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Sarode LP, Ghatage T, Mardhekar V, Verma B, Prakash A, Ugale RR. Cerebrolysin reduces excitotoxicity by modulation of cell-death proteins in delayed hours of ischemic reperfusion injury. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2401-2416. [PMID: 37273080 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent preclinical and clinical reports suggest that cerebrolysin shows neuroprotective properties similar to endogenous neurotrophic factors in neurodegenerative disorders including ischemic stroke. However, little is known about its underlying antiexcitotoxic action. Adult male Wistar rats were intraperitoneally treated with cerebrolysin (0.15 or 0.30 mg/kg) or vehicle at 3, 6 and 12 h after ischemic reperfusion and were assessed 24 h after reperfusion in ischemic rats. We added cerebrolysin (2.5 or 5 mg/ml) or vehicle in primary cortical culture cells at 3, 6 and 12 h of post-glutamate exposure and performed cell viability assays at 24 h. Our in-vivo and in-vitro findings showed that cerebrolysin substantially reduced neuronal cell death in delayed hours of post ischemic- and glutamate-insult conditions respectively. Further, we have assessed the influence of NR-2 A/-2B receptor antagonism on neuroprotective action of cerebrolysin at 6 h in in-vivo as well as in-vitro conditions. Neuroprotective effect of cerebrolysin at 6 h of reperfusion was enhanced by pretreatment of NR2B antagonist RO25-6981.We found that cerebrolysin restrained upregulation of extrasynaptic NR2B responsible for triggering apoptotic pathways. Cerebrolysin reduced expression of important cell death proteins such as, JNK, PTEN, Calpain and Caspase-3 components. Importantly, we also found that cerebrolysin reduced SREBP1 expression, which gets activated only after 6 h of ischemia. These results demonstrate that cerebrolysin reduces excitotoxicity and protect neuronal cells in delayed hours of ischemic reperfusion injuries by decreasing cell death proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lopmudra P Sarode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University Campus, Amravati Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Trupti Ghatage
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University Campus, Amravati Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Vishal Mardhekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University Campus, Amravati Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Bhavesh Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University Campus, Amravati Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Anand Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, District- East Champaran, Bihar, 845401, India
| | - Rajesh R Ugale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University Campus, Amravati Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India.
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Electroacupuncture Pretreatment Elicits Tolerance to Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion through Inhibition of the GluN2B/m-Calpain/p38 MAPK Proapoptotic Pathway. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8840675. [PMID: 33061951 PMCID: PMC7542475 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8840675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As one of the first steps in the pathology of cerebral ischemia, glutamate-induced excitotoxicity progresses too fast to be the target of postischemic intervention. However, ischemic preconditioning including electroacupuncture (EA) might elicit cerebral ischemic tolerance through ameliorating excitotoxicity. Objective To investigate whether EA pretreatment based on TCM theory could elicit cerebral tolerance against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and explore its potential excitotoxicity inhibition mechanism from regulating proapoptotic pathway of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor (GluN2B). Methods The experimental procedure included 5 consecutive days of pretreatment stage and the subsequent modeling stage for one day. All rats were evenly randomized into three groups: sham MCAO/R, MCAO/R, and EA+MCAO/R. During pretreatment procedure, only rats in the EA+MCAO/R group received EA intervention on GV20, SP6, and PC6 once a day for 5 days. Model preparation for MCAO/R or sham MCAO/R started 2 hours after the last pretreatment. 24 hours after model preparation, the Garcia neurobehavioral scoring criteria was used for the evaluation of neurological deficits, TTC for the measurement of infarct volume, TUNEL staining for determination of neural cell apoptosis at hippocampal CA1 area, and WB and double immunofluorescence staining for expression and the cellular localization of GluN2B and m-calpain and p38 MAPK. Results This EA pretreatment regime could improve neurofunction, decrease cerebral infarction volume, and reduce neuronal apoptosis 24 hours after cerebral I/R injury. And EA pretreatment might inhibit the excessive activation of GluN2B receptor, the GluN2B downstream proapoptotic mediator m-calpain, and the phosphorylation of its transcription factor p38 MAPK in the hippocampal neurons after cerebral I/R injury. Conclusion The EA regime might induce tolerance against I/R injury partially through the regulation of the proapoptotic GluN2B/m-calpain/p38 MAPK pathway of glutamate.
