1
|
Olivera-Ardid S, Bello-Gil D, Perez-Cruz M, Costa C, Camoez M, Dominguez MA, Ferrero-Alves Y, Vaquero JM, Khasbiullina N, Shilova NV, Bovin NV, Mañez R. Removal of natural anti-αGal antibodies elicits protective immunity against Gram-negative bacterial infections. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1232924. [PMID: 37662909 PMCID: PMC10471972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1232924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of bacterial infections occurs when blocking or inhibitory antibodies facilitate the infectivity of pathogens. In humans, antibodies involved in ADE of bacterial infections may include those naturally produced against Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ (αGal). Here, we investigate whether eliminating circulating anti-αGal antibodies using a soluble αGal glycopolymer confers protection against Gram-negative bacterial infections. We demonstrated that the in vivo intra-corporeal removal of anti-αGal antibodies in α1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout (GalT-KO) mice was associated with protection against mortality from Gram-negative sepsis after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The improved survival of GalT-KO mice was associated with an increased killing capacity of serum against Escherichia coli isolated after CLP and reduced binding of IgG1 and IgG3 to the bacteria. Additionally, inhibition of anti-αGal antibodies from human serum in vitro increases the bactericidal killing of E. coli O86:B7 and multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the case of E. coli O86:B7, there was also an improvement in bacteria opsonophagocytosis by macrophages. Both lytic mechanisms were related to a decreased binding of IgG2 to the bacteria. Our results show that protective immunity against Gram-negative bacterial pathogens can be elicited, and infectious diseases caused by these bacteria can be prevented by removing natural anti-αGal antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Olivera-Ardid
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Daniel Bello-Gil
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Magdiel Perez-Cruz
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Cristina Costa
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Mariana Camoez
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - M. Angeles Dominguez
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Yara Ferrero-Alves
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Vaquero
- Flow Cytometry Platform, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Nailya Khasbiullina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V. Shilova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nicolai V. Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rafael Mañez
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Intensive Care Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gligorijević N, Minić S, Nedić O. Structural changes of proteins in liver cirrhosis and consequential changes in their function. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:3780-3792. [PMID: 36157540 PMCID: PMC9367231 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i29.3780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the site of synthesis of the majority of circulating proteins. Besides initial polypeptide synthesis, sophisticated machinery is involved in the further processing of proteins by removing parts of them and/or adding functional groups and small molecules tailoring the final molecule to suit its physiological purpose. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) design a network of molecules with the common protein ancestor but with slightly or considerably varying activity/localization/purpose. PTMs can change under pathological conditions, giving rise to aberrant or overmodified proteins. Undesired changes in the structure of proteins most often accompany undesired changes in their function, such as reduced activity or the appearance of new effects. Proper protein processing is essential for the reactions in living beings and crucial for the overall quality control. Modifications that occur on proteins synthesized in the liver whose PTMs are cirrhosis-related are oxidation, nitration, glycosylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination. Some of them predominantly affect proteins that remain in liver cells, whereas others predominantly occur on proteins that leave the liver or originate from other tissues and perform their function in the circulation. Altered PTMs of certain proteins are potential candidates as biomarkers of liver-related diseases, including cirrhosis. This review will focus on PTMs on proteins whose structural changes in cirrhosis exert or are suspected to exert the most serious functional consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Gligorijević
- Department of Metabolism, University of Belgrade-Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, Belgrade 11080, Serbia
| | - Simeon Minić
- Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Olgica Nedić
- Department of Metabolism, University of Belgrade-Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, Belgrade 11080, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Silvera-Ruiz SM, Gemperle C, Peano N, Olivero V, Becerra A, Häberle J, Gruppi A, Larovere LE, Motrich RD. Immune Alterations in a Patient With Hyperornithinemia-Hyperammonemia-Homocitrullinuria Syndrome: A Case Report. Front Immunol 2022; 13:861516. [PMID: 35711415 PMCID: PMC9196877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.861516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive inborn error of the urea cycle caused by mutations in the SLC25A15 gene. Besides the well-known metabolic complications, patients often present intercurrent infections associated with acute hyperammonemia and metabolic decompensation. However, it is currently unknown whether intercurrent infections are associated with immunological alterations besides the known metabolic imbalances. Herein, we describe the case of a 3-years-old girl affected by the HHH syndrome caused by two novel SLC25A15 gene mutations associated with immune phenotypic and functional alterations. She was admitted to the hospital with an episode of recurrent otitis, somnolence, confusion, and lethargy. Laboratory tests revealed severe hyperammonemia, elevated serum levels of liver transaminases, hemostasis alterations, hyperglutaminemia and strikingly increased orotic aciduria. Noteworthy, serum protein electrophoresis showed a reduction in