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Klaassen FH, de Voogd LD, Hulsman AM, O'Reilly JX, Klumpers F, Figner B, Roelofs K. The neurocomputational link between defensive cardiac states and approach-avoidance arbitration under threat. Commun Biol 2024; 7:576. [PMID: 38755409 PMCID: PMC11099143 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Avoidance, a hallmark of anxiety-related psychopathology, often comes at a cost; avoiding threat may forgo the possibility of a reward. Theories predict that optimal approach-avoidance arbitration depends on threat-induced psychophysiological states, like freezing-related bradycardia. Here we used model-based fMRI analyses to investigate whether and how bradycardia states are linked to the neurocomputational underpinnings of approach-avoidance arbitration under varying reward and threat magnitudes. We show that bradycardia states are associated with increased threat-induced avoidance and more pronounced reward-threat value comparison (i.e., a stronger tendency to approach vs. avoid when expected reward outweighs threat). An amygdala-striatal-prefrontal circuit supports approach-avoidance arbitration under threat, with specific involvement of the amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) in integrating reward-threat value and bradycardia states. These findings highlight the role of human freezing states in value-based decision making, relevant for optimal threat coping. They point to a specific role for amygdala/dACC in state-value integration under threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix H Klaassen
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Lycia D de Voogd
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University, Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Leiden University, Institute of Psychology and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Rapenburg 70, 2311 EZ, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anneloes M Hulsman
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University, Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jill X O'Reilly
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, OX2 6GG, Oxford, UK
| | - Floris Klumpers
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University, Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Figner
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University, Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Roelofs
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Radboud University, Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Ishizaki T, Maesawa S, Nakatsubo D, Yamamoto H, Torii J, Mutoh M, Natsume J, Hoshiyama M, Saito R. Connectivity alteration in thalamic nuclei and default mode network-related area in memory processes in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy using magnetoencephalography. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10632. [PMID: 37391474 PMCID: PMC10313774 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to investigate the involvement of the thalamic nuclei in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) and identify the influence of interictal epileptic discharges on the neural basis of memory processing by evaluating the functional connectivity (FC) between the thalamic nuclei and default mode network-related area (DMNRA) using magnetoencephalography. Preoperative datasets of nine patients with MTLE with seizure-free status after surgery and those of nine healthy controls were analyzed. The FC between the thalamic nuclei (anterior nucleus [ANT], mediodorsal nucleus [MD], intralaminar nuclei [IL]), hippocampus, and DMNRA was examined for each of the resting, pre-spike, spike, and post-spike periods in the delta to ripple bands using magnetoencephalography. The FC between the ANT, MD, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex increased in the gamma to ripple bands, whereas the FC between the ANT, IL, and DMNRA decreased in the delta to beta bands, compared with that of the healthy controls at rest. Compared with the rest period, the pre-spike period had significantly decreased FC between the ANT, MD, and DMNRA in the ripple band. Different FC changes between the thalamic nuclei, hippocampus, and DMNRA of specific connections in a particular band may reflect impairment or compensation in the memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotaka Ishizaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maesawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Nakatsubo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Jun Torii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Manabu Mutoh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Jun Natsume
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Minoru Hoshiyama
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryuta Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
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Jamieson GA, Page J, Evans ID, Hamlin A. Conflict and control in cortical responses to inconsistent emotional signals in a face-word Stroop. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:955171. [PMID: 37457498 PMCID: PMC10349396 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.955171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Social communication is fraught with ambiguity. Negotiating the social world requires interpreting the affective signals we receive and often selecting between channels of conflicting affective information. The affective face-word Stroop (AFWS) provides an experimental paradigm which may identify cognitive-affective control mechanisms underpinning essential social-affective skills. Initial functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of the AFWS identified right amygdala as driving this affective conflict and left rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) as the locus of conflict control. We employed electroencephalogram (EEG) and eLORETA source localization to investigate the timing, location, and sequence of control processes when responding to affective conflict generated during the AFWS. However we designated affective word as the response target and affective face as the distractor to maximize conflict and control effects. Reaction times showed slowed responses in high vs. low control conditions, corresponding to a Rabbitt type control effect rather than the previously observed Grattan effect. Control related activation occurred in right rACC 96-118 ms post-stimulus, corresponding to the resolution of the P1 peak in the Visual Evoked Potential (VEP). Face distractors elicit right hemisphere control, while word distractors elicit left hemisphere control. Low control trials require rapid "booting up" control resources observable through VEPs. Incongruent trial activity in right fusiform face area is suppressed 118-156 ms post stimulus corresponding to onset and development of the N170 VEP component. Results are consistent with a predicted sequence of rapid early amygdala activation by affective conflict, then rACC inhibition of amygdala decreasing facilitation of affective face processing (however, amygdala activity is not observable with EEG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A. Jamieson
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Julia Page
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian D. Evans
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam Hamlin
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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Lapolla NJ, Bishop BH, Gahtan E. Social context modulates autonomic responses to direct eye contact. Physiol Behav 2023; 263:114119. [PMID: 36787812 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Eye contact with another person (social gaze) can evoke emotions, produce autonomic arousal, and influence behavior. Gaze cues can be evocative even when presented in static pictures of faces suggesting that responses depend on low-level visual features of gaze stimuli. The current study examined whether emotional gaze responses depend on the physical stimulus properties of an eye contact experience versus the cognitive evaluation of the social context of gaze. This was done by comparing skin conductance responses (SCR), an index of emotional arousal, during episodes of social gaze and 'self-gaze' (gazing at one's own eyes in a mirror), keeping other aspects of the viewing conditions constant. We compared SCRs during social gaze and self-gaze in forty participant pairs. Each participant engaged in ten, 20 second eye contact trials, alternating between social and self-gaze. Self-gaze episodes produced significant SCRs but social gaze SCR's were larger and occurred more reliably. SCRs decreased across trials (habituation effect) in both conditions. We speculated that social gaze between opposite sex partners might yield larger SCRs but this was not found. Overall, these results conceptually replicate previous findings of (likely top-town) cognitive regulation of autonomic gaze responses based on evaluation of the social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanial J Lapolla
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, 95521, USA
| | - Benjamin H Bishop
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, 95521, USA
| | - Ethan Gahtan
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, 95521, USA.; Department of Biology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, 95521, USA..
