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Li T, Zhang Y, Patil P, Johnson WE. Overcoming the impacts of two-step batch effect correction on gene expression estimation and inference. Biostatistics 2023; 24:635-652. [PMID: 34893807 PMCID: PMC10449015 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonignorable technical variation is commonly observed across data from multiple experimental runs, platforms, or studies. These so-called batch effects can lead to difficulty in merging data from multiple sources, as they can severely bias the outcome of the analysis. Many groups have developed approaches for removing batch effects from data, usually by accommodating batch variables into the analysis (one-step correction) or by preprocessing the data prior to the formal or final analysis (two-step correction). One-step correction is often desirable due it its simplicity, but its flexibility is limited and it can be difficult to include batch variables uniformly when an analysis has multiple stages. Two-step correction allows for richer models of batch mean and variance. However, prior investigation has indicated that two-step correction can lead to incorrect statistical inference in downstream analysis. Generally speaking, two-step approaches introduce a correlation structure in the corrected data, which, if ignored, may lead to either exaggerated or diminished significance in downstream applications such as differential expression analysis. Here, we provide more intuitive and more formal evaluations of the impacts of two-step batch correction compared to existing literature. We demonstrate that the undesired impacts of two-step correction (exaggerated or diminished significance) depend on both the nature of the study design and the batch effects. We also provide strategies for overcoming these negative impacts in downstream analyses using the estimated correlation matrix of the corrected data. We compare the results of our proposed workflow with the results from other published one-step and two-step methods and show that our methods lead to more consistent false discovery controls and power of detection across a variety of batch effect scenarios. Software for our method is available through GitHub (https://github.com/jtleek/sva-devel) and will be available in future versions of the $\texttt{sva}$ R package in the Bioconductor project (https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/sva.html).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenglong Li
- Academy of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren’ai Road,
Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123,
Jiangsu Province, PRC
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Clinical Bioinformatics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside
Dr, Foster City, CA 94404
| | - Prasad Patil
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, 801
Massachusetts Ave. Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - W Evan Johnson
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, School of Medicine, 72
E. Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA and Department of Biostatistics, School of
Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Ave. Boston, MA 02118, USA
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2
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Zagalo DM, Simões S, Sousa J. Regulatory Science Approach in Pharmaceutical Development of Follow-On Versions of Non-Biological Complex Drug Products. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2687-2713. [PMID: 35901943 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Scientific and technological breakthroughs in the field of Nanotechnology have been a driving force throughout the development and approval of Non-Biological Complex Drugs (NBCDs). However, the fast-growing expansion of NBCDs and the emergence of their follow-on versions have brought with them several scientific, technological, and regulatory challenges. The definition of NBCDs is still not officially recognized by the regulatory authorities, and there is no dedicated regulatory pathway addressing the particular features of NBCDs and their follow-on versions. The lack of clear and consistent regulatory guidance documents in this field, as well as, the inconsistency across different regulatory agencies, impact negatively on the acceptance and enormous potential of these drug products. Patient access to high-quality NBCDs follow-on versions may be compromised by regulatory uncertainty resulting from the use of different regulatory approaches across the globe, as well as within the same class of products. Accordingly, there is a real need to develop a specific regulatory pathway compliant with the complexity of NBCDs and their follow-on versions or, alternatively, make better use of available regulatory pathways. The main goal of the review is to deeply investigate and provide a critical overview of the regulatory landscape of NBCDs and follow-on versions currently adopted by the regulatory authorities. The dissemination of knowledge and discussion in this field can contribute to clarifying regulations, policies, and regulatory approaches to complex generics, thereby filling regulatory and scientific gaps in the establishment of therapeutic equivalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Zagalo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Bluepharma - Indústria Farmacêutica, São Martinho do Bispo, 3045-016 Coimbra, Portugal..
