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Thakur A, Wadhwa A, Lokras A, Müllertz OAO, Christensen D, Franzyk H, Foged C. Method of manufacturing CAF®09 liposomes affects immune responses induced by adjuvanted subunit proteins. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 189:84-97. [PMID: 37059402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability to induce antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+T-cell responses is one of the fundamental requirements when developing new efficacious vaccines against challenging infectious diseases and cancer. However, no adjuvants are currently approved for human subunit vaccines that induce T-cell immunity. Here, we incorporated a Toll-like receptor 4 agonist, i.e., the ionizable lipidoid L5N12, in the liposomal cationic adjuvant formulation 09 (CAF®09), and found that modified CAF®09 liposomes possess preserved adjuvant function as compared to unmodified CAF®09. CAF®09 consists of the cationic lipid dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA), monomycoloyl glycerol analogue 1 (MMG-1), and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)]. By using the microfluidic mixing technology for liposome preparation, we gradually replaced DDA with L5N12, while keeping the molar ratios of MMG-1 and poly(I:C) constant. We found that this type of modification resulted in colloidally stable liposomes, which were significantly smaller and displayed reduced surface charge as compared to unmodified CAF®09, prepared by using the conventional thin film method. We showed that incorporation of L5N12 decreases the membrane rigidity of CAF®09 liposomes. Furthermore, vaccination with antigen adjuvanted with L5N12-modified CAF®09 or antigen adjuvanted with unmodified CAF®09, respectively, induced comparable antigen-specific serum antibody titers. We found that antigen adjuvanted with L5N12-modified CAF®09 induced antigen-specific effector and memory CD4+ and CD8+T-cell responses in the spleen comparable to those induced when unmodified CAF®09 was used as adjuvant. However, incorporating L5N12 did not have a synergistic immunopotentiating effect on the antibody and T-cell responses induced by CAF®09. Moreover, vaccination with antigen adjuvanted with unmodified CAF®09, which was manufactured by using microfluidic mixing, induced significantly lower antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+T-cell responses than vaccination with antigen adjuvanted with unmodified CAF®09, which was prepared by using the thin film method. These results show that the method of manufacturing affects CAF®09 liposome adjuvanted antigen-specific immune responses, which should be taken into consideration when evaluating immunogenicity of subunit protein vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh Thakur
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Abishek Wadhwa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Abhijeet Lokras
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Olivia Amanda Oest Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Bashiri S, Koirala P, Toth I, Skwarczynski M. Carbohydrate Immune Adjuvants in Subunit Vaccines. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E965. [PMID: 33066594 PMCID: PMC7602499 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern subunit vaccines are composed of antigens and a delivery system and/or adjuvant (immune stimulator) that triggers the desired immune responses. Adjuvants mimic pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are typically associated with infections. Carbohydrates displayed on the surface of pathogens are often recognized as PAMPs by receptors on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Consequently, carbohydrates and their analogues have been used as adjuvants and delivery systems to promote antigen transport to APCs. Carbohydrates are biocompatible, usually nontoxic, biodegradable, and some are mucoadhesive. As such, carbohydrates and their derivatives have been intensively explored for the development of new adjuvants. This review assesses the immunological functions of carbohydrate ligands and their ability to enhance systemic and mucosal immune responses against co-administered antigens. The role of carbohydrate-based adjuvants/delivery systems in the development of subunit vaccines is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahra Bashiri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; (S.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Prashamsa Koirala
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; (S.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; (S.B.); (P.K.)
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; (S.B.); (P.K.)
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HCV p7 as a novel vaccine-target inducing multifunctional CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells targeting liver cells expressing the viral antigen. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14085. [PMID: 31575882 PMCID: PMC6773770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent treatment advances for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a vaccine is urgently needed for global control of this important liver pathogen. The lack of robust immunocompetent HCV infection models makes it challenging to identify correlates of protection and test vaccine efficacy. However, vigorous CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses are detected in patients that spontaneously resolve acute infection, whereas dysfunctional T-cell responses are a hallmark of chronic infection. The HCV p7 protein, forming ion-channels essential for viral assembly and release, has not previously been pursued as a vaccine antigen. Herein, we demonstrated that HCV p7 derived from genotype 1a and 1b sequences are highly immunogenic in mice when employed as overlapping peptides formulated as nanoparticles with the cross-priming adjuvant, CAF09. This approach induced multifunctional cytokine producing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells targeting regions of p7 that are subject to immune pressure during HCV infection in chimpanzees and humans. Employing a surrogate in vivo challenge model of liver cells co-expressing HCV-p7 and GFP, we found that vaccinated mice cleared transgene expressing cells. This study affirms the potential of a T-cell inducing nanoparticle vaccine platform to target the liver and introduces HCV p7 as a potential target for HCV vaccine explorations.