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Salvari V, Korth D, Paraskevopoulos E, Wollbrink A, Ivansic D, Guntinas-Lichius O, Klingner C, Pantev C, Dobel C. Tinnitus-frequency specific activity and connectivity: A MEG study. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 38:103379. [PMID: 36933347 PMCID: PMC10031544 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Tinnitus pathophysiology has been associated with an atypical cortical network that involves functional changes in auditory and non-auditory areas. Numerous resting-state studies have replicated a tinnitus brain network to be significantly different from healthy-controls. Yet it is still unknown whether the cortical reorganization is attributed to the tinnitus frequency specifically or if it is frequency-irrelevant. Employing magnetoencephalography (MEG), the current study aimed to identify frequency-specific activity patterns by using an individual tinnitus tone (TT) and a 500 Hz-control tone (CT) as auditory stimuli, across 54 tinnitus patients. MEG data were analyzed in a data-driven approach employing a whole-head model in source space and in sources' functional connectivity. Compared to the CT, the event related source space analysis revealed a statistically significant response to TT involving fronto-parietal regions. The CT mainly involved typical auditory activation-related regions. A comparison of the cortical responses to a healthy control group that underwent the same paradigm rejected the alternative interpretation that the frequency-specific activation differences were due to the higher frequency of the TT. Overall, the results suggest frequency-specificity of tinnitus-related cortical patterns. In line with previous studies, we demonstrated a tinnitus-frequency specific network comprising left fronto-temporal, fronto-parietal and tempo-parietal junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Salvari
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Münster, P.C. D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniela Korth
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, P.C. D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Evangelos Paraskevopoulos
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.C. 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, P.C. CY 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Wollbrink
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Münster, P.C. D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniela Ivansic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, P.C. D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Orlando Guntinas-Lichius
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, P.C. D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Klingner
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, D-07747 Jena Germany
| | - Christo Pantev
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Münster, P.C. D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Dobel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, P.C. D-07747 Jena, Germany
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The role of discriminability in face perception: Interference processing of expression, gender, and gaze. Atten Percept Psychophys 2022; 84:2281-2292. [PMID: 36076120 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Eye gaze plays a fundamental role in social interaction and facial recognition. However, interference processing between gaze and other facial variants (e.g., expression) and invariant information (e.g., gender) remains controversial and unclear, especially the role of facial information discriminability in interference. A Garner paradigm was used to conduct two experiments. This paradigm allows simultaneous investigation of the mutual influence of two kinds of facial information in one experiment. In Experiment 1, we manipulated facial expression discriminability and investigated its role in interference processing of gaze and facial expression. The results show that individuals were unable to ignore expression when classifying gaze with both high and low discriminability but could ignore gaze when classifying expression with high discriminability only. In Experiment 2, we manipulated gender discriminability and investigated its function in interference processing of gaze and gender. Participants were unable to ignore gender when classifying gaze with both high and low discriminability but could ignore gaze when classifying gender with low discriminability only. The results indicate that gaze categorization is affected by facial expression and gender regardless of facial information discriminability, whereas interference of gaze on facial expression and gender depends on the degree of discriminability. The present study provides evidence that the processing of gaze and other variant and invariant information is interdependent.
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Differential neurodynamics and connectivity in the dorsal and ventral visual pathways during perception of emotional crowds and individuals: a MEG study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 21:776-792. [PMID: 33725334 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-021-00880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reading the prevailing emotion of groups of people ("crowd emotion") is critical to understanding their overall intention and disposition. It alerts us to potential dangers, such as angry mobs or panicked crowds, giving us time to escape. A critical aspect of processing crowd emotion is that it must occur rapidly, because delays often are costly. Although knowing the timing of neural events is crucial for understanding how the brain guides behaviors using coherent signals from a glimpse of multiple faces, this information is currently lacking in the literature on face ensemble coding. Therefore, we used magnetoencephalography to examine the neurodynamics in the dorsal and ventral visual streams and the periamygdaloid cortex to compare perception of groups of faces versus individual faces. Forty-six participants compared two groups of four faces or two individual faces with varying emotional expressions and chose which group or individual they would avoid. We found that the dorsal stream was activated as early as 68 msec after the onset of stimuli containing groups of faces. In contrast, the ventral stream was activated later and predominantly for individual face stimuli. The latencies of the dorsal stream activation peaks correlated with participants' response times for facial crowds. We also found enhanced connectivity earlier between the periamygdaloid cortex and the dorsal stream regions for crowd emotion perception. Our findings suggest that ensemble coding of facial crowds proceeds rapidly and in parallel by engaging the dorsal stream to mediate adaptive social behaviors, via a distinct route from single face perception.
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Kulasingham JP, Brodbeck C, Presacco A, Kuchinsky SE, Anderson S, Simon JZ. High gamma cortical processing of continuous speech in younger and older listeners. Neuroimage 2020; 222:117291. [PMID: 32835821 PMCID: PMC7736126 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural processing along the ascending auditory pathway is often associated with a progressive reduction in characteristic processing rates. For instance, the well-known frequency-following response (FFR) of the auditory midbrain, as measured with electroencephalography (EEG), is dominated by frequencies from ∼100 Hz to several hundred Hz, phase-locking to the acoustic stimulus at those frequencies. In contrast, cortical responses, whether measured by EEG or magnetoencephalography (MEG), are typically characterized by frequencies of a few Hz to a few tens of Hz, time-locking to acoustic envelope features. In this study we investigated a crossover case, cortically generated responses time-locked to continuous speech features at FFR-like rates. Using MEG, we analyzed responses in the high gamma range of 70-200 Hz to continuous speech using neural source-localized reverse correlation and the corresponding temporal response functions (TRFs). Continuous speech stimuli were presented to 40 subjects (17 younger, 23 older adults) with clinically normal hearing and their MEG responses were analyzed in the 70-200 Hz band. Consistent with the relative insensitivity of MEG to many subcortical structures, the spatiotemporal profile of these response components indicated a cortical origin with ∼40 ms peak latency and a right hemisphere bias. TRF analysis was performed using two separate aspects of the speech stimuli: a) the 70-200 Hz carrier of the speech, and b) the 70-200 Hz temporal modulations in the spectral envelope of the speech stimulus. The response was dominantly driven by the envelope modulation, with a much weaker contribution from the carrier. Age-related differences were also analyzed to investigate a reversal previously seen along the ascending auditory pathway, whereby older listeners show weaker midbrain FFR responses than younger listeners, but, paradoxically, have stronger cortical low frequency responses. In contrast to both these earlier results, this study did not find clear age-related differences in high gamma cortical responses to continuous speech. Cortical responses at FFR-like frequencies shared some properties with midbrain responses at the same frequencies and with cortical responses at much lower frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Kulasingham
- (a)Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.
| | - Christian Brodbeck
- (b)Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States.
| | - Alessandro Presacco
- (b)Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States.
| | - Stefanie E Kuchinsky
- (c)Audiology and Speech Pathology Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.
| | - Samira Anderson
- (d)Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States.
| | - Jonathan Z Simon
- (a)Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; (b)Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States; (e)Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States.
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Hadas I, Zomorrodi R, Hill AT, Sun Y, Fitzgerald PB, Blumberger DM, Daskalakis ZJ. Subgenual cingulate connectivity and hippocampal activation are related to MST therapeutic and adverse effects. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:392. [PMID: 33173028 PMCID: PMC7655940 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the subgenual cingulate cortex (SGC) has been linked to the pathophysiology of depression. Indirect evidence also links hippocampal activation to the cognitive side effects of seizure treatments. Magnetic seizure therapy (MST) is a novel treatment for patients with treatment resistant depression (TRD). Here we combine transcranial magnetic stimulation with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) to evaluate the effects of MST on connectivity and activation between the DLPFC, the SGC and hippocampus (Hipp) in patients with TRD. The TMS-EEG was collected from 31 TRD patients prior to and after an MST treatment trial. Through TMS-EEG methodology we evaluated significant current scattering (SCS) as an index of effective connectivity between the SGC and left DLPFC. Significant current density (SCD) was used to assess activity at the level of the Hipp. The SCS between the SGC and DLPFC was reduced after the course of MST (p < 0.036). The DLPFC-SGC effective connectivity reduction correlated with the changes in Hamilton depression score pre-to-post treatment (R = 0.46; p < 0.031). The SCD localized to the Hipp was reduced after the course of MST (p < 0.015), and the SCD change was correlated with montreal cognitive assessment (MOCA) scores pre-post the course of MST (R = -0.59; p < 0.026). Our findings suggest that MST treatment is associated with SGC-DLPFC connectivity reduction and that changes to cognition are associated with Hipp activation reduction. These findings demonstrate two distinct processes which drive efficacy and side effects separately, and might eventually aid in delineating physiological TRD targets in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Hadas
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Reza Zomorrodi
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T1R8, Canada
| | - Aron T Hill
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yinming Sun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Epworth Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, Epworth Healthcare and Monash University Department of Psychiatry, Camberwell, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel M Blumberger
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA.