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Mahale A, Kumar R, Sarode LP, Gakare S, Prakash A, Ugale RR. Dapsone prolong delayed excitotoxic neuronal cell death by interacting with proapoptotic/survival signaling proteins. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:104848. [PMID: 32689584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dapsone prevents ischemic injury, inhibits apoptosis and shows functional improvement post-ischemia. However, its effect on proapoptotic or survival proteins in delayed ischemia remains unclear. METHODS Male adult Wistar rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 90 min followed by 24 h of ischemic reperfusion (I/R). Dapsone [9.375 or 12.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (IP)] was administered at 3, 6 and 12 h of I/R followed by behavioural assessment, brain infarction, histological alteration and cell viability study. Further, dapsone (25 and 50 µM) was added at 3, 6 and 12 h after L-glutamate (100 µM) in primary cortical culture (DIV 14) and cell viability, cytotoxicity, apoptosis was observed. Proteins expression were observed using immunocytochemistry. All experiments were performed after 24 h of I/R (In-Vivo) and 24 h of recovery post glutamate insult (In-Vitro). RESULTS Reduced brain infarction, improved neurobehavioural functions in addition to reduction in abnormal morphological structures of ischemic brain and improvement in cell viability was observed with treatment of dapsone (12.5 mg/kg) administered upto 6 h. Similarly, dapsone (25, 50 µM) increased cell survival post glutamate insult in cortical culture (In-vitro). Further, dapsone treatment at delayed hours (6 h) reduced apoptotic nuclei and proapoptotic proteins JNK, PTEN, Calpain, Caspase 3 expression along with activation of prosurvival protein BDNF expression post-glutamate insult. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that dapsone has the potential to limit the neuronal damage post-glutamate insult in delayed hours (6 h) through repressing proapoptotic proteins JNK, PTEN, Calpain, Caspase-3 of cerebral ischemia along with activation of pro-survival protein BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Mahale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Amravati Road, Nagpur 440033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Amravati Road, Nagpur 440033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Lopmudra P Sarode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Amravati Road, Nagpur 440033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sukanya Gakare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Amravati Road, Nagpur 440033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anand Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, India.
| | - Rajesh R Ugale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Amravati Road, Nagpur 440033, Maharashtra, India.
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Gupta M, Kaur G. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal ameliorates neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments associated with systemic inflammation. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:217. [PMID: 31416451 PMCID: PMC6694620 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation driven neuroinflammation is an event which correlates with pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, targeting peripheral and central inflammation simultaneously could be a promising approach for the management of these diseases. Nowadays, herbal medicines are emerging as potent therapeutics against various brain pathologies. Therefore, in this contemporary study, the neuroprotective activity of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) was elucidated against the inflammation associated neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments induced by systemic LPS administration using in vivo rat model system. METHODS To achieve this aim, young adult wistar strain male albino rats were randomized into four groups: (i) Control, (ii) LPS alone, (iii) LPS + ASH-WEX, (iv) ASH-WEX alone. Post regimen, the animals were subjected to Rotarod, Narrow Beam Walking and Novel Object Recognition test to analyze their neuromuscular coordination, working memory and learning functions. The rats were then sacrificed to isolate the brain regions and expression of proteins associated with synaptic plasticity and cell survival was studied using Western blotting and Quantitative real time PCR. Further, neuroprotective potential of ASH-WEX and its active fraction (FIV) against inflammatory neurodegeneration was studied and validated using in vitro model system of microglial conditioned medium-treated neuronal cultures and microglial-neuronal co-cultures. RESULTS Orally administered ASH-WEX significantly suppressed the cognitive and motor-coordination impairments in rats. On the molecular basis, ASH-WEX supplementation also regulated the expression of various proteins involved in synaptic plasticity and neuronal cell survival. Since microglial-neuronal crosstalk is crucial for maintaining CNS homeostasis, the current study was further extended to ascertain whether LPS-mediated microglial activation caused damage to neurons via direct cell to cell contact or through secretion of inflammatory mediators. ASH-WEX and FIV pretreatment was found to restore neurite outgrowth and protect neurons from apoptotic cell death caused by LPS-induced neuroinflammation in both activated microglial conditioned medium-treated neuronal cultures as well as microglial-neuronal co-cultures. CONCLUSION This extensive study using in vivo and in vitro model systems provides first ever pre-clinical evidence that ASH-WEX can be used as a promising natural therapeutic remedial for the prevention of neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments associated with peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muskan Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Amritsar, Punjab 143005 India
| | - Gurcharan Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Amritsar, Punjab 143005 India