the gamma globulin fraction. Direct sequencing of the SLC25A15 gene revealed two heterozygous non-conservative substitutions in the exon 5: c.649G>A (p.Gly217Arg) and c.706A>G (p.Arg236Gly). In silico analysis indicated that both mutations significantly impair protein structure and function and are consistent with the patient clinical status confirming the diagnosis of HHH syndrome. In addition, the immune analysis revealed reduced levels of serum IgG and striking phenotypic and functional alterations in the T and B cell immune compartments. Our study has identified two non-previously described mutations in the SLC25A15 gene underlying the HHH syndrome. Moreover, we are reporting for the first time functional and phenotypic immunologic alterations in this rare inborn error of metabolism that would render the patient immunocompromised and might be related to the high frequency of intercurrent infections observed in patients bearing urea cycle disorders. Our results point out the importance of a comprehensive analysis to gain further insights into the underlying pathophysiology of the disease that would allow better patient care and quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silene M Silvera-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Hospital de Niños de la Santísima Trinidad, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Corinne Gemperle
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Peano
- Fundación para el Progreso de la Medicina, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Adriana Becerra
- División de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Hospital de Niños de la Santísima Trinidad, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Johannes Häberle
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriana Gruppi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura E Larovere
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas (CEMECO), Hospital de Niños de la Santísima Trinidad, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ruben D Motrich
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Scott DA, Wang M, Grauzam S, Pippin S, Black A, Angel PM, Drake RR, Castellino S, Kono Y, Rockey DC, Mehta AS. GlycoFibroTyper: A Novel Method for the Glycan Analysis of IgG and the Development of a Biomarker Signature of Liver Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:797460. [PMID: 35197973 PMCID: PMC8858972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.797460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our group has recently developed the GlycoTyper assay which is a streamlined antibody capture slide array approach to directly profile N-glycans of captured serum glycoproteins including immunoglobulin G (IgG). This method needs only a few microliters of serum and utilizes a simplified processing protocol that requires no purification or sugar modifications prior to analysis. In this method, antibody captured glycoproteins are treated with peptide N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) to release N-glycans for detection by MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). As alterations in N-linked glycans have been reported for IgG from large patient cohorts with fibrosis and cirrhosis, we utilized this novel method to examine the glycosylation of total IgG, as well as IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4, which have never been examined before, in a cohort of 106 patients with biopsy confirmed liver fibrosis. Patients were classified as either having no evidence of fibrosis (41 patients with no liver disease or stage 0 fibrosis), early stage fibrosis (10 METAVIR stage 1 and 18 METAVIR stage 2) or late stage fibrosis (6 patients with METAVIR stage 3 fibrosis and 37 patients with METAVIR stage 4 fibrosis (cirrhosis)). Several major alterations in glycosylation were observed that classify patients as having no fibrosis (sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 90%), early fibrosis (sensitivity of 84% with 90% specificity) or significant fibrosis (sensitivity of 94% with 90% specificity).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengjun Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Stephane Grauzam
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | | | - Alyson Black
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Peggi M. Angel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Richard R. Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | | | - Yuko Kono
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Don C. Rockey
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Anand S. Mehta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- *Correspondence: Anand S. Mehta,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gut Microbiota and Liver Interaction through Immune System Cross-Talk: A Comprehensive Review at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082488. [PMID: 32756323 PMCID: PMC7464500 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem containing bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeasts and other single-celled organisms. It is involved in the development and maintenance of both innate and systemic immunity of the body. Emerging evidence has shown its role in liver diseases through the immune system cross-talk. We review herein literature data regarding the triangular interaction between gut microbiota, immune system and liver in health and disease. Methods: We conducted a search on the main medical databases for original articles, reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials and case series using the following keywords and acronyms and their associations: gut microbiota, microbiome, gut virome, immunity, gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH), alcoholic liver disease, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma. Results: The gut microbiota consists of microorganisms that educate our systemic immunity through GALT and non-GALT interactions. The latter maintain health but are also involved in the pathophysiology and in the outcome of several liver diseases, particularly those with metabolic, toxic or immune-mediated etiology. In this context, gut virome has an emerging role in liver diseases and needs to be further investigated, especially due to the link reported between severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and hepatic dysfunctions. Conclusions: Changes in gut microbiota composition and alterations in the immune system response are involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic and immune-mediated liver diseases.
