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Biological Functions of HMGN Chromosomal Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020449. [PMID: 31936777 PMCID: PMC7013550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin plays a key role in regulating gene expression programs necessary for the orderly progress of development and for preventing changes in cell identity that can lead to disease. The high mobility group N (HMGN) is a family of nucleosome binding proteins that preferentially binds to chromatin regulatory sites including enhancers and promoters. HMGN proteins are ubiquitously expressed in all vertebrate cells potentially affecting chromatin function and epigenetic regulation in multiple cell types. Here, we review studies aimed at elucidating the biological function of HMGN proteins, focusing on their possible role in vertebrate development and the etiology of disease. The data indicate that changes in HMGN levels lead to cell type-specific phenotypes, suggesting that HMGN optimize epigenetic processes necessary for maintaining cell identity and for proper execution of specific cellular functions. This manuscript contains tables that can be used as a comprehensive resource for all the English written manuscripts describing research aimed at elucidating the biological function of the HMGN protein family.
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Patel DP, Krausz KW, Xie C, Beyoğlu D, Gonzalez FJ, Idle JR. Metabolic profiling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of energy metabolism in high-fat diet-fed obese mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177953. [PMID: 28520815 PMCID: PMC5433781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel, selective and sensitive single-ion monitoring (SIM) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) method was developed and validated for the determination of energy metabolites related to glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glutaminolysis, and fatty acid β-oxidation. This assay used N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) containing 1% tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane (TBDMCS) as derivatizing reagent and was highly reproducible, sensitive, specific and robust. The assay was used to analyze liver tissue and serum from C57BL/6N obese mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and C57BL/6N mice fed normal chow for 8 weeks. HFD-fed mice serum displayed statistically significantly reduced concentrations of pyruvate, citrate, succinate, fumarate, and 2-oxoglutarate, with an elevated concentration of pantothenic acid. In liver tissue, HFD-fed mice exhibited depressed levels of glycolysis end-products pyruvate and lactate, glutamate, and the TCA cycle intermediates citrate, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate. Pantothenate levels were 3-fold elevated accompanied by a modest increased gene expression of Scl5a6 that encodes the pantothenate transporter SLC5A6. Since both glucose and fatty acids inhibit coenzyme A synthesis from pantothenate, it was concluded that these data were consistent with downregulated fatty acid β-oxidation, glutaminolysis, glycolysis, and TCA cycle activity, due to impaired anaplerosis. The novel SIM GCMS assay provided new insights into metabolic effects of HFD in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxesh P. Patel
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Kristopher W. Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Cen Xie
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Diren Beyoğlu
- Hepatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. Idle
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Hepatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Li DD, Zhao SY, Yang ZQ, Duan CC, Guo CH, Zhang HL, Geng S, Yue ZP, Guo B. Hmgn5 functions downstream of Hoxa10 to regulate uterine decidualization in mice. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2792-805. [PMID: 27579887 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1220459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Hmgn5 is involved in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation, its physiological function during decidualization is still unknown. Here we showed that Hmgn5 was highly expressed in the decidual cells. Silencing of Hmgn5 expression by specific siRNA reduced the proliferation of uterine stromal cells and expression of Ccnd3 and Cdk4 in the absence or presence of estrogen and progesterone, whereas overexpression of Hmgn5 exhibited the opposite effects. Simultaneously, Hmgn5 might induce the expression of Prl8a2 and Prl3c1 which were 2 well-known differentiation markers for decidualization. In the uterine stromal cells, cAMP analog 8-Br-cAMP and progesterone could up-regulate the expression of Hmgn5, but the up-regulation was impeded by H89 and RU486, respectively. Attenuation of Hmgn5 expression could block the differentiation of uterine stromal cells in response to cAMP and progesterone. Further studies found that regulation of cAMP and progesterone on Hmgn5 expression was mediated by Hoxa10. During in vitro decidualization, knockdown of Hmgn5 could abrogate Hoxa10-induced upregulation of Prl8a2 and Prl3c1, while overexpression of Hmgn5 reversed the inhibitory effects of Hoxa10 siRNA on the expression of Prl8a2 and Prl3c1. In the stromal cells undergoing decidualization, Hmgn5 might act downstream of Hoxa10 to regulate the expression of Cox-2, Vegf and Mmp2. Collectively, Hmgn5 may play an important role during mouse decidualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang-Dang Li
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Shu-Yi Zhao
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Zhan-Qing Yang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Cui-Cui Duan
- b Institute of Agro-food Technology , Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Hui Guo
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Shuang Geng
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Zhan-Peng Yue
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
| | - Bin Guo
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Jilin University , Changchun , P. R. China
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Cheema AK, Maier I, Dowdy T, Wang Y, Singh R, Ruegger PM, Borneman J, Fornace AJ, Schiestl RH. Chemopreventive Metabolites Are Correlated with a Change in Intestinal Microbiota Measured in A-T Mice and Decreased Carcinogenesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151190. [PMID: 27073845 PMCID: PMC4830457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota play a significant role in nutrient metabolism, modulation of the immune system, obesity, and possibly in carcinogenesis, although the underlying mechanisms resulting in disease or impacts on longevity caused by different intestinal microbiota are mostly unknown. Herein we use isogenic Atm-deficient and wild type mice as models to interrogate changes in the metabolic profiles of urine and feces of these mice, which are differing in their intestinal microbiota. Using high resolution mass spectrometry approach we show that the composition of intestinal microbiota modulates specific metabolic perturbations resulting in a possible alleviation of a glycolytic phenotype. Metabolites including 3-methylbutyrolactone, kyneurenic acid and 3-methyladenine known to be onco-protective are elevated in Atm-deficient and wild type mice with restricted intestinal microbiota. Thus our approach has broad applicability to study the direct influence of gut microbiome on host metabolism and resultant phenotype. These results for the first time suggest a possible correlation of metabolic alterations and carcinogenesis, modulated by intestinal microbiota in A-T mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita K. Cheema
