL-8), a chemokine inducing neutrophil migration. The effect was not due to its action at dopamine, serotonin and muscarinic receptors, or to a direct antagonism to IL-8 receptors. Furthermore, clozapine did not inhibit PMN chemotaxis by its presumed toxic mechanism. In fact, after an overnight incubation in cell culture, the drug did not increase the physiological PMN apoptosis. An interference of clozapine with the autocrine release of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a secondary chemoattractant secreted by neutrophils in response to the primary chemoattractant IL-8, was hypothesized. In agreement with this hypothesis, clozapine attenuated the IL-8-induced release of LTB4 in PMNs. A series of experiments with an antagonist of the LTB4 receptor, U75302, and an inhibitor of LTB4 synthesis, zileuton, provided support to this conjecture. Intriguingly MK-571, an inhibitor of the multi-drug resistance protein MRP4, playing a pivotal role in effluxing LTB4, completely blocked PMN chemotaxis induced by IL-8, but gave conflicting results when tested for its ability to reduce LTB4 release, increasing LTB4 efflux by itself but reducing the release when in combination with IL-8. The reduction of PMN chemotaxis due to clozapine could predispose patients to infections. Whether this effect is a prelude to clozapine agranulocytosis requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Capannolo
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L׳Aquila, 67100 L׳Aquila, Italy
| | - Irene Fasciani
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L׳Aquila, 67100 L׳Aquila, Italy
| | - Stefania Romeo
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L׳Aquila, 67100 L׳Aquila, Italy
| | - Gabriella Aloisi
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L׳Aquila, 67100 L׳Aquila, Italy
| | - Mario Rossi
- Molecular Signaling Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pierangelo Bellio
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L׳Aquila, 67100 L׳Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Celenza
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L׳Aquila, 67100 L׳Aquila, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health and Environment Sciences, University of L׳Aquila, 67100 L׳Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health and Environment Sciences, University of L׳Aquila, 67100 L׳Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggio
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences Department, University of L׳Aquila, 67100 L׳Aquila, Italy.
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Hajna Z, Borbély É, Kemény Á, Botz B, Kereskai L, Szolcsányi J, Pintér E, Paige CJ, Berger A, Helyes Z. Hemokinin-1 is an important mediator of endotoxin-induced acute airway inflammation in the mouse. Peptides 2015; 64:1-7. [PMID: 25541043 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hemokinin-1, the newest tachykinin encoded by the preprotachykinin C (Tac4) gene, is predominatly produced by immune cells. Similarly to substance P, it has the greatest affinity to the tachykinin NK1 receptor, but has different binding site and signaling mechanisms. Furthermore, several recent data indicate the existence of a not yet identified own receptor and divergent non-NK1-mediated actions. Since there is no information on its functions in the airways, we investigated its role in endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammation. METHODS Acute pneumonitis was induced in Tac4 gene-deleted (Tac4(-/-)) mice compared to C57Bl/6 wildtypes by intranasal E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Airway responsiveness to inhaled carbachol was measured with unrestrained whole body plethysmography 24h later. Semiquantitative histopathological scoring was performed; reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured with luminol bioluminescence, myeloperoxidase activity with spectrophotometry, and inflammatory cytokines with Luminex. RESULTS All inflammatory parameters, such as histopathological alterations (perivascular edema, neutrophil/macrophage accumulation, goblet cell hyperplasia), myeloperoxidase activity, ROS production, as well as interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and keratinocyte chemoattractant concentrations were significantly diminished in the lung of Tac4(-/-) mice. However, bronchial hyperreactivity similarly developed in both groups. Interestingly, in LPS-treated Tac4(-/-) mouse lungs, bronchus-associated, large, follicle-like lymphoid structures developed. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first evidence that hemokinin-1 plays a crucial pro-inflammatory role in the lung by increasing inflammatory cell activities, and might also be a specific regulator of lymphocyte functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Hajna
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Borbély
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kemény
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bálint Botz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Kereskai
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - János Szolcsányi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; PharmInVivo Ltd, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; PharmInVivo Ltd, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Alexandra Berger
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; PharmInVivo Ltd, Pécs, Hungary; MTA-PTE NAP B Pain Research Group.
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