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Assefa AD, Kim SH, Ko HC, Ro N, Subramanian P, Chung YJ, Lee YH, Hahn BS, Rhee JH. Leaf Mustard ( Brassica juncea) Germplasm Resources Showed Diverse Characteristics in Agro-Morphological Traits and Glucosinolate Levels. Foods 2023; 12:4374. [PMID: 38231858 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Leaf mustard, characterized by its purple/red/green leaves with a green/white midrib, is known for its thick, tender, and spicy leaves with a unique taste and flavor. There were only a few studies reported on leaf mustard for its morphological and biochemical traits from Korea. A total of 355 leaf mustard accessions stored at the GenBank of the National Agrobiodiversity Center were evaluated for 25 agro-morphological traits and seven intact glucosinolates (GSLs). The accessions showed a wide variation in terms of most of the traits. The quantitative agro-morphological traits varied from 16.0 (leaf length) to 48.7% (petiole width) of the coefficient of variation (CV). The highest variation was observed in glucoiberin (299.5%, CV), while the total GSL showed a CV of 66.1%. Sinigrin, followed by gluconapin and gluconasturtiin, was the most abundant GSL, accounting for as high as 75% of the total GSLs, while glucobrassicanapin and glucoiberin were the least abundant, contributing 0.7% and 0.1% on average, respectively. Sinigrin had a positive significant correlation with all GSLs but gluconasturtiin, while glucobarbarin and gluconasturtiin were highly positively correlated to each other, but least correlated with other GSLs. The leaf length was negatively correlated with sinigrin and glucoiberin. The width of the petiole showed a positive correlation with gluconapin, glucobrassicanapin, and glucobrassicin, while the length of the petiole had a negative correlation with sinigrin, glucobrassicanapin, glucoiberin, glucobrassicin, and the total GSLs. A higher width of the midrib was associated with higher contents of gluconapin, glucobrassicanapin, and glucobrassicin. A PCA analysis based on the agro-morphological traits showed that the first and second principal components accounted for 65.2% of the overall variability. Accessions that form a head tend to exhibit a longer leaf length, a larger plant weight, a thicker midrib, and higher widths of the midrib, petiole, and leaf. The GSLs showed inconsistent inter-and intra-leaf variation. Accessions that identified for various traits in their performance, such as, for example, Yeosu66 and IT259487 (highest total glucosinolates) and IT228984 (highest plant weight), would be promising lines for developing new varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awraris Derbie Assefa
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan P.O. Box 445, Ethiopia
| | - Seong-Hoon Kim
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Chul Ko
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoung Ro
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Parthiban Subramanian
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jo Chung
- National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca2+ Signaling Network, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hyuk Lee
- Agricultural Technology Center of Yeosu, Yeosu 59633, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Rhee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
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Kim SH, Subramanian P, Na YW, Hahn BS, Kim Y. RDA-Genebank and Digital Phenotyping for Next-Generation Research on Plant Genetic Resources. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2825. [PMID: 37570979 PMCID: PMC10421229 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The National Agrobiodiversity Center under the Rural Development Administration (RDA) in Jeonju, Republic of Korea stands as the foremost national genebank in the country. Over the years, the National Agrobiodiversity Center has remained committed to enriching its collection with foreign genetic resources, elevating its status to a world-class plant genetic resources (PGR)- holding genebank. Currently, several steps are being undertaken to improve the accessibility of the collection to national as well as international researchers, improve the data available on the resources, and amend the passport information for the accessions. With the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol, the origin of genetic resources is being highlighted as an important input in the passport information. The RDA-Genebank actively responds to the Nagoya Protocol by supplementing passport data for resources lacking information on their origin. In addition, a large number of conserved resources are continuously multiplied, and agronomic traits are investigated concurrently. With the traditional methods of characterization of the germplasm requiring a significant amount of time and effort, we have initiated high-throughput phenotyping using digital techniques to improve our germplasm data. Primarily, we have started adding seed phenotype information followed by measuring root phenotypes which are stored under agronomic traits. This may be the initial step toward using largescale high-throughput techniques for a germplasm. In this study, we aim to provide an introduction to the RDA-Genebank, to adopted international standards, and to the establishment of high-throughput phenotyping techniques for the improvement of passport information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hoon Kim
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 5487, Republic of Korea (Y.-W.N.); (B.-S.H.)
| | - Parthiban Subramanian
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 5487, Republic of Korea (Y.-W.N.); (B.-S.H.)
| | - Young-Wang Na
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 5487, Republic of Korea (Y.-W.N.); (B.-S.H.)
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 5487, Republic of Korea (Y.-W.N.); (B.-S.H.)
| | - Yoonha Kim
- Laboratory of Crop Production, Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Subramanian P, Kim SH, Hahn BS. Brassica biodiversity conservation: prevailing constraints and future avenues for sustainable distribution of plant genetic resources. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1220134. [PMID: 37575920 PMCID: PMC10413119 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1220134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen an observable loss of plant biodiversity which can be attributed to changing climate conditions, destroying ecosystems to create farmlands and continuous selective breeding for limited traits. This loss of biodiversity poses a significant bottleneck to plant biologists across the globe working on sustainable solutions to address the current barriers of agricultural productivity. Plant genetic resources centers or genebanks that conserve plant germplasm can majorly contribute towards addressing this problem. Second only to soybean, Brassica remains the largest oil-seed crop and is cultivated across 124 countries, and FAO estimates for a combined gross production values of broccoli, cabbages, cauliflower, mustard and rape seeds stands at a staggering 67.5 billion US dollars during the year 2020. With such a global status, wide variety of uses and more recently, growing importance in the health food sector, the conservation of diverse genetic resources of Brassica appeals for higher priority. Here we review the current status of Brassica conservation across plant genebanks. At present, at least 81,752 accessions of Brassica are recorded to be conserved in 148 holding institutes spread across only 81 countries. Several aspects that need to be addressed to improve proper conservation of the Brassica diversity was well as dissemination of germplasm are discussed. Primarily, the number of accessions conserved across countries and the diversity of Brassica taxa most countries has been highly limited which may lead to biodiversity loss in the longer run. Moreover, several practical challenges in Brassica germplasm conservation especially with respect to taxonomic authorities have been discussed. The current review identifies and highlights areas for progress in Brassica conservation, which include but are not limited to, distribution of conserved Brassica biodiversity, challenges faced by conservation biologists, conservation methods, technical hurdles and future avenues for research in diverse Brassica species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Kim SH, Subramanian P, Hahn BS. Glucosinolate Diversity Analysis in Choy Sum ( Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis var. parachinensis) Germplasms for Functional Food Breeding. Foods 2023; 12:2400. [PMID: 37372611 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze glucosinolates (GSLs) in germplasm that are currently conserved at the RDA-Genebank. The analysis focused on the glucosinolate diversity among the analyzed germplasms, with the goal of identifying those that would be most useful for future breeding efforts to produce nutritionally rich Choy sum plants. In total, 23 accessions of Choy sums that possessed ample background passport information were selected. On analyzing the glucosinolate content for 17 different glucosinolates, we observed aliphatic GSLs to be the most common (89.45%) and aromatic GSLs to be the least common (6.94%) of the total glucosinolates detected. Among the highly represented aliphatic GSLs, gluconapin and glucobrassicanapin were found to contribute the most (>20%), and sinalbin, glucoraphanin, glucoraphasatin, and glucoiberin were detected the least (less than 0.05%). We identified one of the accessions, IT228140, to synthesize high quantities of glucobrassicanapin and progoitrin, which have been reported to contain several therapeutic applications. These conserved germplasms are potential bioresources for breeders, and the availability of information, including therapeutically important glucosinolate content, can help produce plant varieties that can naturally impact public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hoon Kim
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 5487, Republic of Korea
| | - Parthiban Subramanian
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 5487, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 5487, Republic of Korea
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Kim SH, Lee GA, Subramanian P, Hahn BS. Quantification and Diversity Analyses of Major Glucosinolates in Conserved Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) Germplasms. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061243. [PMID: 36981169 PMCID: PMC10048303 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The genebank at the National Agrobiodiversity Center (RDA-Genebank, Jeonju, Republic of Korea), conserves approximately 8000 germplasms of Brassica spp., of which Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) is one of the major crops actively used as food in Northeast Asia, including Korea, as the main ingredient for kimchi. Glucosinolates are a major class of compounds in Chinese cabbage that are responsible for their distinctive flavor, and RDA-Genebank is constantly building a related database (DB) to select suitable germplasms required by consumers and provide resources for breeding programs. In this study, ten glucosinolates were analyzed in sixty Chinese cabbage germplasms. Six aliphatic glucosinolates were the major components, accounting for 85.00% to 91.98% of total glucosinolates in each germplasm. Among them, gluconapin (333.26 to 23,501.58 μmol∙kg−1 DW) was highly represented, followed by glucobrassicanapin (545.60 to 10,344.70 μmol∙kg−1 DW) and progoitrin (155.28 to 8536.51 μmol∙kg−1 DW). In addition, we selected germplasms with a high content of each studied glucosinolate. To analyze the diversity and distribution of glucosinolates among the studied germplasms, Pearson’s correlation was performed, and the related results were interpreted through their biosynthetic pathways. The k-means clustering indicated four optimal clusters, which were confirmed through principal component analysis. Orthogonal projection to latent structure discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was also performed on the status (landrace and cultivar) and origin (Korea, China, Taiwan, and Japan) passport data of the germplasms, followed by the calculation of variable importance in the projection (VIP) values. These results are part of a continuous series of studies to analyze the glucosinolates of Brassica germplasms that are being conserved at RDA-Genebank. We aim to provide related results through a public platform accessible to everyone and thereby improve the distribution of Brassica germplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hoon Kim
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 5487, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-An Lee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 5487, Republic of Korea
| | - Parthiban Subramanian
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 5487, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 5487, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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Kim SH, Subramanian P, Hahn BS, Ha BK. High-Throughput Phenotypic Characterization and Diversity Analysis of Soybean Roots (Glycine max L.). Plants 2022; 11:plants11152017. [PMID: 35956495 PMCID: PMC9370148 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a crop native to Northeast Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan, but currently cultivated all over the world. The National Agrobiodiversity Center in Korea at the Rural Development Administration (RDA) conserves approximately 26,000 accessions and conducts characterizations of its accessions, to accumulate new information. Roots are essential organs of a plant, providing mechanical support, as well as aiding water and nutrient acquisition. Currently, not much information is available in international gene banks regarding root characterization. We studied the root phenotype of 374 soybean accessions, using a high-throughput method. Eight root morphological traits (RMT) were studied and we observed that the surface area (SA), number of forks (NF), and number of tips (NT) had a positive correlation with total length (LENGTH), and that link average length (LAL) and other traits all had a negative correlation. Additionally, the correlation between seed traits (height, width, and 100-seed weight) and root traits was confirmed for the first time in this experiment. The germplasms were divided into three clusters by k-means clustering, and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to compare clusters. The most distinctive characteristics between clusters were total lateral average length (LAD) and total lateral average length (DIAM). Cluster 3 had the highest LENGTH, SA, NF, and NF, whereas cluster 1 had the smallest LENGTH, SA, and NF. We selected the top 10 accessions for each RMT, and IT208321, IT216313, and IT216137 were nominated as the best germplasms. These accessions can be recommended to breeders as materials for breeding programs. This is a preliminary report on the characterization of the root phenotype at an international gene bank and will open up the possibility of improving the available information on accessions in gene banks worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hoon Kim
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 5487, Korea;
- Department of Applied Plant Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-H.K.); (B.-S.H.); (B.-K.H.)