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Luo Y, Tang H, Li H, Zhao R, Huang Q, Liu J. Recent advances in the development of neuroprotective agents and therapeutic targets in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 162:132-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Photothrombotic Stroke as a Model of Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 9:437-451. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0593-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Deng G, Qiu Z, Li D, Fang Y, Zhang S. Delayed administration of guanosine improves long‑term functional recovery and enhances neurogenesis and angiogenesis in a mouse model of photothrombotic stroke. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3999-4004. [PMID: 28487988 PMCID: PMC5436205 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanosine (GUO) is neuroprotective when administered acutely for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether delayed administration of GUO improved long‑term functional recovery following stroke, as well as to explore the potential underlying mechanisms. GUO (8 mg/kg) or a vehicle was administered intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days beginning 24 h prior to photothrombosis‑induced stroke in male C57/B6J mice. Behaviour tests were performed at days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 post‑stroke. Infarct volume was measured using Nissl staining at day 7 post‑stroke. Neurogenesis and angiogenesis were evaluated by co‑labelling bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) with doublecortin (DCX), neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and von Willebrand factor, in immunohistochemical studies. Brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in the ipsilesional brain at day 28 post‑stroke were detected by western blot analysis. Delayed administration of GUO did not reduce infarct volume or affect neurological function at day 7 post‑stroke; however, it did improve functional recovery from day 14 post‑stroke, when compared with the vehicle group. GUO significantly increased the number of BrdU+ and BrdU+/DCX+ cells in the subventricular zone and subgranular zone at all examined time points, the number of Brdu+/NeuN+ cells in the peri‑infarction region at days 14 and 28 post‑stroke and microvessel density in the peri‑infarction region at day 28 post‑stroke compared with the vehicle group. In addition, the BDNF and VEGF levels in the ipsilesional brain were significantly elevated. Delayed administration of GUO at 24 h post‑stroke enhanced neurogenesis and angiogenesis, and increased BDNF and VEGF levels, which likely contributes to long‑term functional recovery following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Deng
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Zhandong Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Dayong Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Suming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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Huan T, Xian JW, Leung WN, Li L, Chan CW. Cerebrospinal Fluid Metabolomics After Natural Product Treatment in an Experimental Model of Cerebral Ischemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 20:670-680. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2016.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jia Wen Xian
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Wing Nang Leung
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chun Wai Chan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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Tuttolomondo A, Pecoraro R, Arnao V, Maugeri R, Iacopino DG, Pinto A. Developing drug strategies for the neuroprotective treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15:1271-84. [PMID: 26469760 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1101345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Developing new treatment strategies for acute ischemic stroke in the last twenty years has offered some important successes, but also several failures. Most trials of neuroprotective therapies have been uniformly negative to date. Recent research has reported how excitatory amino acids act as the major excitatory neurotransmitters in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, other therapeutic targets such as free radical scavenger strategies and the anti-inflammatory neuroprotective strategy have been evaluated with conflicting data in animal models and human subjects with acute ischemic stroke. Whereas promising combinations of neuroprotection and neurorecovery, such as citicoline, albumin and cerebrolysin have been tested with findings worthy of further evaluation in larger randomized clinical trials. Understanding the complexities of the ischemic cascade is essential to developing pharmacological targets for acute ischemic stroke in neuroprotective or flow restoration therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Tuttolomondo
- a Internal Medicine and Cardio-Angiology Ward, Department of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Di.Bi. M.I.S , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Rosaria Pecoraro
- a Internal Medicine and Cardio-Angiology Ward, Department of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Di.Bi. M.I.S , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.,b Emergency Care Unit , Fondazione Istituto S. Raffaele/Giglio of Cefalù , Cefalù , Italy
| | - Valentina Arnao
- c Neurology Ward, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Rosario Maugeri
- d Neurosurgery Ward, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Domenico Gerardo Iacopino
- d Neurosurgery Ward, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Antonio Pinto
- a Internal Medicine and Cardio-Angiology Ward, Department of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Di.Bi. M.I.S , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
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Kang BK, Kim MK, Kim SY, Lee SJ, Choi YW, Choi BT, Shin HK. Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of Uncaria sinensis in LPS-Stimulated BV2 Microglia Cells and Focal Cerebral Ischemic Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2015; 43:1099-115. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Uncaria sinensis (US) has long been used as a traditional Korean medicine to treat cardiovascular and central nervous system diseases, including hypertension and cerebral ischemia. Several recent studies have indicated that US has neuroprotective and cerebrovascular protective effects in ischemic brain injury; however, little is known about the anti-inflammatory effects of US. Therefore, the present study was designed to validate the anti-inflammatory effects of US. The anti-neuroinflammatory properties of US on pro-inflammatory mediators were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine BV2 microglia and injured brains induced by photothrombotic cortical ischemia. Hexane extracts of US (HEUS) significantly suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia and inhibited LPS-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner without causing cytotoxicity in BV2 cells. In addition, HEUS significantly reduced the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Moreover, HEUS treatment inhibited the transcriptional activity and nuclear translocation of NF-κB in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. In an in vivo study, treatment of HEUS resulted in significantly reduced infarct volume and improved neurological function 48 h after ischemic brain injury, possibly through the inhibition of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. HEUS inhibits LPS-stimulated production of pro-inflammatory mediators and prevents cerebral ischemic damage, suggesting that US may have therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke accompanied by microglia activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kyung Kang