| | - Sérgio Simões
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Bluepharma - Indústria Farmacêutica, São Martinho do Bispo, 3045-016 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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3
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Hettegger P, Vierlinger K, Weinhaeusel A. Random rotation for identifying differentially expressed genes with linear models following batch effect correction. Bioinformatics 2021; 37:2142-2149. [PMID: 33523104 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Data generated from high-throughput technologies such as sequencing, microarray and bead-chip technologies are unavoidably affected by batch effects. Large effort has been put into developing methods for correcting these effects. Often, batch effect correction and hypothesis testing cannot be done with one single model, but are done successively with separate models in data analysis pipelines. This potentially leads to biased p-values or false discovery rates due to the influence of batch effect correction on the data. RESULTS We present a novel approach for estimating null distributions of test statistics in data analysis pipelines where batch effect correction is followed by linear model analysis. The approach is based on generating simulated datasets by random rotation and thereby retains the dependence structure of genes adequately. This allows estimating null distributions of dependent test statistics and thus the calculation of resampling based p-values and false discovery rates following batch effect correction while maintaining the alpha level. AVAILABILITY The described methods are implemented as randRotation package on Bioconductor: https://bioconductor.org/packages/randRotation/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hettegger
- Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Health and Environment Department, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, 1220, Austria
| | - Klemens Vierlinger
- Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Health and Environment Department, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, 1220, Austria
| | - Andreas Weinhaeusel
- Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Health and Environment Department, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, 1220, Austria
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4
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Physicochemical and Biological Examination of Two Glatiramer Acetate Products. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7030049. [PMID: 31277332 PMCID: PMC6783967 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we compared 40 mg/mL lots of the active ingredient, glatiramer acetate, manufactured by Mylan/Natco to the active ingredient, glatiramer acetate in Copaxone (Teva Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Netanya Israel) using physicochemical (PCC) methods and biological assays. No differences were seen between the Mylan/Natco and Teva lots with some low resolution release PCC assays (amino acid analysis, molecular weight distribution, interaction with Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250). Changes in polydispersity between Mylan/Natco and Copaxone lots were found using size exclusion chromatography and the high resolution PCC method, known as Viscotek, and suggestive of a disparity in the homogeneity of mixture, with a shift towards high molecular weight polypeptides. Using RPLC-2D MALLS, 5 out of 8 Mylan/Natco lots fell outside the Copaxone range, containing a high molecular weight and high hydrophobicity subpopulation of polypeptides not found in Copaxone lots. Cation exchange chromatography showed differences in the surface charge distribution between the Copaxone and Mylan/Natco lots. The Mylan/Natco lots were found to be within Copaxone specifications for the EAE model, monoclonal and polyclonal binding assays and the in vitro cytotoxicity assay, however higher IL-2 secretion was shown for three Mylan/Natco lots in a potency assay. These observations provide data to inform the ongoing scientific discussion about the comparability of glatiramer acetate in Copaxone and follow-on products.
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Melamed-Gal S, Loupe P, Timan B, Weinstein V, Kolitz S, Zhang J, Funt J, Komlosh A, Ashkenazi N, Bar-Ilan O, Konya A, Beriozkin O, Laifenfeld D, Hasson T, Zeskind B, Hayden M, Nock S, Grossman I. Response to the Letter-to-the Editor by Cohen et al. concerning our eNeurologicalSci article, Melamed-Gal, et al. Physicochemical, biological, functional and toxicological characterization of the European follow-on glatiramer acetate product as compared with Copaxone. eNeurologicalSci 2018;12:19-30.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensci.2018.05.006. eNeurologicalSci 2018; 13:53-55. [PMID: 30547104 PMCID: PMC6284183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Melamed-Gal
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - Pippa Loupe
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - Bracha Timan
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - Vera Weinstein
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Arthur Komlosh
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - Nurit Ashkenazi
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - Oren Bar-Ilan
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - Attila Konya
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - Olga Beriozkin
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - Daphna Laifenfeld
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - Tal Hasson
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | | | - Michael Hayden
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - Steffen Nock
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - Iris Grossman
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
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6
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Melamed-Gal S, Loupe P, Timan B, Weinstein V, Kolitz S, Zhang J, Funt J, Komlosh A, Ashkenazi N, Bar-Ilan O, Konya A, Beriozkin O, Laifenfeld D, Hasson T, Krispin R, Molotsky T, Papir G, Sulimani L, Zeskind B, Liu P, Nock S, Hayden M, Gilbert A, Grossman I. Physicochemical, biological, functional and toxicological characterization of the European follow-on glatiramer acetate product as compared with Copaxone. eNeurologicalSci 2018; 12:19-30. [PMID: 30094354 PMCID: PMC6073084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
