1
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Jung S, Woo SY, Park MH, Kim DY, Lee SU, Oh SR, Kim MO, Lee J, Ryu HW. Potent inhibition of human tyrosinase inhibitor by verproside from the whole plant of Pseudolysimachion rotundum var. subintegrum. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2252198. [PMID: 37649388 PMCID: PMC10472861 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2252198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Affinity-based ultrafiltration-mass spectrometry coupled with ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was utilised for the structural identification of direct tyrosinase ligands from a crude Pseudolysimachion rotundum var. subintegrum extract. False positives were recognised by introducing time-dependent inhibition in the control for comparison. The P. rotundum extract contained nine main metabolites in the UPLC-QTOF-MS chromatogram. However, four metabolites were reduced after incubation with tyrosinase, indicating that these metabolites were bound to tyrosinase. The IC50 values of verproside (1) were 31.2 µM and 197.3 µM for mTyr and hTyr, respectively. Verproside showed 5.6-fold higher efficacy than that of its positive control (kojic acid in hTyr). The most potent tyrosinase inhibitor, verproside, features a 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid moiety on the iridoid glycoside and inhibits tyrosinase in a time-dependent and competitive manner. Among these three compounds, verproside is bound to the active site pocket with a docking energy of -6.9 kcal/mol and four hydrogen bonding interactions with HIS61 and HIS85.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunin Jung
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Republic of Korea
- Department of CBRN Medicine Research, center for Special Military Medicine, Armed Forces Medical Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - So-Yeun Woo
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hyeon Park
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Young Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ui Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Ock Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyuk Lee
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Republic of Korea
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2
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Woods T, Sergeev YV. Evaluating the Cysteine-Rich and Catalytic Subdomains of Human Tyrosinase and OCA1-Related Mutants Using 1 μs Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13032. [PMID: 37685839 PMCID: PMC10487697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The inherited disorder oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1) is caused by mutations in the TYR gene encoding tyrosinase (Tyr), an enzyme essential to producing pigments throughout the human body. The intramelanosomal domain of Tyr consists of the cysteine-rich and tyrosinase catalytic subdomains, which are essential for enzymatic activity. In protein unfolding, the roles of these subdomains are not well established. Here, we performed six molecular dynamics simulations at room temperature for Tyr and OCA1-related mutant variants P406L and R402Q intramelanosomal domains. The proteins were simulated for 1 μs in water and urea to induce unfolding. In urea, we observed increases in surface area, decreases in intramolecular hydrogen bonding, and decreases in hydrophobic interactions, suggesting a 'molten globule' state for each protein. Between all conditions, the cysteine-rich subdomain remains stable, whereas the catalytic subdomain shows increased flexibility. This flexibility is intensified by the P406L mutation, while R402Q increases the catalytic domain's rigidity. The cysteine-rich subdomain is rigid, preventing the protein from unfolding, whereas the flexibility of the catalytic subdomain accommodates mutational changes that could inhibit activity. These findings match the conclusions from our experimental work suggesting the function alteration by the P406L mutation, and the potential role of R402Q as a polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuri V. Sergeev
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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3
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Buitrago E, Faure C, Carotti M, Bergantino E, Hardré R, Maresca M, Philouze C, Vanthuyne N, Boumendjel A, Bubacco L, du Moulinet d'Hardemare A, Jamet H, Réglier M, Belle C. Exploiting HOPNO-dicopper center interaction to development of inhibitors for human tyrosinase. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 248:115090. [PMID: 36634457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In human, Tyrosinase enzyme (TyH) is involved in the key steps of protective pigments biosynthesis (in skin, eyes and hair). The use of molecules targeting its binuclear copper active site represents a relevant strategy to regulate TyH activities. In this work, we targeted 2-Hydroxypyridine-N-oxide analogs (HOPNO, an established chelating group for the tyrosinase dicopper active site) with the aim to combine effects induced by combination with a reference inhibitor (kojic acid) or natural substrate (tyrosine). The HOPNO-MeOH (3) and the racemic amino acid HOPNO-AA compounds (11) were tested on purified tyrosinases from different sources (fungal, bacterial and human) for comparison purposes. Both compounds have more potent inhibitory activities than the parent HOPNO moiety and display strictly competitive inhibition constant, in particular with human tyrosinase. Furthermore, 11 appears to be the most active on the B16-F1 mammal melanoma cells. The investigations were completed by stereospecificity analysis. Racemic mixture of the fully protected amino acid 10 was separated by chiral HPLC into the corresponding enantiomers. Assignment of the absolute configuration of the deprotected compounds was completed, based on X-ray crystallography. The inhibition activities on melanin production were tested on lysates and whole human melanoma MNT-1 cells. Results showed significant enhancement of the inhibitory effects for the (S) enantiomer compared to the (R) enantiomer. Computational studies led to an explanation of this difference of activity based for both enantiomers on the respective position of the amino acid group versus the HOPNO plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Buitrago
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS-UGA UMR 5250, DCM, CS 40700, 38058, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France; University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS-UGA UMR 5063, DPM CS 40700, 38058, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Clarisse Faure
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS-UGA UMR 5250, DCM, CS 40700, 38058, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Marcello Carotti
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bergantino
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Renaud Hardré
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Maresca
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Philouze
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS-UGA UMR 5250, DCM, CS 40700, 38058, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Ahcène Boumendjel
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS-UGA UMR 5063, DPM CS 40700, 38058, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Hélène Jamet
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS-UGA UMR 5250, DCM, CS 40700, 38058, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Marius Réglier
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Belle
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS-UGA UMR 5250, DCM, CS 40700, 38058, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France.