Collapse
|
6
|
Parikh ND, Mehta AS, Singal AG, Block T, Marrero JA, Lok AS. Biomarkers for the Early Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:2495-2503. [PMID: 32238405 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and the cancer with the fastest increase in mortality in the United States, with more than 39,000 cases and 29,000 deaths in 2018. As with many cancers, survival is significantly improved by early detection. The median survival of patients with early HCC is >60 months but <15 months when detected at an advanced stage. Surveillance of at-risk patients improves outcome, but fewer than 20% of those at risk for HCC receive surveillance, and current surveillance strategies have limited sensitivity and specificity. Ideally, blood-based biomarkers with adequate sensitivity or specificity would be available for early detection of HCC; however, the most commonly used biomarker for HCC, alpha-fetoprotein, has inadequate performance characteristics. There are several candidate serum proteomic, glycomic, and genetic markers that have gone through early stages of biomarker validation and have shown promise for the early detection of HCC, but these markers require validation in well-curated cohorts. Ongoing prospective cohort studies will permit retrospective longitudinal (phase III biomarker study) validation of biomarkers. In this review, we highlight promising candidate biomarkers and biomarker panels that have completed phase II evaluation but require further validation prior to clinical use.See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, "NCI Early Detection Research Network: Making Cancer Detection Possible."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neehar D Parikh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Anand S Mehta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Amit G Singal
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Timothy Block
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute of The Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, Pennsylvania
| | - Jorge A Marrero
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Anna S Lok
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Black AP, Liang H, West CA, Wang M, Herrera HP, Haab BB, Angel PM, Drake RR, Mehta AS. A Novel Mass Spectrometry Platform for Multiplexed N-Glycoprotein Biomarker Discovery from Patient Biofluids by Antibody Panel Based N-Glycan Imaging. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8429-8435. [PMID: 31177770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A new platform for N-glycoprotein analysis from serum that combines matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) workflows with antibody slide arrays is described. Antibody panel based (APB) N-glycan imaging allows for the specific capture of N-glycoproteins by antibodies on glass slides and N-glycan analysis in a protein-specific and multiplexed manner. Development of this technique has focused on characterizing two abundant and well-studied human serum glycoproteins, alpha-1-antitrypsin and immunoglobulin G. Using purified standard solutions and 1 μL samples of human serum, both glycoproteins can be immunocaptured and followed by enzymatic release of N-glycans. N-Glycans are detected with a MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometer in a concentration-dependent manner while maintaining specificity of capture. Importantly, the N-glycans detected via slide-based antibody capture were identical to that of direct analysis of the spotted standards. As a proof of concept, this workflow was applied to patient serum samples from individuals with liver cirrhosis to accurately detect a characteristic increase in an IgG N-glycan. This novel approach to protein-specific N-glycan analysis from an antibody panel can be further expanded to include any glycoprotein for which a validated antibody exists. Additionally, this platform can be adapted for analysis of any biofluid or biological sample that can be analyzed by antibody arrays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyson P Black
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology , Medical University of South Carolina , 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 310 , Charleston , South Carolina 29425 , United States
| | - Hongyan Liang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology , Medical University of South Carolina , 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 310 , Charleston , South Carolina 29425 , United States
| | - Connor A West