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10
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Spechler PA, Chaarani B, Orr C, Albaugh MD, Fontaine NR, Higgins ST, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Artiges E, Martinot MLP, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Garavan H. Longitudinal associations between amygdala reactivity and cannabis use in a large sample of adolescents. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:3447-3458. [PMID: 32772145 PMCID: PMC7572697 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The amygdala is a key brain structure to study in relation to cannabis use as reflected by its high-density of cannabinoid receptors and functional reactivity to processes relevant to drug use. Previously, we identified a correlation between cannabis use in early adolescence and amygdala hyper-reactivity to angry faces (Spechler et al. 2015). OBJECTIVES Here, we leveraged the longitudinal aspect of the same dataset (the IMAGEN study) to determine (1) if amygdala hyper-reactivity predicts future cannabis use and (2) if amygdala reactivity is affected by prolonged cannabis exposure during adolescence. METHODS First, linear regressions predicted the level of cannabis use by age 19 using amygdala reactivity to angry faces measured at age 14 prior to cannabis exposure in a sample of 1119 participants. Next, we evaluated the time course of amygdala functional development from age 14 to 19 for angry face processing and how it might be associated with protracted cannabis use throughout this developmental window. We compared the sample from Spechler et al. 2015, the majority of whom escalated their use over the 5-year interval, to a matched sample of non-users. RESULTS Right amygdala reactivity to angry faces significantly predicted cannabis use 5 years later in a dose-response fashion. Cannabis-naïve adolescents demonstrated the lowest levels of amygdala reactivity. No such predictive relationship was identified for alcohol or cigarette use. Next, follow-up analyses indicated a significant group-by-time interaction for the right amygdala. CONCLUSIONS (1) Right amygdala hyper-reactivity is predictive of future cannabis use, and (2) protracted cannabis exposure during adolescence may alter the rate of neurotypical functional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Spechler
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA.
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Catherine Orr
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Matthew D Albaugh
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Nicholas R Fontaine
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Stephen T Higgins
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig-Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie", Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli; and Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales en psychiatrie", Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli; and AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Paris, France
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
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11
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Fahimi Hnazaee M, Wittevrongel B, Khachatryan E, Libert A, Carrette E, Dauwe I, Meurs A, Boon P, Van Roost D, Van Hulle MM. Localization of deep brain activity with scalp and subdural EEG. Neuroimage 2020; 223:117344. [PMID: 32898677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To what extent electrocorticography (ECoG) and electroencephalography (scalp EEG) differ in their capability to locate sources of deep brain activity is far from evident. Compared to EEG, the spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio of ECoG is superior but its spatial coverage is more restricted, as is arguably the volume of tissue activity effectively measured from. Moreover, scalp EEG studies are providing evidence of locating activity from deep sources such as the hippocampus using high-density setups during quiet wakefulness. To address this question, we recorded a multimodal dataset from 4 patients with refractory epilepsy during quiet wakefulness. This data comprises simultaneous scalp, subdural and depth EEG electrode recordings. The latter was located in the hippocampus or insula and provided us with our "ground truth" for source localization of deep activity. We applied independent component analysis (ICA) for the purpose of separating the independent sources in theta, alpha and beta frequency band activity. In all patients subdural- and scalp EEG components were observed which had a significant zero-lag correlation with one or more contacts of the depth electrodes. Subsequent dipole modeling of the correlating components revealed dipole locations that were significantly closer to the depth electrodes compared to the dipole location of non-correlating components. These findings support the idea that components found in both recording modalities originate from neural activity in close proximity to the depth electrodes. Sources localized with subdural electrodes were ~70% closer to the depth electrode than sources localized with EEG with an absolute improvement of around ~2cm. In our opinion, this is not a considerable improvement in source localization accuracy given that, for clinical purposes, ECoG electrodes were implanted in close proximity to the depth electrodes. Furthermore, the ECoG grid attenuates the scalp EEG, due to the electrically isolating silastic sheets in which the ECoG electrodes are embedded. Our results on dipole modeling show that the deep source localization accuracy of scalp EEG is comparable to that of ECoG. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Deep and subcortical regions play an important role in brain function. However, as joint recordings at multiple spatial scales to study brain function in humans are still scarce, it is still unresolved to what extent ECoG and EEG differ in their capability to locate sources of deep brain activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study presenting a dataset of simultaneously recorded EEG, ECoG and depth electrodes in the hippocampus or insula, with a focus on non-epileptiform activity (quiet wakefulness). Furthermore, we are the first study to provide experimental findings on the comparison of source localization of deep cortical structures between invasive and non-invasive brain activity measured from the cortical surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Wittevrongel
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elvira Khachatryan
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arno Libert
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelien Carrette
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ine Dauwe
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alfred Meurs
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Boon
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Van Roost
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc M Van Hulle
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Abnormal alpha band power in the dynamic pain connectome is a marker of chronic pain with a neuropathic component. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 26:102241. [PMID: 32203904 PMCID: PMC7090370 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
High theta and low gamma activity in the dynamic pain connectome is linked to chronic pain. High alpha-band activity is present when neuropathic pain is likely. Spectral frequency band strength distinguish neuropathic from non-neuropathic pain.
We previously identified alpha frequency slowing and beta attenuation in the dynamic pain connectome related to pain severity and interference in patients with multiple sclerosis-related neuropathic pain (NP). Here, we determined whether these abnormalities, are markers of aberrant temporal dynamics in non-neuropathic inflammatory pain (non-NP) or when NP is also suspected. We measured resting-state magnetoencephalography (MEG) spectral density in 45 people (17 females, 28 males) with chronic back pain due to ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and 38 age/sex matched healthy controls. We used painDETECT scores to divide the chronic pain group into those with only non-NP (NNP) and those who likely also had a component of NP in addition to their inflammatory pain. We also assessed pain severity, pain interference, and disease activity with the Brief Pain Inventory and Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI). We examined spectral power in the dynamic pain connectome, including nodes of the ascending nociceptive pathway (ANP), default mode (DMN), and salience networks (SN). Compared to the healthy controls, the AS patients exhibited increased theta power in the DMN and decreased low-gamma power in the DMN and ANP, but did not exhibit beta-band attenuation or peak-alpha slowing. The NNP patients were not different from HCs. Compared to both healthy controls and NNP, NP patients had increased alpha power in the ANP. Increased alpha power within the ANP was associated with reduced BASDAI in the NNP group, and increased pain in the mixed-NP group within the DMN, SN, and ANP. Thus, high theta and low gamma activity may be markers of chronic pain but high alpha-band activity may relate to particular features of neuropathic chronic pain.