For more than 20 years, Copaxone (glatiramer acetate, Teva), a non-biological complex drug, has been a safe and effective treatment option for multiple sclerosis. In 2016, a follow-on glatiramer acetate product (FOGA, Synthon) was approved in the EU. Traditional bulk-based methods and high-resolution assays were employed to evaluate the physicochemical, functional, and bio-recognition attributes, as well as the in vivo toxicity profile of the active substances in Copaxone and Synthon EU FOGA lots. These tests included quality control tests applied routinely in release of Copaxone lots, as well as additional characterization assays, gene expression studies and a rat toxicity study. Even though the Synthon FOGA was designed to copy and compete with Copaxone, the active substances were found to be similar in only 7 of the tested 14 (50%) methods (similar is defined as within approved specifications or within the inherent microheterogeneity range of tested Copaxone batches, or not showing statistically significant differences). With additional methods applied, consistent compositional differences in attributes of surface charge distribution, molecular size, and spatial arrangement were observed. These marked differences were concordantly observed with higher biological activity of some of the Synthon EU FOGA lots compared with Copaxone lots, including potency and cytotoxicity activities as well as gene expression of pathways that regulate apoptosis, IL-2, and inflammation signaling. These observations raise concerns for immunogenicity differences, particularly in (repeated) substitution settings. Another orthogonal finding demonstrated increased frequency of injection-site local toxicity observations for the Synthon EU FOGA in an in vivo daily dosing rat study, thus warranting further qualification of the link between compositional and functional differences in immunogenicity, and potential impact on long-term efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Melamed-Gal
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - P. Loupe
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - B. Timan
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - V. Weinstein
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - S. Kolitz
- Immuneering Corporation, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J. Zhang
- Immuneering Corporation, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J. Funt
- Immuneering Corporation, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A. Komlosh
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - N. Ashkenazi
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - O. Bar-Ilan
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - A. Konya
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - O. Beriozkin
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - D. Laifenfeld
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - T. Hasson
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - R. Krispin
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - T. Molotsky
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - G. Papir
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - L. Sulimani
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - B. Zeskind
- Immuneering Corporation, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P. Liu
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - S. Nock
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - M.R. Hayden
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - A. Gilbert
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
| | - I. Grossman
- Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Netanya, Israel
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7
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D Alessandro J, Garofalo K, Zhao G, Honan C, Duffner J, Capila I, Fier I, Kaundinya G, Kantor D, Ganguly T. Demonstration of Biological and Immunological Equivalence of a Generic Glatiramer Acetate. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2018; 16:714-723. [PMID: 28240190 PMCID: PMC5684786 DOI: 10.2174/1871527316666170223162747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In April 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the first generic glatiramer acetate, Glatopa® (M356), as fully substitutable for Copaxone® 20 mg/mL for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). This approval was accomplished through an Abbreviated New Drug Application that demonstrated equivalence to Copaxone. METHOD This article will provide an overview of the methods used to establish the biological and immunological equivalence of the two glatiramer acetate products, including methods evaluating antigenpresenting cell (APC) biology, T-cell biology, and other immunomodulatory effects. RESULTS In vitro and in vivo experiments from multiple redundant orthogonal assays within four biological processes (aggregate biology, APC biology, T-cell biology, and B-cell biology) modulated by glatiramer acetate in MS established the biological and immunological equivalence of Glatopa and Copaxone and are described. The following were observed when comparing Glatopa and Copaxone in these experiments: equivalent delays in symptom onset and reductions in "disease" intensity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; equivalent dose-dependent increases in Glatopa- and Copaxone- induced monokine-induced interferon-gamma release from THP-1 cells; a shift to a T helper 2 phenotype resulting in the secretion of interleukin (IL)-4 and downregulation of IL-17 release; no differences in immunogenicity and the presence of equivalent "immunofingerprints" between both versions of glatiramer acetate; and no stimulation of histamine release with either glatiramer acetate in basophilic leukemia 2H3 cell lines. CONCLUSION In summary, this comprehensive approach across different biological and immunological pathways modulated by glatiramer acetate consistently supported the biological and immunological equivalence of Glatopa and Copaxone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Garofalo
- Research Department, Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA. United States
| | - Ganlin Zhao
- Division of Bioequivalence I, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. United States
| | - Christopher Honan
- Research Department, Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA. United States
| | - Jay Duffner
- Research Department, Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA. United States
| | - Ishan Capila
- Research Department, Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA. United States
| | - Ian Fier
- Research Department, Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA. United States
| | - Ganesh Kaundinya
- Research Department, Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA. United States
| | - Daniel Kantor
- Division of Neurology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL. United States
| | - Tanmoy Ganguly
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142. United States
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8