| | - Parthiban Subramanian
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 5487, Korea;
- PG & Research Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirapalli 620001, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 5487, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.-H.K.); (B.-S.H.); (B.-K.H.)
| | - Bo-Keun Ha
- Department of Applied Plant Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-H.K.); (B.-S.H.); (B.-K.H.)
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Ro N, Haile M, Hur O, Geum B, Rhee J, Hwang A, Kim B, Lee J, Hahn BS, Lee J, Kang BC. Genome-Wide Association Study of Resistance to Phytophthora capsici in the Pepper ( Capsicum spp.) Collection. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:902464. [PMID: 35668797 PMCID: PMC9164128 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.902464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the most serious pepper diseases is Phytophthora blight, which is caused by Phytophthora capsici. It is crucial to assess the resistance of pepper genetic resources to Phytophthora blight, understand the genetic resistances, and develop markers for selecting resistant pepper materials in breeding programs. In this study, the resistance of 342 pepper accessions to P. capsici was evaluated. The disease severity score method was used to evaluate the phenotypic responses of pepper accessions inoculated with the KCP7 isolate. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to P. capsici (isolate KCP7) resistance. The pepper population was genotyped using the genotype-by-sequencing (GBS) method, and 45,481 SNPs were obtained. A GWAS analysis was performed using resistance evaluation data and SNP markers. Significantly associated SNPs for P. capsici resistance at 4 weeks after inoculation of the GWAS pepper population were selected. These SNPs for Phytophthora blight resistance were found on all chromosomes except Chr.05, Chr.09, and Chr.11. One of the SNPs found on Chr.02 was converted into a high-resolution melting (HRM) marker, and another marker (QTL5-1) from the previous study was applied to pepper accessions and breeding lines for validation and comparison. This SNP marker was selected because the resistance phenotype and the HRM marker genotype matched well. The selected SNP was named Chr02-1126 and was located at 112 Mb on Chr.02. The Chr02-1126 marker predicted P. capsici resistance with 78.5% accuracy, while the QTL5-1 marker predicted resistance with 80.2% accuracy. Along with the marker for major quantitative traits loci (QTLs) on Chr.05, this Chr02-1126 marker could be used to accurately predict Phytophthora blight resistance in pepper genetic resources. Therefore, this study will assist in the selection of resistant pepper plants in order to breed new phytophthora blight-resistant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Ro
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mesfin Haile
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Onsook Hur
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Bora Geum
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Juhee Rhee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Aejin Hwang
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Bitsam Kim
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jeaeun Lee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jundae Lee
- Department of Horticulture, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Byoung-Cheorl Kang
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Assefa AD, Hur OS, Hahn BS, Kim B, Ro NY, Rhee JH. Nutritional Metabolites of Red Pigmented Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) Germplasm and Correlations with Selected Phenotypic Characters. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102504. [PMID: 34681553 PMCID: PMC8535348 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lettuce is an important dietary source of bioactive phytochemicals. Screening and identification of the health beneficial metabolites and evaluating the relationships with phenotypic characters can help consumers adjust their preferences for lettuce plant types. Thus, we explored the major health-beneficial individual metabolites and antioxidant potential of 113 red pigmented lettuce leaf samples. A UV–Vis spectrophotometer and UPLC-DAD-QTOF/MS (TQ/MS) instruments were used for the identification and quantification of metabolites and antioxidant activity accordingly. The metabolites were quantified against their corresponding external standards. The contents of metabolites varied significantly among lettuce samples. Cyanidin 3-O-(6″-O-malonyl)glucoside (4.7~5013.6 μg/g DW), 2,3-di-O-caffeoyltartaric acid (337.1~19,957.2 μg/g DW), and quercetin 3-O-(6″-O-malonyl)glucoside (45.4~31,121.0 μg/g DW) were the most dominant in red pigmented lettuce samples among anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives, and flavonols, respectively. Lettuces with dark and very dark red pigmented leaves, circular leaf shape, a strong degree of leaf undulation, and highly dense leaf incisions were found to have high levels of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives. Principal component analysis was used to investigate similarities and/or differences between samples, and the partial least square discriminant analysis classified them into known groups. The key variables that contributed highly were determined. Our report provides critical data on the bioactive constituents of red pigmented lettuce to breeders developing varieties with enhanced bioactive compounds and to nutraceutical companies developing nutrient dense foods and pharmaceutical formulations.
