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Assefa AD, Hur OS, Hahn BS, Kim B, Ro NY, Rhee JH. Nutritional Metabolites of Red Pigmented Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) Germplasm and Correlations with Selected Phenotypic Characters. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102504. [PMID: 34681553 PMCID: PMC8535348 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lettuce is an important dietary source of bioactive phytochemicals. Screening and identification of the health beneficial metabolites and evaluating the relationships with phenotypic characters can help consumers adjust their preferences for lettuce plant types. Thus, we explored the major health-beneficial individual metabolites and antioxidant potential of 113 red pigmented lettuce leaf samples. A UV–Vis spectrophotometer and UPLC-DAD-QTOF/MS (TQ/MS) instruments were used for the identification and quantification of metabolites and antioxidant activity accordingly. The metabolites were quantified against their corresponding external standards. The contents of metabolites varied significantly among lettuce samples. Cyanidin 3-O-(6″-O-malonyl)glucoside (4.7~5013.6 μg/g DW), 2,3-di-O-caffeoyltartaric acid (337.1~19,957.2 μg/g DW), and quercetin 3-O-(6″-O-malonyl)glucoside (45.4~31,121.0 μg/g DW) were the most dominant in red pigmented lettuce samples among anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives, and flavonols, respectively. Lettuces with dark and very dark red pigmented leaves, circular leaf shape, a strong degree of leaf undulation, and highly dense leaf incisions were found to have high levels of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives. Principal component analysis was used to investigate similarities and/or differences between samples, and the partial least square discriminant analysis classified them into known groups. The key variables that contributed highly were determined. Our report provides critical data on the bioactive constituents of red pigmented lettuce to breeders developing varieties with enhanced bioactive compounds and to nutraceutical companies developing nutrient dense foods and pharmaceutical formulations.
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Rhee JH, Choi S, Lee JE, Hur OS, Ro NY, Hwang AJ, Ko HC, Chung YJ, Noh JJ, Assefa AD. Glucosinolate Content in Brassica Genetic Resources and Their Distribution Pattern within and between Inner, Middle, and Outer Leaves. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9111421. [PMID: 33114129 PMCID: PMC7690824 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are sulfur-containing secondary metabolites naturally occurring in Brassica species. The purpose of this study was to identify the GSLs, determine their content, and study their accumulation patterns within and between leaves of kimchi cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) cultivars. GSLs were analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS in negative electron-spray ionization (ESI−) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The total GSL content determined in this study ranged from 621.15 to 42434.21 μmolkg−1 DW. Aliphatic GSLs predominated, representing from 4.44% to 96.20% of the total GSL content among the entire samples. Glucobrassicanapin (GBN) contributed the greatest proportion while other GSLs such as glucoerucin (ERU) and glucotropaeolin (TRO) were found in relatively low concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) yielded three principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues ≥ 1, altogether representing 74.83% of the total variation across the entire dataset. Three kimchi cabbage (S/No. 20, 4, and 2), one leaf mustard (S/No. 26), and one turnip (S/No. 8) genetic resources were well distinguished from other samples. The GSL content varied significantly among the different positions (outer, middle, and inner) of the leaves and sections (top, middle, bottom, green/red, and white) within the leaves. In most of the samples, higher GSL content was observed in the proximal half and white sections and the middle layers of the leaves. GSLs are regarded as allelochemicals; hence, the data related to the patterns of GSLs within the leaf and between leaves at a different position could be useful to understand the defense mechanism of Brassica plants. The observed variability could be useful for breeders to develop Brassica cultivars with high GSL content or specific profiles of GSLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hee Rhee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.-H.R.); (S.C.); (J.-E.L.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (A.-J.H.)
| | - Susanna Choi
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.-H.R.); (S.C.); (J.-E.L.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (A.-J.H.)
| | - Jae-Eun Lee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.-H.R.); (S.C.); (J.-E.L.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (A.-J.H.)
| | - On-Sook Hur
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.-H.R.); (S.C.); (J.-E.L.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (A.-J.H.)
| | - Na-Young Ro
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.-H.R.); (S.C.); (J.-E.L.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (A.-J.H.)
| | - Ae-Jin Hwang
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.-H.R.); (S.C.); (J.-E.L.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (A.-J.H.)