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Borchard G, Crommelin D. Equivalence of glatiramer acetate products: challenges in assessing pharmaceutical equivalence and critical clinical performance attributes. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2017; 15:247-259. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1418322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Borchard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Geneva-Lausanne (EPGL), University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D.J.A Crommelin
- Department Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, UIPS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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Grossman I, Kolitz S, Komlosh A, Zeskind B, Weinstein V, Laifenfeld D, Gilbert A, Bar-Ilan O, Fowler KD, Hasson T, Konya A, Wells-Knecht K, Loupe P, Melamed-Gal S, Molotsky T, Krispin R, Papir G, Sahly Y, Hayden MR. Compositional differences between Copaxone and Glatopa are reflected in altered immunomodulation ex vivo in a mouse model. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1407:75-89. [PMID: 29168242 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Copaxone (glatiramer acetate, GA), a structurally and compositionally complex polypeptide nonbiological drug, is an effective treatment for multiple sclerosis, with a well-established favorable safety profile. The short antigenic polypeptide sequences comprising therapeutically active epitopes in GA cannot be deciphered with state-of-the-art methods; and GA has no measurable pharmacokinetic profile and no validated pharmacodynamic markers. The study reported herein describes the use of orthogonal standard and high-resolution physicochemical and biological tests to characterize GA and a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved generic version of GA, Glatopa (USA-FoGA). While similarities were observed with low-resolution or destructive tests, differences between GA and USA-FoGA were measured with high-resolution methods applied to an intact mixture, including variations in surface charge and a unique, high-molecular-weight, hydrophobic polypeptide population observed only in some USA-FoGA lots. Consistent with published reports that modifications in physicochemical attributes alter immune-related processes, genome-wide expression profiles of ex vivo activated splenocytes from mice immunized with either GA or USA-FoGA showed that 7-11% of modulated genes were differentially expressed and enriched for immune-related pathways. Thus, differences between USA-FoGA and GA may include variations in antigenic epitopes that differentially activate immune responses. We propose that the assays reported herein should be considered during the regulatory assessment process for nonbiological complex drugs such as GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Grossman
- Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Sarah Kolitz
- Immuneering Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Arthur Komlosh
- Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | | | - Vera Weinstein
- Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Daphna Laifenfeld
- Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Adrian Gilbert
- Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Oren Bar-Ilan
- Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | | | - Tal Hasson
- Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Attila Konya
- Teva Pharmaceutical Works Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Kevin Wells-Knecht
- Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, West Chester, Pennsylvania
| | - Pippa Loupe
- Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Overland Park, Kansas
| | - Sigal Melamed-Gal
- Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Frazer, Pennsylvania
| | - Tatiana Molotsky
- Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Revital Krispin
- Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Galia Papir
- Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Yousif Sahly
- Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Michael R Hayden
- Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petach Tikva, Israel
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10
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Follow-on products for treatment of multiple sclerosis in Latin America: An update. J Neurol Sci 2017; 381:153-159. [PMID: 28991670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.3242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Both proprietary and non-proprietary medicines are expected to undergo rigorous pre-approval testing and both should meet stringent health authority regulatory requirements related to quality to obtain approval. Non-proprietary (also known as copy or generic) medicines, which base their authorization and use on the proprietary documentation and label, are often viewed as a means to help lower cost and thus increase patient access. If these medicines fail to meet quality standards, such as good manufacturing practice and bioequivalence (in humans), they are then defined as substandard copies and can pose serious risks to patients in terms of safety and efficacy. Availability of this type of compounds is more prevalent in regions where health authorities do not enforce registration regulations as stringent as those of the Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, or World Health Organization, including preestablished quality standard requirements. This article focuses on non-proprietary medicines for multiple sclerosis, that are not identical to proprietary versions and could thus fail to meet efficacy or have different impact on the safety of patients with multiple sclerosis.
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11
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Towfic F, Kusko R, Zeskind B. Letter to the Editor response: Nygaard et al. Biostatistics 2017; 18:197-199. [PMID: 27780809 PMCID: PMC5379915 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxw031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The article by Nygaard and others (2016) proposes that applying batch correction approaches to microarray data from studies with unbalanced designs may inadvertently exaggerate the differences observed. In seeking to illustrate their point, Nygaard and others (2016) utilized a dataset (GSE61901) from a study we published (Towfic and others, 2014) and showed that one analysis pipeline utilizing the traditional approach to batch correction (ComBat) yielded over 1000 differentially expressed probesets, while an alternative approach proposed by Nygaard and others (2016). (utilizing batch as a fixed effect and averaging technical replicates) recovered 11 differentially expressed probesets.