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13
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Cushing CA, Im HY, Adams RB, Ward N, Kveraga K. Magnocellular and parvocellular pathway contributions to facial threat cue processing. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 14:151-162. [PMID: 30721981 PMCID: PMC6382926 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human faces evolved to signal emotions, with their meaning contextualized by eye gaze. For instance, a fearful expression paired with averted gaze clearly signals both presence of threat and its probable location. Conversely, direct gaze paired with facial fear leaves the source of the fear-evoking threat ambiguous. Given that visual perception occurs in parallel streams with different processing emphases, our goal was to test a recently developed hypothesis that clear and ambiguous threat cues would differentially engage the magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) pathways, respectively. We employed two-tone face images to characterize the neurodynamics evoked by stimuli that were biased toward M or P pathways. Human observers (N = 57) had to identify the expression of fearful or neutral faces with direct or averted gaze while their magnetoencephalogram was recorded. Phase locking between the amygdaloid complex, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and fusiform gyrus increased early (0–300 ms) for M-biased clear threat cues (averted-gaze fear) in the β-band (13–30 Hz) while P-biased ambiguous threat cues (direct-gaze fear) evoked increased θ (4–8 Hz) phase locking in connections with OFC of the right hemisphere. We show that M and P pathways are relatively more sensitive toward clear and ambiguous threat processing, respectively, and characterize the neurodynamics underlying emotional face processing in the M and P pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Cushing
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Hee Yeon Im
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reginald B Adams
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Noreen Ward
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Kestutis Kveraga
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Gao C, Weber CE, Shinkareva SV. The brain basis of audiovisual affective processing: Evidence from a coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Cortex 2019; 120:66-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Tzovara A, Meyer SS, Bonaiuto JJ, Abivardi A, Dolan RJ, Barnes GR, Bach DR. High-precision magnetoencephalography for reconstructing amygdalar and hippocampal oscillations during prediction of safety and threat. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:4114-4129. [PMID: 31257708 PMCID: PMC6772181 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning to associate neutral with aversive events in rodents is thought to depend on hippocampal and amygdala oscillations. In humans, oscillations underlying aversive learning are not well characterised, largely due to the technical difficulty of recording from these two structures. Here, we used high‐precision magnetoencephalography (MEG) during human discriminant delay threat conditioning. We constructed generative anatomical models relating neural activity with recorded magnetic fields at the single‐participant level, including the neocortex with or without the possibility of sources originating in the hippocampal and amygdalar structures. Models including neural activity in amygdala and hippocampus explained MEG data during threat conditioning better than exclusively neocortical models. We found that in both amygdala and hippocampus, theta oscillations during anticipation of an aversive event had lower power compared to safety, both during retrieval and extinction of aversive memories. At the same time, theta synchronisation between hippocampus and amygdala increased over repeated retrieval of aversive predictions, but not during safety. Our results suggest that high‐precision MEG is sensitive to neural activity of the human amygdala and hippocampus during threat conditioning and shed light on the oscillation‐mediated mechanisms underpinning retrieval and extinction of fear memories in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Tzovara
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Centre Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Sofie S Meyer
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James J Bonaiuto
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aslan Abivardi
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Centre Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth R Barnes
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik R Bach
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Centre Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Kovarski K, Mennella R, Wong SM, Dunkley BT, Taylor MJ, Batty M. Enhanced Early Visual Responses During Implicit Emotional Faces Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:871-886. [PMID: 30374763 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research on Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has focused on processing of socially-relevant stimuli, such as faces. Nonetheless, before being 'social', faces are visual stimuli. The present magnetoencephalography study investigated the time course of brain activity during an implicit emotional task in visual emotion-related regions in 19 adults with ASD (mean age 26.3 ± 4.4) and 19 typically developed controls (26.4 ± 4). The results confirmed previously-reported differences between groups in brain responses to emotion and a hypo-activation in the ASD group in the right fusiform gyrus around 150 ms. However, the ASD group also presented early enhanced activity in the occipital region. These results support that impaired face processing in ASD might be sustained by atypical responses in primary visual areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Kovarski
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Centre Universitaire de PédoPsychiatrie, Tours, France. .,Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for the Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Rocco Mennella
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for the Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Laboratoire de neurosciences cognitives, INSERM U960, Département d'études cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Simeon M Wong
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for the Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for the Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Benjamin T Dunkley
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for the Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for the Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Margot J Taylor
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for the Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for the Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Magali Batty
- CERPPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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17
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Pizzo F, Roehri N, Medina Villalon S, Trébuchon A, Chen S, Lagarde S, Carron R, Gavaret M, Giusiano B, McGonigal A, Bartolomei F, Badier JM, Bénar CG. Deep brain activities can be detected with magnetoencephalography. Nat Commun 2019; 10:971. [PMID: 30814498 PMCID: PMC6393515 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08665-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus and amygdala are key brain structures of the medial temporal lobe, involved in cognitive and emotional processes as well as pathological states such as epilepsy. Despite their importance, it is still unclear whether their neural activity can be recorded non-invasively. Here, using simultaneous intracerebral and magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings in patients with focal drug-resistant epilepsy, we demonstrate a direct contribution of amygdala and hippocampal activity to surface MEG recordings. In particular, a method of blind source separation, independent component analysis, enabled activity arising from large neocortical networks to be disentangled from that of deeper structures, whose amplitude at the surface was small but significant. This finding is highly relevant for our understanding of hippocampal and amygdala brain activity as it implies that their activity could potentially be measured non-invasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pizzo
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, 13005, France.
- APHM, Timone Hospital, Epileptology and cerebral rhythmology, Marseille, 13005, France.
| | - N Roehri
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - S Medina Villalon
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, 13005, France
- APHM, Timone Hospital, Epileptology and cerebral rhythmology, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - A Trébuchon
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, 13005, France
- APHM, Timone Hospital, Epileptology and cerebral rhythmology, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - S Chen
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - S Lagarde
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, 13005, France
- APHM, Timone Hospital, Epileptology and cerebral rhythmology, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - R Carron
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, 13005, France
- APHM, Timone Hospital, Functional and Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - M Gavaret
- INSERM UMR894, Paris Descartes university, GHU Paris Psychiatrie Neurosciences, 75013, Paris, France
| | - B Giusiano
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - A McGonigal
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, 13005, France
- APHM, Timone Hospital, Epileptology and cerebral rhythmology, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - F Bartolomei
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, 13005, France
- APHM, Timone Hospital, Epileptology and cerebral rhythmology, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - J M Badier
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - C G Bénar
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, 13005, France.
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18
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Neuropathic pain and pain interference are linked to alpha-band slowing and reduced beta-band magnetoencephalography activity within the dynamic pain connectome in patients with multiple sclerosis. Pain 2018; 160:187-197. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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19
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Magnetoencephalography: Clinical and Research Practices. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8080157. [PMID: 30126121 PMCID: PMC6120049 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8080157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a neurophysiological technique that detects the magnetic fields associated with brain activity. Synthetic aperture magnetometry (SAM), a MEG magnetic source imaging technique, can be used to construct both detailed maps of global brain activity as well as virtual electrode signals, which provide information that is similar to invasive electrode recordings. This innovative approach has demonstrated utility in both clinical and research settings. For individuals with epilepsy, MEG provides valuable, nonredundant information. MEG accurately localizes the irritative zone associated with interictal spikes, often detecting epileptiform activity other methods cannot, and may give localizing information when other methods fail. These capabilities potentially greatly increase the population eligible for epilepsy surgery and improve planning for those undergoing surgery. MEG methods can be readily adapted to research settings, allowing noninvasive assessment of whole brain neurophysiological activity, with a theoretical spatial range down to submillimeter voxels, and in both humans and nonhuman primates. The combination of clinical and research activities with MEG offers a unique opportunity to advance translational research from bench to bedside and back.