| | - Ho-Cheol Ko
- Client Service Division, Planning and Coordination Bureau, RDA, Jeonju 54875, Korea;
| | - Yun-Jo Chung
- National Creative Research Laboratory for Ca signaling Network, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 54896, Korea;
| | - Jae-Jong Noh
- Jeonbuk Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Iksan 54591, Korea;
| | - Awraris Derbie Assefa
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.-H.R.); (S.C.); (J.-E.L.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (A.-J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-238-4902
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Assefa AD, Hur OS, Ro NY, Lee JE, Hwang AJ, Kim BS, Rhee JH, Yi JY, Kim JH, Lee HS, Sung JS, Kim MK, Noh JJ. Fruit Morphology, Citrulline, and Arginine Levels in Diverse Watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus) Germplasm Collections. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9091054. [PMID: 32824928 PMCID: PMC7569901 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a non-seasonal, economically important, cucurbit cultivated throughout the world, with Asia as a continent contributing the most. As part of the effort to diversify watermelon genetic resources in the already cultivated group, this study was devoted to providing baseline data on morphological quality traits and health-beneficial phytonutrients of watermelon germplasm collections, thereby promoting watermelon research and cultivation programs. To this end, we reported morphological traits, citrulline, and arginine levels of watermelon genetic resources obtained from the gene bank of Agrobiodiversity Center, Republic of Korea, and discussed the relationships between each. Diverse characteristics were observed among many of the traits, but most of the genetic resources (>90%) were either red or pink-fleshed. Korean originated fruits contained intermediate levels of soluble solid content (SSC) while the USA, Russian, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Taiwan, and Uruguay originated fruits had generally the highest levels of soluble solids. The citrulline and arginine contents determined using the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method ranged from 6.9 to 52.1 mg/g (average, 27.3 mg/g) and 1.8 to 21.3 mg/g (average, 9.8 mg/g), respectively. The citrulline content determined using the Citrulline Assay Kit ranged from 6.5 to 42.8 mg/g (average, 27.0 mg/g). Resources with high citrulline and arginine levels contained low SSC, whereas red- and pink-colored flesh samples had less citrulline compared to yellow and orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awraris Derbie Assefa
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (A.D.A.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (J.-E.L.); (A.-J.H.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-H.R.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - On-Sook Hur
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (A.D.A.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (J.-E.L.); (A.-J.H.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-H.R.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Na-Young Ro
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (A.D.A.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (J.-E.L.); (A.-J.H.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-H.R.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Jae-Eun Lee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (A.D.A.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (J.-E.L.); (A.-J.H.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-H.R.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Ae-Jin Hwang
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (A.D.A.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (J.-E.L.); (A.-J.H.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-H.R.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Bich-Saem Kim
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (A.D.A.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (J.-E.L.); (A.-J.H.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-H.R.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Ju-Hee Rhee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (A.D.A.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (J.-E.L.); (A.-J.H.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-H.R.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Jung-Yoon Yi
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (A.D.A.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (J.-E.L.); (A.-J.H.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-H.R.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Ji-Hyun Kim
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (A.D.A.); (O.-S.H.); (N.-Y.R.); (J.-E.L.); (A.-J.H.); (B.-S.K.); (J.-H.R.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Ho-Sun Lee
- International Technology Cooperation Center, RDA, Jeonju 54875, Korea;
| | - Jung-Sook Sung
- Upland Crop Breeding Division, Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Miryang 50424, Korea;
| | - Myung-Kon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
| | - Jae-Jong Noh
- Jeonbuk Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Iksan 54591, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-290-6121
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Assefa AD, Choi S, Lee JE, Sung JS, Hur OS, Ro NY, Lee HS, Jang SW, Rhee JH. Identification and quantification of selected metabolites in differently pigmented leaves of lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars harvested at mature and bolting stages. BMC Chem 2019; 13:56. [PMID: 31384804 PMCID: PMC6661726 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification and screening of cultivars rich in bioactive phytoconstituents can be potentially useful to make nutrient-dense dishes and in medicinal formulations. In this study, we have identified, characterized and quantified caffeoylquinic acids, dicaffeoylquinic acid, dicaffeoyltartaric acid, kaempferol conjugates, quercetin malonylglucoside, sesquiterpene lactones, and cyanidin in 22 lettuce cultivars at mature and bolting stages using UPLC-PDA-Q-TOF-HDMS, UPLC, and HPLC. RESULTS The composition and contents of the studied metabolites and antioxidant activity varied significantly and depend on leaf color, cultivar type and stage of maturity. The main phenolic acid components of lettuce were quinic and tartaric acid derivatives, whereas kaempferol derivatives were the dominant flavonoids. The sum of the content of phenolic acids ranged from 18.3 to 54.6 mg/100 g DW and 15.5 to 54.6 mg/100 g DW, whereas the sum of the contents of flavonoids ranged from 9.2 to 25.9 mg/100 g DW and 14.9 to 83.0 mg/100 g DW in mature and bolting stage cultivars, respectively. The content of cyanidin, lactucin, lactucopicrin, and ABTS radical antioxidant activity were in the range of 0.3 to 9.7 (mature stage) and 0.5 to 10.2 mg/g DW (bolting stage), 1.8 to 41.9 (mature stage) and 9.7 to 213.0 (bolting stage) µg/g DW, 9.9 to 344.8 (mature stage) and 169.2 to 3888.2 (bolting stage) µg/g DW, and 12.1 to 29.0 (mature stage) and 15.7 to 30.3 (bolting stage) mg TE/g DW, respectively. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the green and red pigmented lettuce cultivars were grouped to the negative and positive sides of PC1, respectively, while the green/red pigmented cultivars were distributed throughout the four quadrants of the PCA plots with no prominent grouping. The loading plot showed that phenolic acids, flavonoids, and cyanidin are the most potent contributors to the radical scavenging activity of lettuce extracts. CONCLUSIONS Lettuce at the bolting stage accumulate relatively high amount of sesquiterpene lactones (SLs), quercetin malonylglucoside (QMG), methylkaempferol glucuronide (MKGR), kaempferol malonylglucoside (KMG), and 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3-CQA) compared to the mature stage. Higher amount of phytoconstituents were found to be accumulated in the red pigmented lettuce leaves compared to the green lettuce leaves. In addition, the contents of most of the metabolites in lettuce seem to increase with age of the leaves. The presence of the two bitter SLs, lactucin and lactucopicrin, in significantly high amount in lettuce leaves at bolting stage could diminish consumer acceptance. However, alternatively, these leaves could be utilized by nutraceutical companies working to recover these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awraris Derbie Assefa
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874 South Korea
| | - Susanna Choi
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874 South Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Lee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874 South Korea
| | - Jung-Sook Sung
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874 South Korea
| | - On-Sook Hur
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874 South Korea
| | - Na-Young Ro
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874 South Korea
| | - Ho-Sun Lee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874 South Korea
| | - Suk-Woo Jang
- Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365 South Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Rhee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874 South Korea
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Sung JS, Jeong YJ, Kim DJ, Lee YY, Jeon YA, Ko HC, Hur OS, Ro NY, Rhee JH, Lee MC, Baek HJ. Comparison of Fatty Acid Compositions and Tocopherols in Perilla germplasm of South Korea. Am J Transl Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1608351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JS Sung
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - YJ Jeong
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - DJ Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - YY Lee
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - YA Jeon
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - HC Ko
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - OS Hur
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - NY Ro
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - JH Rhee
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - MC Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - HJ Baek
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea, Republic of (South)
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Jeon YA, Rhee JH, Sung JS, Baek HJ, Hur OS, Rho NY. Radish germplasm with fusarium wilt-resistance as material for breeding disease-resistant varieties. Am J Transl Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1608350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- YA Jeon
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - JH Rhee
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - JS Sung
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - HJ Baek
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - OS Hur
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - NY Rho
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea, Republic of (South)
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Kim SG, Hur OS, Ro NY, Ko HC, Rhee JH, Sung JS, Ryu KY, Lee SY, Baek HJ. Evaluation of Resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum in Tomato Genetic Resources at Seedling Stage. Plant Pathol J 2016; 32:58-64. [PMID: 26889116 PMCID: PMC4755676 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.nt.06.2015.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt of tomatoes caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating disease that limits the production of tomato in Korea. The best way to control this disease is using genetically resistant tomato plant. The resistance degree to R. solanacearum was evaluated for 285 tomato accessions conserved in the National Agrobiodiversity Center of Rural Development Administration. These accessions of tomato were originated from 23 countries. Disease severity of tomato accessions was investigated from 7 days to 14 days at an interval of 7 days after inoculation of R. solanacearum under greenhouse conditions. A total of 279 accessions of tomato germplasm were susceptible to R. solanacearum, resulting in wilt and death in 70 to 90% of these plants. Two tomato accessions were moderately resistant to R. solanacearum. Only four accessions showed high resistance against R. solanacearum. No distinct symptom of bacterial wilt appeared on the resistant tomato germplasms for up to 14 days after inoculation of R. solanacearum. Microscopy of resistant tomato stems infected with R. solanacearum revealed limited bacterial spread with thickening of pit membrane and gum production. Therefore, these four resistant tomato germplasms could be used in tomato breeding program against bacterial wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Na-Young Ro
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874,
Korea
| | - Ho-Cheol Ko
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874,
Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Rhee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874,
Korea
| | - Jung Sook Sung
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874,
Korea
| | - Kyoung-Yul Ryu
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874,
Korea
| | - Sok-Young Lee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874,
Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Baek
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874,
Korea
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Kim SL, Chi HY, Kim JT, Hur OS, Kim DS, Suh SJ, Kim HB, Cheong IM. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities of Peptides Isolated from Korean Fermented Soybean Paste, Chungkukjang. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.7740/kjcs.2011.56.4.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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