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12
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Nygaard V, Rødland EA, Hovig E. Reply to Towfic and others' letter to the editor. Biostatistics 2017; 18:586-587. [PMID: 28334081 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxx001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vegard Nygaard
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital HF - Radiumhospitalet, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar Andreas Rødland
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital HF - Radiumhospitalet, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Hovig
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital HF - Radiumhospitalet, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital HF - Radiumhospitalet, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, 0316 OSLO Norway
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13
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Ross CJ, Towfic F, Shankar J, Laifenfeld D, Thoma M, Davis M, Weiner B, Kusko R, Zeskind B, Knappertz V, Grossman I, Hayden MR. A pharmacogenetic signature of high response to Copaxone in late-phase clinical-trial cohorts of multiple sclerosis. Genome Med 2017; 9:50. [PMID: 28569182 PMCID: PMC5450152 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Copaxone is an efficacious and safe therapy that has demonstrated clinical benefit for over two decades in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). On an individual level, patients show variability in their response to Copaxone, with some achieving significantly higher response levels. The involvement of genes (e.g., HLA-DRB1*1501) with high inter-individual variability in Copaxone’s mechanism of action (MoA) suggests the potential contribution of genetics to treatment response. This study aimed to identify genetic variants associated with Copaxone response in patient cohorts from late-phase clinical trials. Methods Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with high and low levels of response to Copaxone were identified using genome-wide SNP data in a discovery cohort of 580 patients from two phase III clinical trials of Copaxone. Multivariable Bayesian modeling on the resulting SNPs in an expanded discovery cohort with 1171 patients identified a multi-SNP signature of Copaxone response. This signature was examined in 941 Copaxone-treated MS patients from seven independent late-phase trials of Copaxone and assessed for specificity to Copaxone in 310 Avonex-treated and 311 placebo-treated patients, also from late-phase trials. Results A four-SNP signature consisting of rs80191572 (in UVRAG), rs28724893 (in HLA-DQB2), rs1789084 (in MBP), and rs139890339 (in ZAK(CDCA7)) was identified as significantly associated with Copaxone response. Copaxone-treated signature-positive patients had a greater reduction in annualized relapse rate (ARR) compared to signature-negative patients in both discovery and independent cohorts, an effect not observed in Avonex-treated patients. Additionally, signature-positive placebo-treated cohorts did not show a reduction in ARR, demonstrating the predictive as opposed to prognostic nature of the signature. A 10% subset of patients, delineated by the signature, showed marked improvements across multiple clinical parameters, including ARR, MRI measures, and higher proportion with no evidence of disease activity (NEDA). Conclusions This study is the largest pharmacogenetic study in MS reported to date. Gene regions underlying the four-SNP signature have been linked with pathways associated with either Copaxone’s MoA or the pathophysiology of MS. The pronounced association of the four-SNP signature with clinical improvements in a ~10% subset of the MS patient population demonstrates the complex interplay of immune mechanisms and the individualized nature of response to Copaxone. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-017-0436-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Ross
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Iris Grossman
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Petach Tikva, Israel.
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14
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Kelly SH, Shores LS, Votaw NL, Collier JH. Biomaterial strategies for generating therapeutic immune responses. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 114:3-18. [PMID: 28455189 PMCID: PMC5606982 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials employed to raise therapeutic immune responses have become a complex and active field. Historically, vaccines have been developed primarily to fight infectious diseases, but recent years have seen the development of immunologically active biomaterials towards an expanding list of non-infectious diseases and conditions including inflammation, autoimmunity, wounds, cancer, and others. This review structures its discussion of these approaches around a progression from single-target strategies to those that engage increasingly complex and multifactorial immune responses. First, the targeting of specific individual cytokines is discussed, both in terms of delivering the cytokines or blocking agents, and in terms of active immunotherapies that raise neutralizing immune responses against such single cytokine targets. Next, non-biological complex drugs such as randomized polyamino acid copolymers are discussed in terms of their ability to raise multiple different therapeutic immune responses, particularly in the context of autoimmunity. Last, biologically derived matrices and materials are discussed in terms of their ability to raise complex immune responses in the context of tissue repair. Collectively, these examples reflect the tremendous diversity of existing approaches and the breadth of opportunities that remain for generating therapeutic immune responses using biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean H Kelly
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, United States
| | - Lucas S Shores
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, United States
| | - Nicole L Votaw
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, United States
| | - Joel H Collier
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, United States.