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4
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Dolinska MB, Anderson DE, Sergeev YV. In vitro characterization of the intramelanosomal domain of human recombinant TYRP1 and its oculocutaneous albinism type 3-related mutant variants. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4518. [PMID: 36412553 PMCID: PMC9793978 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase related protein 1 (TYRP1) is the most abundant melanosomal protein of the melanocyte, where plays an important role in the synthesis of eumelanin, possibly catalyzing the oxidation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid to 5,6-quinone-2-carboxylic acid. Mutations to the TYRP1 gene can result in oculocutaneous albinism type 3 (OCA3), a rare disease characterized by reduced synthesis of melanin in skin, hair, and eyes. To investigate the effect of genetic mutations on the TYRP1 structure, function, and stability, we engineered the intramelanosomal domain of TYRP1 and its mutant variants mimicking either OCA3-related changes, C30R, H215Y, D308N, and R326H or R87G mutant variant, analogous to OCA1-related pathogenic effect in tyrosinase. Proteins were produced in Trichoplusia Ni larvae, then purified, and analyzed by biochemical methods. Data shows that D308N and R326H mutants keep the native conformations and demonstrate no change in their stability and enzymatic activity. In contrast, mutations C30R and R87G localized in the Cys-rich domain show the variants misfolding during the purification process. The H215Y variant disrupts the binding of Zn2+ in the active site and thus reduces the strength of the enzyme/substrate interactions. Our results, consistent with the clinical and in silico studies, show that mutations at the protein surface are expected to have a negligible phenotype change compared to that of TYRP1. For the mutations with severe phenotype changes, which were localized in the Cys-rich domain or the active site, we confirmed a complete or partial protein misfolding as the possible mechanism of protein malfunction caused by OCA3 inherited mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Anderson
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Yuri V. Sergeev
- National Eye InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
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5
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In Vitro Reconstitution of the Melanin Pathway's Catalytic Activities Using Tyrosinase Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010639. [PMID: 36614088 PMCID: PMC9820814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanogenesis pathway is characterized by a series of reactions catalyzed by key enzymes, such as tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TYRP2), and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), to produce melanin pigment. However, in vitro studies of the catalytic activity were incomplete because of a lack of commercially available enzyme substrates, such as dopachrome. Herein, human recombinant intra-melanosomal domains of key enzymes were produced in Trichoplusia ni (T. ni) larvae and then purified using a combination of chromatography techniques in catalytically active form. Using Michaelis-Menten kinetics, the diphenol oxidase activity of tyrosinase achieved the maximum production of native dopachrome at 10 min of incubation at 37 °C for TYR immobilized to magnetic beads (TYR-MB). The presence of dopachrome was confirmed spectrophotometrically at 475 nm through HPLC analysis and in the TYRP2-catalyzed reaction, yielding 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA). In the TYRP1-driven oxidation of DHICA, the formation of 5,6-indolequinone-2-carboxylic acid (IQCA) was confirmed at ~560 nm. This is the first in vitro reconstitution of the reactions from the melanogenic pathway based on intra-melanosomal domains. In the future, this approach could be used for quantitative in vitro analysis of the melanin pathway, biochemical effects associated with inherited disease-related mutations, and drug screens.
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6
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Dolinska MB, Woods T, Osuna I, Sergeev YV. Protein Biochemistry and Molecular Modeling of the Intra-Melanosomal Domain of Human Recombinant Tyrp2 Protein and OCA8-Related Mutant Variants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031305. [PMID: 35163231 PMCID: PMC8836267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase-related protein 2 (Tyrp2) is involved in the melanogenesis pathway, catalyzing the tautomerization of dopachrome to 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA). Recently, a new type of albinism was discovered with disease-causing mutations in the TYRP2 gene. Here, for the first time, we characterized the intra-melanosomal protein domain of Tyrp2 (residues 1-474) and missense variants C40S and C61W, which mimic the alterations found in genetic studies. Recombinant proteins were produced in the Trichoplusia Ni (Ti. Ni) larvae, purified by a combination of immobilized metal affinity (IMAC) and gel-filtration (GF) chromatography, and biochemically characterized. The mutants showed the protein expression in the lysates such as the wild type; however, undetectable protein yield after two steps of purification exhibited their misfolding and instability. In addition, the misfolding effect of the mutations was confirmed computationally using homology modeling and molecular docking. Together, experiments in vitro and computer simulations indicated the critical role of the Cys-rich domain in the Tyrp2 protein stability. The results are consistent with molecular modeling, global computational mutagenesis, and clinical data, proving the significance of genetic alterations in cysteine residues, which could cause oculocutaneous albinism type 8.
