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Margets A, Foster J, Kumar A, Maier TR, Masonbrink R, Mejias J, Baum TJ, Innes RW. The Soybean Cyst Nematode Effector Cysteine Protease 1 (CPR1) Targets a Mitochondrial Soybean Branched-Chain Amino Acid Aminotransferase (GmBCAT1). MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024:MPMI06240068R. [PMID: 39158991 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-24-0068-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines) facilitates infection by secreting a repertoire of effector proteins into host cells to establish a permanent feeding site composed of a syncytium of root cells. Among the diverse proteins secreted by the nematode, we were specifically interested in identifying proteases to pursue our goal of engineering decoy substrates that elicit an immune response when cleaved by an SCN protease. We identified a cysteine protease that we named Cysteine Protease 1 (CPR1), which was predicted to be a secreted effector based on transcriptomic data obtained from SCN esophageal gland cells, the presence of a signal peptide, and the lack of transmembrane domains. CPR1 is conserved in all isolates of SCN sequenced to date, suggesting it is critical for virulence. Transient expression of CPR1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves suppressed cell death induced by a constitutively active nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat protein, RPS5, indicating that CPR1 inhibits effector-triggered immunity. CPR1 localizes in part to the mitochondria when expressed in planta. Proximity-based labeling in transgenic soybean roots, co-immunoprecipitation, and cleavage assays identified a branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase from soybean (GmBCAT1) as a substrate of CPR1. Consistent with this, GmBCAT1 also localizes to mitochondria. Silencing of the CPR1 transcript in the nematode reduced penetration frequency in soybean roots, while the expression of CPR1 in soybean roots enhanced susceptibility. Our data demonstrates that CPR1 is a conserved effector protease with a direct target in soybean roots, highlighting it as a promising candidate for decoy engineering. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Margets
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, U.S.A
| | - Jessica Foster
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, U.S.A
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Tom R Maier
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Rick Masonbrink
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Joffrey Mejias
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Thomas J Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Roger W Innes
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, U.S.A
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Opdensteinen P, Charudattan R, Hong JC, Rosskopf EN, Steinmetz NF. Biochemical and nanotechnological approaches to combat phytoparasitic nematodes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2444-2460. [PMID: 38831638 PMCID: PMC11332226 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The foundation of most food production systems underpinning global food security is the careful management of soil resources. Embedded in the concept of soil health is the impact of diverse soil-borne pests and pathogens, and phytoparasitic nematodes represent a particular challenge. Root-knot nematodes and cyst nematodes are severe threats to agriculture, accounting for annual yield losses of US$157 billion. The control of soil-borne phytoparasitic nematodes conventionally relies on the use of chemical nematicides, which can have adverse effects on the environment and human health due to their persistence in soil, plants, and water. Nematode-resistant plants offer a promising alternative, but genetic resistance is species-dependent, limited to a few crops, and breeding and deploying resistant cultivars often takes years. Novel approaches for the control of phytoparasitic nematodes are therefore required, those that specifically target these parasites in the ground whilst minimizing the impact on the environment, agricultural ecosystems, and human health. In addition to the development of next-generation, environmentally safer nematicides, promising biochemical strategies include the combination of RNA interference (RNAi) with nanomaterials that ensure the targeted delivery and controlled release of double-stranded RNA. Genome sequencing has identified more than 75 genes in root knot and cyst nematodes that have been targeted with RNAi so far. But despite encouraging results, the delivery of dsRNA to nematodes in the soil remains inefficient. In this review article, we describe the state-of-the-art RNAi approaches targeting phytoparasitic nematodes and consider the potential benefits of nanotechnology to improve dsRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Opdensteinen
- Department of NanoEngineeringUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Nano‐ImmunoEngineeringUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell CollaboratoryUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Jason C. Hong
- USDA‐ARS‐U.S. Horticultural Research LaboratoryFort PierceFloridaUSA
| | - Erin N. Rosskopf
- USDA‐ARS‐U.S. Horticultural Research LaboratoryFort PierceFloridaUSA
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineeringUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Nano‐ImmunoEngineeringUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell CollaboratoryUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Moores Cancer CenterUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Engineering in Cancer, Institute of Engineering in MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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3
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Huang G, Cong Z, Liu Z, Chen F, Bravo A, Soberón M, Zheng J, Peng D, Sun M. Silencing Ditylenchus destructor cathepsin L-like cysteine protease has negative pleiotropic effect on nematode ontogenesis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10030. [PMID: 38693283 PMCID: PMC11063044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Ditylenchus destructor is a migratory plant-parasitic nematode that severely harms many agriculturally important crops. The control of this pest is difficult, thus efficient strategies for its management in agricultural production are urgently required. Cathepsin L-like cysteine protease (CPL) is one important protease that has been shown to participate in various physiological and pathological processes. Here we decided to characterize the CPL gene (Dd-cpl-1) from D. destructor. Analysis of Dd-cpl-1 gene showed that Dd-cpl-1 gene contains a signal peptide, an I29 inhibitor domain with ERFNIN and GNFD motifs, and a peptidase C1 domain with four conserved active residues, showing evolutionary conservation with other nematode CPLs. RT-qPCR revealed that Dd-cpl-1 gene displayed high expression in third-stage juveniles (J3s) and female adults. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that Dd-cpl-1 was expressed in the digestive system and reproductive organs. Silencing Dd-cpl-1 in 1-cell stage eggs of D. destructor by RNAi resulted in a severely delay in development or even in abortive morphogenesis during embryogenesis. The RNAi-mediated silencing of Dd-cpl-1 in J2s and J3s resulted in a developmental arrest phenotype in J3 stage. In addition, silencing Dd-cpl-1 gene expression in female adults led to a 57.43% decrease in egg production. Finally, Dd-cpl-1 RNAi-treated nematodes showed a significant reduction in host colonization and infection. Overall, our results indicate that Dd-CPL-1 plays multiple roles in D. destructor ontogenesis and could serve as a new potential target for controlling D. destructor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ziwen Cong
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhonglin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Feng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jinshui Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Donghai Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ming Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Kim JH, Lee BM, Kang MK, Park DJ, Choi IS, Park HY, Lim CH, Son KH. Assessment of nematicidal and plant growth-promoting effects of Burkholderia sp. JB-2 in root-knot nematode-infested soil. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1216031. [PMID: 37538060 PMCID: PMC10394650 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1216031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp., are plant-parasitic nematodes that are responsible for considerable economic losses worldwide, because of the damage they cause to numerous plant species and the inadequate biological agents available to combat them. Therefore, developing novel and eco-friendly nematicides is necessary. In the present study, Burkholderia sp. JB-2, isolated from RKN-infested rhizosphere soil in South Korea, was evaluated to determine its nematicidal and plant growth-promoting effects under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Cell-free filtrates of the JB-2 strain showed high levels of nematicidal activity against second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita, with 87.5% mortality following two days of treatment. In addition, the assessment of the activity against other six plant parasitic nematodes (M. javanica, M. hapla, M. arenaria, Ditylenchus destructor, Aphelenchoides subtenuis, and Heterodera trifolii) showed that the cell-free filtrates have a broad nematicidal spectrum. The three defense-responsive (MiMIF-2, MiDaf16-like1, and MiSkn1-like1) genes were activated, while Mi-cm-3 was downregulated when treated with cell-free filtrates of JB-2 cultures on J2. The greenhouse experiments suggested that the cell-free filtrates of the JB-2 strain efficiently controlled the nematode population in soil and egg mass formations of M. incognita in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L., cv. Rutgers). An improvement in the host plant growth was observed, in which the shoot length and fresh weights of shoots and roots increased. The treatment with 10% of JB-2 cell-free filtrates significantly upregulated the expression levels of plant defenses (SlPR1, SlPR5, and SlPAL) and growth-promoting (ACO1, Exp18, and SlIAA1) genes compared with the corresponding parameters of the control group. Therefore, JB-2 could be a promising candidate for the sustainable management of RKN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hoon Kim
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Min Lee
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Kang
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Park
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Nematode Research Center, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Yong Park
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Hwan Lim
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Son
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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5
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Burns AR, Baker RJ, Kitner M, Knox J, Cooke B, Volpatti JR, Vaidya AS, Puumala E, Palmeira BM, Redman EM, Snider J, Marwah S, Chung SW, MacDonald MH, Tiefenbach J, Hu C, Xiao Q, Finney CAM, Krause HM, MacParland SA, Stagljar I, Gilleard JS, Cowen LE, Meyer SLF, Cutler SR, Dowling JJ, Lautens M, Zasada I, Roy PJ. Selective control of parasitic nematodes using bioactivated nematicides. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-06105-5. [PMID: 37225985 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes are a major threat to global food security, particularly as the world amasses 10 billion people amid limited arable land1-4. Most traditional nematicides have been banned owing to poor nematode selectivity, leaving farmers with inadequate means of pest control4-12. Here we use the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to identify a family of selective imidazothiazole nematicides, called selectivins, that undergo cytochrome-p450-mediated bioactivation in nematodes. At low parts-per-million concentrations, selectivins perform comparably well with commercial nematicides to control root infection by Meloidogyne incognita, a highly destructive plant-parasitic nematode. Tests against numerous phylogenetically diverse non-target systems demonstrate that selectivins are more nematode-selective than most marketed nematicides. Selectivins are first-in-class bioactivated nematode controls that provide efficacy and nematode selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Burns
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Rachel J Baker