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Schmidt ST, Pedersen GK, Neustrup MA, Korsholm KS, Rades T, Andersen P, Foged C, Christensen D. Induction of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses Upon Subcutaneous Administration of a Subunit Vaccine Adjuvanted With an Emulsion Containing the Toll-Like Receptor 3 Ligand Poly(I:C). Front Immunol 2018; 9:898. [PMID: 29760705 PMCID: PMC5936752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet medical need for new subunit vaccines that induce cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses to prevent infection with a number of pathogens. However, stimulation of CTL responses via clinically acceptable subcutaneous (s.c.) and intramuscular (i.m.) injection is challenging. Recently, we designed a liposomal adjuvant [cationic adjuvant formulation (CAF)09] composed of the cationic lipid dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) bromide, a synthetic monomycoloyl glycerol analog and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, which induce strong CTL responses to peptide and protein antigens after intraperitoneal administration. By contrast, CAF09 does not stimulate CTL responses upon s.c. or i.m. injection because the vaccine forms a depot that remains at the injection site. Hence, we engineered a series of nanoemulsions (CAF24a-c) based on the active components of CAF09. The oil phase consisted of biodegradable squalane, and the surface charge was varied systematically by replacing DDA with zwitterionic distearoylphosphoethanolamine. We hypothesized that the nanoemulsions drain to the lymph nodes to a larger extent than CAF09, upon s.c. co-administration with the model antigen chicken egg ovalbumin (OVA). This results in an increased dose fraction that reaches the draining lymph nodes (dLNs) and subsequently activates cross-presenting dendritic cells (DCs), which can prime CTL responses. Indeed, the nanoemulsions induced antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, which were significantly higher than those stimulated by OVA adjuvanted with CAF09. We explain this by the observed rapid localization of CAF24a in the dLNs and the subsequent association with conventional DCs, which promotes induction of CTL responses. Uptake of CAF24a was not specific for DCs, because CAF24a was also detected with B cells and macrophages. No measurable dose fraction of CAF09 was detected in the dLNs within the study period, and CAF09 formed a depot at the site of injection. Importantly, s.c. vaccination with OVA adjuvanted with CAF24a induced significant levels of specific lysis of antigen-pulsed splenocytes were induced after, which was not observed for OVA adjuvanted with CAF09. Thus, CAF24a is a promising adjuvant for induction of CTL responses upon s.c. and i.m. immunization, and it offers interesting perspectives for the design of vaccines against pathogens for which CTL responses are required to prevent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Tandrup Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Malene Aaby Neustrup
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Smith Korsholm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Broadening CD4 + and CD8 + T Cell Responses against Hepatitis C Virus by Vaccination with NS3 Overlapping Peptide Panels in Cross-Priming Liposomes. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00130-17. [PMID: 28446674 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00130-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of effective drugs to treat patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a vaccine would be the only means to substantially reduce the worldwide disease burden. An incomplete understanding of how HCV interacts with its human host and evades immune surveillance has hampered vaccine development. It is generally accepted that in infected individuals, a narrow repertoire of exhausted T cells is a hallmark of persistent infection, whereas broad, vigorous CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses are associated with control of acute hepatitis C. We employed a vaccine approach based on a mixture of peptides (pepmix) spanning the entire sequence of HCV nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) in cross-priming cationic liposomes (CAF09) to facilitate a versatile presentation of all possible T cell epitopes, regardless of the HLA background of the vaccine recipient. Here, we demonstrate that vaccination of mice with NS3 pepmix broadens the repertoire