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7
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Kruijt CC, Gradstein L, Bergen AA, Florijn RJ, Arveiler B, Lasseaux E, Zanlonghi X, Bagdonaite-Bejarano L, Fulton AB, Yahalom C, Blumenfeld A, Perez Y, Birk OS, de Wit GC, Schalij-Delfos NE, van Genderen MM. The Phenotypic and Mutational Spectrum of the FHONDA Syndrome and Oculocutaneous Albinism: Similarities and Differences. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:19. [PMID: 35029636 PMCID: PMC8762694 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to further expand the mutational spectrum of the Foveal Hypoplasia, Optic Nerve Decussation defect, and Anterior segment abnormalities (FHONDA syndrome), to describe the phenotypic spectrum, and to compare it to albinism. Subjects and Methods We retrospectively collected molecular, ophthalmic, and electrophysiological data of 28 patients molecularly confirmed with FHONDA from the Netherlands (9), Israel (13), France (2), and the United States of America (4). We compared the data to that of 133 Dutch patients with the 3 most common types of albinism in the Netherlands: oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (49), type 2 (41), and ocular albinism (43). Results Patients with FHONDA had a total of 15 different mutations in SLC38A8, of which 6 were novel. Excluding missing data, all patients had moderate to severe visual impairment (median visual acuity [VA] = 0.7 logMAR, interquartile range [IQR] = 0.6-0.8), nystagmus (28/28), and grade 4 foveal hypoplasia (17/17). Misrouting was present in all nine tested patients. None of the patients had any signs of hypopigmentation of skin and hair. VA in albinism was better (median = 0.5 logMAR, IQR = 0.3-0.7, P 0.006) and the phenotypes were more variable: 14 of 132 without nystagmus, foveal hypoplasia grades 1 to 4, and misrouting absent in 16 of 74. Conclusions Compared to albinism, the FHONDA syndrome appears to have a more narrow phenotypic spectrum, consisting of nonprogressive moderately to severely reduced VA, nystagmus, severe foveal hypoplasia, and misrouting. The co-occurrence of nystagmus, foveal hypoplasia, and misrouting in the absence of hypopigmentation implies that these abnormalities are not caused by lack of melanin, which has important implications for understanding the pathogenesis of these features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte C Kruijt
- Bartiméus Diagnostic Center for Complex Visual Disorders, Zeist, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Libe Gradstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soroka Medical Center and Clalit Health Services, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Arthur A Bergen
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,The Netherlands Institute for Neurosciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph J Florijn
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benoit Arveiler
- Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), Inserm U1211, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Medical Genetics, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Xavier Zanlonghi
- Centre de Compétence Maladie Rares, Clinique Pluridisciplinaire Jules Verne, Nantes, France
| | | | - Anne B Fulton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Claudia Yahalom
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anat Blumenfeld
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yonatan Perez
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ohad S Birk
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Genetics Institute, Soroka Medical Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Gerard C de Wit
- Bartiméus Diagnostic Center for Complex Visual Disorders, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maria M van Genderen
- Bartiméus Diagnostic Center for Complex Visual Disorders, Zeist, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Ayala GD, Linderman RE, Valenzuela RK, Woertz EN, Brilliant M, Tarima S, Carroll J. Assessing Foveal Structure in Individuals with TYR R402Q and S192Y Hypomorphic Alleles. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2021; 1:100077. [PMID: 36246950 PMCID: PMC9560529 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2021.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Design Participants Methods Main Outcome Measures Results Conclusions
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9
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Characterization of Temperature-Dependent Kinetics of Oculocutaneous Albinism-Causing Mutants of Tyrosinase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157771. [PMID: 34360537 PMCID: PMC8346126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tyrosinase (Tyr) is a glycoenzyme that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in melanin production, and its gene (TYR) is mutated in many cases of oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1). The mechanisms by which individual mutations contribute to the diverse pigmentation phenotype in patients with OCA1 have only began to be examined and remain to be delineated. Here, we analyze the temperature-dependent kinetics of wild-type Tyr (WT) and two OCA1B mutant variants (R422Q and P406L) using Michaelis–Menten and Van’t Hoff analyses. Recombinant truncated human Tyr proteins (residues 19–469) were produced in the whole insect Trichoplusia Ni larvae. Proteins were purified by a combination of affinity and size-exclusion chromatography. The temperature dependence of diphenol oxidase protein activities and kinetic parameters were measured by dopachrome absorption. Using the same experimental conditions, computational simulations were performed to assess the temperature-dependent association of L-DOPA and Tyr. Our results revealed, for the first time, that the association of L-DOPA with R422Q and P406L followed by dopachrome formation is a complex reaction supported by enthalpy and entropy forces. We show that the WT has a higher turnover number as compared with both R422Q and P406L. Elucidating the kinetics and thermodynamics of mutant variants of Tyr in OCA1B helps to understand the mechanisms by which they lower Tyr catalytic activity and to discover novel therapies for patients.
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10
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Abstract
Usher syndrome type 1B (USH1B) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the unconventional Myosin VIIa (MYO7A) protein. USH1B is characterized by hearing loss due to abnormalities in the inner ear and vision loss due to retinitis pigmentosa. Here, we present the model of human MYO7A homodimer, built using homology modeling, and refined using 5 ns molecular dynamics in water. Global computational mutagenesis was applied to evaluate the effect of missense mutations that are critical for maintaining protein structure and stability of MYO7A in inherited eye disease. We found that 43.26% (77 out of 178 in HGMD) and 41.9% (221 out of 528 in ClinVar) of the disease-related missense mutations were associated with higher protein structure destabilizing effects. Overall, most mutations destabilizing the MYO7A protein were found to associate with USH1 and USH1B. Particularly, motor domain and MyTH4 domains were found to be most susceptible to mutations causing the USH1B phenotype. Our work contributes to the understanding of inherited disease from the atomic level of protein structure and analysis of the impact of genetic mutations on protein stability and genotype-to-phenotype relationships in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapurna Kuppa
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Yuri V Sergeev
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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11