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Megan Kitner
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jessica Knox
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brittany Cooke
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan R Volpatti
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aditya S Vaidya
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Emily Puumala
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruna M Palmeira
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M Redman
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jamie Snider
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sagar Marwah
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sai W Chung
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret H MacDonald
- USDA-ARS Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Jens Tiefenbach
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chun Hu
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qi Xiao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Host Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Constance A M Finney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Host Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Henry M Krause
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonya A MacParland
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Igor Stagljar
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Split, Croatia
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan L F Meyer
- USDA-ARS Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Sean R Cutler
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - James J Dowling
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Lautens
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Inga Zasada
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Peter J Roy
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Hada A, Singh D, Banakar P, Papolu PK, Kassam R, Chatterjee M, Yadav J, Rao U. Host-delivered RNAi-mediated silencing using fusion cassettes of different functional groups of genes precludes Meloidogyne incognita multiplication in Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:29-43. [PMID: 36462028 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates multi-gene silencing approach for simultaneous silencing of several functional genes through a fusion gene strategy for protecting plants against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. The ability of root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita, to cause extensive yield decline in a wide range of cultivated crops is well-documented. Due to the inadequacies of current management approaches, the alternatively employed contemporary RNA interference (RNAi)-based host-delivered gene silencing (HD-RNAi) strategy targeting different functional effectors/genes has shown substantial potential to combat RKNs. In this direction, we have explored the possibility of simultaneous silencing of four esophageal gland genes, six plant cell-wall modifying enzymes (PCWMEs) and a serine protease gene of M. incognita using the fusion approach. In vitro RNAi showed that combinatorial gene silencing is the most effective in affecting nematode behavior in terms of reduced attraction, penetration, development, and reproduction in tomato and adzuki beans. In addition, qRT-PCR analysis of M. incognita J2s soaked in fusion-dsRNA showed perturbed expression of all the genes comprising the fusion construct confirming successful dsRNA processing which is also supported by increased mRNA abundance of five key-RNAi pathway genes. In addition, hairpin RNA expressing constructs of multi-gene fusion cassettes were developed and used for generation of Nicotiana tabacum transgenic plants. The integration of gene constructs and expression of siRNAs in transgenic events were confirmed by Southern and Northern blot analyses. Besides, bio-efficacy analyses of transgenic events, conferred up to 87% reduction in M. incognita multiplication. Correspondingly, reduced transcript accumulation of the target genes in the M. incognita females extracted from transgenic events confirmed successful gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkesh Hada
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Divya Singh
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Prakash Banakar
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Department of Nematology and Centre for Bio-Nanotechnology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, India.
| | - Pradeep K Papolu
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Rami Kassam
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Madhurima Chatterjee
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Jyoti Yadav
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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7
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Transgenic Improvement for Biotic Resistance of Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214370. [PMID: 36430848 PMCID: PMC9697442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotic constraints, including pathogenic fungi, viruses and bacteria, herbivory insects, as well as parasitic nematodes, cause significant yield loss and quality deterioration of crops. The effect of conventional management of these biotic constraints is limited. The advances in transgenic technologies provide a direct and directional approach to improve crops for biotic resistance. More than a hundred transgenic events and hundreds of cultivars resistant to herbivory insects, pathogenic viruses, and fungi have been developed by the heterologous expression of exogenous genes and RNAi, authorized for cultivation and market, and resulted in a significant reduction in yield loss and quality deterioration. However, the exploration of transgenic improvement for resistance to bacteria and nematodes by overexpression of endogenous genes and RNAi remains at the testing stage. Recent advances in RNAi and CRISPR/Cas technologies open up possibilities to improve the resistance of crops to pathogenic bacteria and plant parasitic nematodes, as well as other biotic constraints.
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8
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Hada A, Singh D, Papolu PK, Banakar P, Raj A, Rao U. Host-mediated RNAi for simultaneous silencing of different functional groups of genes in Meloidogyne incognita using fusion cassettes in Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:2287-2302. [PMID: 34387737 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This study establishes possibility of combinatorial silencing of more than one functional gene for their efficacy against root-knot nematode, M. incognita. Root-knot nematodes (RKN) of the genus Meloidogyne are the key important plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) in agricultural and horticultural crops worldwide. Among RKNs, M. incognita is the most notorious that demand exploration of novel strategies for their management. Due to its sustainable and target-specific nature, RNA interference (RNAi) has gained unprecedented importance to combat RKNs. However, based on the available genomic information and interaction studies, it can be presumed that RKNs are dynamic and not dependent on single genes for accomplishing a particular function. Therefore, it becomes extremely important to consider silencing of more than one gene to establish any synergistic or additive effect on nematode parasitism. In this direction, we have combined three effectors specific to subventral gland cells of M. incognita, Mi-msp1, Mi-msp16, Mi-msp20 as fusion cassettes-1 and two FMRFamide-like peptides, Mi-flp14, Mi-flp18, and Mi-msp20 as fusion cassettes-2 to establish their possible utility for M. incognita management. In vitro RNAi assay in tomato and adzuki bean using these two fusion gene negatively altered nematode behavior in terms of reduced attraction, invasion, development, and reproduction. Subsequently, Nicotiana tabacum plants were transformed with these two fusion gene hairpin RNA-expressing vectors (hpRNA), and characterized via PCR, qRT-PCR, and Southern blot hybridization. Production of siRNAs specific to Mi-flp18 and Mi-msp1 was also confirmed by Northern hybridization. Further, transgenic events expressing single copy insertions of hpRNA constructs of fusion 1 and fusion-2 conferred up to 85% reduction in M. incognita multiplication. Besides, expression quantification revealed a significant reduction in mRNA abundance of target genes (up to 1.8-fold) in M. incognita females extracted from transgenic plants, and provided additional evidence for successful gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkesh Hada
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Divya Singh
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Pradeep K Papolu
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Prakash Banakar
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ankita Raj
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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9
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Lisei-de-Sá ME, Rodrigues-Silva PL, Morgante CV, de Melo BP, Lourenço-Tessutti IT, Arraes FBM, Sousa JPA, Galbieri R, Amorim RMS, de Lins CBJ, Macedo LLP, Moreira VJ, Ferreira GF, Ribeiro TP, Fragoso RR, Silva MCM, de Almeida-Engler J, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Pyramiding dsRNAs increases phytonematode tolerance in cotton plants. PLANTA 2021; 254:121. [PMID: 34779907 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Host-derived suppression of nematode essential genes decreases reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita in cotton. Root-knot nematodes (RKN) represent one of the most damaging plant-parasitic nematode genera worldwide. RNAi-mediated suppression of essential nematode genes provides a novel biotechnological strategy for the development of sustainable pest-control methods. Here, we used a Host Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS) approach by stacking dsRNA sequences into a T-DNA construct to target three essential RKN genes: cysteine protease (Mi-cpl), isocitrate lyase (Mi-icl), and splicing factor (Mi-sf), called dsMinc1, driven by the pUceS8.3 constitutive soybean promoter. Transgenic dsMinc1-T4 plants infected with Meloidogyne incognita showed a significant reduction in gall formation (57-64%) and egg masses production (58-67%), as well as in the estimated reproduction factor (60-78%), compared with the susceptible non-transgenic cultivar. Galls of the RNAi lines are smaller than the wild-type (WT) plants, whose root systems exhibited multiple well-developed root swellings. Transcript levels of the three RKN-targeted genes decreased 13- to 40-fold in nematodes from transgenic cotton galls, compared with those from control WT galls. Finally, the development of non-feeding males in transgenic plants was 2-6 times higher than in WT plants, indicating a stressful environment for nematode development after RKN gene silencing. Data strongly support that HIGS of essential RKN genes is an effective strategy to improve cotton plant tolerance. This study presents the first application of dsRNA sequences to target multiple genes to promote M. incognita tolerance in cotton without phenotypic penalty in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Lisei-de-Sá
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Paolo L Rodrigues-Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Carolina V Morgante
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Embrapa Semi-Árido, Pretrolina, PE, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Bruno Paes de Melo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Isabela T Lourenço-Tessutti
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Fabricio B M Arraes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - João P A Sousa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Rafael Galbieri
- Instituto Matogrossense Do Algodão, Rondonopolis, MT, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leonardo L P Macedo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Valdeir J Moreira
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Thuanne P Ribeiro
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Fragoso
- Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, DF, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Maria C M Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Janice de Almeida-Engler
- UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech INRA/CNRS/UNS, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Maria F Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil.
