Betel chewing and arecoline affects eotaxin-1, asthma and lung function

Association between habitual betel quid chewing and risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Habitual betel quid chewing, a tobacco product, is a leading cause of oral cancer in Asia-Pacific countries where this practice is most prevalent. However, it is not well understood whether betel quid chewing is also a cause of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed published studies evaluating the association between habitual betel quid use on the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

METHODS

We searched PubMed for studies assessing the correlation between betel quid chewing and cardiovascular health. We included studies if (i) they included human subjects; (ii) were peer-reviewed articles in indexed journals; and (iii) were in English. We extracted data from eligible studies and stratified them by geographical location, study designs and cardiovascular outcomes. Finally, we did a narrative synthesis of the data to identify adverse cardiovascular outcomes associated with chronic betel quid use.

FINDINGS

We reviewed data from 19 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Habitual betel quid chewing was associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis, inflammation and ischaemic heart disease. In addition, betel quid use was a risk factor for arrhythmias. Interestingly, betel quid use was an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in women. Long-term betel quid consumption was associated with higher risks for all-cause mortality and increased overall cardiovascular risk.

CONCLUSIONS

Habitual betel quid chewing is an important cardiovascular risk factor in populations where the practice is prevalent.

The Antifibrotic and the Anticarcinogenic Activity of Capsaicin in Hot Chili Pepper in Relation to Oral Submucous Fibrosis

A burning sensation on eating spicy foods purportedly supports the role of capsaicin, an active component of chili peppers, in the etiology of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). Although the mast cell mediators and activated P2X receptors induce a constant burning sensation through an ATP-dependent mechanism, it is the activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV-1) receptor by capsaicin that aggravates it. The molecular basis for the burning pain in OSF is thus attributable to the activation of TRPV1. There is overwhelming evidence that confirms capsaicin has more of a protective role in attenuating fibrosis and is potentially therapeutic in reversing conditions linked to collagen accumulation. The activation of TRPV-1 by capsaicin increases intracellular calcium ([Ca²⁺]_i), upregulates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1), to enrich endothelium-dependent vasodilation via endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The induction of vasodilation induces antifibrotic effects by alleviating hypoxia. The antifibrotic effects of capsaicin are mediated through the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes, downregulation of inflammatory genes and suppression of new collagen fibril formation. Capsaicin also demonstrates an anticarcinogenic effect by upregulating the cytotoxic T cells and downregulating regulatory T cells through the inhibition of angiogenesis and promotion of apoptosis. Judicious administration of capsaicin with an appropriate delivery mechanism may have therapeutic benefits in reducing pain sensation, rendering antifibrotic effects, and preventing the malignant transformation of OSF. This paper provides an overview of the molecular basis of capsaicin and its therapeutic application as an antifibrotic and anticarcinogenic agent for the treatment of OSF.

Pulmonary function test: A critical domain in oral submucous fibrosis patients

INTRODUCTION

The study aims to measure and compare pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) patients (smokers/nonsmokers) and normal individuals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study population included 150 participants that comprised 50 nonsmoker OSMF patients, 50 OSMF patients who smoke as well, and 50 patients with no deleterious habits. Spirometer was used to assess PFT.

RESULTS

Results showed that a significant P value was obtained for forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) and also for the predicted values of FEV, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEFR, and MVV in OSMF (smokers/nonsmokers) study groups.

CONCLUSION

Thus, the decrease in pulmonary function can be an alarming sign for restrictive type of pulmonary disease.