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology , Medical University of South Carolina , 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 310 , Charleston , South Carolina 29425 , United States
| | - Mengjun Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology , Medical University of South Carolina , 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 310 , Charleston , South Carolina 29425 , United States
| | - Harmin P Herrera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Drexel University College of Medicine , 2900 Queen Lane , Philadephia , Pennsylvania 19129 , United States
| | - Brian B Haab
- Van Andel Research Institute , 333 Bostwick Ave. , Grand Rapids , Michigan 49503 , United States
| | - Peggi M Angel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology , Medical University of South Carolina , 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 310 , Charleston , South Carolina 29425 , United States
| | - Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology , Medical University of South Carolina , 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 310 , Charleston , South Carolina 29425 , United States
| | - Anand S Mehta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology , Medical University of South Carolina , 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 310 , Charleston , South Carolina 29425 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
IgG Antibodies to GlcNAc β and Asialo-GM2 (GA2) Glycans as Potential Markers of Liver Damage in Chronic Hepatitis C and the Efficacy of Antiviral Treatment. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:4639805. [PMID: 30627223 PMCID: PMC6304914 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4639805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Total serum IgG level is a surrogate marker of hepatitis C (HC) severity. Antibodies (Abs) to microbial glycans could be markers of HC severity caused by the translocation of microbial products. The level of anti-glycan (AG) Abs was analysed in serum samples of patients (n = 128) with chronic HC in ELISA using fourteen synthetic glycans present in microbes and adhesins to evaluate the association of Abs with clinical parameters and the efficacy of antiviral treatment. The anti-GlcNAcβ IgG level was significantly higher in patients with fibrosis (P = 0.021) and severe portal inflammation (P < 0.001) regardless of other clinical parameters. The ROC curve analysis showed sensitivity of 0.59, specificity of 0.84, and AUC of 0.71 in discriminating F0 from F1–4 (HCV genotype-1b-infected patients). The level of anti-GA2 Abs before Peg-IFN/RBV treatment was significantly higher in nonsustained viral response (non-SVR) to treatment than in SVR (P = 0.033). ROC analysis showed sensitivity of 0.62, specificity of 0.70, and AUC of 64. Correlations of AG Abs to clinical parameters were found. The quantification of anti-GlcNAcβ Abs deserves attention in assessment of the hepatic damage while anti-GA2 Abs may be a sign of immune response related to the antiviral treatment.
Collapse
|
9
|
Biomarker analysis of fucosylated kininogen through depletion of lectin reactive heterophilic antibodies in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Immunol Methods 2018; 462:59-64. [PMID: 30144410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for >700,000 deaths worldwide, largely related to poor rates of diagnosis. Our previous work identified glycoproteins with increased levels of fucosylation in HCC. Plate-based assays to measure this change were compromised by increased levels of heterophilic antibodies with glycan lacking terminal galactose residues, which allowed for increased binding to the lectins used in these assays. To address this issue, we developed a multi-step protein A/G incubation and filtration method to remove the contaminating signal. However, this method was time consuming and expensive so alternative methods were desired. Herein, we describe a simple method relying on PEG precipitation that allows for the removal of IgG and IgM but retention of glycoproteins of interest. This method was tested on three sample sets, two internal and one external. PEG depletion of heterophilic IgG and IgM reduced in the coefficient of variation as observed with the protein A/G filtration method from 26.82% to 7.50% and allowed for the measurement of fucosylated protein. This method allowed for the measurement of fucosylated kininogen, which could serve as a biomarker of HCC. In conclusion, a new and simple method for the depletion of heterophilic IgG and IgM was developed and allowed for the analysis of fucosylated kininogen in patients with liver disease.