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10
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Kaur R, Choudhury A, Chauhan S, Ghosh A, Tiwari R, Rajam MV. RNA interference and crop protection against biotic stresses. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2357-2377. [PMID: 34744371 PMCID: PMC8526635 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a universal phenomenon of RNA silencing or gene silencing with broader implications in important physiological and developmental processes of most eukaryotes, including plants. Small RNA (sRNA) are the critical drivers of the RNAi machinery that ensures down-regulation of the target genes in a homology-dependent manner and includes small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and micro RNAs (miRNAs). Plant researchers across the globe have exploited the powerful technique of RNAi to execute targeted suppression of desired genes in important crop plants, with an intent to improve crop protection against pathogens and pests for sustainable crop production. Biotic stresses cause severe losses to the agricultural productivity leading to food insecurity for future generations. RNAi has majorly contributed towards the development of designer crops that are resilient towards the various biotic stresses such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, insect pests, and nematodes. This review summarizes the recent progress made in the RNAi-mediated strategies against these biotic stresses, along with new insights on the future directions in research involving RNAi for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Kaur
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Aparajita Choudhury
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Sambhavana Chauhan
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Arundhati Ghosh
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Ruby Tiwari
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Manchikatla Venkat Rajam
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
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11
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Hada A, Patil BL, Bajpai A, Kesiraju K, Dinesh-Kumar S, Paraselli B, Sreevathsa R, Rao U. Micro RNA-induced gene silencing strategy for the delivery of siRNAs targeting Meloidogyne incognita in a model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3396-3405. [PMID: 33786977 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occurrence of multiple biotic stresses on crop plants result in drastic yield losses which may have severe impact on the food security. It is a challenge to design strategies for simultaneous management of these multiple stresses. Hence, establishment of innovative approaches that aid in their management is critical. Here, we have introgressed a micro RNA-induced gene silencing (MIGS) based combinatorial gene construct containing seven target gene sequences of cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD), cotton leaf hopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula), cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). RESULTS Stable transgenic lines of Nicotiana benthamiana were generated with the T-DNA harboring Arabidopsis miR173 target site fused to fragments of Sec23 and ecdysone receptor (EcR) genes of cotton leaf hopper and cotton whitefly. It also contained C2/replication associated protein (C2/Rep) and C4 (movement protein) along with βC1 gene of betasatellite to target CLCuD, and two FMRFamide-like peptide (FLP) genes, Mi-flp14 and Mi-flp18 of M. incognita. These transgenic plants were assessed for the amenability of MIGS approach for pest control by efficacy evaluation against M. incognita. Results showed successful production of small interfering RNA (siRNA) through the tasiRNA (trans-acting siRNA) pathway in the transgenic plants corresponding to Mi-flp18 gene. Furthermore, we observed reduced Mi-flp14 and Mi-flp18 transcripts (up to 2.37 ± 0.12-fold) in females extracted from transgenic plants. The average number of galls, total endoparasites, egg masses and number of eggs per egg mass reduced were in the range 27-62%, 39-70%, 38-65% and 34-49%, respectively. More importantly, MIGS transgenic plants showed 80% reduction in the nematode multiplication factor (MF). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates successful validation of the MIGS approach in the model plant, N. benthamiana for efficacy against M. incognita, as a prelude to translation to cotton. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkesh Hada
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Basavaprabhu L Patil
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Division of Basic Sciences, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Akansha Bajpai
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Karthik Kesiraju
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Savithramma Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Genome Expression Dynamics Reveal the Parasitism Regulatory Landscape of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita and a Promoter Motif Associated with Effector Genes. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050771. [PMID: 34070210 PMCID: PMC8158474 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (genus Meloidogyne) are the major contributor to crop losses caused by nematodes. These nematodes secrete effector proteins into the plant, derived from two sets of pharyngeal gland cells, to manipulate host physiology and immunity. Successful completion of the life cycle, involving successive molts from egg to adult, covers morphologically and functionally distinct stages and will require precise control of gene expression, including effector genes. The details of how root-knot nematodes regulate transcription remain sparse. Here, we report a life stage-specific transcriptome of Meloidogyne incognita. Combined with an available annotated genome, we explore the spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression. We reveal gene expression clusters and predicted functions that accompany the major developmental transitions. Focusing on effectors, we identify a putative cis-regulatory motif associated with expression in the dorsal glands, providing an insight into effector regulation. We combine the presence of this motif with several other criteria to predict a novel set of putative dorsal gland effectors. Finally, we show this motif, and thereby its utility, is broadly conserved across the Meloidogyne genus, and we name it Mel-DOG. Taken together, we provide the first genome-wide analysis of spatio-temporal gene expression in a root-knot nematode and identify a new set of candidate effector genes that will guide future functional analyses.