of epitope-specific T cells compared to the corresponding recombinant protein (rNS3). Moreover, vaccination with rNS3 induced only CD4+ T cells, whereas the NS3 pepmix induced a far more vigorous CD4+ T cell response and was as potent a CD8+ T cell inducer as an adenovirus-vectored vaccine expressing NS3. Importantly, the cellular responses are dominated by multifunctional T cells, such as gamma interferon-positive (IFN-γ+) tumor necrosis factor alpha-positive (TNF-α+) coproducers, and displayed cytotoxic capacity in mice. In conclusion, we present a novel vaccine approach against HCV, inducing a broadened T cell response targeting both immunodominant and potential subdominant epitopes, which may be key elements to counter T cell exhaustion and prevent chronicity.IMPORTANCE With at least 700,000 annual deaths, development of a vaccine against hepatitis C virus (HCV) has high priority, but the tremendous ability of the virus to dodge the human immune system poses great challenges. Furthermore, many chronic infections, including HCV infection, have a remarkable ability to drive initially strong CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses against dominant epitopes toward an exhausted, dysfunctional state. Thus, new and innovative vaccine approaches to control HCV should be evaluated. Here, we report on a novel peptide-based nanoparticle vaccine strategy (NS3 pepmix) aimed at generating T cell immunity against potential subdominant T cell epitopes that are not efficiently targeted by vaccination with full-length recombinant protein (rNS3) or infection with HCV. As proof of concept, we found that NS3 pepmix excels in broadening the repertoire of epitope-specific, multifunctional, and cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared to vaccination with rNS3, which generated only CD4+ T cell responses.
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Immunogenic Properties of Lactobacillus plantarum Producing Surface-Displayed Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 83:AEM.02782-16. [PMID: 27815271 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02782-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains among the most deadly diseases in the world. The only available vaccine against tuberculosis is the bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which does not ensure full protection in adults. There is a global urgency for the development of an effective vaccine for preventing disease transmission, and it requires novel approaches. We are exploring the use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as a vector for antigen delivery to mucosal sites. Here, we demonstrate the successful expression and surface display of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion antigen (comprising Ag85B and ESAT-6, referred to as AgE6) on Lactobacillus plantarum The AgE6 fusion antigen was targeted to the bacterial surface using two different anchors, a lipoprotein anchor directing the protein to the cell membrane and a covalent cell wall anchor. AgE6-producing L. plantarum strains using each of the two anchors induced antigen-specific proliferative responses in lymphocytes purified from TB-positive donors. Similarly, both strains induced immune responses in mice after nasal or oral immunization. The impact of the anchoring strategies was reflected in dissimilarities in the immune responses generated by the two L. plantarum strains in vivo The present study comprises an initial step toward the development of L. plantarum as a vector for M. tuberculosis antigen delivery. IMPORTANCE This work presents the development of Lactobacillus plantarum as a candidate mucosal vaccine against tuberculosis. Tuberculosis remains one of the top infectious diseases worldwide, and the only available vaccine, bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), fails to protect adults and adolescents. Direct antigen delivery to mucosal sites is a promising strategy in tuberculosis vaccine development, and lactic acid bacteria potentially provide easy, safe, and low-cost delivery vehicles for mucosal immunization. We have engineered L. plantarum strains to produce a Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion antigen and to anchor this antigen to the bacterial cell wall or to the cell membrane. The recombinant strains elicited proliferative antigen-specific T-cell responses in white blood cells from tuberculosis-positive humans and induced specific immune responses after nasal and oral administrations in mice.