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15
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Grossman I, Knappertz V, Laifenfeld D, Ross C, Zeskind B, Kolitz S, Ladkani D, Hayardeny L, Loupe P, Laufer R, Hayden M. Pharmacogenomics strategies to optimize treatments for multiple sclerosis: Insights from clinical research. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 152:114-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Novaretti MCZ, Aquino S. Challenges in Improving Access to Generic Drugs in Brazil. JOURNAL OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0972063416666343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical care is essential for the control and treatment of numerous diseases, nevertheless it is estimated that over 25% of world population do not have access to essential medicines. In this scenario, generics plays a key role in providing lower cost medicines worldwide. In Brazil, generic drugs do not prevail in the pharmaceutical market although the Federal government certifies their quality and the price is lower when compared to reference products. This paper addresses a thorough understanding of this situation can make available data for decision-making, assisting health care managers, the pharmaceutical industry and pharmacies to improve the pharmaceutical care in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Aquino
- PhD, Professor of Health Administration Graduate Program, Nove de Julho University, Brazil
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17
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Yokoyama K, Hattori N. Immunomodulatory effects of glatiramer acetate as they relate to stage-specific immune dysregulation in multiple sclerosis. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 148:105-20. [PMID: 27478050 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.148.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Crommelin DJA, Broich K, Holloway C, Meesen B, Lizrova Preiningerova J, Prugnaud JL, Silva-Lima B. The regulator’s perspective: How should new therapies and follow-on products for MS be clinically evaluated in the future? Mult Scler 2016; 22:47-59. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458516650744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Although there is still no cure for multiple sclerosis (MS), the introduction of several innovative drugs with modes of action different from that of the existing drug arsenal and the progress in monitoring disease progression by imaging and using biomarkers are currently causing a knowledge surge. This provides opportunities for improving patient disease management. New therapies are also under development and pose challenges to the regulatory bodies regarding the optimal design of clinical trials with more patient-focused clinical endpoints. Moreover, with the upcoming patent expiry of some of the key first-line MS treatments in Europe, regulatory bodies will also face the challenge of recommending marketing authorisation for generic and abridged versions based on appropriate requirements for demonstrating equality/similarity to the innovator’s product. Objective: The goal of this article is to improve the understanding of the relevant guidance documents of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) on clinical investigation of medicinal products and to highlight the issues that the agency will need to clarify regarding follow-on products of first-line MS treatments. Conclusion: Today, it is clear that close collaboration between patients, healthcare professionals, regulatory bodies and industry is crucial for developing new safe and effective drugs, which satisfy the needs of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan JA Crommelin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karl Broich
- President and Head of the Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - Chris Holloway
- European Regulatory Consultant, Chief Scientific Officer of ERA Consulting GmbH, Walsrode, Germany
| | - Bianca Meesen
- Managing Director at Ismar Healthcare, Lier, Belgium
| | - Jana Lizrova Preiningerova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jean-Louis Prugnaud
- Expert Involved in the Development of Recommendations Related to Drug Registrations, Paris, France
| | - Beatriz Silva-Lima
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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19
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Functional effects of the antigen glatiramer acetate are complex and tightly associated with its composition. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 290:84-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Abstract
A rapidly changing set of drugs for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) leads to the necessity of searching for predictors of their efficacy. Understanding of pathogenetic processes in MS and mechanisms of action of different drugs play an important role in the search for markers of potential responders. The author analyses the presently accumulated information on the original drug copaxone (glatiramer acetate) including current concepts on the mechanism of action, long-term safety and efficacy. Data on the frequency and significance of adverse effects during treatment with glatiramer acetate as well as on the influence of the drug on pregnancy, postpartum course of MS and development of the infant who received glatiramer acetate prenatally compared to other disease-modifying drugs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Kasatkin
- Department of Nervous Diseases with Medical Genetics and Neurosurgery 'Yaroslavl state medical University', Yaroslavl, Russia
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21
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D’Alessandro JS, Duffner J, Pradines J, Capila I, Garofalo K, Kaundinya G, Greenberg BM, Kantor D, Ganguly TC. Equivalent Gene Expression Profiles between Glatopa™ and Copaxone®. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140299. [PMID: 26473741 PMCID: PMC4608686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glatopa™ is a generic glatiramer acetate recently approved for the treatment of patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. Gene expression profiling was performed as a means to evaluate equivalence of Glatopa and Copaxone®. Microarray analysis containing 39,429 unique probes across the entire genome was performed in murine glatiramer acetate--responsive Th2-polarized T cells, a test system highly relevant to the biology of glatiramer acetate. A closely related but nonequivalent glatiramoid molecule was used as a control to establish assay sensitivity. Multiple probe-level (Student's t-test) and sample-level (principal component analysis, multidimensional scaling, and hierarchical clustering) statistical analyses were utilized to look for differences in gene expression induced by the test articles. The analyses were conducted across all genes measured, as well as across a subset of genes that were shown to be modulated by Copaxone. The following observations were made across multiple statistical analyses: the expression of numerous genes was significantly changed by treatment with Copaxone when compared against media-only control; gene expression profiles induced by Copaxone and Glatopa were not significantly different; and gene expression profiles induced by Copaxone and the nonequivalent glatiramoid were significantly different, underscoring the sensitivity of the test system and the multiple analysis methods. Comparative analysis was also performed on sets of transcripts relevant to T-cell biology and antigen presentation, among others that are known to be modulated by glatiramer acetate. No statistically significant differences were observed between Copaxone and Glatopa in the expression levels (magnitude and direction) of these glatiramer acetate-regulated genes. In conclusion, multiple methods consistently supported equivalent gene expression profiles between Copaxone and Glatopa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jay Duffner
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Joel Pradines
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Ishan Capila
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Kevin Garofalo
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Ganesh Kaundinya