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13
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Ochola J, Coyne D, Cortada L, Haukeland S, Ng'ang'a M, Hassanali A, Opperman C, Torto B. Cyst nematode bio-communication with plants: implications for novel management approaches. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1150-1159. [PMID: 32985781 PMCID: PMC7894489 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bio-communication occurs when living organisms interact with each other, facilitated by the exchange of signals including visual, auditory, tactile and chemical. The most common form of bio-communication between organisms is mediated by chemical signals, commonly referred to as 'semiochemicals', and it involves an emitter releasing the chemical signal that is detected by a receiver leading to a phenotypic response in the latter organism. The quality and quantity of the chemical signal released may be influenced by abiotic and biotic factors. Bio-communication has been reported to occur in both above- and below-ground interactions and it can be exploited for the management of pests, such as cyst nematodes, which are pervasive soil-borne pests that cause significant crop production losses worldwide. Cyst nematode hatching and successful infection of hosts are biological processes that are largely influenced by semiochemicals including hatching stimulators, hatching inhibitors, attractants and repellents. These semiochemicals can be used to disrupt interactions between host plants and cyst nematodes. Advances in RNAi techniques such as host-induced gene silencing to interfere with cyst nematode hatching and host location can also be exploited for development of synthetic resistant host cultivars. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Ochola
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyNairobiKenya
- Chemistry DepartmentKenyatta UniversityNairobiKenya
| | - Danny Coyne
- East Africa, International Institute of Tropical AgricultureNairobiKenya
- Department of Biology, Section NematologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Laura Cortada
- East Africa, International Institute of Tropical AgricultureNairobiKenya
- Department of Biology, Section NematologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Solveig Haukeland
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyNairobiKenya
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
| | | | | | - Charles Opperman
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyNairobiKenya
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14
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Zinovieva SV, Udalova ZV, Seiml-Buchinger VV, Khasanov FK. Gene Expression of Protease Inhibitors in Tomato Plants with Invasion by Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita and Modulation of Their Activity with Salicylic and Jasmonic Acids. BIOL BULL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359021020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract—
The expression of the genes encoding the inhibitors of serine (ISP) and cysteine proteinases (ICP) was studied in the roots of tomato plants resistant and susceptible to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita during infection and under the effects of signaling molecules: salicylic (SA) and jasmonic (JA) acids. It was shown that, upon infection, resistant plants are characterized by an increased accumulation of transcripts of the ICP and ISP genes at the stages of penetration and development in the roots, while the level of transcription does not change in susceptible plants. There was a significant decrease in nematode invasion in susceptible plants after treatment with SA or JA compared to untreated plants, which makes it possible to determine the role of the studied proteinase inhibitors in resistance induced by signaling molecules. It was revealed that an increase in expression of the genes of proteinase inhibitors is accompanied by inhibition of the reproductive potential and size of M. incognita females, as well as by a decrease in plant infection.
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15
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Dutta TK, Papolu PK, Singh D, Sreevathsa R, Rao U. Expression interference of a number of Heterodera avenae conserved genes perturbs nematode parasitic success in Triticum aestivum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 301:110670. [PMID: 33218636 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae is distributed worldwide and causes substantial damage in bread wheat, Triticum aestivum. This nematode is extremely difficult to manage because of its prolonged persistence as unhatched eggs encased in cysts. Due to its sustainable and target-specific nature, RNA interference (RNAi)-based strategy has gained unprecedented importance for pest control. To date, RNAi strategy has not been exploited to manage H. avenae in wheat. In the present study, 40 H. avenae target genes with different molecular function were rationally selected for in vitro soaking analysis in order to assess their susceptibility to RNAi. In contrast to target-specific downregulation of 18 genes, 7 genes were upregulated and 15 genes showed unaltered expression (although combinatorial soaking showed some of these genes are RNAi susceptible), suggesting that a few of the target genes were refractory or recalcitrant to RNAi. However, RNAi of 37 of these genes negatively altered nematode behavior in terms of reduced penetration, development and reproduction in wheat. Subsequently, wheat plants were transformed with seven H. avenae target genes (that showed greatest abrogation of nematode parasitic success) for host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) analysis. Transformed plants were molecularly characterized by PCR, RT-qPCR and Southern hybridization. Production of target gene-specific double- and single-stranded RNA (dsRNA/siRNA) was detected in transformed plants. Transgenic expression of galectin, cathepsin L, vap1, serpin, flp12, RanBPM and chitinase genes conferred 33.24-72.4 % reduction in H. avenae multiplication in T1 events with single copy ones exhibiting greatest reduction. A similar degree of resistance observed in T2 plants indicated the consistent HIGS effect in the subsequent generations. Intriguingly, cysts isolated from RNAi plants were of smaller size with translucent cuticle compared to normal size, dark brown control cysts, suggesting H. avenae developmental retardation due to HIGS. Our study reinforces the potential of HIGS to manage nematode problems in crop plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar K Dutta
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Pradeep K Papolu
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Divya Singh
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Rohini Sreevathsa
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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16
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Banakar P, Hada A, Papolu PK, Rao U. Simultaneous RNAi Knockdown of Three FMRFamide-Like Peptide Genes, Mi-flp1, Mi-flp12, and Mi-flp18 Provides Resistance to Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:573916. [PMID: 33193182 PMCID: PMC7644837 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.573916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, is a devastating sedentary endoparasite that causes considerable damage to agricultural crops worldwide. Modern approaches targeting the physiological processes have confirmed the potential of FMRFamide like peptide (FLPs) family of neuromotor genes for nematode management. Here, we assessed the knock down effect of Mi-flp1, Mi-flp12, and Mi-flp18 of M. incognita and their combinatorial fusion cassette on infection and reproduction. Comparative developmental profiling revealed higher expression of all three FLPs in the infective 2nd stage juveniles (J2s). Further, Mi-flp1 expression in J2s could be localized in the ventral pharyngeal nerves near to metacarpal bulb of the central nervous system. In vitro RNAi silencing of three FLPs and their fusion cassette in M. incognita J2s showed that combinatorial silencing is the most effective and affected nematode host recognition followed by reduced penetration ability and subsequent infection into tomato and adzuki bean roots. Northern blot analysis of J2s soaked in fusion dsRNA revealed the presence of siRNA of all three target FLPs establishing successful processing of fusion gene dsRNA in the J2s. Further, evaluation of the fusion gene cassette is done through host-delivered RNAi in tobacco. Transgenic plants with fusion gene RNA-expressing vector were generated in which transgene integration was confirmed by PCR, qRT-PCR, and Southern blot analysis. Transcript accumulation of three FLPs constituting the fusion gene was reduced in the M. incognita females collected from the transgenic plants that provided additional evidence for successful gene silencing. Evaluation of positive T1 transgenic lines against M. incognita brought down the disease burden as indicated by various disease parameters that ultimately reduced the nematode multiplication factor (MF) by 85% compared to the wild-type plants. The study establishes the possibility of simultaneous silencing of more than one FLPs gene for effective management of M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Banakar
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.,Department of Nematology and Centre for Bio-Nanotechnology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
| | - Alkesh Hada
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep K Papolu
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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17
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Mani V, Reddy CS, Lee SK, Park S, Ko HR, Kim DG, Hahn BS. Chitin Biosynthesis Inhibition of Meloidogyne incognita by RNAi-Mediated Gene Silencing Increases Resistance to Transgenic Tobacco Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6626. [PMID: 32927773 PMCID: PMC7555284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Meloidogyne incognita is a devastating plant parasitic nematode that causes root knot disease in a wide range of plants. In the present study, we investigated host-induced RNA interference (RNAi) gene silencing of chitin biosynthesis pathway genes (chitin synthase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, and trehalase) in transgenic tobacco plants. To develop an RNAi vector, ubiquitin (UBQ1) promoter was directly cloned, and to generate an RNAi construct, expression of three genes was suppressed using the GATEWAY system. Further, transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana lines expressing dsRNA for chitin synthase (CS), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), and trehalase 1 (TH1) were generated. Quantitative PCR analysis confirmed endogenous mRNA expression of root knot nematode (RKN) and revealed that all three genes were more highly expressed in the female stage than in eggs and in the parasitic stage. In vivo, transformed roots were challenged with M. incognita. The number of eggs and root knots were significantly decreased by 60-90% in RNAi transgenic lines. As evident, root galls obtained from transgenic RNAi lines exhibited 0.01- to 0.70-fold downregulation of transcript levels of targeted genes compared with galls isolated from control plants. Furthermore, phenotypic characteristics such as female size and width were also marginally altered, while effect of egg mass per egg number in RNAi transgenic lines was reduced. These results indicate the relevance and significance of targeting chitin biosynthesis genes during the nematode lifespan. Overall, our results suggest that further developments in RNAi efficiency in commercially valued crops can be applied to employ RNAi against other plant parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimalraj Mani