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20
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Mares I, Smith ML, Johnson MH, Senju A. Revealing the neural time-course of direct gaze processing via spatial frequency manipulation of faces. Biol Psychol 2018; 135:76-83. [PMID: 29510183 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Direct gaze is a powerful social cue signalling the attention of another person toward oneself. Here we investigated the relevance of low spatial frequency (LSF) and high spatial frequency (HSF) in facial cues for direct gaze processing. We identified two distinct peaks in the ERP response, the N170 and N240 components. These two components were related to different stimulus conditions and influenced by different spatial frequencies. In particular, larger N170 and N240 amplitudes were observed for direct gaze than for averted gaze, but only in the N240 component was this effect modulated by spatial frequency, where it was reliant in LSF information. By contrast, larger N170 and N240 components were observed for faces than for non-facial stimuli, but this effect was only modulated by spatial frequency in the N170 component, where it relied on HSF information. The present study highlights the existence of two functionally distinct components related to direct gaze processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Mares
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Henry Wellcome Building, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom; Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom.
| | - Marie L Smith
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Henry Wellcome Building, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom; Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark H Johnson
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Henry Wellcome Building, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom.
| | - Atsushi Senju
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Henry Wellcome Building, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom.
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21
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Cushing CA, Im HY, Adams RB, Ward N, Albohn DN, Steiner TG, Kveraga K. Neurodynamics and connectivity during facial fear perception: The role of threat exposure and signal congruity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2776. [PMID: 29426826 PMCID: PMC5807432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fearful faces convey threat cues whose meaning is contextualized by eye gaze: While averted gaze is congruent with facial fear (both signal avoidance), direct gaze (an approach signal) is incongruent with it. We have previously shown using fMRI that the amygdala is engaged more strongly by fear with averted gaze during brief exposures. However, the amygdala also responds more to fear with direct gaze during longer exposures. Here we examined previously unexplored brain oscillatory responses to characterize the neurodynamics and connectivity during brief (~250 ms) and longer (~883 ms) exposures of fearful faces with direct or averted eye gaze. We performed two experiments: one replicating the exposure time by gaze direction interaction in fMRI (N = 23), and another where we confirmed greater early phase locking to averted-gaze fear (congruent threat signal) with MEG (N = 60) in a network of face processing regions, regardless of exposure duration. Phase locking to direct-gaze fear (incongruent threat signal) then increased significantly for brief exposures at ~350 ms, and at ~700 ms for longer exposures. Our results characterize the stages of congruent and incongruent facial threat signal processing and show that stimulus exposure strongly affects the onset and duration of these stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Cushing
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Hee Yeon Im
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reginald B Adams
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Noreen Ward
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Daniel N Albohn
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Troy G Steiner
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kestutis Kveraga
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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22
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Coffey EBJ, Chepesiuk AMP, Herholz SC, Baillet S, Zatorre RJ. Neural Correlates of Early Sound Encoding and their Relationship to Speech-in-Noise Perception. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:479. [PMID: 28890684 PMCID: PMC5575455 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Speech-in-noise (SIN) perception is a complex cognitive skill that affects social, vocational, and educational activities. Poor SIN ability particularly affects young and elderly populations, yet varies considerably even among healthy young adults with normal hearing. Although SIN skills are known to be influenced by top-down processes that can selectively enhance lower-level sound representations, the complementary role of feed-forward mechanisms and their relationship to musical training is poorly understood. Using a paradigm that minimizes the main top-down factors that have been implicated in SIN performance such as working memory, we aimed to better understand how robust encoding of periodicity in the auditory system (as measured by the frequency-following response) contributes to SIN perception. Using magnetoencephalograpy, we found that the strength of encoding at the fundamental frequency in the brainstem, thalamus, and cortex is correlated with SIN accuracy. The amplitude of the slower cortical P2 wave was previously also shown to be related to SIN accuracy and FFR strength; we use MEG source localization to show that the P2 wave originates in a temporal region anterior to that of the cortical FFR. We also confirm that the observed enhancements were related to the extent and timing of musicianship. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that basic feed-forward sound encoding affects SIN perception by providing better information to later processing stages, and that modifying this process may be one mechanism through which musical training might enhance the auditory networks that subserve both musical and language functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B J Coffey
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada.,Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound ResearchMontréal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Research on Brain, Language and MusicMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexander M P Chepesiuk
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sibylle C Herholz
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada.,Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound ResearchMontréal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Research on Brain, Language and MusicMontréal, QC, Canada.,German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesBonn, Germany
| | - Sylvain Baillet
- Centre for Research on Brain, Language and MusicMontréal, QC, Canada.,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert J Zatorre
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada.,Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound ResearchMontréal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Research on Brain, Language and MusicMontréal, QC, Canada
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23
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Luo Q, Holroyd T, Mitchell D, Yu H, Cheng X, Hodgkinson C, Chen G, McCaffrey D, Goldman D, Blair RJ. Heightened amygdala responsiveness in s-carriers of 5-HTTLPR genetic polymorphism reflects enhanced cortical rather than subcortical inputs: An MEG study. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:4313-4321. [PMID: 28580622 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Short allele carriers (S-carriers) of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) show an elevated amygdala response to emotional stimuli relative to long allele carriers (LL-homozygous). However, whether this reflects increased responsiveness of the amygdala generally or interactions between the amygdala and the specific input systems remains unknown. It is argued that the amygdala receives input via a quick subcortical and a slower cortical pathway. If the elevated amygdala response in S-carriers reflects generally increased amygdala responding, then group differences in amygdala should be seen across the amygdala response time course. However, if the difference is a secondary consequence of enhanced amygdala-cortical interactions, then group differences might only be present later in the amygdala response. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we found an enhanced amygdala response to fearful expressions starting 40-50 ms poststimulus. However, group differences in the amygdala were only seen 190-200 ms poststimulus, preceded by increased superior temporal sulcus (STS) responses in S-carriers from 130 to 140 ms poststimulus. An enhanced amygdala response to angry expressions started 260-270 ms poststimulus with group differences in the amygdala starting at 160-170 ms poststimulus onset, preceded by increased STS responses in S-carriers from 150 to 160 ms poststimulus. These suggest that enhanced amygdala responses in S-carriers might reflect enhanced STS-amygdala connectivity in S-carriers. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4313-4321, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Luo
- Unit on Affective Cognitive Neuroscience, NIMH/NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tom Holroyd
- MEG Core Facility, NIMH/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Derek Mitchell
- Departments of Psychiatry and Anatomy & Cell Biology, Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henry Yu
- Unit on Affective Cognitive Neuroscience, NIMH/NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xi Cheng
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Gang Chen
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, NIMH/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel McCaffrey
- Unit on Affective Cognitive Neuroscience, NIMH/NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIAAA/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R James Blair
- Unit on Affective Cognitive Neuroscience, NIMH/NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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24
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A Rapid Subcortical Amygdala Route for Faces Irrespective of Spatial Frequency and Emotion. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3864-3874. [PMID: 28283563 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3525-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is significant controversy over the existence and function of a direct subcortical visual pathway to the amygdala. It is thought that this pathway rapidly transmits low spatial frequency information to the amygdala independently of the cortex, and yet the directionality of this function has never been determined. We used magnetoencephalography to measure neural activity while human participants discriminated the gender of neutral and fearful faces filtered for low or high spatial frequencies. We applied dynamic causal modeling to demonstrate that the most likely underlying neural network consisted of a pulvinar-amygdala connection that was uninfluenced by spatial frequency or emotion, and a cortical-amygdala connection that conveyed high spatial frequencies. Crucially, data-driven neural simulations revealed a clear temporal advantage of the subcortical connection over the cortical connection in influencing amygdala activity. Thus, our findings support the existence of a rapid subcortical pathway that is nonselective in terms of the spatial frequency or emotional content of faces. We propose that that the "coarseness" of the subcortical route may be better reframed as "generalized."SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The human amygdala coordinates how we respond to biologically relevant stimuli, such as threat or reward. It has been postulated that the amygdala first receives visual input via a rapid subcortical route that conveys "coarse" information, namely, low spatial frequencies. For the first time, the present paper provides direction-specific evidence from computational modeling that the subcortical route plays a generalized role in visual processing by rapidly transmitting raw, unfiltered information directly to the amygdala. This calls into question a widely held assumption across human and animal research that fear responses are produced faster by low spatial frequencies. Our proposed mechanism suggests organisms quickly generate fear responses to a wide range of visual properties, heavily implicating future research on anxiety-prevention strategies.