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Benjamin M. Greenberg
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Daniel Kantor
- Kantor Neurology, Coconut Creek, FL, United States of America
| | - Tanmoy C. Ganguly
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Luxenhofer R. Polymers and nanomedicine: considerations on variability and reproducibility when combining complex systems. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:3109-19. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hot topics in polymer science in the recent years and decades included macromolecular engineering enabled by controlled and living polymerization, use of polymers in biomedical applications. Control over polymerization and the structure of polymers increased tremendously. Despite the increased control over various polymerization techniques, polymers are intrinsically statistical in nature leading to a structural variability. As researchers combine polymers and biological systems, we combine two complex systems. Interestingly though, only the study of biological assays is subject to systematic scrutiny with respect to their reproducibility and variability. Here, it is argued that polymer synthesis should also be considered with systematic variability analysis, in particular in connection with downstream processes such as biological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, University Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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23
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24
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Nygaard V, Rødland EA, Hovig E. Methods that remove batch effects while retaining group differences may lead to exaggerated confidence in downstream analyses. Biostatistics 2015; 17:29-39. [PMID: 26272994 PMCID: PMC4679072 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxv027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of, or adjustment for, batch effects or center differences is generally required when such effects are present in data. In particular, when preparing microarray gene expression data from multiple cohorts, array platforms, or batches for later analyses, batch effects can have confounding effects, inducing spurious differences between study groups. Many methods and tools exist for removing batch effects from data. However, when study groups are not evenly distributed across batches, actual group differences may induce apparent batch differences, in which case batch adjustments may bias, usually deflate, group differences. Some tools therefore have the option of preserving the difference between study groups, e.g. using a two-way ANOVA model to simultaneously estimate both group and batch effects. Unfortunately, this approach may systematically induce incorrect group differences in downstream analyses when groups are distributed between the batches in an unbalanced manner. The scientific community seems to be largely unaware of how this approach may lead to false discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vegard Nygaard
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital HF - Radiumhospitalet, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar Andreas Rødland
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital HF - Radiumhospitalet, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Hovig
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital HF - Radiumhospitalet, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital HF - Radiumhospitalet, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway and Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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25
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Kolitz S, Hasson T, Towfic F, Funt JM, Bakshi S, Fowler KD, Laifenfeld D, Grinspan A, Artyomov MN, Birnberg T, Schwartz R, Komlosh A, Hayardeny L, Ladkani D, Hayden MR, Zeskind B, Grossman I. Gene expression studies of a human monocyte cell line identify dissimilarities between differently manufactured glatiramoids. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10191. [PMID: 25998228 PMCID: PMC4441120 DOI: 10.1038/srep10191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glatiramer Acetate (GA) has provided safe and effective treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients for two decades. It acts as an antigen, yet the precise mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated, and no validated pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic biomarkers exist. In order to better characterize GA’s biological impact, genome-wide expression studies were conducted with a human monocyte (THP-1) cell line. Consistent with previous literature, branded GA upregulated anti-inflammatory markers (e.g. IL10), and modulated multiple immune-related pathways. Despite some similarities, significant differences were observed between expression profiles induced by branded GA and Probioglat, a differently-manufactured glatiramoid purported to be a generic GA. Key results were verified using qRT-PCR. Genes (e.g. CCL5, adj. p < 4.1 × 10−5) critically involved in pro-inflammatory pathways (e.g. response to lipopolysaccharide, adj. p = 8.7 × 10−4) were significantly induced by Probioglat compared with branded GA. Key genes were also tested and confirmed at the protein level, and in primary human monocytes. These observations suggest differential biological impact by the two glatiramoids and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tal Hasson
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | | | | | - Shlomo Bakshi
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | - Tal Birnberg
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | | | | | | | - David Ladkani
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | | | | | - Iris Grossman
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Petach Tikva, Israel
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26
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Boster AL, Ford CC, Neudorfer O, Gilgun-Sherki Y. Glatiramer acetate: long-term safety and efficacy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15:575-86. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1040768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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27
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The similarity question for biologicals and non-biological complex drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 76:10-7. [PMID: 25912826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
For small - low molecular weight - molecule medicines a robust regulatory system has evolved over the years. This system guarantees high and constant quality of our (generic) medicines. Pharmaceutical equivalence and bioequivalence assessment are the pillars under that system. But there are complex medicines where the question of equivalence is more challenging to answer. For biologicals the paradigm of similarity rather than equality (the emergence of 'biosimilars') was developed in the past decade. This has been a program where an evolutionary, science based approach has been chosen by the frontrunner regulatory body, the EMA, with a 'learn and confirm' character. In addition, there is another group of complex drugs, the non-biological complex drugs, NBCDs, where the generic paradigm can be challenged as well. The NBCDs are defined as: 1. consisting of a complex multitude of closely related structures; 2. the entire multitude is the active pharmaceutical ingredient; 3. the properties cannot be fully characterized by physicochemical analysis and 4. the consistent, tightly controlled manufacturing process is fundamental to reproduce the product. NBCDs encompass product families such as the glatiramoids, liposomes, iron-carbohydrate colloids and many candidates of the group of the upcoming nanoparticulate systems. Following the main principles of regulatory pathways for biologicals (with appropriate product-by-product adjustments), instead of that for small molecules, would be the more logical strategy for these NBCDs. The status and outstanding regulatory issues for biosimilars and NBCD-similars/follow on versions were discussed at a conference in Budapest, Hungary (October 2014) and this commentary touches upon the issues brought up in the presentations, deliberations and conclusions.