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (V.M.); (C.S.R.); (S.-K.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Chinreddy Subramanyam Reddy
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (V.M.); (C.S.R.); (S.-K.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Seon-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (V.M.); (C.S.R.); (S.-K.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (V.M.); (C.S.R.); (S.-K.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Hyoung-Rai Ko
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - Dong-Gwan Kim
- Department of Bio-Industry and Bio-Resource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
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18
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Fu S, Liu Z, Chen J, Sun G, Jiang Y, Li M, Xiong L, Chen S, Zhou Y, Asad M, Yang G. Silencing arginine kinase/integrin β 1 subunit by transgenic plant expressing dsRNA inhibits the development and survival of Plutella xylostella. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:1761-1771. [PMID: 31785188 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plutella xylostella is a devastating agricultural insect pest of cruciferous plants, including crops. Plant-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) is currently being developed for plant protection. In this study, we investigated the response of P. xylostella exposed to transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants that expressed double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting P. xylostella genes of arginine kinase (PxAK) and integrin β1 subunit (Pxβ). RESULTS Transgenic plants producing dsRNAs of the 384-bp fragment of PxAK (dsAK plants), the 497-bp fragment of Pxβ (dsβ plants), and the 881 bp of the combination of both genes (dsAK-β plants) were generated and verified. Insect bioassay with these transgenic plants showed that the development of P. xylostella was affected, causing longer developmental time, and lower pupal weight and pupation rate. P. xylostella mortality rates were 25.0% when exposed to dsAK plants, 22.5% with dsβ plants, and 30.0% with dsAK-β plants, which were all higher than 7.5% for the wild-type plant. PxAK and Pxβ in P. xylostella were suppressed by 26.6-79.7% at the transcription level by the transgenic plants. CONCLUSION These results suggest that plant-mediated RNAi targeting single gene or both PxAK and Pxβ may have the potential to control P. xylostella. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhaoxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gengxiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yingxia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Miaowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shaoping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Asad
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
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Iqbal S, Fosu-Nyarko J, Jones MGK. Attempt to Silence Genes of the RNAi Pathways of the Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita Results in Diverse Responses Including Increase and No Change in Expression of Some Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:328. [PMID: 32265973 PMCID: PMC7105803 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Control of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) via host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) involves rational selection of genes and detailed assessment of effects of a possible knockdown on the nematode. Some genes by nature may be very important for the survival of the nematode that knockdown may be resisted. Possible silencing and effects of 20 such genes involved in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathways of Meloidogyne incognita were investigated in this study using long double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) as triggers. Two of the genes, ego-1 and mes-2, could not be knocked down. Expression of six genes (xpo-1, pash-1, xpo-2, rha-1, ekl-4, and csr-1) were significantly upregulated after RNAi treatment whereas for 12 of the genes, significant knockdown was achieved and with the exception of mes-2 and mes-6, RNAi was accompanied by defective phenotypes in treated nematodes including various degrees of paralysis and abnormal behaviors and movement such as curling, extreme wavy movements, and twitching. These abnormalities resulted in up to 75% reduction in infectivity of a tomato host, the most affected being the J2s previously treated with dsRNA of the gfl-1 gene. For 10 of the genes, effects of silencing in the J2s persisted as the adult females isolated from galls were under-developed, elongated, and transparent compared to the normal saccate, white adult females. Following RNAi of ego-1, smg-2, smg-6, and eri-1, reduced expression and/or the immediate visible effects on the J2s were not permanent as the nematodes infected and developed normally in tomato hosts. Equally intriguing was the results of RNAi of the mes-2 gene where the insignificant change in gene expression and behavior of treated J2s did not mean the nematodes were not affected as they were less effective in infecting host plants. Attempt to silence drsh-1, mut-7, drh-3, rha-1, pash-1, and vig-1 through HIGS led to reduction in nematode infestation by up to 89%. Our results show that genes may respond to RNAi knockdown differently so an exhaustive assessment of target genes as targets for nematode control via RNAi is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Fosu-Nyarko
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, WA State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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20
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Transcriptome analysis of Globodera pallida from the susceptible host Solanum tuberosum or the resistant plant Solanum sisymbriifolium. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13256. [PMID: 31519937 PMCID: PMC6744408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A transcriptome analysis of G. pallida juveniles collected from S. tuberosum or S. sisymbriifolium 24 h post infestation was performed to provide insights into the parasitic process of this nematode. A total of 41 G. pallida genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed when parasitizing the two plant species. Among this set, 12 were overexpressed when G. pallida was parasitizing S. tuberosum and 29 were overexpressed when parasitizing S. sisymbriifolium. Out of the 12 genes, three code for secretory proteins; one is homologous to effector gene Rbp-4, the second is an uncharacterized protein with a signal peptide sequence, and the third is an ortholog of a Globodera rostochiensis effector belonging to the 1106 effector family. Other overexpressed genes from G. pallida when parasitizing S. tuberosum were either unknown, associated with a stress or defense response, or associated with sex differentiation. Effector genes namely Eng-1, Cathepsin S-like cysteine protease, cellulase, and two unknown genes with secretory characteristics were over expressed when G. pallida was parasitizing S. sisymbriifolium relative to expression from S. tuberosum. Our findings provide insight into gene regulation of G. pallida while infecting either the trap crop S. sisymbriifolium or the susceptible host, S. tuberosum.
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21
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Carter ME, Helm M, Chapman AVE, Wan E, Restrepo Sierra AM, Innes RW, Bogdanove AJ, Wise RP. Convergent Evolution of Effector Protease Recognition by Arabidopsis and Barley. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:550-565. [PMID: 30480480 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-18-0202-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Pseudomonas syringae cysteine protease AvrPphB activates the Arabidopsis resistance protein RPS5 by cleaving a second host protein, PBS1. AvrPphB induces defense responses in other plant species, but the genes and mechanisms mediating AvrPphB recognition in those species have not been defined. Here, we show that AvrPphB induces defense responses in diverse barley cultivars. We also show that barley contains two PBS1 orthologs, that their products are cleaved by AvrPphB, and that the barley AvrPphB response maps to a single locus containing a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) gene, which we termed AvrPphB Response 1 (Pbr1). Transient coexpression of PBR1 with wild-type AvrPphB but not with a protease inactive mutant triggered defense responses, indicating that PBR1 detects AvrPphB protease activity. Additionally, PBR1 coimmunoprecipitated with barley and Nicotiana benthamiana PBS1 proteins, suggesting mechanistic similarity to detection by RPS5. Lastly, we determined that wheat cultivars also recognize AvrPphB protease activity and contain two putative Pbr1 orthologs. Phylogenetic analyses showed, however, that Pbr1 is not orthologous to RPS5. Our results indicate that the ability to recognize AvrPphB evolved convergently and imply that selection to guard PBS1-like proteins occurs across species. Also, these results suggest that PBS1-based decoys may be used to engineer protease effector recognition-based resistance in barley and wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Carter
- 1 Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | - Matthew Helm
- 2 Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, U.S.A
| | - Antony V E Chapman
- 3 Interdepartmental Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program and
- 4 Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A
| | - Emily Wan
- 1 Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | - Ana Maria Restrepo Sierra
- 1 Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
- 5 Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia; and
| | - Roger W Innes
- 2 Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, U.S.A
| | - Adam J Bogdanove
- 1 Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | - Roger P Wise
- 3 Interdepartmental Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program and
- 4 Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A
- 6 Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, U.S.A
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22