Betel Nut Chewing Was Associated with Obstructive Lung Disease in a Large Taiwanese Population Study

The prevalence of betel nut chewing in Taiwan is high at approximately 7%, however, few studies have evaluated the relationship between betel nut chewing and lung disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate associations between betel nut chewing and lung function in 80,877 participants in the Taiwan Biobank (TWB). We further investigated correlations between betel nut chewing characteristics such as years of use, frequency, daily amount, and accumulative dose, with obstructive lung disease. We used data from the TWB. Lung function was assessed using spirometry measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). The participants were classified into normal lung function and obstructive lung function (FEV1/FVC < 70%) groups. The participants were asked questions about betel nut chewing, including years of use, frequency, and daily amount. After multivariable analysis, betel nut chewing (odds ratio [OR] = 1.159; p < 0.001) was significantly associated with FEV1/FVC < 70% in all participants (n = 80,877). Further, in the participants who chewed betel nut (n = 5135), a long duration of betel nut chewing (per 1 year; OR = 1.008; p = 0.012), betel nut use every day (vs. 1–3 days/month; OR = 1.793; p = 0.036), 10–20 quids a day (vs. <10 quids; OR = 1.404; p = 0.019), 21–30 quids a day (vs. <10 quids; OR = 1.662; p = 0.010), ≥31 quids a day (vs. <10 quids; OR = 1.717; p = 0.003), and high cumulative dose (per 1 year × frequency × daily score; OR = 1.001; p = 0.002) were significantly associated with FEV1/FVC < 70%. In this large population-based cohort study, chewing betel nut was associated with obstructive lung disease. Furthermore, a long duration of betel nut chewing, more frequent use, higher daily amount, and high cumulative dose were associated with obstructive lung disease. This suggests that preventing betel nut chewing should be considered to reduce obstructive lung disease in Taiwan.

Areca catechu-From farm to food and biomedical applications

The family Arecaceae includes 181 genera and 2,600 species with a high diversity in physical characteristics. Areca plants, commonly palms, which are able to grow in nearly every type of habitat, prefer tropical and subtropical climates. The most studied species Areca catechu L. contains phytochemicals as phenolics and alkaloids with biological properties. The phenolics are mainly distributed in roots followed by fresh unripe fruits, leaves, spikes, and veins, while the contents of alkaloids are in the order of roots, fresh unripe fruits, spikes, leaves, and veins. This species has been reputed to provide health effects on the cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, metabolic, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems. However, in many developing countries, quid from this species has been associated with side effects, which include the destruction of the teeth, impairment of oral hygiene, bronchial asthma, or oral cancer. Despite these side effects, which are also mentioned in this work, the present review collects the main results of biological properties of the phytochemicals in A. catechu. This study emphasizes the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and clinical effectiveness in humans. In this sense, A. catechu have demonstrated effectiveness in several reports through in vitro and in vivo experiments on disorders such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, or anticancer. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that this species presents clinical effectiveness on neurological disorders. Hence, A. catechu extracts could be used as a bioactive ingredient for functional food, nutraceuticals, or cosmeceuticals. However, further studies, especially extensive and comprehensive clinical trials, are recommended for the use of Areca in the treatment of diseases.

Effect of Betel (Areca) Nut Chewing on Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide: A Pilot Study

Betel (areca) nuts are extensively chewed in many countries. This has been associated with respiratory symptoms. We aimed to determine whether betel nut chewing is associated with acute changes in fractional exhaled nitric oxide, a non-invasive marker of airway inflammation. Betel nut chewing resulted in an immediate significant decline in fractional exhaled nitric oxide levels that persisted for up to 180 minutes. This effect has to be taken into account in epidemiological studies, reference ranges, and patient preparation.

Inflammatory chemokine eotaxin-1 is correlated with age in heroin dependent patients under methadone maintenance therapy

BACKGROUND

Degeneration of central neurons and fibers has been observed in postmortem brains of heroin dependent patients. However, there are no biomarkers to predict the severity of neurodegeneration related to heroin dependence. A correlation has been reported between inflammatory C-C motif chemokine ligand 11 (CCL11, or eotaxin-1) and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.

METHODS

Three-hundred-forty-four heroin dependent, Taiwanese patients under methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) were included with clinical assessment and genomics information. Eighty-seven normal control subjects were also recruited for comparison.