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Irene Maier
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tyrone Dowdy
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Biomathematics and Bioinformatics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Rajbir Singh
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Paul M. Ruegger
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - James Borneman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Albert J. Fornace
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Robert H. Schiestl
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gonzales GB, Smagghe G, Mackie A, Grootaert C, Bajka B, Rigby N, Raes K, Van Camp J. Use of metabolomics and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to study the bioavailability and intestinal mucus diffusion of polyphenols from cauliflower waste. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Growth Cone Localization of the mRNA Encoding the Chromatin Regulator HMGN5 Modulates Neurite Outgrowth. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2035-50. [PMID: 25825524 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00133-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons exploit local mRNA translation and retrograde transport of transcription factors to regulate gene expression in response to signaling events at distal neuronal ends. Whether epigenetic factors could also be involved in such regulation is not known. We report that the mRNA encoding the high-mobility group N5 (HMGN5) chromatin binding protein localizes to growth cones of both neuron-like cells and of hippocampal neurons, where it has the potential to be translated, and that HMGN5 can be retrogradely transported into the nucleus along neurites. Loss of HMGN5 function induces transcriptional changes and impairs neurite outgrowth, while HMGN5 overexpression induces neurite outgrowth and chromatin decompaction; these effects are dependent on growth cone localization of Hmgn5 mRNA. We suggest that the localization and local translation of transcripts coding for epigenetic factors couple the dynamic neuronal outgrowth process with chromatin regulation in the nucleus.
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Sengupta M, Cheema A, Kaminski HJ, Kusner LL. Serum metabolomic response of myasthenia gravis patients to chronic prednisone treatment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102635. [PMID: 25032816 PMCID: PMC4102553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prednisone is often used for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases but they suffer from variable therapeutic responses and significant adverse effects. Serum biological markers that are modulated by chronic corticosteroid use have not been identified. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder caused by antibodies directed against proteins present at the post-synaptic surface of neuromuscular junction resulting in weakness. The patients with myasthenia gravis are primarily treated with prednisone. We analyzed the metabolomic profile of serum collected from patients prior to and after 12 weeks of prednisone treatment during a clinical trial. Our aim was to identify metabolites that may be treatment responsive and be evaluated in future studies as potential biomarkers of efficacy or adverse effects. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electro-spray quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry was used to obtain comparative metabolomic and lipidomic profile. Untargeted metabolic profiling of serum showed a clear distinction between pre- and post- treatment groups. Chronic prednisone treatment caused upregulation of membrane associated glycerophospholipids: phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, 1, 2-diacyl-sn glycerol 3 phosphate and 1-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Arachidonic acid (AA) and AA derived pro-inflammatory eicosanoids such as 18-carboxy dinor leukotriene B4 and 15 hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids were reduced. Perturbations in amino acid, carbohydrate, vitamin and lipid metabolism were observed. Chronic prednisone treatment caused increase in membrane associated glycerophospholipids, which may be associated with certain adverse effects. Decrease of AA and AA derived pro-inflammatory eicosanoids demonstrate that immunosuppression by corticosteroid is via suppression of pro-inflammatory pathways. The study identified metabolomic fingerprints that can now be validated as prednisone responsive biomarkers for the improvement in diagnostic accuracy and prediction of therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjistha Sengupta
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Amrita Cheema
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Henry J. Kaminski
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Linda L. Kusner
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cheema AK, Pathak R, Zandkarimi F, Kaur P, Alkhalil L, Singh R, Zhong X, Ghosh S, Aykin-Burns N, Hauer-Jensen M. Liver metabolomics reveals increased oxidative stress and fibrogenic potential in gfrp transgenic mice in response to ionizing radiation. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:3065-74. [PMID: 24824572 PMCID: PMC4053308 DOI: 10.1021/pr500278t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
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Although radiation-induced tissue-specific
injury is well documented,
the underlying molecular changes resulting in organ dysfunction and
the consequences thereof on overall metabolism and physiology have
not been elucidated. We previously reported the generation and characterization
of a transgenic mouse strain that ubiquitously overexpresses Gfrp
(GTPH-1 feedback regulatory protein) and exhibits higher oxidative
stress, which is a possible result of decreased tetrahydrobiopterin
(BH4) bioavailability. In this study, we report genotype-dependent
changes in the metabolic profiles of liver tissue after exposure to
nonlethal doses of ionizing radiation. Using a combination of untargeted
and targeted quantitative mass spectrometry, we report significant
accumulation of metabolites associated with oxidative stress, as well
as the dysregulation of lipid metabolism in transgenic mice after
radiation exposure. The radiation stress seems to exacerbate lipid
peroxidation and also results in higher expression of genes that facilitate
liver fibrosis, in a manner that is dependent on the genetic background
and post-irradiation time interval. These findings suggest the significance
of Gfrp in regulating redox homeostasis in response to stress induced
by ionizing radiation affecting overall physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita K Cheema
- Departments of Oncology, ‡Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and ∥Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington DC 20057, United States
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