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Chaudhary S, Dutta TK, Tyagi N, Shivakumara TN, Papolu PK, Chobhe KA, Rao U. Host-induced silencing of Mi-msp-1 confers resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in eggplant. Transgenic Res 2019; 28:327-340. [PMID: 30955133 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-based host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) is emerging as a novel, efficient and target-specific tool to combat phytonematode infection in crop plants. Mi-msp-1, an effector gene expressed in the subventral pharyngeal gland cells of Meloidogyne incognita plays an important role in the parasitic process. Mi-msp-1 effector is conserved in few of the species of root-knot nematodes (RKNs) and does not share considerable homology with the other phytonematodes, thereby making it a suitable target for HIGS with minimal off-target effects. Six putative eggplant transformants harbouring a single copy RNAi transgene of Mi-msp-1 was generated. Stable expression of the transgene was detected in T1, T2 and T3 transgenic lines for which a detrimental effect on RKN penetration, development and reproduction was documented upon challenge infection with nematode juveniles. The post-parasitic nematode stages extracted from the transgenic plants showed long-term RNAi effect in terms of targeted downregulation of Mi-msp-1. These findings suggest that HIGS of Mi-msp-1 enhances nematode resistance in eggplant and protect the plant against RKN parasitism at very early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Chaudhary
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.,School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Tushar K Dutta
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Nidhi Tyagi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | | | - Pradeep K Papolu
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Kapil A Chobhe
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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23
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Amin RB, Karegar A, Afsharifar A, Niazi A, Karimi M. Disruption of the Pathogenicity and Sex Ratio of the Beet Cyst Nematode Heterodera schachtii by Host-Delivered RNA Interference. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:1337-1346. [PMID: 29975161 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-18-0141-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The beet cyst nematode (BCN) Heterodera schachtii causes serious damage and yield losses in numerous important crops worldwide. This study examines the efficacy of three types of transgenic Arabidopsis RNA interference (RNAi) lines to decrease the biological activity of this devastating nematode. The first RNAi construct (E1E2-RNAi) targets two nematode endoglucanase genes, which are involved in BCN pathogenicity, the second construct (MSP-RNAi) contains a fragment corresponding to the major sperm protein transcript necessary for BCN development and reproduction, and the third construct (E1E2MSP-RNAi) comprises all three target fragments. Transcript expression profiles of the target genes in all biological stages of the nematode were determined for the initial inoculated population and the resulting progeny. Bioassay data under indoor aseptic cultivation indicated that feeding on these RNAi lines did not affect pathogenic activity and reproductive capacity of the initial population, whereas inoculating the progeny into new transgenic plants corresponding with the lines from which they were recovered reduced the nematode penetration and the number of eggs per cyst. In addition, the male/female ratio increased more than the double, and the effects of RNAi continued in the second generation of the nematodes, because the progeny derived from E1E2-RNAi and E1E2MSP-RNAi lines showed an impaired ability to infect wild-type plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Behzadi Amin
- 1 Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Akbar Karegar
- 1 Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Afsharifar
- 2 Plant Virology Research Center, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Niazi
- 3 Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mansour Karimi
- 4 Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; and
- 5 Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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24
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Udalova ZV, Folmanis GE, Khasanov FK, Zinovieva SV. Selenium Nanoparticles-an Inducer of Tomato Resistance to the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White, 1919) Chitwood 1949. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2018; 482:264-267. [PMID: 30397889 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672918050095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanisms of action of selenium nanoparticles obtained by laser ablation for their use as an abiogenic elicitor of tomato resistance to parasitic nematodes. Selenium nanoparticles induced systemic resistance of tomatoes to the root-knot nematode, stimulated plant growth and development, was involved in the PR-6 gene expression in the roots and leaves of plants subjected to invasion, and increased the activity of proteinase inhibitors (markers of systemic resistance of plants to infection). Exogenous treatment of plants with solutions of selenium nanoparticles reduced the invasion of plants by affecting the morphological and physiological parameters of the parasites in the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zh V Udalova
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - G E Folmanis
- Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 49, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - F K Khasanov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - S V Zinovieva
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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25
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Gosal SS, Wani SH. RNAi for Resistance Against Biotic Stresses in Crop Plants. BIOTECHNOLOGIES OF CROP IMPROVEMENT, VOLUME 2 2018. [PMCID: PMC7123769 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90650-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene silencing has become one of the most successful strategies in not only identifying gene function but also in improving agronomical traits of crops by silencing genes of different pathogens/pests and also plant genes for improvement of desired trait. The conserved nature of RNAi pathway across different organisms increases its applicability in various basic and applied fields. Here we attempt to summarize the knowledge generated on the fundamental mechanisms of RNAi over the years, with emphasis on insects and plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). This chapter also reviews the rich history of RNAi research, gene regulation by small RNAs across different organisms, and application potential of RNAi for generating transgenic plants resistant to major pests. But, there are some limitations too which restrict wider applications of this technology to its full potential. Further refinement of this technology in terms of resolving these shortcomings constitutes one of the thrust areas in present RNAi research. Nevertheless, its application especially in breeding agricultural crops resistant against biotic stresses will certainly offer the possible solutions for some of the breeding objectives which are otherwise unattainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satbir Singh Gosal
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - Shabir Hussain Wani
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Khudwani, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir India
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26
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Banerjee S, Gill SS, Gawade BH, Jain PK, Subramaniam K, Sirohi A. Host Delivered RNAi of Two Cuticle Collagen Genes, Mi-col-1 and Lemmi-5 Hampers Structure and Fecundity in Meloidogyne incognita. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2266. [PMID: 29403514 PMCID: PMC5786853 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes have emerged as devastating parasites causing substantial losses to agricultural economy worldwide. Tomato is the most favored host for major species of root-knot nematodes. Control strategies like use of nematicides have proved to be harmful to the environment. Other control methods like development of resistant cultivars and crop rotation have serious limitations. This study deals with the application of host generated RNA interference toward development of resistance against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in tomato. Two cuticle collagen genes viz. Mi-col-1 and Lemmi-5 involved in the synthesis and maintenance of the cuticle in M. incognita were targeted through host generated RNA interference. Expression of both Mi-col-1 and Lemmi-5 was found to be higher in adult females followed by egg masses and J2s. Tomato var. Pusa Ruby was transformed with the RNAi constructs of these genes to develop transgenic lines expressing the target dsRNAs. 30.80-35.00% reduction in the number of adult females, 50.06-65.73% reduction in the number of egg mass per plant and 76.47-82.59% reduction in the number of eggs per egg mass were observed for the T1 events expressing Mi-col-1 dsRNA. Similarly, 34.14-38.54% reduction in the number of adult females, 62.34-66.71% reduction in number of egg mass per plant and 67.13-79.76% reduction in the number of eggs per egg mass were observed for the T1 generation expressing Lemmi-5 dsRNA. The multiplication factor of M. incognita reduced significantly in both the cases and the structure of adult females isolated from transgenic plants were heavily distorted. This study demonstrates the role of the cuticle collagen genes Mi-col-1 and Lemmi-5 in the structure and development of M. incognita cuticle inside the host and reinforces the potential of host generated RNA interference for management of plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Banerjee
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Sarvajeet S. Gill
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Bharat H. Gawade
- Division of Plant Quarantine, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep K. Jain
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Anil Sirohi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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27
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de Lacerda JTJG, e Lacerda RR, Assunção NA, Tashima AK, Juliano MA, dos Santos GA, dos Santos de Souza M, de Luna Batista J, Rossi CE, de Almeida Gadelha CA, Santi-Gadelha T. New insights into lectin from Abelmoschus esculentus seeds as a Kunitz-type inhibitor and its toxic effects on Ceratitis capitata and root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Banerjee S, Banerjee A, Gill SS, Gupta OP, Dahuja A, Jain PK, Sirohi A. RNA Interference: A Novel Source of Resistance to Combat Plant Parasitic Nematodes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:834. [PMID: 28580003 PMCID: PMC5437379 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant parasitic nematodes cause severe damage and yield loss in major crops all over the world. Available control strategies include use of insecticides/nematicides but these have proved detrimental to the environment, while other strategies like crop rotation and resistant cultivars have serious limitations. This scenario provides an opportunity for the utilization of technological advances like RNA interference (RNAi) to engineer resistance against these devastating parasites. First demonstrated in the model free living nematode, Caenorhabtidis elegans; the phenomenon of RNAi has been successfully used to suppress essential genes of plant parasitic nematodes involved in parasitism, nematode development and mRNA metabolism. Synthetic neurotransmitants mixed with dsRNA solutions are used for in vitro RNAi in plant parasitic nematodes with significant success. However, host delivered in planta RNAi has proved to be a pioneering phenomenon to deliver dsRNAs to feeding nematodes and silence the target genes to achieve resistance. Highly enriched genomic databases are exploited to limit off target effects and ensure sequence specific silencing. Technological advances like gene stacking and use of nematode inducible and tissue specific promoters can further enhance the utility of RNAi based transgenics against plant parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Banerjee
- Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR)New Delhi, India
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand UniversityRohtak, India
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR)New Delhi, India
| | - Anamika Banerjee
- Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR)New Delhi, India
| | | | - Om P. Gupta
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR)New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Dahuja
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR)New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep K. Jain
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology (ICAR)New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Sirohi
- Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR)New Delhi, India
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29
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Shivakumara TN, Chaudhary S, Kamaraju D, Dutta TK, Papolu PK, Banakar P, Sreevathsa R, Singh B, Manjaiah KM, Rao U. Host-Induced Silencing of Two Pharyngeal Gland Genes Conferred Transcriptional Alteration of Cell Wall-Modifying Enzymes of Meloidogyne incognita vis-à-vis Perturbed Nematode Infectivity in Eggplant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:473. [PMID: 28424727 PMCID: PMC5371666 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The complex parasitic strategy of Meloidogyne incognita appears to involve simultaneous expression of its pharyngeal gland-specific effector genes in order to colonize the host plants. Research reports related to effector crosstalk in phytonematodes for successful parasitism of the host tissue is yet underexplored. In view of this, we have used in planta effector screening approach to understand the possible interaction of pioneer genes (msp-18 and msp-20, putatively involved in late and early stage of M. incognita parasitism, respectively) with other unrelated effectors such as cell-wall modifying enzymes (CWMEs) in M. incognita. Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) strategy was used to generate the transgenic eggplants expressing msp-18 and msp-20, independently. Putative transformants were characterized via qRT-PCR and Southern hybridization assay. SiRNAs specific to msp-18 and msp-20 were also detected in the transformants via Northern hybridization assay. Transgenic expression of the RNAi constructs of msp-18 and msp-20 genes resulted in 43.64-69.68% and 41.74-67.30% reduction in M. incognita multiplication encompassing 6 and 10 events, respectively. Additionally, transcriptional oscillation of CWMEs documented in the penetrating and developing nematodes suggested the possible interaction among CWMEs and pioneer genes. The rapid assimilation of plant-derived carbon by invading nematodes was also demonstrated using 14C isotope probing approach. Our data suggests that HIGS of msp-18 and msp-20, improves nematode resistance in eggplant by affecting the steady-state transcription level of CWME genes in invading nematodes, and safeguard the plant against nematode invasion at very early stage because nematodes may become the recipient of bioactive RNA species during the process of penetration into the plant root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tagginahalli N. Shivakumara
- Division of Nematology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Sonam Chaudhary
- Division of Nematology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Divya Kamaraju
- Division of Nematology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Tushar K. Dutta
- Division of Nematology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep K. Papolu
- Division of Nematology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Prakash Banakar
- Division of Nematology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Rohini Sreevathsa
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research – National Research Centre on Plant BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Nuclear Research Laboratory, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - K. M. Manjaiah
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
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Rosa BA, McNulty SN, Mitreva M, Jasmer DP. Direct experimental manipulation of intestinal cells in Ascaris suum, with minor influences on the global transcriptome. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:271-279. [PMID: 28223178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ascaris suum provides a powerful model for studying parasitic nematodes, including individual tissues such as the intestine, an established target for anthelmintic treatments. Here, we add a valuable experimental component to our existing functional, proteomic, transcriptomic and phylogenomic studies of the Ascaris suum intestine, by developing a method to manipulate intestinal cell functions via direct delivery of experimental treatments (in this case, double-stranded (ds)RNA) to the apical intestinal membrane. We developed an intestinal perfusion method for direct, controlled delivery of dsRNA/heterogeneous small interfering (hsi) RNA into the intestinal lumen for experimentation. RNA-Seq (22 samples) was used to assess influences of the method on global intestinal gene expression. Successful mRNA-specific knockdown in intestinal cells of adult A. suum was accomplished with this new experimental method. Global transcriptional profiling confirmed that targeted transcripts were knocked down more significantly than any others, with only 12 (0.07% of all genes) or 238 (1.3%) off-target gene transcripts consistently differentially regulated by dsRNA treatment or the perfusion experimental design, respectively (after 24h). The system supports controlled, effective delivery of treatments (dsRNA/hsiRNA) to the apical intestinal membrane with relatively minor off-target effects, and builds on our experimental model to dissect A. suum intestinal cell functions with broad relevance to parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Rosa
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Samantha N McNulty
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Douglas P Jasmer
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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Martínez-Medina A, Fernandez I, Lok GB, Pozo MJ, Pieterse CMJ, Van Wees SCM. Shifting from priming of salicylic acid- to jasmonic acid-regulated defences by Trichoderma protects tomato against the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1363-1377. [PMID: 27801946 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial root endophytes such as Trichoderma spp. can reduce infections by parasitic nematodes through triggering host defences. Little is currently known about the complex hormone signalling underlying the induction of resistance. In this study, we investigated whether Trichoderma modulates the hormone signalling network in the host to induce resistance to nematodes. We investigated the role and the timing of the jasmonic acid (JA)- and salicylic acid (SA)-regulated defensive pathways in Trichoderma-induced resistance to the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. A split-root system of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) was used to study local and systemic induced defences by analysing nematode performance, defence gene expression, responsiveness to exogenous hormone application, and dependence on SA and JA signalling of Trichoderma-induced resistance. Root colonization by Trichoderma impeded nematode performance both locally and systemically at multiple stages of the parasitism, that is, invasion, galling and reproduction. First, Trichoderma primed SA-regulated defences, which limited nematode root invasion. Then, Trichoderma enhanced JA-regulated defences, thereby antagonizing the deregulation of JA-dependent immunity by the nematodes, which compromised galling and fecundity. Our results show that Trichoderma primes SA- and JA-dependent defences in roots, and that the priming of responsiveness to these hormones upon nematode attack is plastic and adaptive to the parasitism stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Ivan Fernandez
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit B Lok
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - María J Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia C M Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
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Noon JB, Hewezi T, Maier TR, Simmons C, Wei JZ, Wu G, Llaca V, Deschamps S, Davis EL, Mitchum MG, Hussey RS, Baum TJ. Eighteen New Candidate Effectors of the Phytonematode Heterodera glycines Produced Specifically in the Secretory Esophageal Gland Cells During Parasitism. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:1362-72. [PMID: 25871857 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-15-0049-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode, is the number one pathogen of soybean (Glycine max). This nematode infects soybean roots and forms an elaborate feeding site in the vascular cylinder. H. glycines produces an arsenal of effector proteins in the secretory esophageal gland cells. More than 60 H. glycines candidate effectors were identified in previous gland-cell-mining projects. However, it is likely that additional candidate effectors remained unidentified. With the goal of identifying remaining H. glycines candidate effectors, we constructed and sequenced a large gland cell cDNA library resulting in 11,814 expressed sequence tags. After bioinformatic filtering for candidate effectors using a number of criteria, in situ hybridizations were performed in H. glycines whole-mount specimens to identify candidate effectors whose mRNA exclusively accumulated in the esophageal gland cells, which is a hallmark of many nematode effectors. This approach resulted in the identification of 18 new H. glycines esophageal gland-cell-specific candidate effectors. Of these candidate effectors, 11 sequences were pioneers without similarities to known proteins while 7 sequences had similarities to functionally annotated proteins in databases. These putative homologies provided the bases for the development of hypotheses about potential functions in the parasitism process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Noon
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Thomas R Maier
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Carl Simmons
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Jun-Zhi Wei
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Gusui Wu
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Victor Llaca
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Stéphane Deschamps
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Eric L Davis
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Melissa G Mitchum
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Richard S Hussey
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Thomas J Baum