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Mendez R, Iqbal S, Vishnopolska S, Martinez C, Dibner G, Aliano R, Zaiat J, Biagioli G, Fernandez C, Turjanski A, Campbell AJ, Mercado G, Marti MA. Oculocutaneous albinism type 1B associated with a functionally significant tyrosinase gene polymorphism detected with Whole Exome Sequencing. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:291-295. [PMID: 33599182 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1888129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a Mendelian disorder characterized by hypopigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes, hypoplastic fovea, and low vision, known to be caused by mutations in the Tyrosinase (TYR) gene. Among the known TYR variants, some reduce but do not completely eliminate tyrosinase activity, allowing residual production of melanin and resulting in a contradictory assignment as either pathogenic or benign, preventing a precise clinical diagnostic.Materials and Methods: In the present work, we performed Whole Exome Sequencing and subsequent Sanger sequencing in a young male clinically diagnosed with OCA.Results: Whole-exome sequencing analysis revealed the identification of two variants in trans in TYR. The first, corresponds to a known pathogenic variant G47D, while the second S192Y, was considered a polymorphism due to its relatively high frequency in the European population.Conclusion: The lack of other pathogenic variants in TYR, the reported reduced enzymatic activity (ca. 40% respect to wt) for S192Y, together with the structural in-silico analysis strongly suggest that both reported variants are jointly disease-causing and that S192Y should be considered as likely pathogenic, especially when it is found in trans with a null variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Mendez
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica "Dr. Eduardo E. Castilla", ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sumaiya Iqbal
- Center for Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Cinthia Martinez
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica "Dr. Eduardo E. Castilla", ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Glenda Dibner
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Rivadavia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocio Aliano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Rivadavia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jonathan Zaiat
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Germán Biagioli
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioinformática, Bitgenia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Adrian Turjanski
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Arthur J Campbell
- Center for Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Graciela Mercado
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica "Dr. Eduardo E. Castilla", ANLIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Varghese PK, Abu-Asab M, Dimitriadis EK, Dolinska MB, Morcos GP, Sergeev YV. Tyrosinase Nanoparticles: Understanding the Melanogenesis Pathway by Isolating the Products of Tyrosinase Enzymatic Reaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020734. [PMID: 33450959 PMCID: PMC7828394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Tyrosinase (Tyr) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the melanogenesis pathway. Tyr catalyzes the oxidation of the substrate L-DOPA into dopachrome and melanin. Currently, the characterization of dopachrome-related products is difficult due to the absence of a simple way to partition dopachrome from protein fraction. Here, we immobilize catalytically pure recombinant human Tyr domain (residues 19–469) containing 6xHis tag to Ni-loaded magnetic beads (MB). Transmission electron microscopy revealed Tyr-MB were within limits of 168.2 ± 24.4 nm while the dark-brown melanin images showed single and polymerized melanin with a diameter of 121.4 ± 18.1 nm. Using Hill kinetics, we show that Tyr-MB has a catalytic activity similar to that of intact Tyr. The diphenol oxidase reactions of L-DOPA show an increase of dopachrome formation with the number of MB and with temperature. At 50 °C, Tyr-MB shows some residual catalytic activity suggesting that the immobilized Tyr has increased protein stability. In contrast, under 37 °C, the dopachrome product, which is isolated from Tyr-MB particles, shows that dopachrome has an orange-brown color that is different from the color of the mixture of L-DOPA, Tyr, and dopachrome. In the future, Tyr-MB could be used for large-scale productions of dopachrome and melanin-related products and finding a treatment for oculocutaneous albinism-inherited diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K. Varghese
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (P.K.V.); (M.A.-A.); (M.B.D.); (G.P.M.)
| | - Mones Abu-Asab
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (P.K.V.); (M.A.-A.); (M.B.D.); (G.P.M.)
| | - Emilios K. Dimitriadis
- NIH Shared Resources on Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Monika B. Dolinska
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (P.K.V.); (M.A.-A.); (M.B.D.); (G.P.M.)
| | - George P. Morcos
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (P.K.V.); (M.A.-A.); (M.B.D.); (G.P.M.)
| | - Yuri V. Sergeev
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (P.K.V.); (M.A.-A.); (M.B.D.); (G.P.M.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Roulier B, Pérès B, Haudecoeur R. Advances in the Design of Genuine Human Tyrosinase Inhibitors for Targeting Melanogenesis and Related Pigmentations. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13428-13443. [PMID: 32787103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human tyrosinase (hsTYR) is the key enzyme ensuring the conversion of l-tyrosine to dopaquinone, thereby initiating melanin synthesis, i.e., melanogenesis. Although the protein has long been familiar, knowledge about its three-dimensional structure and efficient overexpression protocols emerged only recently. Consequently, for decades medicinal chemistry studies aiming at developing skin depigmenting agents relied almost exclusively on biological assays performed using mushroom tyrosinase (abTYR), producing a plethoric literature, often of little useful purpose. Indeed, several recent reports have pointed out spectacular differences in terms of interaction patterns and inhibition values between hsTYR and abTYR, including for widely used standard tyrosinase inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the last developments regarding the potential role of hsTYR in human pathologies, the advances in recombinant expression systems and structural data retrieving, and the pioneer generation of true hsTYR inhibitors. Finally, we present suggestions for the design of future inhibitors of this highly attractive target in pharmacology and dermocosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brayan Roulier
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire (DPM), UMR 5063, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Basile Pérès
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire (DPM), UMR 5063, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Romain Haudecoeur
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire (DPM), UMR 5063, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38041 Grenoble, France
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14
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Patel M, Sergeev Y. Functional in silico analysis of human tyrosinase and OCA1 associated mutations. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH 2020; 9:81-89. [PMID: 33458560 PMCID: PMC7808255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the tyrosinase gene. OCA1 exists in two forms: OCA1A and OCA1B. OCA1A is caused by a full loss of the human tyrosinase protein (Tyr), leading to an absence of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes, while OCA1B has reduced Tyr catalytic activity and pigment. The current understanding of the disease is hampered by the absence of information regarding the alterations of protein structure and the effects leading to either form of OCA1. Here, we used computational methods to find a general mechanism for establishing this link. Tyr and mutant variants were built through homology modeling, glycosylated in silico, minimized, and simulated using 100 ns molecular dynamics in water. For OCA1B mutants, cavity size is linked to ΔΔG values for mutants, suggesting that partial loss of Tyr is associated with the destabilizing effect of the EGF-like domain movement. In OCA1A, active site mutation simulations indicate that the absence of O2 leads to protein instability. OCA1B mutants are described in severity by the size of the cavity within the EGF-Tyr interface, while active site OCA1A mutants are unable to fully coordinate copper, leading to an absence of O2 and Tyr instability. In patients with known genotypes, free energy changes may help identify the severity of the disease by assessing either the allosteric effect of the EGF-Tyr cavity in OCA1B or the active site instability in OCA1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Patel