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyoung Kim
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jin Lee
- MRC for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, College of Natural Resource and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongnam 626-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Tae Choi
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 626-870, Republic of Korea
- Korean Medical Science Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 626-870, Republic of Korea
- Korean Medical Science Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 626-870, Republic of Korea
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Physiological Roles of Calpain 1 Associated to Multiprotein NMDA Receptor Complex. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139750. [PMID: 26431040 PMCID: PMC4592069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that in resting conditions calpain 1, but not calpain 2, is specifically associated to the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor (NMDAR) multiprotein complex. We are here reporting that in SKNBE neuroblastoma cells or in freshly isolated nerve terminals from adult rat hippocampus, the proteolytic activity of calpain 1 resident at the NMDAR is very low under basal conditions and greatly increases following NMDAR stimulation. Since the protease resides at the NMDAR in saturating amounts, variations in Ca2+ influx promote an increase in calpain 1 activity without affecting the amount of the protease originally associated to NMDAR. In all the conditions examined, resident calpain 1 specifically cleaves NR2B at the C-terminal region, leading to its internalization together with NR1 subunit. While in basal conditions intracellular membranes include small amounts of NMDAR containing the calpain-digested NR2B, upon NMDAR stimulation nearly all the receptor molecules are internalized. We here propose that resident calpain 1 is involved in NMDAR turnover, and following an increase in Ca2+ influx, the activated protease, by promoting the removal of NMDAR from the plasma membranes, can decrease Ca2+ entrance through this channel. Due to the absence of calpastatin in such cluster, the activity of resident calpain 1 may be under the control of HSP90, whose levels are directly related to the activation of this protease. Observations of different HSP90/calpain 1 ratios in different ultrasynaptic compartments support this conclusion.
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Kim HN, Jang JY, Choi BT. A single fraction from Uncaria sinensis exerts neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in primary cultured cortical neurons. Anat Cell Biol 2015; 48:95-103. [PMID: 26140220 PMCID: PMC4488647 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2015.48.2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified a neuroprotective single fraction among 62 ones of hexane extract from Uncaria sinensis (JGH43IA) and investigated its effects and mechanisms in primary cortical neurons. Pretreatment with JGH43IA showed a significantly increase cell viability in a dose-dependent manner with a decrease in the lactate dehydrogenase release. When we performed morphological assay and flow cytometry to determination of the type of cell death, pretreatment with JGH43IA showed a significant reduction of glutamate-induced apoptotic cell death. Then we explored the downstream signaling pathways of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) with calpain activation to elucidate possible pathways of neuroprotection by JGH43IA. Pretreatment with JGH43IA exhibited a significant attenuation of NMDAR GluN2B subunit activation and a decrease in active form of calpain 1 leading to subsequent cleavage of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP). In addition, pretreatment with JGH43IA showed a marked increase of cAMP responsive element binding protein. These results suggest that JGH43IA may have neuroprotective effects through down-regulation of NMDAR GluN2B subunit and calpain 1 activation, and subsequent alleviation of STEP cleavage. This single fraction from U. sinensis might be a useful therapeutic agent for brain disorder associated with glutamate injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Jang
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Byung Tae Choi
- Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea. ; Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
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Ahn SM, Kim HN, Kim YR, Oh EY, Choi YW, Shin HK, Choi BT. Neuroprotective effect of 1-methoxyoctadecan-1-ol from Uncaria sinensis on glutamate-induced hippocampal neuronal cell death. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:293-299. [PMID: 24877848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE We isolated a single compound, 1-methoxyoctadecan-1-ol (MOD), from dried hooks and stems of Uncaria sinensis, which is used in traditional Korean medicine to provide relief from various nervous related symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Neuroprotective effects of MOD against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in HT22 cells were investigated by analyzing cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase, flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Western blot assays. RESULTS Exposure to glutamate alone resulted in remarkable hippocampal neuronal cell death; however, pretreatment with MOD resulted in suppression of neuronal death and ROS accumulation in connection with cellular Ca2+ level after exposure to glutamate. Stimulation by glutamate also caused significant protein level of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and dephosphorylated phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), however, pretreatment with MOD resulted in inhibition of these changes in protein level. Treatment with glutamate alone led to suppressed protein level of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (CREB); however, pretreatment with MOD resulted in significant enhancement of this level of protein. Anti-oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine and both Ca2+ inhibitors, BAPTA and EGTA, showed effects similar to those of MOD in all proteins examined, except mature BDNF. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that MOD mainly exerted neuroprotective effects in suppression of ROS accumulation and up-regulation of mature BDNF in association with p38 MAPK and PI3K signaling in hippocampal neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Ahn
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Ri Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Oh
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, College of Natural Resource and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 626-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Tae Choi
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea; Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea.
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