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Martin-Bertelsen B, Korsholm KS, Roces CB, Nielsen MH, Christensen D, Franzyk H, Yaghmur A, Foged C. Nano-Self-Assemblies Based on Synthetic Analogues of Mycobacterial Monomycoloyl Glycerol and DDA: Supramolecular Structure and Adjuvant Efficacy. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2771-81. [PMID: 27377146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mycobacterial cell-wall lipid monomycoloyl glycerol (MMG) is a potent immunostimulator, and cationic liposomes composed of a shorter synthetic analogue (MMG-1) and dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) bromide represent a promising adjuvant that induces strong antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 responses. In the present study, we investigated the supramolecular structure and in vivo adjuvant activity of dispersions based on binary mixtures of DDA and an array of synthetic MMG-1 analogues (MMG-2/3/5/6) displaying longer (MMG-2) or shorter (MMG-3) alkyl chain lengths, or variations in stereochemistry of the polar headgroup (MMG-5) or of the hydrophobic moiety (MMG-6). Synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering experiments and cryo transmission electron microscopy revealed that DDA:MMG-1/2/5/6 dispersions consisted of unilamellar and multilamellar vesicles (ULVs/MLVs), whereas a coexistence of both ULVs and hexosomes was observed for DDA:MMG-3, depending on the DDA:MMG molar ratio. The studies also showed that ULVs were formed, regardless of the structural characteristics of the neat MMG analogues in excess buffer [lamellar (MMG-1/2/5) or inverse hexagonal (MMG-3/6) phases]. Immunization of mice with a chlamydia antigen surface-adsorbed to DDA:MMG-1/3/6 dispersions revealed that all tested adjuvants were immunoactive and induced strong Th1 and Th17 responses with a potential for a central effector memory profile. The MMG-1 and MMG-6 analogues were equally immunoactive in vivo upon incorporation into DDA liposomes, despite the reported highly different immunostimulatory properties of the neat analogues in vitro, which were attributed to the different nanostructural characteristics. This clearly demonstrates that optimal formulation and delivery of MMG analogues to the immune system is of major importance and challenges the use of in vitro screening assays with nondispersed compounds to identify potential new vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Martin-Bertelsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen S Korsholm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Vaccine Adjuvant Research, Statens Serum Institut , Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carla B Roces
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja H Nielsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Vaccine Adjuvant Research, Statens Serum Institut , Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anan Yaghmur
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Karlsen K, Korsholm KS, Mortensen R, Ghiasi SM, Andersen P, Foged C, Christensen D. A stable nanoparticulate DDA/MMG formulation acts synergistically with CpG ODN 1826 to enhance the CD4⁺ T-cell response. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 9:2625-38. [PMID: 25529567 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To combine the dimethyldioctadecyl ammonium/monomycoloyl glycerol (DDA/MMG) liposomal vaccine adjuvant with the Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands poly(I:C) (TLR3), flagellin (TLR5) or CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 (TLR9) and investigate their physicochemical properties as well as their CD4(+) T-cell-inducing capacity. MATERIALS & METHODS Formulations were investigated by dynamic light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry. Their CD4(+) T-cell induction with a tuberculosis antigen was analyzed by multiplex cytokine analysis, ELISA and intracellular cytokine staining. RESULTS DDA/MMG/CpG was the best combination for obtaining increased CD4(+) T-cell responses. However, coformulating CpG and DDA/MMG liposomes led to instability and the formulation was therefore optimized systematically using a design of experiment. CONCLUSION The nanoparticulate DDA/MMG/CpG adjuvant can be stabilized and synergistically enhances CD4(+) T-cell responses compared with DDA/MMG liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Karlsen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen S, Denmark
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Riese P, Trittel S, Schulze K, Guzmán CA. Rodents as pre-clinical models for predicting vaccine performance in humans. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1074043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Trittel
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai Schulze
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Reguzova AY, Karpenko LI, Mechetina LV, Belyakov IM. Peptide-MHC multimer-based monitoring of CD8 T-cells in HIV-1 infection and AIDS vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:69-84. [PMID: 25373312 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.962520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of MHC multimers allows precise and direct detecting and analyzing of antigen-specific T-cell populations and provides new opportunities to characterize T-cell responses in humans and animals. MHC-multimers enable us to enumerate specific T-cells targeting to viral, tumor and vaccine antigens with exceptional sensitivity and specificity. In the field of HIV/SIV immunology, this technique provides valuable information about the frequencies of HIV- and SIV-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in different tissues and sites of infection, AIDS progression, and pathogenesis. Peptide-MHC multimer technology remains a very sensitive tool in detecting virus-specific T -cells for evaluation of the immunogenicity of vaccines against HIV-1 in preclinical trials. Moreover, it helps to understand how immune responses are formed following vaccination in the dynamics from priming point until T-cell memory is matured. Here we review a diversity of peptide-MHC class I multimer applications for fundamental immunological studies in different aspects of HIV/SIV infection and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Y Reguzova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, 630559, Russia