Collapse
|
10
|
Aitbaev KA, Murkamilov IT, Fomin VV. [Liver diseases: The pathogenetic role of the gut microbiome and the potential of treatment for its modulation]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2017; 89:120-128. [PMID: 28914862 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh2017898120-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The paper gives an update on the role of the gut microbiome (GM) in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, liver cirrhosis (LC), and its complications, such as hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and discusses the possibilities of its correction with prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). The pathophysiology of the liver diseases in question demonstrates some common features that are characterized by pathogenic changes in the composition of the gastrointestinal tract microflora, by intestinal barrier impairments, by development of endotoxemia, by increased liver expression of proinflammatory factors, and by development of liver inflammation. In progressive liver disease, the above changes are more pronounced, which contributes to the development of LC, HE, and HCC. GM modulation using prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, and FMT diminishes dysbacteriosis, strengthens the intestinal mucosal barrier, reduces endotoxemia and liver damage, and positively affects the clinical manifestations of HE. Further investigations are needed, especially in humans, firstly, to assess a relationship of GM to the development of liver diseases in more detail and, secondly, to obtain evidence indicating the therapeutic efficacy of GM-modulating agents in large-scale, well-designed, randomized, controlled, multicenter studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Aitbaev
- Research Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, National Center of Cardiology and Therapy, Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - I T Murkamilov
- I.K. Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - V V Fomin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang S, Cao X, Gao Q, Liu Y. Protein glycosylation in viral hepatitis-related HCC: Characterization of heterogeneity, biological roles, and clinical implications. Cancer Lett 2017; 406:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
12
|
Norton P, Comunale MA, Herrera H, Wang M, Houser J, Wimmerova M, Romano PR, Mehta A. Development and application of a novel recombinant Aleuria aurantia lectin with enhanced core fucose binding for identification of glycoprotein biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proteomics 2016; 16:3126-3136. [PMID: 27650323 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL) derived from orange peel fungus contains five fucose-binding sites that recognizes fucose bound in α-1,2, α-1,3, α-1,4, and α-1,6 linkages to N-acetylglucosamine and galactose. Recently, we have created several recombinant AAL (rAAL) proteins that had altered binding affinity to fucose linkages. In this report, we further characterize the binding specificity of one of the mutated lectins, N224Q lectin. This lectin was characterized by lectin Western blotting, surface plasmon resonance, and glycan microarray and shown to have increased binding to fucosylated glycan. Subsequently, we used this lectin to identify secreted fucosylated glycoproteins from a fetal hepatic cell line. Proteomic analysis revealed several glycoproteins secreted by the fetal cell line that were bound by N224Q lectin. These findings were confirmed by subsequent proteomic analysis of human serum from control patients or patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. These represent candidate oncofetal markers for liver cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Norton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mary Ann Comunale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harmin Herrera
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mengjun Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Josef Houser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Wimmerova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Anand Mehta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Horvath A, Leber B, Schmerboeck B, Tawdrous M, Zettel G, Hartl A, Madl T, Stryeck S, Fuchs D, Lemesch S, Douschan P, Krones E, Spindelboeck W, Durchschein F, Rainer F, Zollner G, Stauber RE, Fickert P, Stiegler P, Stadlbauer V. Randomised clinical trial: the effects of a multispecies probiotic vs. placebo on innate immune function, bacterial translocation and gut permeability in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44:926-935. [PMID: 27593544 PMCID: PMC5053220 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics may correct intestinal dysbiosis and proinflammatory conditions in patients with liver cirrhosis. AIM To test the effects of a multispecies probiotic on innate immune function, bacterial translocation and gut permeability. METHODS In a randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled study, stable cirrhotic out-patients either received a daily dose of a probiotic powder containing eight different bacterial strains (Ecologic Barrier, Winclove, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) (n = 44) or a placebo (n = 36) for 6 months and were followed up for another 6 months. RESULTS We found a significant but subclinical increase in neutrophil resting burst (2.6-3.2%, P = 0.0134) and neopterin levels (7.7-8.4 nmol/L, P = 0.001) with probiotics but not with placebo. Probiotic supplementation did not have a significant influence on neutrophil phagocytosis, endotoxin load, gut permeability or inflammatory markers. Ten severe infections occurred in total; one during intervention in the placebo group, and five and four after the intervention has ended in the probiotic and placebo group, respectively. Liver function showed some improvement with probiotics but not with placebo. CONCLUSIONS Probiotic supplementation significantly increased serum neopterin levels and the production of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils. These findings might explain the beneficial effects of probiotics on immune function. Furthermore, probiotic supplementation may be a well-tolerated method to maintain or even improve liver function in stable cirrhosis. However, its influence on gut barrier function and bacterial translocation in cirrhotic patients is minimal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Horvath