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Mani V, Assefa AD, Hahn BS. Transcriptome Analysis and miRNA Target Profiling at Various Stages of Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita Development for Identification of Potential Regulatory Networks. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147442. [PMID: 34299062 PMCID: PMC8307930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are a group of plant-parasitic nematodes that cause damage to various plant species and extensive economical losses. In this study, we performed integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression data to explore the regulation of miRNA and mRNA in RKNs. In particular, we aimed to elucidate the mRNA targets of Meloidogyne incognita miRNAs and variations of the RKN transcriptome during five stages of its life cycle. Stage-wise RNA sequencing of M. incognita resulted in clean read numbers of 56,902,902, 50,762,456, 40,968,532, 47,309,223, and 51,730,234 for the egg, J2, J3, J4, and female stages, respectively. Overall, stage-dependent mRNA sequencing revealed that 17,423 genes were expressed in the transcriptome of M. incognita. The egg stage showed the maximum number of transcripts, and 12,803 gene transcripts were expressed in all stages. Functional Gene Ontology (GO) analysis resulted in three main GO classes: biological process, cellular components, and molecular function; the detected sequences were longer than sequences in the reference genome. Stage-wise selected fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (FPKM) values of the top 10 stage-specific and common mRNAs were used to construct expression profiles, and 20 mRNAs were validated through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Next, we used three target prediction programs (miRanda, RNAhybrid, and PITA) to obtain 2431 potential target miRNA genes in RKNs, which regulate 8331 mRNAs. The predicted potential targets of miRNA were generally involved in cellular and metabolic processes, binding of molecules in the cell, membranes, and organelles. Stage-wise miRNA target analysis revealed that the egg stage contains heat shock proteins, transcriptional factors, and DNA repair proteins, whereas J2 includes DNA replication, heat shock, and ubiquitin-conjugating pathway-related proteins; the J3 and J4 stages are represented by the major sperm protein domain and translation-related proteins, respectively. In the female stage, we found proteins related to the maintenance of molybdopterin-binding domain-containing proteins and ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. In total, 29 highly expressed stage-specific mRNA-targeting miRNAs were analyzed using qRT-PCR to validate the sequence analysis data. Overall, our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms occurring at various developmental stages of the RKN life cycle, thus aiding in the identification of potential control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimalraj Mani
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea;
| | - Awraris Derbie Assefa
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea;
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-238-4930
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Afroz T, Jee S, Choi HW, Kim JH, Assefa AD, Aktaruzzaman M, Hahn BS, Lee HS. First Report of Fusarium Wilt Caused by Fusarium equiseti on Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitate L.) in Korea. Plant Dis 2020; 105:1198-1198. [PMID: 33143562 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-20-1278-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitate L.) is an important vegetable crop that is widely cultivated throughout the world. In August 2019, wilting symptoms on cabbage (stunted growth, withered leaves, and wilted plants) were observed in a cabbage field of Pyeongchang, Gangwon Province, with an incidence of 5 to 10%. To identify the cause, symptomatic root tissue was excised, surface-sterilized with 70% ethanol, and rinsed thrice with sterile distilled water. The samples were dried on blotter paper, placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25°C for 1 week. Five morphologically similar fungal isolates were sub-cultured and purified using the single spore isolation method (Choi et al. 1999). The fungus produced colonies with abundant, loosely floccose, whitish-brown aerial mycelia and pale-orange pigmentation on PDA. Macroconidia had four 4 to six 6 septa, a foot-shaped basal cell, an elongated apical cell, and a size of 20.2 to 31.8 × 2.2 to 4.1 μm (n = 30). No microconidia were observed. Chlamydospores were produced from hyphae and were most often intercalary, in pairs or solitary, globose, and frequently formed chains (6.2? to 11.7 μm, n = 10). Based on these morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Fusarium equiseti (Leslie and Summerell 2006). A representative isolate was deposited in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (KACC48935). For molecular characterization, portions of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF-1α) and second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) genes were amplified from the representative isolate using the primers pair of TEF-1α (O'Donnell et al. 2000) and GQ505815 (Fusarium MLST database), and sequenced. Searched BLASTn of the RPB2 sequence (MT576587) to the Fusarium MLST database showed 99.94% similarity to the F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex (GQ505850) and 98.85 % identity to both F. equiseti (GQ505599) and F. equiseti (GQ505772). Further, the TEF-1α sequence (MT084815) showed 100% identity to F. equiseti (KT224215) and 99.85% identity to F. equiseti (GQ505599), respectively. Therefore, the fungus was identified as F. equiseti based on morphological and molecular identification. For pathogenicity testing, a conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia/ml) was prepared by harvesting macroconidia from 2-week-old cultures on PDA. Fifteen 4-week-old cabbage seedlings (cv. 12-Aadrika) were inoculated by dipping roots into the conidial suspension for 30 min. The inoculated plants were transplanted into a 50-hole plastic tray containing sterilized soil and maintained in a growth chamber at 25°C, with a relative humidity of >80%, and a 12-h/12-h light/dark cycle. After 4 days, the first wilt symptoms were observed on inoculated seedlings, and the infected plants eventually died within 1 to 2 weeks after inoculation. No symptoms were observed in plants inoculated with sterilized distilled water. The fungus was re-isolated from symptomatic tissues of inoculated plants and its colony and spore morphology were identical to those of the original isolate, thus confirming Koch's postulates. Fusarium wilt caused by F. equiseti has been reported in various crops, such as cauliflower in China, cumin in India, and Vitis vinifera in Spain (Farr and Rossman 2020). To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. equiseti causing Fusarium wilt on cabbage in Korea. It This disease poses a threat to cabbage production in Korea, and effective disease management strategies need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Afroz
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 230986, National Agrobiodiversity Center, Jeonju-Si, Jeollabuk-Do, Korea (the Republic of);
| | - Samnyu Jee
- National Institute of Crop Science, 435272, Highland Agriculture Research Institute, Pyeongchang-Gun, Gangwon-Do, Korea (the Republic of);
| | - Hyo-Won Choi
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 230986, Crop Protection Division, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-Do, Korea (the Republic of);
| | - Ji Hyeon Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 230986, National Agrobiodiversity Center, Jeonju-Si, Jeollabuk-Do, Korea (the Republic of);
| | - Awraris Derbie Assefa
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 230986, National Agrobiodiversity Center, Jeonju-Si, Jeollabuk-Do, Korea (the Republic of);
| | - Md Aktaruzzaman
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 230986, Agricultural Microbiology Division, Jeonju-Si, Jeollabuk-Do, Korea (the Republic of);
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 230986, National Agrobiodiversity Center, Jeonju-Si, Jeollabuk-Do, Korea (the Republic of);
| | - Ho-Sun Lee
- Rural Development Administration, 54670, International Technology Cooperation Center, Jeonju-Si, Jeollabuk-Do, Korea (the Republic of);
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Kim J, Assefa AD, Song J, Mani V, Park S, Lee SK, Lee K, Kim DG, Hahn BS. Assessment of Metabolic Profiles in Florets of Carthamus Species Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110440. [PMID: 33143321 PMCID: PMC7693801 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Carthamus is a diverse group of plants belonging to the family Compositae. Florets of Carthamus species exhibit various colors, including white, yellow, orange, and red, which are related to their metabolite compositions. We aimed to investigate the metabolites accumulated in florets of three wild (C. lanatus, C. palaestinus, and C. turkestanicus) and one cultivated (C. tinctorius) species of safflower at three developmental stages. Metabolites were extracted from freeze-dried florets using 70% methanol; qualification and quantification were carried out using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in positive and negative ion modes followed by extraction of the peaks. Fifty-six metabolites, including phenylpropanoids, chalcones, isoflavonoids, flavanones, flavonols, flavones, and other primary metabolites, were identified for the first time in safflower wild species. The orange florets contained high abundances of safflomin A, anhydrosafflor yellow B, and baimaside, whereas white/cream and light-yellow pigmented florets had high abundances of 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, luteolin 7-O-glucuronide, and apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide. The principal component analysis clearly distinguished the samples based on their pigment types, indicating that color is a dominant factor dictating the identity and amount of the metabolites. Pearson correlation data based on levels of metabolites showed that orange and yellow florets were significantly correlated to each other. White and cream pigmented species were also highly correlated. Comparison between three developmental stages of safflower wild species based on their metabolite profile showed inconsistent. The findings of this study broaden the current knowledge of safflower metabolism. The wide diversity of metabolites in safflower materials also helps in efforts to improve crop quality and agronomic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.K.); (J.S.); (V.M.); (S.P.); (S.-K.L.); (K.L.)
| | - Awraris Derbie Assefa
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea;
| | - Jaeeun Song
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.K.); (J.S.); (V.M.); (S.P.); (S.-K.L.); (K.L.)
| | - Vimalaj Mani
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.K.); (J.S.); (V.M.); (S.P.); (S.-K.L.); (K.L.)
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.K.); (J.S.); (V.M.); (S.P.); (S.-K.L.); (K.L.)
| | - Seon-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.K.); (J.S.); (V.M.); (S.P.); (S.-K.L.); (K.L.)
| | - Kijong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.K.); (J.S.); (V.M.); (S.P.); (S.-K.L.); (K.L.)
| | - Dong-Gwan Kim
- Department of Bio-Industry and Bio-Resource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-238-4930
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Mani V, Reddy CS, Lee SK, Park S, Ko HR, Kim DG, Hahn BS. Chitin Biosynthesis Inhibition of Meloidogyne incognita by RNAi-Mediated Gene Silencing Increases Resistance to Transgenic Tobacco Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6626. [PMID: 32927773 PMCID: PMC7555284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Meloidogyne incognita is a devastating plant parasitic nematode that causes root knot disease in a wide range of plants. In the present study, we investigated host-induced RNA interference (RNAi) gene silencing of chitin biosynthesis pathway genes (chitin synthase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, and trehalase) in transgenic tobacco plants. To develop an RNAi vector, ubiquitin (UBQ1) promoter was directly cloned, and to generate an RNAi construct, expression of three genes was suppressed using the GATEWAY system. Further, transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana lines expressing dsRNA for chitin synthase (CS), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), and trehalase 1 (TH1) were generated. Quantitative PCR analysis confirmed endogenous mRNA expression of root knot nematode (RKN) and revealed that all three genes were more highly expressed in the female stage than in eggs and in the parasitic stage. In vivo, transformed roots were challenged with M. incognita. The number of eggs and root knots were significantly decreased by 60-90% in RNAi transgenic lines. As evident, root galls obtained from transgenic RNAi lines exhibited 0.01- to 0.70-fold downregulation of transcript levels of targeted genes compared with galls isolated from control plants. Furthermore, phenotypic characteristics such as female size and width were also marginally altered, while effect of egg mass per egg number in RNAi transgenic lines was reduced. These results indicate the relevance and significance of targeting chitin biosynthesis genes during the nematode lifespan. Overall, our results suggest that further developments in RNAi efficiency in commercially valued crops can be applied to employ RNAi against other plant parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimalraj Mani
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (V.M.); (C.S.R.); (S.-K.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Chinreddy Subramanyam Reddy
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (V.M.); (C.S.R.); (S.-K.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Seon-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (V.M.); (C.S.R.); (S.-K.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (V.M.); (C.S.R.); (S.-K.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Hyoung-Rai Ko
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - Dong-Gwan Kim
- Department of Bio-Industry and Bio-Resource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
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Lee CM, Kim SY, Yoon SH, Kim JB, Yeo YS, Sim JS, Hahn BS, Kim DG. Characterization of a novel antibacterial N-acyl amino acid synthase from soil metagenome. J Biotechnol 2019; 294:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Song J, Kim SY, Kim DH, Lee YS, Sim JS, Hahn BS, Lee CM. Characterization of an inhibitor-resistant endo-1,4-β-mannanase from the gut microflora metagenome of Hermetia illucens. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 40:1377-1387. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-018-2596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Lee CM, Kim SY, Song J, Lee YS, Sim JS, Hahn BS. Isolation and characterization of a halotolerant and protease-resistant α-galactosidase from the gut metagenome of Hermetia illucens. J Biotechnol 2018; 279:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Sim JS, Kesawat MS, Kumar M, Kim SY, Mani V, Subramanian P, Park S, Lee CM, Kim SR, Hahn BS. Lack of the α1,3-Fucosyltransferase Gene ( Osfuct) Affects Anther Development and Pollen Viability in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041225. [PMID: 29670011 PMCID: PMC5979348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is one of the key post-translational modifications. α1,3-Fucosyltransferase (OsFucT) is responsible for transferring α1,3-linked fucose residues to the glycoprotein N-glycan in plants. We characterized an Osfuct mutant that displayed pleiotropic developmental defects, such as impaired anther and pollen development, diminished growth, shorter plant height, fewer tillers, and shorter panicle length and internodes under field conditions. In addition, the anthers were curved, the pollen grains were shriveled, and pollen viability and pollen number per anther decreased dramatically in the mutant. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight analyses of the N-glycans revealed that α1,3-fucose was lacking in the N-glycan structure of the mutant. Mutant complementation revealed that the phenotype was caused by loss of Osfuct function. Transcriptome profiling also showed that several genes essential for plant developmental processes were significantly altered in the mutant, including protein kinases, transcription factors, genes involved in metabolism, genes related to protein synthesis, and hypothetical proteins. Moreover, the mutant exhibited sensitivity to an increased concentration of salt. This study facilitates a further understanding of the function of genes mediating N-glycan modification and anther and pollen development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Soo Sim
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Mahipal Singh Kesawat
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Manu Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea.