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuri Sergeev
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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15
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Young KL, Kassouf C, Dolinska MB, Anderson DE, Sergeev YV. Human Tyrosinase: Temperature-Dependent Kinetics of Oxidase Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030895. [PMID: 32019134 PMCID: PMC7037427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tyrosinase (Tyr) is involved in pigment biosynthesis, where mutations in its corresponding gene TYR have been linked to oculocutaneous albinism 1, an autosomal recessive disorder. Although the enzymatic capabilities of Tyr have been well-characterized, the thermodynamic driving forces underlying melanogenesis remain unknown. Here, we analyze protein binding using the diphenol oxidase behavior of Tyr and van ’t Hoff temperature-dependent analysis. Recombinant Tyr was expressed and purified using a combination of affinity and size-exclusion chromatography. Michaelis-Menten constants were measured spectrophotometrically from diphenol oxidase reactions of Tyr, using L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) as a substrate, at temperatures: 25, 31, 37, and 43 °C. Under the same conditions, the Tyr structure and the L-DOPA binding activity were simulated using 3 ns molecular dynamics and docking. The thermal Michaelis-Menten kinetics data were subjected to the van ‘t Hoff analysis and fitted with the computational model. The temperature-dependent analysis suggests that the association of L-DOPA with Tyr is a spontaneous enthalpy-driven reaction, which becomes unfavorable at the final step of dopachrome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L. Young
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive MSC 2510, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Claudia Kassouf
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive MSC 2510, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Monika B. Dolinska
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive MSC 2510, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Eric Anderson
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Dr. MSC2775, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuri V. Sergeev
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive MSC 2510, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-594-7053; Fax: +1-301-402-1214
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16
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Protein Stability and Functional Characterization of Intra-Melanosomal Domain of Human Recombinant Tyrosinase-Related Protein 1. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21010331. [PMID: 31947795 PMCID: PMC6981619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigmentation is the result of a complex process by which the biopolymer melanin is synthesized and packed into melanosomes of melanocytes. Various types of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA), a series of autosomal recessive disorders, are associated with reduced pigmentation in the skin, eyes, and hair due to genetic mutations of proteins involved in melanogenesis. Human tyrosinase (Tyr) and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1) drives the enzymatic process of pigment bio-polymerization. However, within the melanogenic pathway, Tyrp1 has catalytic functions not clearly defined and distinct from Tyr. Here, we characterize the biochemical and biophysical properties of recombinant human Tyrp1. For this purpose, we purified and analyzed the intra-melanosomal domain (Tyrp1tr) for protein stability and enzymatic function in conditions mimicking the environment within melanosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum. The study suggests that Tyrp1tr is a monomeric molecule at ambient temperatures and below (<25 °C). At higher temperatures, >31 °C, higher protein aggregates form with a concurrent decrease of monomers in solution. Also, Tyrp1tr diphenol oxidase activity at pH 5.5 rises as both the pre-incubation temperature and the higher molecular weight protein aggregates formation increases. The enhanced protein activity is consistent with the volume exclusion change caused by protein aggregates.
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Min K, Park GW, Yoo YJ, Lee JS. A perspective on the biotechnological applications of the versatile tyrosinase. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 289:121730. [PMID: 31279520 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase (E.C. 1.14.18. 1) is a type of Cu-containing oxidoreductase which has bifunctional activity for various phenolic substrates: ortho-hydroxylation of monophenols to diphenols (a cresolase activity) and oxidation of diphenols to quinones (a catecholase activity). Based on the broad substrate spectrum, tyrosinase has been used in bioremediation of phenolic pollutants, constructing biosensors for identifying phenolic compounds, and L-DOPA synthesis. Furthermore, not only tyrosinase has been used to produce useful polyphenol derivatives, but also it is recently revealed that the promiscuous activity of tyrosinase is closely related with delignification in the biorefinery. Accordingly, tyrosinase might be a potential biocatalyst for industrial applications (e.g., electroenzymatic L-DOPA production, but its long-term stability and reusability should be further explored. In this review, we emphasize the versatility of tyrosinase, which includes conventional applications, and suggest new perspectives as an industrial biocatalyst (e.g., electroenzymatic L-DOPA production). Especially, this review focuses on and comprehensively discusses recent innovative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungseon Min
- Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwon Woo Park
- Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Je Yoo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Suk Lee
- Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Abstract
Albinism can be divided into oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) and ocular albinism (OA). In the differential diagnostics these can be distinguished from rarer syndromes with partial albinism, which are frequently associated with susceptibility to infections and neurological symptoms. The OCA is an autosomal recessive inherited disease of melanin biosynthesis, which leads to complete or partial loss of melanin in the skin, hair follicles and eyes. Of the seven currently known subtypes (OCA 1-7), four are well-characterized (OCA 1-4). These are based on gene mutations, which code for tyrosinase, a key enzyme in melanin synthesis and for further proteins. These play an important role in the catalytic activity of tyrosinase and the structure and function of melanosomes. In the presence of these subtypes, the clinical symptoms and the course of the disease show a pronounced variability, especially in the type and extent of pigmentation of the skin and hair as well as the severity of eye involvement, which makes the phenotypic classification difficult. Treatment priorities are a consistent protection from UV light for prophylaxis against skin cancer and regular preventive investigations. The ocular alterations typical for albinism necessitate timely diagnostics and care by institutions specialized in ophthalmology. Novel strategies for systemic treatment of subtypes of albinism are in preclinical testing. The OA without skin involvement shows X‑linked inheritance, is much rarer and is characterized by reduced pigmentation of the retina and iris, nystagmus and macular hypoplasia, sometimes with substantial loss of visual acuity. The typical ocular symptoms of OA can be manifested to a varying extent in all forms of OCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Kubasch
- UniversitätsCentrum für Seltene Erkrankungen, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - M Meurer
- Stiftung Hochschulmedizin Dresden, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland.