RESULTS

Using receiver operating characteristics curve analyses, CCL11 showed the strongest sensitivity and specificity in correlation with age by a cut-off at 45 years (AUC = 0.69, P < 0.0001) in MMT patients, but not normal controls. Patients 45 years of age or older had significantly higher plasma levels of CCL11, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), nicotine metabolite cotinine, and a longer duration of addiction. Plasma level of CCL11 was correlated with that of FGF-2 (partial r² = 0.24, P < 0.0001). Carriers with the mutant allele of rs1129844, a functional single nucleotide polymorphism (Ala23Thr) in the CCL11 gene, showed a higher plasma level of Aß42, ratio of Aß42/Aß40, and insomnia side effect symptom score than the GG genotype carriers among MMT responders with morphine-negative urine results.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest possible novel mechanisms mediated through CCL11 involving neurotoxicity in heroin dependent patients.

Adverse Health Effects of Betel Quid and the Risk of Oral and Pharyngeal Cancers

Global reports estimate 600 million betel quid (BQ) chewers. BQ chewing has been demonstrated not only to be a risk factor for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) but also to cause other cancers and adverse health effects. Herein, we summarized the international comparison data to aid in the understanding of the close relationship between the prevalence of BQ chewing, the occurrence of oral and pharyngeal cancers, and adverse health effects. Potential biomarkers of BQ carcinogens, such as areca nut, alkaloids, and 3-methylnitrosaminopropionitrile (MNPN), are closely associated with human health toxicology. Molecular mechanisms or pathways involving autophagy, hypoxia, COX-2, NF-κB activity, and stemness are known to be induced by BQ ingredients and are very closely related to the carcinogenesis of cancers of oral and pharynx. BQ abuse-related monoamine oxidase (MAO) gene was associated with the occurrence and progress of oral and pharyngeal cancers. In summary, our review article provides important insights into the potential roles of environmental BQ (specific alkaloid biomarkers and nitrosamine products MNPN) and genetic factors (MAO) and offers a basis for studies aiming to reduce or eliminate BQ-related OPMD and oral/pharyngeal cancer incidences in the future.

Betel Nut Chewing in Iron Age Vietnam? Detection of Areca catechu Alkaloids in Dental Enamel

The betel quid is one of the most commonly consumed psychoactive substances in the world. By archaeological evidence like the occurrence of areca nuts in archaeological sites, the typical overall reddish-brown staining on prehistoric human teeth or specific artifacts linked with the habit, it is assumed that this tradition reaches back to prehistoric times. Since this kind of evidence is indirect, it is frequently doubted. The present study provides the earliest direct analytical indication of betel nut chewing in human history. A typical stained tooth from an Iron Age skeleton (site Gò Ô Chùa in Southern Vietnam, 400-100 BC) was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR-ToF-MS) and the alkaloid arecoline which is specific for Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae) was detected.

miR-203 inhibits arecoline-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition by regulating secreted frizzled-related protein 4 and transmembrane-4 L six family member 1 in oral submucous fibrosis

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a potentially malignant disease predominantly found in Asian people. The areca nut has been implicated in this disease. Arecoline, one of the areca alkaloids, induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related factors in primary human buccal mucosal fibroblasts. Yet, the mechanisms of the underlying arecoline-induced EMT in OSF remain unknown. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in arecoline-induced EMT in HaCaT cells. We found that miR-203 was significantly downregulated in OSF tissues compared to that in normal buccal mucosa tissues, and that miR-203 negatively regulated secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4) and positively regulated transmembrane-4 L six family member 1 (TM4SF1). We observed that upregulation of miR-203 significantly decreased the cell proliferation of HaCaT cells, and significantly upregulated the expression of cytokeratin 19 (CK19) and E-cadherin proteins, whereas it significantly downregulated the expression of N-cadherin and vimentin compared to these levels in the vehicle control cells. Thus, we provide evidence to illustrate that miR-203 plays a role in the pathogenesis of OSF, which may be a target for OSF management.