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25
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Magnetoencephalography for brain electrophysiology and imaging. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:327-339. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.4504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Åsli O, Michalsen H, Øvervoll M. In Your Face: Startle to Emotional Facial Expressions Depends on Face Direction. Iperception 2017; 8:2041669517694396. [PMID: 28321290 PMCID: PMC5347266 DOI: 10.1177/2041669517694396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although faces are often included in the broad category of emotional visual stimuli, the affective impact of different facial expressions is not well documented. The present experiment investigated startle electromyographic responses to pictures of neutral, happy, angry, and fearful facial expressions, with a frontal face direction (directed) and at a 45° angle to the left (averted). Results showed that emotional facial expressions interact with face direction to produce startle potentiation: Greater responses were found for angry expressions, compared with fear and neutrality, with directed faces. When faces were averted, fear and neutrality produced larger responses compared with anger and happiness. These results are in line with the notion that startle is potentiated to stimuli signaling threat. That is, a forward directed angry face may signal a threat toward the observer, and a fearful face directed to the side may signal a possible threat in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Åsli
- Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Henriette Michalsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Morten Øvervoll
- Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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27
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Kibleur A, Polosan M, Favre P, Rudrauf D, Bougerol T, Chabardès S, David O. Stimulation of subgenual cingulate area decreases limbic top-down effect on ventral visual stream: A DBS-EEG pilot study. Neuroimage 2016; 146:544-553. [PMID: 27743900 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subgenual cingulate gyrus (area CG25) is beneficial in treatment resistant depression. Though the mechanisms of action of Cg25 DBS remain largely unknown, it is commonly believed that Cg25 DBS modulates limbic activity of large networks to achieve thymic regulation of patients. To investigate how emotional attention is influenced by Cg25 DBS, we assessed behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) responses to an emotional Stroop task in 5 patients during ON and OFF stimulation conditions. Using EEG source localization, we found that the main effect of DBS was a reduction of neuronal responses in limbic regions (temporal pole, medial prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortices) and in ventral visual areas involved in face processing. In the dynamic causal modeling (DCM) approach, the changes of the evoked response amplitudes are assumed to be due to changes of long range connectivity induced by Cg25 DBS. Here, using a simplified neural mass model that did not take explicitly into account the cytoarchitecture of the considered brain regions, we showed that the remote action of Cg25 DBS could be explained by a reduced top-down effective connectivity of the amygdalo-temporo-polar complex. Overall, our results thus indicate that Cg25 DBS during the emotional Stroop task causes a decrease of top-down limbic influence on the ventral visual stream itself, rather than a modulation of prefrontal cognitive processes only. Tuning down limbic excitability in relation to sensory processing might be one of the biological mechanisms through which Cg25 DBS produces positive clinical outcome in the treatment of resistant depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Kibleur
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Clinique Universitaire de Neurochirurgie, Pôle Tête et Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France
| | - Mircea Polosan
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Clinique Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Pôle Psychiatrie Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France; Clinique Universitaire de Neurochirurgie, Pôle Tête et Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France
| | - Pauline Favre
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Laboratoire Psychologie et NeuroCognition, CNRS UMR 5105, F-38040, Grenoble, France; Clinique Universitaire de Neurochirurgie, Pôle Tête et Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France
| | - David Rudrauf
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Clinique Universitaire de Neurochirurgie, Pôle Tête et Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Bougerol
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Clinique Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Pôle Psychiatrie Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France; Clinique Universitaire de Neurochirurgie, Pôle Tête et Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphan Chabardès
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Laboratoire Psychologie et NeuroCognition, CNRS UMR 5105, F-38040, Grenoble, France; Clinique Universitaire de Neurochirurgie, Pôle Tête et Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier David
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Clinique Universitaire de Neurochirurgie, Pôle Tête et Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France.
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28
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Riedel P, Jacob MJ, Müller DK, Vetter NC, Smolka MN, Marxen M. Amygdala fMRI Signal as a Predictor of Reaction Time. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:516. [PMID: 27790108 PMCID: PMC5061816 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction times (RTs) are a valuable measure for assessing cognitive processes. However, RTs are susceptible to confounds and therefore variable. Exposure to threat, for example, speeds up or slows down responses. Distinct task types to some extent account for differential effects of threat on RTs. But also do inter-individual differences like trait anxiety. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we investigated whether activation within the amygdala, a brain region closely linked to the processing of threat, may also function as a predictor of RTs, similar to trait anxiety scores. After threat conditioning by means of aversive electric shocks, 45 participants performed a choice RT task during alternating 30 s blocks in the presence of the threat conditioned stimulus [CS+] or of the safe control stimulus [CS-]. Trait anxiety was assessed with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and participants were median split into a high- and a low-anxiety subgroup. We tested three hypotheses: (1) RTs will be faster during the exposure to threat compared to the safe condition in individuals with high trait anxiety. (2) The amygdala fMRI signal will be higher in the threat condition compared to the safe condition. (3) Amygdala fMRI signal prior to a RT trial will be correlated with the corresponding RT. We found that, the high-anxious subgroup showed faster responses in the threat condition compared to the safe condition, while the low-anxious subgroup showed no significant difference in RTs in the threat condition compared to the safe condition. Though the fMRI analysis did not reveal an effect of condition on amygdala activity, we found a trial-by-trial correlation between blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal within the right amygdala prior to the CRT task and the subsequent RT. Taken together, the results of this study showed that exposure to threat modulates task performance. This modulation is influenced by personality trait. Additionally and most importantly, activation in the amygdala predicts behavior in a simple task that is performed during the exposure to threat. This finding is in line with "attentional capture by threat"-a model that includes the amygdala as a key brain region for the process that causes the response slowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Riedel
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Mark J Jacob
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Dirk K Müller
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Nora C Vetter
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Marxen
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
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29
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Stadlbauer A, Kaltenhäuser M, Buchfelder M, Brandner S, Neuhuber WL, Renner B. Spatiotemporal Pattern of Human Cortical and Subcortical Activity during Early-Stage Odor Processing. Chem Senses 2016; 41:783-794. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjw074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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30
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Neath-Tavares KN, Itier RJ. Neural processing of fearful and happy facial expressions during emotion-relevant and emotion-irrelevant tasks: A fixation-to-feature approach. Biol Psychol 2016; 119:122-40. [PMID: 27430934 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests an important role of the eyes and mouth for discriminating facial expressions of emotion. A gaze-contingent procedure was used to test the impact of fixation to facial features on the neural response to fearful, happy and neutral facial expressions in an emotion discrimination (Exp.1) and an oddball detection (Exp.2) task. The N170 was the only eye-sensitive ERP component, and this sensitivity did not vary across facial expressions. In both tasks, compared to neutral faces, responses to happy expressions were seen as early as 100-120ms occipitally, while responses to fearful expressions started around 150ms, on or after the N170, at both occipital and lateral-posterior sites. Analyses of scalp topographies revealed different distributions of these two emotion effects across most of the epoch. Emotion processing interacted with fixation location at different times between tasks. Results suggest a role of both the eyes and mouth in the neural processing of fearful expressions and of the mouth in the processing of happy expressions, before 350ms.