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Dolinska MB, Wingfield PT, Young KL, Sergeev YV. The TYRP1-mediated protection of human tyrosinase activity does not involve stable interactions of tyrosinase domains. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 32:753-765. [PMID: 31077632 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinases are melanocyte-specific enzymes involved in melanin biosynthesis. Mutations in their genes cause oculocutaneous albinism associated with reduced or altered pigmentation of skin, hair, and eyes. Here, the recombinant human intra-melanosomal domains of tyrosinase, TYRtr (19-469), and tyrosinase-related protein 1, TYRP1tr (25-472), were studied in vitro to define their functional relationship. Proteins were expressed or coexpressed in whole Trichoplusia ni larvae and purified. Their associations were studied using gel filtration and sedimentation equilibrium methods. Protection of TYRtr was studied by measuring the kinetics of tyrosinase diphenol oxidase activity in the presence (1:1 and 1:20 molar ratios) or the absence of TYRP1tr for 10 hr under conditions mimicking melanosomal and ER pH values. Our data indicate that TYRtr incubation with excess TYRP1tr protects TYR, increasing its stability over time. However, this mechanism does not appear to involve the formation of stable hetero-oligomeric complexes to maintain the protective function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika B Dolinska
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul T Wingfield
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kenneth L Young
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yuri V Sergeev
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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20
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Adams DR, Menezes S, Jauregui R, Valivullah ZM, Power B, Abraham M, Jeffrey BG, Garced A, Alur RP, Cunningham D, Wiggs E, Merideth MA, Chiang PW, Bernstein S, Ito S, Wakamatsu K, Jack RM, Introne WJ, Gahl WA, Brooks BP. One-year pilot study on the effects of nitisinone on melanin in patients with OCA-1B. JCI Insight 2019; 4:124387. [PMID: 30674731 PMCID: PMC6413781 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND. Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) results in reduced melanin synthesis, skin hypopigmentation, increased risk of UV-induced malignancy, and developmental eye abnormalities affecting vision. No treatments exist. We have shown that oral nitisinone increases ocular and fur pigmentation in a mouse model of one form of albinism, OCA-1B, due to hypomorphic mutations in the Tyrosinase gene. METHODS. In this open-label pilot study, 5 adult patients with OCA-1B established baseline measurements of iris, skin, and hair pigmentation and were treated over 12 months with 2 mg/d oral nitisinone. Changes in pigmentation and visual function were evaluated at 3-month intervals. RESULTS. The mean change in iris transillumination, a marker of melanin, from baseline was 1.0 ± 1.54 points, representing no change. The method of iris transillumination grading showed a high intergrader reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥ 0.88 at each visit). The number of letters read (visual acuity) improved significantly at month 12 for both eyes (right eye, OD, mean 4.2 [95% CI, 0.3, 8.1], P = 0.04) and left eye (OS, 5 [1.0, 9.1], P = 0.003). Skin pigmentation on the inner bicep increased (M index increase = 1.72 [0.03, 3.41], P = 0.047). Finally, hair pigmentation increased by both reflectometry (M index [17.3 {4.4, 30.2}, P = 0.01]) and biochemically. CONCLUSION. Nitisinone did not result in an increase in iris melanin content but may increase hair and skin pigmentation in patients with OCA-1B. The iris transillumination grading scale used in this study proved robust, with potential for use in future clinical trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01838655. FUNDING. Intramural program of the National Eye Institute. Oral nitisinone may improve melanin pigmentation in patients with the OCA-1B form of albinism due to hypomorphic mutations in the tyrosinase gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Adams
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Zaheer M Valivullah
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bradley Power
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Edythe Wiggs
- National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Melissa A Merideth
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Shanna Bernstein
- Nutrition Department, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Rhona M Jack
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Wendy J Introne
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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21
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Farney SK, Dolinska MB, Sergeev YV. Dynamic analysis of human tyrosinase intra-melanosomal domain and mutant variants to further understand oculocutaneous albinism type 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 7:621-632. [PMID: 30868138 PMCID: PMC6411056 DOI: 10.15406/japlr.2018.07.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human tyrosinase (Tyr) is a Type I membrane glycoprotein that is the rate-limiting enzyme for controlling the production of melanin pigment in melanosomes. Currently, ~300 Tyr mutations are known to be involved in the genetic disease oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1), which exists in two forms, OCA1A and OCA1B. OCA1A is caused by a full loss of Tyr enzymatic activity, resulting in the absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes, while OCA1B has reduced Tyr activity and pigment. Here, we used molecular modeling to try to understand the role of genetic changes at the protein level in inherited disease. The significant part of Tyr intra-melanosomal domain and five OCA1 mutant variants were built by homology modeling, glycosylated in silico, and refined using molecular dynamics in water. The modeling confirmed experimental results that N347 and N371 glycosylation is vital for protein stability. The changes caused by the T373K mutation indicate a significant impact on protein structure, as expected for OCA1A. In addition, evaluation of free energy changes in OCA1B mutants showed a strong association with the changes observed in our unfolding/refolding experiments in vitro. In conclusion, our results could be useful for understanding the role of OCA1 mutant variants in melanin pigment production, in silico searching for inhibitors and activators of tyrosinase activity, and genotype-to- phenotype analysis in OCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Katie Farney
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, USA
| | - Monika B Dolinska
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, USA
| | - Yuri V Sergeev
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, USA
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22
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McCafferty BK, Holleschau AM, Connett JE, Summers CG. Visual Development During the Second Decade of Life in Albinism. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2018; 55:254-259. [PMID: 29809263 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20180327-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) during the second decade of life and the effects of albinism type and extraocular muscle surgery on BCVA in children with albinism. METHODS In this retrospective longitudinal study, 41 patients with albinism with clinic visits recording binocular BCVA at least once between the ages of 10 and 13 years (visit A) and again between the ages of 17 and 20 years (visit B) were included. Type of albinism, age at each visit, and interval eye muscle surgeries were recorded for each patient. RESULTS Forty (98%) patients showed BCVA improvement or stability between visits A and B. There was no significant effect of interval extraocular muscle surgery on BCVA. Those carrying either a clinically presumed or moleculary confirmed diagnosis of oculocutaneous albinism types 1B and 2 had the best visual outcomes, consistent with previous studies. CONCLUSIONS In the majority of patients with albinism, significant improvement in BCVA occurs during the second decade of life. Extraocular muscle surgery was not a significant factor in BCVA improvement in albinism. Overall, the assessments support the finding of improvement of visual acuity in children with albinism at earlier ages and provide new information beneficial in predicting visual outcomes in the second decade of life. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2018;55(4):254-259.].