| | - Su-Yeon Kim
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Vimalraj Mani
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Parthiban Subramanian
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Soyoung Park
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Chang-Muk Lee
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Seong-Ryong Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea.
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
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Choi I, Subramanian P, Shim D, Oh BJ, Hahn BS. RNA-Seq of Plant-Parasitic Nematode Meloidogyne incognita at Various Stages of Its Development. Front Genet 2017; 8:190. [PMID: 29230237 PMCID: PMC5711784 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Inchan Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Parthiban Subramanian
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Donghwan Shim
- Department of Forest Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Byung-Ju Oh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
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Kwon Y, Chiang J, Tran G, Giaever G, Nislow C, Hahn BS, Kwak YS, Koo JC. Signaling pathways coordinating the alkaline pH response confer resistance to the hevein-type plant antimicrobial peptide Pn-AMP1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Planta 2016; 244:1229-1240. [PMID: 27510723 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide screening of Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that signaling pathways related to the alkaline pH stress contribute to resistance to plant antimicrobial peptide, Pn-AMP1. Plant antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered to be promising candidates for controlling phytopathogens. Pn-AMP1 is a hevein-type plant AMP that shows potent and broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Genome-wide chemogenomic screening was performed using heterozygous and homozygous diploid deletion pools of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a chemogenetic model system to identify genes whose deletion conferred enhanced sensitivity to Pn-AMP1. This assay identified 44 deletion strains with fitness defects in the presence of Pn-AMP1. Strong fitness defects were observed in strains with deletions of genes encoding components of several pathways and complex known to participate in the adaptive response to alkaline pH stress, including the cell wall integrity (CWI), calcineurin/Crz1, Rim101, SNF1 pathways and endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT complex). Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of these genes revealed that the most highly overrepresented GO term was "cellular response to alkaline pH". We found that 32 of the 44 deletion strains tested (72 %) showed significant growth defects compared with their wild type at alkaline pH. Furthermore, 9 deletion strains (20 %) exhibited enhanced sensitivity to Pn-AMP1 at ambient pH compared to acidic pH. Although several hundred plant AMPs have been reported, their modes of action remain largely uncharacterized. This study demonstrates that the signaling pathways that coordinate the adaptive response to alkaline pH also confer resistance to a hevein-type plant AMP in S. cerevisiae. Our findings have broad implications for the design of novel and potent antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngho Kwon
- Division of Applied Life Science and IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer Chiang
- University of British Columbia, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Grant Tran
- University of British Columbia, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Guri Giaever
- University of British Columbia, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Corey Nislow
- University of British Columbia, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Sig Kwak
- Division of Applied Life Science and IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ja-Choon Koo
- Division of Science Education and Institute of Science Education, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 761-756, Republic of Korea.
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Kim SW, Park JK, Lee CH, Hahn BS, Koo JC. Comparison of the Antimicrobial Properties of Chitosan Oligosaccharides (COS) and EDTA against Fusarium fujikuroi Causing Rice Bakanae Disease. Curr Microbiol 2016; 72:496-502. [PMID: 26729353 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0973-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bakanae disease is a destructive rice disease in South Korea caused by Fusarium fujikuroi infection. Chemical fungicides have been used to manage the disease, but the emergence of fungicide-resistant strains has gradually increased. Two chelating agents, chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) and ethylenediaminetetraacetatic acid (EDTA), are well known as biosafe and biocompatible antimicrobial agents. In this study, we compared the actions of COS and EDTA to gain a better understanding of the underlying antimicrobial activities and to evaluate them as eco-friendly fungicides against F. fujikuroi. While COS exhibited a rapid fungicidal effect on hyphal growing cells within 5 min, EDTA had a fungistatic effect on reversible growth inhibition. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that COS treatment resulted in pore-formation and cellular leakage along the growing hyphae, whereas EDTA caused no significant morphological changes. COS activity was greatly suppressed by the addition of Ca(2+) to the medium, and EDTA action was largely suppressed by Mn(2+) and slightly by Ca(2+), respectively. Taken together, these results indicated that two chelating agents, COS and EDTA, have different modes of antimicrobial action on F. fujikuroi. Thus, the combination of chelating agents having different modes of action might be an effective disease management strategy to prevent or delay the development of fungicide-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Won Kim
- Division of Science Education and Institute of Fusion Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kweon Park
- Department of Life Science, College of Bio-nano, Gachon University, Seongnam, 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho Heun Lee
- Division of Science Education and Institute of Fusion Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Choon Koo
- Division of Science Education and Institute of Fusion Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea.
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Lee CM, Lee YS, Seo SH, Yoon SH, Kim SJ, Hahn BS, Sim JS, Koo BS. Screening and characterization of a novel cellulase gene from the gut microflora of Hermetia illucens using metagenomic library. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 24:1196-206. [PMID: 25022521 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1405.05001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
A metagenomic fosmid library was constructed using genomic DNA isolated from the gut microflora of Hermetia illucens, a black soldier fly. A cellulase-positive clone, with the CS10 gene, was identified by extensive Congo-red overlay screenings for cellulase activity from the fosmid library of 92,000 clones. The CS10 gene was composed of a 996 bp DNA sequence encoding the mature protein of 331 amino acids. The deduced amino acids of CS10 showed 72% sequence identity with the glycosyl hydrolase family 5 gene of Dysgonomonas mossii, displaying no significant sequence homology to already known cellulases. The purified CS10 protein presented a single band of cellulase activity with a molecular mass of approximately 40 kDa on the SDS-PAGE gel and zymogram. The purified CS10 protein exhibited optimal activity at 50°C and pH 7.0, and the thermostability and pH stability of CS10 were preserved at the ranges of 20~50°C and pH 4.0~10.0. CS10 exhibited little loss of cellulase activity against various chemical reagents such as 10% polar organic solvents, 1% non-ionic detergents, and 0.5 M denaturing agents. Moreover, the substrate specificity and the product patterns by thinlayer chromatography suggested that CS10 is an endo-β-1,4-glucanase. From these biochemical properties of CS10, it is expected that the enzyme has the potential for application in industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Muk Lee
- Metabolic Engineering Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
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Soh HS, Chung HY, Lee HH, Ajjappala H, Jang K, Park JH, Sim JS, Lee GY, Lee HJ, Han YH, Lim JW, Choi I, Chung IS, Hahn BS. Expression and functional validation of heat-labile enterotoxin B (LTB) and cholera toxin B (CTB) subunits in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa). Springerplus 2015; 4:148. [PMID: 25853032 PMCID: PMC4380882 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We expressed the heat-labile enterotoxin B (LTB) subunit from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and the cholera toxin B (CTB) subunit from Vibrio cholerae under the control of the rice (Oryza sativa) globulin (Glb) promoter. Binding of recombinant LTB and CTB proteins was confirmed based on GM1-ganglioside binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (GM1-ELISA). Real-time PCR of three generations (T3, T4, and T5) in homozygous lines (LCI-11) showed single copies of LTB, CTB, bar and Tnos. LTB and CTB proteins in rice transgenic lines were detected by Western blot analysis. Immunogenicity trials of rice-derived CTB and LTB antigens were evaluated through oral and intraperitoneal administration in mice, respectively. The results revealed that LTB- and CTB-specific IgG levels were enhanced in the sera of intraperitoneally immunized mice. Similarly, the toxin-neutralizing activity of CTB and LTB in serum of orally immunized mice was associated with elevated levels of both IgG and IgA. The results of the present study suggest that the combined expression of CTB and LTB proteins can be utilized to produce vaccines against enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholera, for the prevention of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Seob Soh
- Division of Environmental Agricultural Research, Gyeonggido Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Hwaseong, 445-784 South Korea
| | - Ha Young Chung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Nongsaengmyeong-ro 370, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-550 South Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701 South Korea
| | - Hemavathi Ajjappala
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Nongsaengmyeong-ro 370, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-550 South Korea
| | - Kyoungok Jang
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701 South Korea
| | - Jong-Hwa Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701 South Korea
| | - Joon-Soo Sim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Nongsaengmyeong-ro 370, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-550 South Korea
| | - Gee Young Lee
- Division of Environmental Agricultural Research, Gyeonggido Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Hwaseong, 445-784 South Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Division of Environmental Agricultural Research, Gyeonggido Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Hwaseong, 445-784 South Korea
| | - Young Hee Han
- Division of Environmental Agricultural Research, Gyeonggido Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Hwaseong, 445-784 South Korea
| | - Jae Wook Lim
- Division of Environmental Agricultural Research, Gyeonggido Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Hwaseong, 445-784 South Korea
| | - Inchan Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Nongsaengmyeong-ro 370, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-550 South Korea
| | - In Sik Chung
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701 South Korea
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Nongsaengmyeong-ro 370, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-550 South Korea
