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Gad SR, El-Gogary RI, George MY, Hathout RM. Nose-to-brain delivery of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid using optimized lipid nanocapsules: A novel alternative treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123387. [PMID: 37678474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most relevant form of dementia affecting people worldwide. AD was reported to be associated with increased oxidative stress ending up with neuronal damage. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), triterpenoid aglycone of glycyrrhizin, was reported for its powerful antioxidant activities. However, its high molecular weight and lipophilicity are two major obstacles that limit its use and cause very low brain bioavailability. The aim of the present study was to formulate the GA in lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) for enhanced nose-to-brain delivery, as well as to elucidate its potential neuroprotective effect in AD. The optimized GA-loaded LNCs exhibited nanometric size range, good stability over 6 months, sustained drug release over 24 h and high steady state flux and permeability coefficient across nasal mucosa over 8 h. In-vivo studies were conducted on five groups; control, scopolamine (SCOP)-treated, SCOP + GA-LNCs, SCOP + oral GA suspension, and SCOP + intranasal GA suspension groups. Intranasal administration of GA-LNCs, at a reduced dose of 1 mg/kg, improved scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats evidenced by behavioral testing, histological examination, and oxidative stress markers; catalase and superoxide dismutase. Collectively, GA-loaded LNCs (with 50 times lower dose) may provide a promising remedy for AD patients worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Gad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Riham I El-Gogary
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mina Y George
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M Hathout
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
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2
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Imaging Technologies for Cerebral Pharmacokinetic Studies: Progress and Perspectives. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102447. [PMID: 36289709 PMCID: PMC9598571 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic assessment of drug disposition processes in vivo is critical in predicting pharmacodynamics and toxicology to reduce the risk of inappropriate drug development. The blood–brain barrier (BBB), a special physiological structure in brain tissue, hinders the entry of targeted drugs into the central nervous system (CNS), making the drug concentrations in target tissue correlate poorly with the blood drug concentrations. Additionally, once non-CNS drugs act directly on the fragile and important brain tissue, they may produce extra-therapeutic effects that may impair CNS function. Thus, an intracerebral pharmacokinetic study was developed to reflect the disposition and course of action of drugs following intracerebral absorption. Through an increasing understanding of the fine structure in the brain and the rapid development of analytical techniques, cerebral pharmacokinetic techniques have developed into non-invasive imaging techniques. Through non-invasive imaging techniques, molecules can be tracked and visualized in the entire BBB, visualizing how they enter the BBB, allowing quantitative tools to be combined with the imaging system to derive reliable pharmacokinetic profiles. The advent of imaging-based pharmacokinetic techniques in the brain has made the field of intracerebral pharmacokinetics more complete and reliable, paving the way for elucidating the dynamics of drug action in the brain and predicting its course. The paper reviews the development and application of imaging technologies for cerebral pharmacokinetic study, represented by optical imaging, radiographic autoradiography, radionuclide imaging and mass spectrometry imaging, and objectively evaluates the advantages and limitations of these methods for predicting the pharmacodynamic and toxic effects of drugs in brain tissues.
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3
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Indole- and Pyrazole-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives as PTP1B Inhibitors: Synthesis, In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144375. [PMID: 34299651 PMCID: PMC8308021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulating insulin and leptin levels using a protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitor is an attractive strategy to treat diabetes and obesity. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a triterpenoid, may weakly inhibit this enzyme. Nonetheless, semisynthetic derivatives of GA have not been developed as PTP1B inhibitors to date. Herein we describe the synthesis and evaluation of two series of indole- and N-phenylpyrazole-GA derivatives (4a-f and 5a-f). We measured their inhibitory activity and enzyme kinetics against PTP1B using p-nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) assay. GA derivatives bearing substituted indoles or N-phenylpyrazoles fused to their A-ring showed a 50% inhibitory concentration for PTP1B in a range from 2.5 to 10.1 µM. The trifluoromethyl derivative of indole-GA (4f) exhibited non-competitive inhibition of PTP1B as well as higher potency (IC50 = 2.5 µM) than that of positive controls ursolic acid (IC50 = 5.6 µM), claramine (IC50 = 13.7 µM) and suramin (IC50 = 4.1 µM). Finally, docking and molecular dynamics simulations provided the theoretical basis for the favorable activity of the designed compounds.