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Membrane-associated human tyrosinase is an enzymatically active monomeric glycoprotein. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198247. [PMID: 29870551 PMCID: PMC5988326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tyrosinase (hTyr) is a Type 1 membrane bound glycoenzyme that catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting steps of melanin production in the melanosome. Mutations in the Tyr gene are linked to oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1), an autosomal recessive disorder. Currently, the application of enzyme replacement therapy for a treatment of OCA1 is hampered by the absence of pure hTyr. Here, full-length hTyr (residues 1-529) was overexpressed in Trichoplusia ni larvae infected with a baculovirus, solubilized with detergent and purified using chromatography. Michaelis-Menten kinetics, enzymatic specific activity, and analytical ultracentrifugation were used to compare the hTyr in detergent with the soluble recombinant intra-melanosomal domain, hTyrCtr (residues 19-469). Active hTyr is monomeric in detergent micelles suggesting no stable interactions between protein molecules. Both, hTyr and hTyrCtr, exhibited similar enzymatic activity and ligand affinity in L-DOPA and L-Tyrosine reactions. In addition, expression in larvae is a scalable process that will allow high yield protein production. Thus, larval production of enzymatically active human tyrosinase potentially could be a useful tool in developing a cure for OCA1.
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Pillaiyar T, Namasivayam V, Manickam M, Jung SH. Inhibitors of Melanogenesis: An Updated Review. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7395-7418. [PMID: 29763564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are pigment molecules that determine the skin, eye, and hair color of the human subject to its amount, quality, and distribution. Melanocytes synthesize melanin and provide epidermal protection from various stimuli, such as harmful ultraviolet radiation, through the complex process called melanogenesis. However, serious dermatological problems occur when there is excessive production of melanin in different parts of the human body. These include freckles, melasma, senile lentigo, pigmented acne scars, and cancer. Therefore, controlling the production of melanin is an important approach for the treatment of pigmentation related disorderes. In this Perspective, we focus on the inhibitors of melanogenesis that directly/indirectly target a key enzyme tyrosinase as well as its associated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Manoj Manickam
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development , Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134 , Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development , Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134 , Korea
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Ferro S, Deri B, Germanò MP, Gitto R, Ielo L, Buemi MR, Certo G, Vittorio S, Rapisarda A, Pazy Y, Fishman A, De Luca L. Targeting Tyrosinase: Development and Structural Insights of Novel Inhibitors Bearing Arylpiperidine and Arylpiperazine Fragments. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3908-3917. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Ferro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Batel Deri
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Maria Paola Germanò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Laura Ielo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Buemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Certo
- Fondazione Prof. Antonio Imbesi, Piazza Pugliatti 1, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Serena Vittorio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
- Fondazione Prof. Antonio Imbesi, Piazza Pugliatti 1, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Rapisarda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Yael Pazy
- Technion Center for Structural Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Ayelet Fishman
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Laura De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Polo Universitario SS. Annunziata, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy
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Dolinska MB, Sergeev YV. The consequences of deglycosylation of recombinant intra-melanosomal domain of human tyrosinase. Biol Chem 2017; 399:73-77. [PMID: 28858842 PMCID: PMC6108172 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase, a melanosomal glycoenzyme, catalyzes initial steps of the melanin biosynthesis. While glycosylation was previously studied in vivo, we present three recombinant mutant variants of human tyrosinase, which were obtained using multiple site-directed mutagenesis, expressed in insect larvae, purified and characterized biochemically. The mutagenesis demonstrated the reduced protein expression and enzymatic activity due to possible loss of protein stability and protein degradation. However, the complete deglycosylation of asparagine residues in vitro, including the residue in position 371, interrupts tyrosinase function, which is consistent with a melanin loss in oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika B. Dolinska
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive MSC 2510, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuri V. Sergeev
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., 31 Center Drive MSC 2510, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Dolinska MB, Kus NJ, Farney SK, Wingfield PT, Brooks BP, Sergeev YV. Oculocutaneous albinism type 1: link between mutations, tyrosinase conformational stability, and enzymatic activity. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:41-52. [PMID: 27775880 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the tyrosinase gene. Two subtypes of OCA1 have been described: severe OCA1A with complete absence of tyrosinase activity and less severe OCA1B with residual tyrosinase activity. Here, we characterize the recombinant human tyrosinase intramelanosomal domain and mutant variants, which mimic genetic changes in both subtypes of OCA1 patients. Proteins were prepared using site-directed mutagenesis, expressed in insect larvae, purified by chromatography, and characterized by enzymatic activities, tryptophan fluorescence, and Gibbs free energy changes. The OCA1A mutants showed very low protein expression and protein yield and are enzymatically inactive. Mutants mimicking OCA1B were biochemically similar to the wild type, but exhibited lower specific activities and protein stabilities. The results are consistent with clinical data, which indicates that OCA1A mutations inactivate tyrosinase and result in severe phenotype, while OCA1B mutations partially inactivate tyrosinase and result in OCA1B albinism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika B Dolinska
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole J Kus
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Katie Farney
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul T Wingfield
- National Institute of Artritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian P Brooks
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuri V Sergeev
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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28