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31
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Cortical contributions to the auditory frequency-following response revealed by MEG. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11070. [PMID: 27009409 PMCID: PMC4820836 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The auditory frequency-following response (FFR) to complex periodic sounds is used to study the subcortical auditory system, and has been proposed as a biomarker for disorders that feature abnormal sound processing. Despite its value in fundamental and clinical research, the neural origins of the FFR are unclear. Using magnetoencephalography, we observe a strong, right-asymmetric contribution to the FFR from the human auditory cortex at the fundamental frequency of the stimulus, in addition to signal from cochlear nucleus, inferior colliculus and medial geniculate. This finding is highly relevant for our understanding of plasticity and pathology in the auditory system, as well as higher-level cognition such as speech and music processing. It suggests that previous interpretations of the FFR may need re-examination using methods that allow for source separation. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) is used to study temporal encoding of auditory information in music and language. This study utilizes magnetoencephalography to localize both cortical and subcortical origins of the sustained frequency following response (FFR), the ABR component that encodes the periodicity of sound.
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32
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Rashba Torque Driven Domain Wall Motion in Magnetic Helices. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23316. [PMID: 27008975 PMCID: PMC4806324 DOI: 10.1038/srep23316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulation of the domain wall propagation in magnetic wires is a key practical task for a number of devices including racetrack memory and magnetic logic. Recently, curvilinear effects emerged as an efficient mean to impact substantially the statics and dynamics of magnetic textures. Here, we demonstrate that the curvilinear form of the exchange interaction of a magnetic helix results in an effective anisotropy term and Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction with a complete set of Lifshitz invariants for a one-dimensional system. In contrast to their planar counterparts, the geometrically induced modifications of the static magnetic texture of the domain walls in magnetic helices offer unconventional means to control the wall dynamics relying on spin-orbit Rashba torque. The chiral symmetry breaking due to the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction leads to the opposite directions of the domain wall motion in left- or right-handed helices. Furthermore, for the magnetic helices, the emergent effective anisotropy term and Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction can be attributed to the clear geometrical parameters like curvature and torsion offering intuitive understanding of the complex curvilinear effects in magnetism.
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33
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Silverstein DN, Ingvar M. A multi-pathway hypothesis for human visual fear signaling. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:101. [PMID: 26379513 PMCID: PMC4547041 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A hypothesis is proposed for five visual fear signaling pathways in humans, based on an analysis of anatomical connectivity from primate studies and human functional connectvity and tractography from brain imaging studies. Earlier work has identified possible subcortical and cortical fear pathways known as the "low road" and "high road," which arrive at the amygdala independently. In addition to a subcortical pathway, we propose four cortical signaling pathways in humans along the visual ventral stream. All four of these traverse through the LGN to the visual cortex (VC) and branching off at the inferior temporal area, with one projection directly to the amygdala; another traversing the orbitofrontal cortex; and two others passing through the parietal and then prefrontal cortex, one excitatory pathway via the ventral-medial area and one regulatory pathway via the ventral-lateral area. These pathways have progressively longer propagation latencies and may have progressively evolved with brain development to take advantage of higher-level processing. Using the anatomical path lengths and latency estimates for each of these five pathways, predictions are made for the relative processing times at selective ROIs and arrival at the amygdala, based on the presentation of a fear-relevant visual stimulus. Partial verification of the temporal dynamics of this hypothesis might be accomplished using experimental MEG analysis. Possible experimental protocols are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Silverstein
- PDC Center for High Performance Computing and Department of Computational Biology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden ; Stockholm Brain Institute, Karolinska Institutet Solna, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingvar
- Stockholm Brain Institute, Karolinska Institutet Solna, Sweden ; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Solna, Sweden
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34
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Neath KN, Itier RJ. Fixation to features and neural processing of facial expressions in a gender discrimination task. Brain Cogn 2015; 99:97-111. [PMID: 26277653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Early face encoding, as reflected by the N170 ERP component, is sensitive to fixation to the eyes. Whether this sensitivity varies with facial expressions of emotion and can also be seen on other ERP components such as P1 and EPN, was investigated. Using eye-tracking to manipulate fixation on facial features, we found the N170 to be the only eye-sensitive component and this was true for fearful, happy and neutral faces. A different effect of fixation to features was seen for the earlier P1 that likely reflected general sensitivity to face position. An early effect of emotion (∼120 ms) for happy faces was seen at occipital sites and was sustained until ∼350 ms post-stimulus. For fearful faces, an early effect was seen around 80 ms followed by a later effect appearing at ∼150 ms until ∼300 ms at lateral posterior sites. Results suggests that in this emotion-irrelevant gender discrimination task, processing of fearful and happy expressions occurred early and largely independently of the eye-sensitivity indexed by the N170. Processing of the two emotions involved different underlying brain networks active at different times.