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29
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Lima SMDF, de Pádua GM, Sousa MGDC, Freire MDS, Franco OL, Rezende TMB. Antimicrobial peptide-based treatment for endodontic infections--biotechnological innovation in endodontics. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 33:203-213. [PMID: 25447423 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The presence/persistence of microorganisms in the pulp and periapical area corresponds to the maintenance of an exacerbated immune response that leads to the start of periradicular bone resorption and its perpetuation. In endodontic treatment, the available intracanal medications do not have all the desirable properties in the context of endodontic infection and apical periodontitis; they need to include not only strong antimicrobial performance but also an immunomodulatory and reparative activity, without host damage. In addition, there are various levels of resistance to root canal medications. Thus, antimicrobial agents that effectively eliminate resistant species in root canals could potentially improve endodontic treatment. In the emergence of new therapies, an increasing number of studies on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been seen over the past few years. AMPs are defense biomolecules produced in response to infection, and they have a wide spectrum of action against many oral microorganisms. There are some studies that correlate peptides and oral infections, including oral peptides, neuropeptides, and bacterial, fish, bovine and synthetic peptides. So far, there are around 120 published studies correlating endodontic microbiota with AMPs but, according to our knowledge, there are no registered patents in the American patent database. There are a considerable number of AMPs that exhibit excellent antimicrobial activity against endodontic microbiota at a small inhibitory concentration and modulate an exacerbated immune response, down-regulating bone resorption. All these reasons indicate the antimicrobial peptide-based endodontic treatment as an emerging and promising option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Maris de Freitas Lima
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N, Av. W5, Campus II, Modulo C, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus I, QS 07 Lote 01 room S213 EPCT, Águas Claras, Taguatinga, DF, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Martins de Pádua
- Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus I, QS 07 Lote 01 room S213 EPCT, Águas Claras, Taguatinga, DF, Brazil
| | - Maurício Gonçalves da Costa Sousa
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N, Av. W5, Campus II, Modulo C, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus I, QS 07 Lote 01 room S213 EPCT, Águas Claras, Taguatinga, DF, Brazil
| | - Mirna de Souza Freire
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N, Av. W5, Campus II, Modulo C, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Programa de Doutorado da Rede Centro-Oeste, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N, Av. W5, Campus II, Modulo C, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Programa de Doutorado da Rede Centro-Oeste, Brasília, DF, Brazil; S-Inova, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Taia Maria Berto Rezende
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N, Av. W5, Campus II, Modulo C, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus I, QS 07 Lote 01 room S213 EPCT, Águas Claras, Taguatinga, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde (FS), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Kolitz SE, Towfic F, Grossman I, Hayden MR, Zeskind B. Use of genetic technologies to compare medicines. Clin Genet 2014; 86:441-6. [PMID: 25046029 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to ensure that patients receive the safest and most effective medicines possible, it is often necessary to compare medicines and assess the extent to which they are similar in their clinical impact. Full clinical trials with appropriate endpoints remain the only method to compare the clinical impact of two medicines with absolute certainty. Other available methods (including physicochemical analysis, genomics, and transcriptomics) can provide partial information about certain aspects of a medicine's biological impact, with possible clinical implications. Especially for biologics and non-biological complex drugs, which are more difficult to characterize by physicochemical means than small molecules, genomics and transciptomic studies can yield valuable insights for physicians, regulators, and drug developers. In this review, we cite and summarize a variety of studies that exemplify the emerging science of applying genomics and transcriptomics technologies to compare medicines. We discuss key aspects of experimental design, conduct of genetic assays, and advanced data analysis, all of which are critical for the successful execution of such studies. Finally, we propose new areas for which such studies can be applied to maximize patient benefit and reduce safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Kolitz
- Immuneering Corporation, Cambridge, MA, USA
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31
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Conner J. Glatiramer acetate and therapeutic peptide vaccines for multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.7243/2054-989x-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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