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Ajjappala H, Chung HY, Sim JS, Choi I, Hahn BS. Disruption of prefoldin-2 protein synthesis in root-knot nematodes via host-mediated gene silencing efficiently reduces nematode numbers and thus protects plants. Planta 2015; 241:773-87. [PMID: 25491640 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The aim of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of down-regulating endogeneous prefoldin-2 root-knot nematode transcripts by expressing dsRNA with sequence identity to the nematode gene in tobacco roots under the influence of strong Arabidopsis ubiquitin (UBQ1) promoter. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are sedentary endoparasites infecting a wide range of plant species. They parasitise the root system, thereby disrupting water and nutrient uptake and causing major reductions in crop yields. The most reliable means of controlling RKNs is via the use of soil fumigants such as methyl bromide. With the emergence of RNA interference (RNAi) technology, which permits host-mediated nematode gene silencing, a new strategy to control plant pathogens has become available. In the present study, we investigated host-induced RNAi gene silencing of prefoldin-2 in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana. Reductions in prefoldin-2 mRNA transcript levels were observed when nematodes were soaked in a dsRNA solution in vitro. Furthermore, nematode reproduction was suppressed in RNAi transgenic lines, as evident by reductions in the numbers of root knots (by 34-60 % in independent RNAi lines) and egg masses (by 33-58 %). Endogenous expression of prefoldin-2, analysed via real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, revealed that the gene was strongly expressed in the pre-parasitic J2 stage. Our observations demonstrate the relevance and potential importance of targeting the prefoldin gene during the nematode life cycle. The work also suggests that further improvements in silencing efficiency in economically important crops can be accomplished using RNAi directed against plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Seo S, Lee YS, Yoon SH, Kim SJ, Cho JY, Hahn BS, Koo BS, Lee CM. Characterization of a novel cold-active esterase isolated from swamp sediment metagenome. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:879-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Han S, Shen H, Jung M, Hahn BS, Jin BK, Kang I, Ha J, Choe W. Expression and prognostic significance of human peroxiredoxin isoforms in endometrial cancer. Oncol Lett 2012; 3:1275-1279. [PMID: 22783432 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is a common type of malignant tumor of the human female genital tract, which typically occurs after menopause. Asian nations, including Korea, Japan and China, have a 4-5 times lower incidence than Western industrialized nations. However, in recent years, there has been a marked increase in the incidence of the disease. Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is an antioxidant enzyme that consists of six isoforms in mammals. These enzymes share a common reactive Cys residue in the N-terminal region, and are capable of breaking down H(2)O(2) as a peroxidase and involving thioredoxin or glutathione as the electron donor. In the present study, we evaluated the expression of Prx isoforms in normal endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer. A total of 240 patients, diagnosed with endometrial cancer by immunohistochemistry, were enrolled in this study. Results showed that Prx I, III, IV and V were negative or weakly expressed in normal endometrium, whereas levels of Prx II and VI were strongly expressed. Notably, the expression levels of Prx III and V were upregulated in endometrial cancer, compared with normal endometrium and endometrial hyperplasia. However, no differences in the staining intensities according to the grade of lesion were observed in the other Prx isoforms. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that Prx V expression in endometrial cancer is significantly associated with survival rate. Therefore, we suggest that Prx V is a clinically significant prognostic marker for the development of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulhee Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Science and Engineering Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species, Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 130-701
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Kim SR, Sim JS, Ajjappala H, Kim YH, Hahn BS. Expression and large-scale production of the biochemically active human tissue-plasminogen activator in hairy roots of Oriental melon (Cucumis melo). J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 113:106-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hwang H, Cho MH, Hahn BS, Lim H, Kwon YK, Hahn TR, Bhoo SH. Proteomic identification of rhythmic proteins in rice seedlings. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1814:470-9. [PMID: 21300183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects of plant metabolism that are involved in plant growth and development are influenced by light-regulated diurnal rhythms as well as endogenous clock-regulated circadian rhythms. To identify the rhythmic proteins in rice, periodically grown (12h light/12h dark cycle) seedlings were harvested for three days at six-hour intervals. Continuous dark-adapted plants were also harvested for two days. Among approximately 3000 reproducible protein spots on each gel, proteomic analysis ascertained 354 spots (~12%) as light-regulated rhythmic proteins, in which 53 spots showed prolonged rhythm under continuous dark conditions. Of these 354 ascertained rhythmic protein spots, 74 diurnal spots and 10 prolonged rhythmic spots under continuous dark were identified by MALDI-TOF MS analysis. The rhythmic proteins were functionally classified into photosynthesis, central metabolism, protein synthesis, nitrogen metabolism, stress resistance, signal transduction and unknown. Comparative analysis of our proteomic data with the public microarray database (the Plant DIURNAL Project) and RT-PCR analysis of rhythmic proteins showed differences in rhythmic expression phases between mRNA and protein, suggesting that the clock-regulated proteins in rice are modulated by not only transcriptional but also post-transcriptional, translational, and/or post-translational processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeyoun Hwang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Plant Metabolism Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea
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Kang MJ, Kim YH, Hahn BS. Expressed sequence tag analysis generated from a normalized full-length cDNA library of the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). Genes Genomics 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-010-0065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bae JY, Moon SH, Choi JA, Park JS, Hahn BS, Kim KY, Kim B, Song JY, Kwon DH, Lee SC, Kim JB, Yang JS. Recombinant DNA and Protein Vaccines for Foot-and-mouth Disease Induce Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Mice. Immune Netw 2009; 9:265-73. [PMID: 20157614 PMCID: PMC2816960 DOI: 10.4110/in.2009.9.6.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a small single-stranded RNA virus which belongs to the family Picornaviridae, genus Apthovirus. It is a principal cause of FMD which is highly contagious in livestock. In a wild type virus infection, infected animals usually elicit antibodies against structural and non-structural protein of FMDV. A structural protein, VP1, is involved in neutralization of virus particle, and has both B and T cell epitopes. A RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, 3D, is highly conserved among other serotypes and strongly immunogenic, therefore, we selected VP1 and 3D as vaccine targets. Methods VP1 and 3D genes were codon-optimized to enhance protein expression level and cloned into mammalian expression vector. To produce recombinant protein, VP1 and 3D genes were also cloned into pET vector. The VP1 and 3D DNA or proteins were co-immunized into 5 weeks old BALB/C mice. Results Antigen-specific serum antibody (Ab) responses were detected by Ab ELISA. Cellular immune response against VP1 and 3D was confirmed by ELISpot assay. Conclusion The results showed that all DNA- and protein-immunized groups induced cellular immune responses, suggesting that both DNA and recombinant protein vaccine administration efficiently induced Ag-specific humoral and cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Bae
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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Shaya D, Hahn BS, Park NY, Sim JS, Kim YS, Cygler M. Characterization of Chondroitin Sulfate Lyase ABC from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron WAL2926. Biochemistry 2008; 47:6650-61. [DOI: 10.1021/bi800353g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Shaya
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, South Korea, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, and Biotechnology Research Institute, NRC, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4P 2R2
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, South Korea, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, and Biotechnology Research Institute, NRC, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4P 2R2
| | - Nam Young Park
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, South Korea, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, and Biotechnology Research Institute, NRC, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4P 2R2
| | - Joon-Soo Sim
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, South Korea, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, and Biotechnology Research Institute, NRC, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4P 2R2
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, South Korea, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, and Biotechnology Research Institute, NRC, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4P 2R2
| | - Miroslaw Cygler
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, South Korea, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, and Biotechnology Research Institute, NRC, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4P 2R2
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Shaya D, Hahn BS, Bjerkan TM, Kim WS, Park NY, Sim JS, Kim YS, Cygler M. Composite active site of chondroitin lyase ABC accepting both epimers of uronic acid. Glycobiology 2008; 18:270-7. [PMID: 18227125 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes have evolved as catalysts with high degrees of stereospecificity. When both enantiomers are biologically important, enzymes with two different folds usually catalyze reactions with the individual enantiomers. In rare cases a single enzyme can process both enantiomers efficiently, but no molecular basis for such catalysis has been established. The family of bacterial chondroitin lyases ABC comprises such enzymes. They can degrade both chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) glycosaminoglycans at the nonreducing end of either glucuronic acid (CS) or its epimer iduronic acid (DS) by a beta-elimination mechanism, which commences with the removal of the C-5 proton from the uronic acid. Two other structural folds evolved to perform these reactions in an epimer-specific fashion: (alpha/alpha)(5) for CS (chondroitin lyases AC) and beta-helix for DS (chondroitin lyases B); their catalytic mechanisms have been established at the molecular level. The structure of chondroitinase ABC from Proteus vulgaris showed surprising similarity to chondroitinase AC, including the presence of a Tyr-His-Glu-Arg catalytic tetrad, which provided a possible mechanism for CS degradation but not for DS degradation. We determined the structure of a distantly related Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron chondroitinase ABC to identify additional structurally conserved residues potentially involved in catalysis. We found a conserved cluster located approximately 12 A from the catalytic tetrad. We demonstrate that a histidine in this cluster is essential for catalysis of DS but not CS. The enzyme utilizes a single substrate-binding site while having two partially overlapping active sites catalyzing the respective reactions. The spatial separation of the two sets of residues suggests a substrate-induced conformational change that brings all catalytically essential residues close together.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shaya