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35
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Streubel R, Kronast F, Fischer P, Parkinson D, Schmidt OG, Makarov D. Retrieving spin textures on curved magnetic thin films with full-field soft X-ray microscopies. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7612. [PMID: 26139445 PMCID: PMC4506513 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray tomography is a well-established technique to characterize 3D structures in material sciences and biology; its magnetic analogue--magnetic X-ray tomography--is yet to be developed. Here we demonstrate the visualization and reconstruction of magnetic domain structures in a 3D curved magnetic thin films with tubular shape by means of full-field soft X-ray microscopies. The 3D arrangement of the magnetization is retrieved from a set of 2D projections by analysing the evolution of the magnetic contrast with varying projection angle. Using reconstruction algorithms to analyse the angular evolution of 2D projections provides quantitative information about domain patterns and magnetic coupling phenomena between windings of azimuthally and radially magnetized tubular objects. The present approach represents a first milestone towards visualizing magnetization textures of 3D curved thin films with virtually arbitrary shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Streubel
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian Kronast
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Peter Fischer
- Center for X-ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Dula Parkinson
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Oliver G. Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, TU Chemnitz, Chemnitz 09107, Germany
| | - Denys Makarov
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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36
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Bayet L, Quinn PC, Tanaka JW, Lee K, Gentaz É, Pascalis O. Face Gender Influences the Looking Preference for Smiling Expressions in 3.5-Month-Old Human Infants. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129812. [PMID: 26068460 PMCID: PMC4465895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Young infants are typically thought to prefer looking at smiling expressions. Although some accounts suggest that the preference is automatic and universal, we hypothesized that it is not rigid and may be influenced by other face dimensions, most notably the face's gender. Infants are sensitive to the gender of faces; for example, 3-month-olds raised by female caregivers typically prefer female over male faces. We presented neutral versus smiling pairs of faces from the same female or male individuals to 3.5-month-old infants (n = 25), controlling for low-level cues. Infants looked longer to the smiling face when faces were female but longer to the neutral face when faces were male, i.e., there was an effect of face gender on the looking preference for smiling. The results indicate that a preference for smiling in 3.5-month-olds is limited to female faces, possibly reflective of differential experience with male and female faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Bayet
- LPNC, University of Grenoble-Alps, Grenoble, France
- LPNC, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Paul C. Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - James W. Tanaka
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kang Lee
- Dr. Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Édouard Gentaz
- LPNC, University of Grenoble-Alps, Grenoble, France
- LPNC, CNRS, Grenoble, France
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Pascalis
- LPNC, University of Grenoble-Alps, Grenoble, France
- LPNC, CNRS, Grenoble, France
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37
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Boubela RN, Kalcher K, Huf W, Seidel EM, Derntl B, Pezawas L, Našel C, Moser E. fMRI measurements of amygdala activation are confounded by stimulus correlated signal fluctuation in nearby veins draining distant brain regions. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10499. [PMID: 25994551 PMCID: PMC4440210 DOI: 10.1038/srep10499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging the amygdala with functional MRI is confounded by multiple averse factors, notably signal dropouts due to magnetic inhomogeneity and low signal-to-noise ratio, making it difficult to obtain consistent activation patterns in this region. However, even when consistent signal changes are identified, they are likely to be due to nearby vessels, most notably the basal vein of rosenthal (BVR). Using an accelerated fMRI sequence with a high temporal resolution (TR = 333 ms) combined with susceptibility-weighted imaging, we show how signal changes in the amygdala region can be related to a venous origin. This finding is confirmed here in both a conventional fMRI dataset (TR = 2000 ms) as well as in information of meta-analyses, implying that “amygdala activations” reported in typical fMRI studies are likely confounded by signals originating in the BVR rather than in the amygdala itself, thus raising concerns about many conclusions on the functioning of the amygdala that rely on fMRI evidence alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland N Boubela
- 1] Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria [2] MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaudius Kalcher
- 1] Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria [2] MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Huf
- 1] Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria [2] MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Seidel
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Derntl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lukas Pezawas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Našel
- Department of Radiology, Tulln Hospital, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Tulln, Austria
| | - Ewald Moser
- 1] Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria [2] MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria [3] Brain Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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38
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Garvert MM, Friston KJ, Dolan RJ, Garrido MI. Subcortical amygdala pathways enable rapid face processing. Neuroimage 2014; 102 Pt 2:309-16. [PMID: 25108179 PMCID: PMC4229499 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human faces may signal relevant information and are therefore analysed rapidly and effectively by the brain. However, the precise mechanisms and pathways involved in rapid face processing are unclear. One view posits a role for a subcortical connection between early visual sensory regions and the amygdala, while an alternative account emphasises cortical mediation. To adjudicate between these functional architectures, we recorded magnetoencephalographic (MEG) evoked fields in human subjects to presentation of faces with varying emotional valence. Early brain activity was better explained by dynamic causal models containing a direct subcortical connection to the amygdala irrespective of emotional modulation. At longer latencies, models without a subcortical connection had comparable evidence. Hence, our results support the hypothesis that a subcortical pathway to the amygdala plays a role in rapid sensory processing of faces, in particular during early stimulus processing. This finding contributes to an understanding of the amygdala as a behavioural relevance detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Garvert
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Marta I Garrido
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Brisbane, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Australia.
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39
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El Zein M, Gamond L, Conty L, Grèzes J. Selective attention effects on early integration of social signals: same timing, modulated neural sources. Neuroimage 2014; 106:182-8. [PMID: 25449737 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans combine co-emitted social signals to predict other's immediate intentions and prepare an adapted response. However, little is known about whether attending to only one of co-emitted social signals impacts on its combination with other signals. Here, using electroencephalography, we address selective attention effects on early combination of social signals. We manipulated three visual cues: gaze direction, emotional expression, and pointing gesture, while participants performed either emotion or gaze direction judgments. Results showed that a temporal marker of social cues integration emerges 170ms after the stimulus onset, even if the integration of the three visual cues was not required to perform the task, as only one feature at a time was task relevant. Yet in addition to common temporal regions, the relative contribution of specific neural sources of this integration changed as a function of the attended feature: integration during emotion judgments was mainly implemented in classic limbic areas but in the dorsal pathway during gaze direction judgments. Together, these findings demonstrate that co-emitted social cues are integrated as long as they are relevant to the observer, even when they are irrelevant to the ongoing task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa El Zein
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), INSERM U960, Département d'Etudes Cognitives (DEC), Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University Paris, France; UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France.
| | - Lucile Gamond
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), INSERM U960, Département d'Etudes Cognitives (DEC), Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University Paris, France; UFR de psychologie, Université Paris 8, Saint-Denis 93526 cedex, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Conty
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), INSERM U960, Département d'Etudes Cognitives (DEC), Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University Paris, France; Laboratoire de Psychopathologie and Neuropsychologie (LPN, EA2027), Université Paris 8, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Julie Grèzes
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), INSERM U960, Département d'Etudes Cognitives (DEC), Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University Paris, France; Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche, CRICM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6 UMR-S975, Inserm U975, CNRS UMR7225, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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40
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Streubel R, Han L, Kronast F, Ünal A, Schmidt OG, Makarov D. Imaging of buried 3D magnetic rolled-up nanomembranes. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:3981-6. [PMID: 24849571 PMCID: PMC4096489 DOI: 10.1021/nl501333h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Increasing performance and enabling novel functionalities of microelectronic devices, such as three-dimensional (3D) on-chip architectures in optics, electronics, and magnetics, calls for new approaches in both fabrication and characterization. Up to now, 3D magnetic architectures had mainly been studied by integral means without providing insight into local magnetic microstructures that determine the device performance. We prove a concept that allows for imaging magnetic domain patterns in buried 3D objects, for example, magnetic tubular architectures with multiple windings. The approach is based on utilizing the shadow contrast in transmission X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) photoemission electron microscopy and correlating the observed 2D projection of the 3D magnetic domains with simulated XMCD patterns. That way, we are not only able to assess magnetic states but also monitor the field-driven evolution of the magnetic domain patterns in individual windings of buried magnetic rolled-up nanomembranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Streubel
- Institute
for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- E-mail:
(R.S.)
| | - Luyang Han
- Institute
for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian Kronast
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmet
A. Ünal
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver G. Schmidt
- Institute
for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Material
Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University
of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Denys Makarov
- Institute
for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- E-mail: (D.M.)
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41
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Redcay E, Carlson TA. Rapid neural discrimination of communicative gestures. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 10:545-51. [PMID: 24958087 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are biased toward social interaction. Behaviorally, this bias is evident in the rapid effects that self-relevant communicative signals have on attention and perceptual systems. The processing of communicative cues recruits a wide network of brain regions, including mentalizing systems. Relatively less work, however, has examined the timing of the processing of self-relevant communicative cues. In the present study, we used multivariate pattern analysis (decoding) approach to the analysis of magnetoencephalography (MEG) to study the processing dynamics of social-communicative actions. Twenty-four participants viewed images of a woman performing actions that varied on a continuum of communicative factors including self-relevance (to the participant) and emotional valence, while their brain activity was recorded using MEG. Controlling for low-level visual factors, we found early discrimination of emotional valence (70 ms) and self-relevant communicative signals (100 ms). These data offer neural support for the robust and rapid effects of self-relevant communicative cues on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Redcay
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Perception in Action Research Centre & Department of Cognitive Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia, and Centre for Cognition & Its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Thomas A Carlson
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Perception in Action Research Centre & Department of Cognitive Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia, and Centre for Cognition & Its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Perception in Action Research Centre & Department of Cognitive Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia, and Centre for Cognition & Its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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