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - B. Leber
- Department of Transplantation SurgeryMedical University of GrazGrazAustria,Centre for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed)GrazAustria
| | - B. Schmerboeck
- Department of Transplantation SurgeryMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - M. Tawdrous
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - G. Zettel
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - A. Hartl
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - T. Madl
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - S. Stryeck
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - D. Fuchs
- Division of Biological ChemistryBiocentreMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - S. Lemesch
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - P. Douschan
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - E. Krones
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - W. Spindelboeck
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - F. Durchschein
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - F. Rainer
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - G. Zollner
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - R. E. Stauber
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - P. Fickert
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - P. Stiegler
- Department of Transplantation SurgeryMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - V. Stadlbauer
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li D, Wang P, Wang P, Hu X, Chen F. The gut microbiota: A treasure for human health. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:1210-1224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
15
|
Mehta A, Comunale MA, Rawat S, Casciano JC, Lamontagne J, Herrera H, Ramanathan A, Betesh L, Wang M, Norton P, Steel LF, Bouchard MJ. Intrinsic hepatocyte dedifferentiation is accompanied by upregulation of mesenchymal markers, protein sialylation and core alpha 1,6 linked fucosylation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27965. [PMID: 27328854 PMCID: PMC4916422 DOI: 10.1038/srep27965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in N-linked glycosylation have long been associated with cancer but for the most part, the reasons why have remained poorly understood. Here we show that increased core fucosylation is associated with de-differentiation of primary hepatocytes and with the appearance of markers indicative of a transition of cells from an epithelial to a mesenchymal state. This increase in core fucosylation was associated with increased levels of two enzymes involved in α-1,6 linked fucosylation, GDP-mannose 4, 6-dehydratase (Gmds) and to a lesser extent fucosyltransferase 8 (Fut8). In addition, the activation of cancer-associated cellular signaling pathways in primary rat hepatocytes can increase core fucosylation and induce additional glycoform alterations on hepatocyte proteins. Specifically, we show that increased levels of protein sialylation and α-1,6-linked core fucosylation are observed following activation of the β-catenin pathway. Activation of the Akt signaling pathway or induction of hypoxia also results in increased levels of fucosylation and sialylation. We believe that this knowledge will help in the better understanding of the genetic factors associated with altered glycosylation and may allow for the development of more clinically relevant biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Mehta
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Mary Ann Comunale
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Siddhartha Rawat
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics Graduate Program, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Jessica C Casciano
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics Graduate Program, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Jason Lamontagne
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Harmin Herrera
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Aarti Ramanathan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Lucy Betesh
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Mengjun Wang
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Pamela Norton
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Laura F Steel
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Michael J Bouchard
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang M, Comunale MA, Herrera H, Betesh L, Kono Y, Mehta A. Identification of IgM as a contaminant in lectin-FLISA assays for HCC detection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 476:140-5. [PMID: 27181357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease, in the form of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for > 700,000 deaths worldwide. A major reason for this is late diagnosis of HCC. The currently used biomarker, serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is elevated in 40-60% of those with HCC and other markers that can either compliment or replace AFP are desired. Our previous work has identified a number of proteins that contain altered glycans in HCC. Specifically, these altered glycans were increased levels of core and outer arm fucosylation. To determine the clinical usefulness of those identified glycoproteins, a plate based assay was developed that allowed for the detection of fucosylated glycoforms. While this method was applicable to a number of independent patient sets, it was unable to specifically detect fucosylated glycoforms in many patient samples. That is, some material was present in serum that led to non-specific signal in the lectin- fluorescence -linked immunosorbent assay (lectin-FLISA). To address this issue, a systematic process was undertaken to identify the material. This material was found to be increased levels of lectin reactive IgM. Removal of both IgG and IgM using a multi-step protein A/G incubation and filtration step removed the contaminating signal and allowed for the analysis of specific protein glycoforms. This assay was subsequently used on two sample sets, one that was shown previously to be unable to be tested via a lectin FLISA and in a larger independent sample set. The clinical usefulness of this assay in the early detection of HCC is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Wang