- First, third, and twelfth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; second author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996; fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; tenth author: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; and eleventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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Lourenço-Tessutti IT, Souza Junior JDA, Martins-de-Sa D, Viana AAB, Carneiro RMDG, Togawa RC, de Almeida-Engler J, Batista JAN, Silva MCM, Fragoso RR, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Knock-down of heat-shock protein 90 and isocitrate lyase gene expression reduced root-knot nematode reproduction. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:628-37. [PMID: 26020830 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-14-0237-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Crop losses caused by nematode infections are estimated to be valued at USD 157 billion per year. Meloidogyne incognita, a root-knot nematode (RKN), is considered to be one of the most important plant pathogens due to its worldwide distribution and the austere damage it can cause to a large variety of agronomically important crops. RNA interference (RNAi), a gene silencing process, has proven to be a valuable biotechnology alternative method for RKN control. In this study, the RNAi approach was applied, using fragments of M. incognita genes that encode for two essential molecules, heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) and isocitrate lyase (ICL). Plant-mediated RNAi of these genes led to a significant level of resistance against M. incognita in the transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants. Bioassays of plants expressing HSP90 dsRNA demonstrated a delay in gall formation and up to 46% reduction in eggs compared with wild-type plants. A reduction in the level of HSP90 transcripts was observed in recovered eggs from plants expressing dsRNA, indicating that gene silencing persisted and was passed along to first progeny. The ICL knock-down had no clear effect on gall formation but resulted in up to 77% reduction in egg oviposition compared with wild-type plants. Our data suggest that both genes may be involved in RKN development and reproduction. Thus, in this paper, we describe essential candidate genes that could be applied to generate genetically modified crops, using the RNAi strategy to control RKN parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Tristan Lourenço-Tessutti
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - José Dijair Antonino Souza Junior
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Diogo Martins-de-Sa
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Antônio Américo Barbosa Viana
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Regina Maria Dechechi Gomes Carneiro
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Roberto Coiti Togawa
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Janice de Almeida-Engler
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - João Aguiar Nogueira Batista
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Mattar Silva
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rocha Fragoso
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, and eleventh authors: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Plant-Pest Interaction, Brasília, DF, Brazil; first, second, and third authors: University of Brasília, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; seventh author: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sophia-Antipolis, France; eighth author: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Botany Department, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; tenth author: Embrapa Cerrados, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Planaltina, DF, Brazil; and eleventh author: Catholic University of Brasília, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Cabrera J, Díaz-Manzano FE, Barcala M, Arganda-Carreras I, de Almeida-Engler J, Engler G, Fenoll C, Escobar C. Phenotyping nematode feeding sites: three-dimensional reconstruction and volumetric measurements of giant cells induced by root-knot nematodes in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:868-80. [PMID: 25613856 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The control of plant parasitic nematodes is an increasing problem. A key process during the infection is the induction of specialized nourishing cells, called giant cells (GCs), in roots. Understanding the function of genes required for GC development is crucial to identify targets for new control strategies. We propose a standardized method for GC phenotyping in different plant genotypes, like those with modified genes essential for GC development. The method combines images obtained by bright-field microscopy from the complete serial sectioning of galls with TrakEM2, specialized three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction software for biological structures. The volumes and shapes from 162 3D models of individual GCs induced by Meloidogyne javanica in Arabidopsis were analyzed for the first time along their life cycle. A high correlation between the combined volume of all GCs within a gall and the total area occupied by all the GCs in the section/s where they show maximum expansion, and a proof of concept from two Arabidopsis transgenic lines (J0121 ≫ DTA and J0121 ≫ GFP) demonstrate the reliability of the method. We phenotyped GCs and developed a reliable simplified method based on a two-dimensional (2D) parameter for comparison of GCs from different Arabidopsis genotypes, which is also applicable to galls from different plant species and in different growing conditions, as thickness/transparency is not a restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cabrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Carlos III s/n, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
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Dutta TK, Papolu PK, Banakar P, Choudhary D, Sirohi A, Rao U. Tomato transgenic plants expressing hairpin construct of a nematode protease gene conferred enhanced resistance to root-knot nematodes. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:260. [PMID: 25883594 PMCID: PMC4381642 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) cause substantial yield losses in vegetables worldwide, and are difficult to manage. Continuous withdrawal of environmentally-harmful nematicides from the global market warrants the need for novel nematode management strategies. Utility of host-delivered RNAi has been demonstrated in several plants (Arabidopsis, tobacco, and soybean) that exhibited resistance against root-knot and cyst nematodes. Herein, a M. incognita-specific protease gene, cathepsin L cysteine proteinase (Mi-cpl-1), was targeted to generate tomato transgenic lines to evaluate the genetically modified nematode resistance. In vitro knockdown of Mi-cpl-1 gene led to the reduced attraction and penetration of M. incognita in tomato, suggesting the involvement of Mi-cpl-1 in nematode parasitism. Transgenic expression of the RNAi construct of Mi-cpl-1 gene resulted in 60-80% reduction in infection and multiplication of M. incognita in tomato. Evidence for in vitro and in vivo silencing of Mi-cpl-1 was confirmed by expression analysis using quantitative PCR. Our study demonstrates that Mi-cpl-1 plays crucial role during plant-nematode interaction and plant-mediated downregulation of this gene elicits detrimental effect on M. incognita development, reinforcing the potential of RNAi technology for management of phytonematodes in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar K. Dutta
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
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36
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Jasmer DP, Rosa BA, Mitreva M. Peptidases compartmentalized to the Ascaris suum intestinal lumen and apical intestinal membrane. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e3375. [PMID: 25569475 PMCID: PMC4287503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematode intestine is a tissue of interest for developing new methods of therapy and control of parasitic nematodes. However, biological details of intestinal cell functions remain obscure, as do the proteins and molecular functions located on the apical intestinal membrane (AIM), and within the intestinal lumen (IL) of nematodes. Accordingly, methods were developed to gain a comprehensive identification of peptidases that function in the intestinal tract of adult female Ascaris suum. Peptidase activity was detected in multiple fractions of the A. suum intestine under pH conditions ranging from 5.0 to 8.0. Peptidase class inhibitors were used to characterize these activities. The fractions included whole lysates, membrane enriched fractions, and physiological- and 4 molar urea-perfusates of the intestinal lumen. Concanavalin A (ConA) was confirmed to bind to the AIM, and intestinal proteins affinity isolated on ConA-beads were compared to proteins from membrane and perfusate fractions by mass spectrometry. Twenty-nine predicted peptidases were identified including aspartic, cysteine, and serine peptidases, and an unexpectedly high number (16) of metallopeptidases. Many of these proteins co-localized to multiple fractions, providing independent support for localization to specific intestinal compartments, including the IL and AIM. This unique perfusion model produced the most comprehensive view of likely digestive peptidases that function in these intestinal compartments of A. suum, or any nematode. This model offers a means to directly determine functions of these proteins in the A. suum intestine and, more generally, deduce the wide array functions that exist in these cellular compartments of the nematode intestine. Past research has demonstrated that the nematode intestine has value for developing new methods of therapy and control of parasitic nematodes, as related to both vaccines and other anthelmintics. Yet, information related to basic intestinal cell biology is very limited. Research progress reported here moves towards the comprehensive identification of proteins (peptidases and others), and hence functions, that are sited on the apical intestinal membrane and within the intestinal lumen of adult female Ascaris suum. These advances provide an unprecedented research model to determine critical functions sited at these locations and to develop approaches to inhibit those functions. Comparative analysis among diverse parasitic species raises expectations that the results from A. suum can be applied to many parasitic nematodes for which similar research is technically impossible to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P Jasmer
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bruce A Rosa
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America; Department of Medicine and Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Udalova ZV, Revina TA, Gerasimova NG, Zivovieva SV. Participation of proteinase inhibitors in protection of tomato plants against root-knot nematodes. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2014; 458:306-9. [PMID: 25371259 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496614050147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zh V Udalova
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
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