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Korsholm KS, Hansen J, Karlsen K, Filskov J, Mikkelsen M, Lindenstrøm T, Schmidt ST, Andersen P, Christensen D. Induction of CD8+ T-cell responses against subunit antigens by the novel cationic liposomal CAF09 adjuvant. Vaccine 2014; 32:3927-35. [PMID: 24877765 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines inducing cytotoxic T-cell responses are required to achieve protection against cancers and intracellular infections such as HIV and Hepatitis C virus. Induction of CD8+ T cell responses in animal models can be achieved by the use of viral vectors or DNA vaccines but so far without much clinical success. Here we describe the novel CD8+ T-cell inducing adjuvant, cationic adjuvant formulation (CAF) 09, consisting of dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA)-liposomes stabilized with monomycoloyl glycerol (MMG)-1 and combined with the TLR3 ligand, Poly(I:C). Different antigens from tuberculosis (TB10.3, H56), HIV (Gag p24), HPV (E7) and the model antigen ovalbumin were formulated with CAF09 and administering these vaccines to mice resulted in a high frequency of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. CAF09 was superior in its ability to induce antigen-specific CD8+ T cells as compared to other previously described CTL-inducing adjuvants, CAF05 (DDA/trehalose dibehenate (TDB)/Poly(I:C)), Aluminium/monophosphoryl lipid-A (MPL) and Montanide/CpG/IL-2. The optimal effect was obtained when the CAF09-adjuvanted vaccine was administered by the i.p. route, whereas s.c. administration primed limited CD8+ T-cell responses. The CD4+ T cells induced by CAF09 were mainly of an effector-memory-like phenotype and the CD8+ T cells were highly cytotoxic. Finally, in a mouse therapeutic skin tumor model, the HPV-16 E7 antigen formulated in CAF09 significantly reduced the growth of already established subcutaneous E7-expressing TC-1 tumors in 38% of the mice and in a corresponding prophylactic model 100% of the mice were protected. Thus, CAF09 is a potent new adjuvant which is able to induce CD8+ T-cell responses against several antigens and to enhance the protective efficacy of an E7 vaccine both in a therapeutic and in a prophylactic tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Smith Korsholm
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Jon Hansen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Kasper Karlsen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Jonathan Filskov
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Marianne Mikkelsen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Signe Tandrup Schmidt
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Peter Andersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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13
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Lindenstrøm T, Aagaard C, Christensen D, Agger EM, Andersen P. High-frequency vaccine-induced CD8⁺ T cells specific for an epitope naturally processed during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis do not confer protection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1699-709. [PMID: 24677089 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Relatively few MHC class I epitopes have been identified from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but during the late stage of infection, CD8(+) T-cell responses to these epitopes are often primed at an extraordinary high frequency. Although clearly available for recognition during infection, their role in resistance to mycobacterial infections still remain unclear. As an alternative to DNA and viral vaccination platforms, we have exploited a novel CD8(+) T-cell-inducing adjuvant, cationic adjuvant formulation 05 (dimethyldioctadecylammonium/trehalose dibehenate/poly (inositic:cytidylic) acid), to prime high-frequency CD8 responses to the immunodominant H2-K(b) -restricted IMYNYPAM epitope contained in the vaccine Ag tuberculosis (TB)10.4/Rv0288/ESX-H (where ESX is mycobacterial type VII secretion system). We report that the amino acid C-terminal to this minimal epitope plays a decisive role in proteasomal cleavage and epitope priming. The primary structure of TB10.4 is suboptimal for proteasomal processing of the epitope and amino acid substitutions in the flanking region markedly increased epitope-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses. One of the optimized sequences was contained in the closely related TB10.3/Rv3019c/ESX-R Ag and when recombinantly expressed and administered in the cationic adjuvant formulation 05 adjuvant, this Ag promoted very high CD8(+) T-cell responses. This abundant T-cell response was functionally active but provided no protection against challenge, suggesting that CD8(+) T cells play a limited role in protection against M. tuberculosis in the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
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