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Chung KJ, Hwang SK, Hahn BS, Kim KH, Kim JB, Kim YH, Yang JS, Ha SH. Authentic seed-specific activity of the Perilla oleosin 19 gene promoter in transgenic Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Rep 2008; 27:29-37. [PMID: 17891401 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The Perilla (Perilla frutescens L. cv. Okdong) oleosin gene, PfOle19, produces a 19-kDa protein that is highly expressed only in seeds. The activity of the -2,015 bp 5'-upstream promoter region of this gene was investigated in transgenic Arabidopsis plants using the fusion reporter constructs of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and beta-glucuronidase (GUS). The PfOle19 promoter directs Egfp expression in developing siliques, but not in leaves, stems or roots. In the transgenic Arabidopsis, EGFP fluorescence and histochemical GUS staining were restricted to early seedlings, indehiscent siliques and mature seeds. Progressive 5'-deletions up to the -963 bp position of the PfOle19 promoter increases the spatial control of the gene expression in seeds, but reduces its quantitative levels of expression. Moreover, the activity of the PfOle19 promoter in mature seeds is 4- and 5-fold greater than that of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter in terms of both EGFP intensity and fluorometric GUS activity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Ji Chung
- National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, RDA, 225 Seodun-dong, Suwon, 441-707, South Korea
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Park JS, Choung MG, Kim JB, Hahn BS, Kim JB, Bae SC, Roh KH, Kim YH, Cheon CI, Sung MK, Cho KJ. Genes up-regulated during red coloration in UV-B irradiated lettuce leaves. Plant Cell Rep 2007; 26:507-16. [PMID: 17086420 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-006-0255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecular analysis of gene expression differences between green and red lettuce leaves was performed using the SSH method. BlastX comparisons of subtractive expressed sequence tags (ESTs) indicated that 7.6% of clones encoded enzymes involved in secondary metabolism. Such clones had a particularly high abundance of flavonoid-metabolism proteins (6.5%). Following SSH, 566 clones were rescreened for differential gene expression using dot-blot hybridization. Of these, 53 were found to overexpressed during red coloration. The up-regulated expression of six genes was confirmed by Northern blot analyses. The expression of chalcone synthase (CHS), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) genes showed a positive correlation with anthocyanin accumulation in UV-B-irradiated lettuce leaves; flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3',5'H) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) were expressed continuously in both samples. These results indicated that the genes CHS, F3H, and DFR coincided with increases in anthocyanin accumulation during the red coloration of lettuce leaves. This study show a relationship between red coloration and the expression of up-regulated genes in lettuce. The subtractive cDNA library and EST database described in this study represent a valuable resource for further research for secondary metabolism in the vegetable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Sug Park
- Research Planning & Information Division, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Suwon, Korea.
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Ahn KS, Hahn BS, Kwack K, Lee EB, Kim YS. Platycodin D-induced apoptosis through nuclear factor-κB activation in immortalized keratinocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 537:1-11. [PMID: 16631160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Platycodi Radix is the root of Platycodon grandiflorum and it is widely used in the traditional Oriental medicine as an expectorant for pulmonary diseases and a remedy for respiratory disorders. Platycodin D is the major constituent of triterpene saponins in the root. This study investigates apoptosis by platycodin D in immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Platycodin D-induced apoptosis in HaCaT cells was confirmed by DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation, and caspase-8 activation. Platycodin D could activate inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB kinase (IKK)-beta in the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation of upstream level, but not IKK-alpha. Pretreated-N-tosyl-l-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), a potent NF-kappaB inhibitor, could suppress the induction of apoptosis and activation of NF-kappaB of HaCaT cells by platycodin D. We also demonstrated that platycodin D-mediated apoptosis of HaCaT cells upregulates Fas receptor and Fas ligand (FasL) expression, but did not exhibit p53 activation. HaCaT cells were also transfected with pFLF1, which preserves the promoter region of Fas receptor gene containing NF-kappaB binding site. On incubation with platycodin D, the NF-kappaB activity related to Fas receptor increased in a dose-dependent manner. Among the major transcription elements on Fas receptor and FasL promoter, NF-kappaB activation was shown to have an essential role in the expression of the death receptor such as FasL. These results suggest that platycodin D has the ability to induce apoptosis in HaCaT cells through the upregulation of Fas receptor and FasL expression via to NF-kappaB activation in the transcriptional level. These results demonstrate that the NF-kappaB activation plays a crucial role in the induction of apoptosis in human HaCaT cells on treatment with platycodin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Seok Ahn
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-Dong, Seoul 110-460, Korea
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Ahn MY, Hahn BS, Ryu KS, Hwang JS, Kim YS. Purification and characterization of a serine protease (CPM-2) with fibrinolytic activity from the dung beetles. Arch Pharm Res 2005; 28:816-22. [PMID: 16114497 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Catharsius protease-2 (CPM-2) was isolated from the body of dung beetles, Catharsius molossus, using a three step purification process (ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-60, and affinity chromatography on DEAE Affi-Gel blue). The purified CPM-2, having a molecular weight of 24 kDa, was assessed homogeneously by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of CPM-2 was composed of X Val Gln Asp Phe Val Glu Glu Ile Leu. CPM-2 was inactivated by Cu2+ and Zn2+ and strongly inhibited by typical serine proteinase inhibitors such as TLCK, soybean trypsin inhibitor, aprotinin, benzamidine, and alpha1-antitrypsin. However, EDTA, EGTA, cysteine, beta-mercaptoethanol, E64, and elastatinal had little effect on enzyme activity. In addition, antiplasmin and antithrombin III were not sensitive to CPM-2. Based on the results of a fibrinolytic activity test, CPM-2 readily cleaved Aalpha- and Bbeta-chains of fibrinogen and fibrin, and gamma-chain of fibrinogen more slowly. The nonspecific action of the enzyme resulted in extensive hydrolysis, releasing a variety of fibrinopeptides of fibrinogen and fibrin. Polyclonal antibodies of CPM-2 were reactive to the native form of antigen. The ELISA was applied to detect quantities, in nanograms, of the antigen in CPM-2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Suwon 441-100, Korea.
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Bosher JM, Hahn BS, Legouis R, Sookhareea S, Weimer RM, Gansmuller A, Chisholm AD, Rose AM, Bessereau JL, Labouesse M. The Caenorhabditis elegans vab-10 spectraplakin isoforms protect the epidermis against internal and external forces. J Cell Biol 2003; 161:757-68. [PMID: 12756232 PMCID: PMC2199363 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200302151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis of the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo is driven by actin microfilaments in the epidermis and by sarcomeres in body wall muscles. Both tissues are mechanically coupled, most likely through specialized attachment structures called fibrous organelles (FOs) that connect muscles to the cuticle across the epidermis. Here, we report the identification of new mutations in a gene known as vab-10, which lead to severe morphogenesis defects, and show that vab-10 corresponds to the C. elegans spectraplakin locus. Our analysis of vab-10 reveals novel insights into the role of this plakin subfamily. vab-10 generates isoforms related either to plectin (termed VAB-10A) or to microtubule actin cross-linking factor plakins (termed VAB-10B). Using specific antibodies and mutations, we show that VAB-10A and VAB-10B have distinct distributions and functions in the epidermis. Loss of VAB-10A impairs the integrity of FOs, leading to epidermal detachment from the cuticle and muscles, hence demonstrating that FOs are functionally and molecularly related to hemidesmosomes. We suggest that this isoform protects against forces external to the epidermis. In contrast, lack of VAB-10B leads to increased epidermal thickness during embryonic morphogenesis when epidermal cells change shape. We suggest that this isoform protects cells against tension that builds up within the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Bosher
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP10142, CU de Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex F-67404, France
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36
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Ahn MY, Hahn BS, Ryu KS, Kim JW, Kim I, Kim YS. Purification and characterization of a serine protease with fibrinolytic activity from the dung beetles, Catharsius molossus. Thromb Res 2003; 112:339-47. [PMID: 15041280 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2004.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Catharsius protease-1 (CPM-1) was isolated from the whole body of the dung beetles, Catharsius molossus, using three purification steps (ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-60, and affinity chromatography on DEAE Affi-Gel Blue gel). The purified CPM-1 that has a molecular weight of 27 kDa was assessed homogeneous by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and an isoelectric point of 4.4 was determined by isoelectric focusing. N-terminal amino acid sequence of the protease was composed of Ile-Val-Gly-Gly-Gln-Ala-Val-Glu-Ile-Gly-Asp-Tyr-Pro-Ala-Gln. The enzyme was inactivated by Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) and strongly inhibited by typical serine proteinase inhibitors such as TLCK, soybean trypsin inhibitor, aprotinin, benzamidine and alpha-antitrypsin. However, EDTA, EGTA, cysteine, beta-mercaptoethanol, E64, chymostatin, elastatinal and TPCK did not/less affect activity. Also, antiplasmin and antithrombin III were not sensitive to CPM-1. On the basis of amidolytic activity test, CPM-1 preferably hydrolysed chromogenic protease substrates containing Arg or Lys residues of the P1 position at pH 7.0 and 37 degrees C. CPM-1 preferentially cleaved the oxidized B-chain of insulin between Arg(22) and Gly(23). CPM-1 readily digested Aalpha- and gamma-chains and more slowly Bbeta-chain of fibrinogen. The nonspecific action of the enzyme resulted in extensive hydrolysis, releasing a variety of fibrinopeptides of fibrinogen and fibrin. D-dimer concentration increased on incubation of cross-linked fibrin with CPM-1, indicating that the enzyme has a significant fibrinolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Ahn
- Department of Sericulture and Entomology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Sudun-Dong, Kwonsun-gu, Suwon 441-100, South Korea.