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Dolinska MB, Wingfield PT, Sergeev YV. Purification of Recombinant Human Tyrosinase from Insect Larvae Infected with the Baculovirus Vector. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PROTEIN SCIENCE 2017; 89:6.15.1-6.15.12. [PMID: 28762492 DOI: 10.1002/cpps.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The purification of an enzyme from insect larvae infected with a baculovirus vector is described. The enzyme tyrosinase is of biomedical importance and catalyzes the first rate-limiting steps in melanin production. Tyrosinase mutations can result in oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1), an inherited eye disease associated with decreased melanin pigment production and vision defects. To simplify expression and subsequent purification, the extracellular domain is expressed in insect cells, produced in Trichoplusia ni larvae, and purified using affinity and size-exclusion chromatography. The purified recombinant human tyrosinase is a soluble monomeric glycoprotein with an activity that mirrors the tyrosinase in vivo function. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika B Dolinska
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul T Wingfield
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yuri V Sergeev
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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29
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Lai X, Soler-Lopez M, Wichers HJ, Dijkstra BW. Large-Scale Recombinant Expression and Purification of Human Tyrosinase Suitable for Structural Studies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161697. [PMID: 27551823 PMCID: PMC4994950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tyrosinase (TYR) is a glycoprotein that initiates the first two reactions in the melanin biosynthesis pathway. Mutations in its encoding gene cause Oculocutaneous Albinism type I (OCA1), the most severe form of albinism, which is a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by reduced or absent production of melanin in skin, hair and eyes. Despite extensive structural and characterization studies of its homologues in lower eukaryotic organisms, the catalytic mechanism of human TYR and the molecular basis of OCA1 are largely unknown. In this work, we have carried out a large-scale recombinant expression of TYR that has enabled us to obtain high yields of pure and active protein, required for crystallization trials and screening of skin whitening agents, which is highly demanded in the cosmetic industry. Addition of an N-terminal honeybee melittin signal peptide for secretion of the produced protein into the (protein-free) medium, as well as a cleavable His-tag at the C-terminus, was crucial for increasing the yield of pure protein. We have successfully crystallized two TYR variants, in both glycosylated and deglycosylated forms, showing preliminary X-ray diffraction patterns at 3.5 Å resolution. Hence, we have established an expression and purification protocol suitable for the crystal structure determination of human TYR, which will give unique atomic insight into the nature and conformation of the residues that shape the substrate binding pocket that will ultimately lead to efficient compound design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Lai
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Harry J. Wichers
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bauke W. Dijkstra
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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30
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Marková E, Kotik M, Křenková A, Man P, Haudecoeur R, Boumendjel A, Hardré R, Mekmouche Y, Courvoisier-Dezord E, Réglier M, Martínková L. Recombinant Tyrosinase from Polyporus arcularius: Overproduction in Escherichia coli, Characterization, and Use in a Study of Aurones as Tyrosinase Effectors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2925-2931. [PMID: 26961852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinases act in the development of organoleptic properties of tea, raisins, etc., but also cause unwanted browning of fruits, vegetables, and mushrooms. The tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus has been used as a model to study tyrosinase inhibitors, which are also indispensable in the treatment of skin pigmentation disorders. However, this model has disadvantages such as side enzyme activities and the presence of multiple isoenzymes. Therefore, we aimed to introduce a new tyrosinase model. The pro-tyrosinase from Polyporus arcularius was overproduced in Escherichia coli. Trypsin digestion led to a cleavage after R388 and hence enzyme activation. The tyrosinase was a homodimer and transformed L-DOPA and tert-butylcatechol preferentially. Various aurons were examined as effectors of this enzyme. 2'- and 3'-hydroxyaurones acted as its activators and 2',4'-dihydroxyaurone as an inhibitor, whereas 4'-hydroxyaurones were its substrates. The enzyme is a promising model for tyrosinase effector studies, being a single isoenzyme and void of side enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Marková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences , Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Kotik
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences , Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Křenková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences , Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Man
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences , Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Romain Haudecoeur
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM UMR 5063 , 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Ahcène Boumendjel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM UMR 5063 , 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Renaud Hardré
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, ISm2 UMR 7313 , 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Yasmina Mekmouche
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, ISm2 UMR 7313 , 13397 Marseille, France
| | | | - Marius Réglier
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, ISm2 UMR 7313 , 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Ludmila Martínková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences , Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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31
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Fogal S, Carotti M, Giaretta L, Lanciai F, Nogara L, Bubacco L, Bergantino E. Human tyrosinase produced in insect cells: a landmark for the screening of new drugs addressing its activity. Mol Biotechnol 2015; 57:45-57. [PMID: 25189462 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human tyrosinase is the first enzyme of the multistep process of melanogenesis. It catalyzes the hydroxylation of L-tyrosine to L-dihydroxyphenylalanine and the following oxidation of o-diphenol to the corresponding quinone, L-dopaquinone. In spite of its biomedical relevance, its reactivity is far from being fully understood, mostly because of the lack of a suitable expression system. Indeed, until now, studies on substrates and inhibitors of tyrosinases have been performed in vitro almost exclusively using mushroom or bacterial enzymes. We report on the production of a recombinant human tyrosinase in insect cells (Sf9 line). Engineering the protein, improving cell culture conditions, and setting a suitable purification protocol optimized product yield. The obtained active enzyme was truthfully characterized with a number of substrate and inhibitor molecules. These results were compared to those gained from a parallel analysis of the bacterial (Streptomyces antibioticus) enzyme and those acquired from the literature for mushroom tyrosinase, showing that the reactivity of the human enzyme appears unique and pointing out the great bias introduced when using non-human tyrosinases to measure the inhibitory efficacy of new molecules. The described enzyme is therefore an indispensable paradigm in testing pharmaceutical or cosmetic agents addressing tyrosinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fogal
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padua, Italy
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