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Room 18307 New College Building, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Mary Ann Comunale
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Room 18307 New College Building, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Harmin Herrera
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Lucy Betesh
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Room 18307 New College Building, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Yuko Kono
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of California, San Diego 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92103-8413, USA
| | - Anand Mehta
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Room 18307 New College Building, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vaikunthanathan T, Safinia N, Lombardi G, Lechler RI. Microbiota, immunity and the liver. Immunol Lett 2016; 171:36-49. [PMID: 26835593 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The gut harbors a complex community of over 100 trillion microbial cells known to exist in symbiotic harmony with the host influencing human physiology, metabolism, nutrition and immune function. It is now widely accepted that perturbations of this close partnership results in the pathogenesis of several major diseases with increasing evidence highlighting their role outside of the intestinal tract. The intimate proximity and circulatory loop of the liver and the gut has attracted significant attention regarding the role of the microbiota in the development and progression of liver disease. Here we give an overview of the interaction between the microbiota and the immune system and focus on their convincing role in both the propagation and treatment of liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Vaikunthanathan
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
| | - N Safinia
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
| | - G Lombardi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
| | - R I Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bello-Gil D, Manez R. Exploiting natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies for therapeutic purposes. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:836-45. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915070044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
19
|
Abstract
Microbes are present in large numbers in each human being, in particularly in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and have long been believed to have some beneficial effects for their hosts. Till recently, however, we lacked tools for studying these organisms. Rapid technological advances in recent years have markedly improved our understanding of their role both in health and disease. Recent literature suggests that organisms in the GI tract, referred to collectively as gut microbiota, play an indispensable role in the maintenance of host's homeostasis. Alterations in the gut microbiota, that is in the nature and relative density of various constituent bacterial species, appear to have a role in pathogenesis and progression of several GI and hepatic diseases. This has also opened the vista for tinkering with gut flora in an attempt to treat or prevent such diseases. In this review, we have tried to summarize information on normal gut microbiota, laboratory techniques and animal models used to study it, and the role of its perturbations in some of the common hepatic disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (including obesity), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and liver cirrhosis and its complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Goel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Finelli C, Tarantino G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diet and gut microbiota. EXCLI JOURNAL 2014; 13:461-90. [PMID: 26417275 PMCID: PMC4464355 DOI: pmid/26417275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a severe liver disease that is increasing in prevalence with the worldwide epidemic of obesity and its related insulin-resistance state. Evidence for the role of the gut microbiota in energy storage and the subsequent development of obesity and some of its related diseases is now well established. More recently, a new role of gut microbiota has emerged in NAFLD. The gut microbiota is involved in gut permeability, low-grade inflammation and immune balance, it modulates dietary choline metabolism, regulates bile acid metabolism and produces endogenous ethanol. All of these factors are molecular mechanisms by which the microbiota can induce NAFLD or its progression toward overt non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Modification of the gut microbiota composition and/or its biochemical capacity by specific dietary or pharmacological interventions may advantageously affect host metabolism. Large-scale intervention trials, investigating the potential benefit of prebiotics and probiotics in improving cardiometabolic health in high-risk populations, are fervently awaited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Finelli
- Center of Obesity and Eating Disorders, Stella Maris Mediterraneum Foundation, Potenza, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Italy
- National Cancer Institute "Foundation G. Pascale" -IRCS- 83013 Mercogliano (Av), Italy
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Giovanni Tarantino, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|