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Abstract
We report the development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantitative analysis of a unique musk protein (MP-1) in musk samples. Musk defatted with ethyl acetate/methanol (9:1, v/v) was dipped in cold water and ammonium sulfate was added to the supernatant up to 85% saturation. The resulting precipitate was applied to a Bio-Gel P-100 chromatography. The fraction eluted at the void region was collected and it was consecutively purified by affinity chromatography on a DEAE Affi-Gel Blue and on anion-exchange columns containing DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B. This protein was determined to be homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under denaturing conditions with an apparent molecular weight of 35000 Da and was called as musk protein-1 (MP-1). Polyclonal antibodies of MP-1 were produced by injecting it into a rabbit. These antibodies were reactive to the aqueous extract of musk and the pure antigen. The ELISA could be applied to detect nano gram quantities of the antigen in musk samples. This method made it possible to distinguish musk samples from different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Seok Ahn
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea
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38
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Abstract
How do animal tissues resist the shearing forces to which they are exposed during locomotion or harsh encounters with the environment? Genetic analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans is furthering our understanding of the nature and function of the attachments that preserve tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Hahn
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS /INSERM /ULP, BP. 163, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
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39
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Abstract
A cell-based assay system for monitoring NF-kappaB activity was developed to determine the influence of activated NF-kappaB in human HaCaT cells. The pNF-kappaB-SEAP-NPT plasmid that permits expression of the secretory alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter gene in response to the NF-kappaB activity and contains the neomycin phosphotransferase (NPT) gene for geneticin resistance in host cells was constructed and transfected into the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. Human HaCaT transfectant cells were demonstrated to secrete the SEAP enzyme into the culture medium in a time-dependent manner until 72 h. NF-kappaB activities were measured by the SEAP reporter gene assay using a fluorescence detection method. HaCaT cell transfectants treated with antioxidants [e.g., N-acetyl-l-cysteine and vitamin C] showed reduction of NF-kappaB activity in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, whereas phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate known as a stimulator of NF-kappaB expression increased NF-kappaB activity in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. This assay system could be used to determine the quantitative measurement of NF-kappaB activity in the human skin and allow the screening of anti-inflammatory agents for dermatological purpose from various synthetic chemicals and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Moon
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-Dong, Jongno-Ku, Seoul, 110-460, Korea
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40
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Hahn BS, Cho SY, Ahn MY, Kim YS. Purification and characterization of a plasmin-like protease from Tenodera sinensis (Chinese mantis). Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 31:573-581. [PMID: 11267896 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(00)00162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel type of protease (mantis egg fibrinolytic enzyme, MEF-2) was isolated from the egg cases of Tenodera sinensis. The protease was homogeneous by SDS-PAGE and its apparent molecular mass was 32,900 Da. The amino acids in the N-terminal region were Ile-Val-Gly-Gly-Glu-Glu-Ala-Val-Ala-Gly-Asp-Phe-Pro-Ile-Val-Ser-Leu-Gln-Glu. The enzyme was inhibited by PMSF, TLCK, aprotinin, benzamidine, soybean trypsin inhibitor and also slightly by elastatinal, EDTA, EGTA, cysteine and beta-mercaptoethanol, but TPCK, iodoacetate and E-64 did not affect the activity. MEF-2 was not sensitive to alpha(1)-antitrypsin but antithrombin III and alpha(2)-antiplasmin inhibited the enzyme. MEF-2 preferentially cleaved the oxidized B-chain of insulin between Arg(22) and Gly(23). Among chromogenic protease substrates, the most susceptible to MEF-2 hydrolysis was benzoyl-Phe-Val-Arg-p-nitroanilide with maximal activity at 30 degrees C and pH 5.0. These results indicate that MEF-2 belongs to the trypsin family. Upon incubation of crosslinked fibrin with MEF-2, a steady increase of D-dimer suggests that the enzyme has a strong fibrinolytic activity. In conclusion, MEF-2 is a new type of proteolytic enzyme and has some potential for practical application in fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Hahn
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-Dong, Jongno-Ku, Seoul 110-460, South Korea
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41
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Cho SY, Hahn BS, Yang KY, Kim YS. Purification and characterization of calobin II, a second type of thrombin-like enzyme from Agkistrodon caliginosus (Korean viper). Toxicon 2001; 39:499-506. [PMID: 11024490 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In our previous report, we purified and cloned the gene of a thrombin-like enzyme, calobin, from the venom of Agkistrodon caliginosus (Hahn, B.S., Yang, K.Y., Park, E.M., Chang, I.M., Kim, Y. S., 1996. Purification and molecular cloning of calobin, a thrombin-like enzyme from Agkistrodon caliginosus (Korean viper). J. Biochem. 119, 835-843.). During the purification of calobin, a second type of thrombin-like protease was found and it was purified using Affi-Gel Blue and Mono-S cation-exchange chromatography. It was identified as a serine protease with a molecular weight of 41, 000 on SDS-PAGE and its isoelectric point was determined to be 7.4 by isoelectric focusing. It showed little azocaseinolytic and fibrinolytic activity. However, this enzyme acted on fibrinogen to form fibrin with a specific activity of 7,587 NIH equivalent units and also exhibited arginine esterase activity. Amino acid sequencing of the N-terminal region established a primary structure composed of Val-Ile-Gly-Gly-Asp-Glu-Cys-Asn-Ile-Asn-Glu-His-Arg-Phe-Leu-Val-Ala-X -Tyr. This sequence was entirely consistent with that of calobin and showed a high homology with other thrombin-like enzymes, such as ancrod, batroxobin and gyroxin. Based on the biochemical properties such as molecular weight and isoelectric point, we can demonstrate a second thrombin-like protein showing a high potent clotting activity from the venom of Korean viper.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Cho
- Natrual Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, South Korea
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42
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Hahn BS, Cho SY, Wu SJ, Chang IM, Baek K, Kim YC, Kim YS. Purification and characterization of a serine protease with fibrinolytic activity from Tenodera sinensis (praying mantis). Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1430:376-86. [PMID: 10082965 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mantis egg fibrolase (MEF) was purified from the egg cases of Tenodera sinensis using ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-60 and affinity chromatography on DEAE Affi-Gel blue gel. The protease was assessed homogeneous by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and has a molecular mass of 31500 Da. An isoelectric point of 6.1 was determined by isoelectric focusing. Amino acid sequencing of the N-terminal region established a primary structure composed of Ala-Asp-Val-Val-Gln-Gly-Asp-Ala-Pro-Ser. MEF readily digested the Aalpha- and Bbeta-chains of fibrinogen and more slowly the gamma-chain. The nonspecific action of the enzyme results in extensive hydrolysis of fibrinogen and fibrin releasing a variety of fibrinopeptide. The enzyme is inactivated by Cu2+ and Zn2+ and inhibited by PMSF and chymostatin, yet elastinal, aprotinin, TLCK, TPCK, EDTA, EGTA, cysteine, beta-mercaptoethanol, iodoacetate, E64, benzamidine and soybean trypsin inhibitor do not affect activity. Antiplasmin was not sensitive to MEF but antithrombin III inhibited the enzymatic activity of MEF. Among chromogenic protease substrates, the most sensitive to MEF hydrolysis was benzoyl-Phe-Val-Arg-p-nitroanilide with maximal activity at pH 7.0 and 30 degrees C. MEF preferentially cleaved the oxidized B-chain of insulin between Leu15 and Tyr16. D-Dimer concentrations increased on incubation of cross-linked fibrin with MEF, indicating the enzyme has a strong fibrinolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Hahn
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-Dong, Jongno-Ku, Seoul 110-460, South Korea
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43
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Hahn BS, Baek K, Kim WS, Lee CS, Chang IL, Kim YS. Molecular cloning of capillary permeability-increasing enzyme-2 from Agkistrodon caliginosus (Korean viper). Toxicon 1998; 36:1887-93. [PMID: 9839672 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gene of capillary permeability-increasing enzyme-2 (CPI enzyme-2) was cloned from the cDNA library of Agkistrodon caliginosus and its nucleotide sequence was determined. Its sequence indicates that CPI enzyme-2 is synthesized as a pre-zymogen of 258 amino acid residues, including a putative secretory signal peptide of 18 amino acids and a proposed zymogen peptide of 6 amino acids. The amino terminal sequence deduced from the cDNA sequence was exactly consistent with that of CPI enzyme-2 except for the substitution of an amino acid (Gly27-->Ser). The open reading frame is very similar to those of plasminogen activator and thrombin-like proteases cloned from other snakes. The clone encoding CPI enzyme-2 belongs to the serine protease family. The active site of the enzyme is highly conserved at His41, Asp86 and Ser180. Its possible glycosylation sites, Asn-X-Thr/Ser, are located at amino acid residues 20-22, 55-57, 79-81 and 97-99.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Hahn
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, South Korea
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44
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Abstract
The freeze-dried powder of Lumbricus rubellus earthworm was administered orally to rats and its fibrinolytic and antithrombotic effects were investigated. The fibrinolytic activity of plasma was determined by measuring the plasmin activity of the euglobulin fraction and was increased to two-folds of the control at a dose of 0.5 g/kg/day and five times with 1 g/kg/day after 4-day administration. The antithrombotic effect was studied in an arterio-venous shunt model of rats. The thrombus weight decreased significantly from 43.2 mg to 32.4 mg at a dose of 0.5 g/kg/day after 8-day treatment. The level of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation product (FDP) in serum was elevated in a dose-dependent manner during the treatment period. On the 8th day after administration, the FDP value was increased to 7.7 micrograms/ml compared with the control value of 3.3 micrograms/ml. These results support that earthworm powder is valuable for the prevention and/or treatment of thrombotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea
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45
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Kim YS, Hahn BS, Kim WS, Chang IM. Biochemical and pharmacological properties of thrombin-like protein from Agkistrodon caliginosus. J Toxicol Sci 1998; 23 Suppl 2:218-23. [PMID: 9760469 DOI: 10.2131/jts.23.supplementii_218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y S Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea
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46
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Kim YS, Pyo MK, Park KM, Park PH, Hahn BS, Wu SJ, Yun-Choi HS. Antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects of a combination of ticlopidine and ginkgo biloba ext (EGb 761). Thromb Res 1998; 91:33-8. [PMID: 9700851 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(98)00075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects of the oral combination treatment of ticlopidine and Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) were studied in normal and thrombosis-induced rats. The ex vivo inhibitory effect on ADP-induced platelet aggregation of a small dose of ticlopidine (50 mg/kg/day) in combination with EGb 761 (40 mg/kg/day) was comparable to a larger dose of only ticlopidine (200 mg/kg/day). Bleeding time was also prolonged by 150%. Thrombus weight was also consistently decreased by a combination of ticlopidine and EGb 761 in an arterio-venous shunt model at two doses of ticlopidine (50 mg/kg) plus EGb 761 (20 mg/kg) and ticlopidine (50 mg/kg) plus EGb 761 (40 mg/kg). A combinatory treatment in acute thrombosis model in mice also showed a higher recovery than a single treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea
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47
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Hahn BS, Yang KY, Park EM, Chang IM, Kim YS. Purification and molecular cloning of calobin, a thrombin-like enzyme from Agkistrodon caliginosus (Korean viper). J Biochem 1996; 119:835-43. [PMID: 8797081 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A thrombin-like enzyme, calobin, has been purified to homogeneity from the venom of Agkistrodon caliginosus by a procedure involving Bio-Gel P-100, Mono S, and Pro-RPC. The enzyme was identified as a monomer with a molecular weight of 34,000 on SDS-PAGE, and its isoelectric point was 6.2. Calobin acted on fibrinogen to form fibrin with a specific activity of 226 NIH equivalent units, and also exhibited arginine esterase activity. The enzyme predominantly cleaved the alpha-chain of fibrinogen with little degradation of the beta-chain. It contained abundant asparagine/aspartic acid residues, but very few tyrosine or methionine residues. The proteolytic activity of the enzyme with TAME as a substrate was higher than that of thrombin. However, it showed neither lysine esterase nor caseinolytic activity. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by PMSF, and moderately by benzamidine and soybean trypsin inhibitor, indicating it is a serine protease. On the other hand, the enzyme activity was not inhibited by hirudin or aprotinin. cDNA (1.6 kb) for calobin has been cloned from an A. caliginosus cDNA library. The cDNA sequence indicates that calobin is synthesized as a pre-zymogen of 262 amino acids, including a putative secretory signal peptide of 18 amino acids and a proposed zymogen peptide of 6 amino acid residues. The cDNA sequence encodes a 238-amino acid residue molecule exhibiting strong amino acid sequence homology to those of ancrod, batroxobin, and flavoxobin isolated from other snake venoms. Calobin contains 12 cysteine residues. As judged on alignment of the amino acid sequences of other thrombin-like enzymes (batroxobin, ancrod, and flavoxobin), calobin constitute the formation of six disulfide bridges. Amino acid residues, His43, Asp88, and Ser182, which are thought to be the catalytic active site are highly conserved. As calobin is a glycoprotein, its possible glycosylation site, Asn-X-Thr, is located at amino acid residues 81-83.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Hahn
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea
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48
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Hahn BS, Chang IM, Kim YS. Purification and characterization of piscivorase I and II, the fibrinolytic enzymes from eastern cottonmouth moccasin venom (Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus). Toxicon 1995; 33:929-41. [PMID: 8588217 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(95)00008-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fibrinolytic enzymes, piscivorase I and II, were isolated from Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus (eastern cottonmouth moccasin) venom using gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-100 and ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sepharose CL-6B. The mol. wts of these proteases, piscivorase I and II, are 23,400 and 29,000 and isoelectric points are 6.6 and 8.5, respectively. These fibrinolytic enzymes were homogeneous by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Piscivorase I readily cleaved the A alpha- and B beta-chain of fibrinogen, but piscivorase II cleaved readily the A alpha-chain and more slowly the B beta-chain. These fibrinolytic enzymes were activated by Ca2+, Mg2+ and Ba2+, but inhibited by Zn2+, Cu2+ and Mn2+. Both fibrinolytic enzymes were also inhibited by cysteine, beta-mercaptoethanol, and by metal chelators such as EDTA and EGTA, but not by benzamidine, phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), soybean trypsin inhibitor and aprotinin. These fibrinolytic enzymes did not act like thrombin, plasmin and kallikrein, using specific chromogenic substrates. Neither fibrinolytic enzyme induced platelet aggregation, and piscivorase I showed low haemorrhagic activity at dosages of 55 micrograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Hahn
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, South Korea
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49
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Abstract
Among chlorophyll derivatives (CpD-A, -B, -C, and -D) extracted from silk worm (Bombyx mori) excretas, CpD-A was extensively studied to clarify its role as a "photosensitizer" for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of tumors in vitro. It was found that CpD-A was photoreactive both in itself and also in its cell bound forms. The cell bound CpD-A produced fluorescent light and singlet oxygen following the exposure to lights of varied wave length. Among them, lights of near 650 nm, which was the maximum absorbance band, efficiently activated CpD-A following the application of only 10 minutes of irradiation. CpD-A was found to have specificity for the human and mouse tumor cells regardless of their species difference. A higher intensity of fluorescence and a larger amount of CpD-A were found in the tumor cells as opposed to the intensity found in normal cells. Only 10 minutes of light irradiation of the CpD-A treated tumor cells resulted in their rapid and complete destruction within 2 hours of irradiation. Simultaneously, more than 80% of the normal human and mouse control cells remained alive after receiving treatment. These findings suggested that CpD-A produced by use of silkworm excreta could be used as a photosensitizer for PDT of tumors by the use of lights of near 650 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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50
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Abstract
The in vivo photosensitizing efficacy of chlorophyll derivatives (CpD), which had been developed as a new photosensitizer, was compared with that of hematoporphyrin derivatives (HpD). A murine tumor model implanted subcutaneously with S-180 cells on the abdomen was used. The CpD or HpD was administered by intratumoral injection, and light of appropriate wavelength was irradiated on the tumor areas for 10 minutes at 1h and 24h or 24h and 48h after the injection of photosensitizer. When CpD was injected, the early irradiation group (1h and 24h) showed a 100% tumor cure rate; however, the late irradiation group (24h and 48h) showed a 60% tumor cure rate (p less than 0.01). This showed that the early irradiation with light after injection of CpD was an important factor for obtaining better results. With HpD, there was no difference in tumor cure rate between early (1h and 24h, 80%) and late irradiation (24h and 48h, 80%) groups. Thus, in early irradiation groups, the tumor cure rate using CpD (100%) was superior to that of HpD (80%) (p less than 0.05). However, in late irradiation groups, the tumor cure rate using CpD (60%) was inferior to that of HpD (80%), but this difference was not statistically significant (p greater than 0.1). Pathologic sections of these tumors were made before treatment and 48h and 3 weeks after treatment. These showed geographic necrosis at 48h after treatment and no viable tumor tissue at 3 weeks after treatment. Our results showed that CpD was as effective as HpD as a photosensitizer for in vivo photodynamic therapy.
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