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Sandström J, Kratschmar DV, Broyer A, Poirot O, Marbet P, Chantong B, Zufferey F, Dos Santos T, Boccard J, Chrast R, Odermatt A, Monnet-Tschudi F. In vitro models to study insulin and glucocorticoids modulation of trimethyltin (TMT)-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and in vivo validation in db/db mice. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1649-1664. [PMID: 30993381 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain susceptibility to a neurotoxic insult may be increased in a compromised health status, such as metabolic syndrome. Both metabolic syndrome and exposure to trimethyltin (TMT) are known to promote neurodegeneration. In combination the two factors may elicit additive or compensatory/regulatory mechanisms. Combined effects of TMT exposure (0.5-1 μM) and mimicked metabolic syndrome-through modulation of insulin and glucocorticoid (GC) levels-were investigated in three models: tridimensional rat brain cell cultures for neuron-glia effects; murine microglial cell line BV-2 for a mechanistic analysis of microglial reactivity; and db/db mice as an in vivo model of metabolic syndrome. In 3D cultures, low insulin condition significantly exacerbated TMT's effect on GABAergic neurons and promoted TMT-induced neuroinflammation, with increased expression of cytokines and of the regulator of intracellular GC activity, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-Hsd1). Microglial reactivity increased upon TMT exposure in medium combining low insulin and high GC. These results were corroborated in BV-2 microglial cells where lack of insulin exacerbated the TMT-induced increase in 11β-Hsd1 expression. Furthermore, TMT-induced microglial reactivity seems to depend on mineralocorticoid receptor activation. In diabetic BKS db mice, a discrete exacerbation of TMT neurotoxic effects on GABAergic neurons was observed, together with an increase of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and of basal 11β-Hsd1 expression as compared to controls. These results suggest only minor additive effects of the two brain insults, neurotoxicant TMT exposure and metabolic syndrome conditions, where 11β-Hsd1 appears to play a key role in the regulation of neuroinflammation and of its protective or neurodegenerative consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sandström
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denise V Kratschmar
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Broyer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Poirot
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Marbet
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Boonrat Chantong
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Zufferey
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tania Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roman Chrast
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neuroscience and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florianne Monnet-Tschudi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland.
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5
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Powrie YSL, Smith C. Central intracrine DHEA synthesis in ageing-related neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration: therapeutic potential? J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:289. [PMID: 30326923 PMCID: PMC6192186 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a well-known fact that DHEA declines on ageing and that it is linked to ageing-related neurodegeneration, which is characterised by gradual cognitive decline. Although DHEA is also associated with inflammation in the periphery, the link between DHEA and neuroinflammation in this context is less clear. This review drew from different bodies of literature to provide a more comprehensive picture of peripheral vs central endocrine shifts with advanced age—specifically in terms of DHEA. From this, we have formulated the hypothesis that DHEA decline is also linked to neuroinflammation and that increased localised availability of DHEA may have both therapeutic and preventative benefit to limit neurodegeneration. We provide a comprehensive discussion of literature on the potential for extragonadal DHEA synthesis by neuroglial cells and reflect on the feasibility of therapeutic manipulation of localised, central DHEA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S L Powrie
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - C Smith
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
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Wagle A, Seong SH, Zhao BT, Woo MH, Jung HA, Choi JS. Comparative study of selective in vitro and in silico BACE1 inhibitory potential of glycyrrhizin together with its metabolites, 18α- and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, isolated from Hizikia fusiformis. Arch Pharm Res 2018. [PMID: 29532412 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hizikia fusiformis (Harvey) Okamura is a brown seaweed widely used in Korea and Japan, and it contains different therapeutically active constituents. In the present study, we investigated the activities of glycyrrhizin isolated from H. fusiformis, including its metabolites, 18α- and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid against Alzheimer's disease (AD) via acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase and β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibition. Among these three compounds, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (IC50 = 8.93 ± 0.69 µM) demonstrated two fold potent activity against BACE1 compared to the positive control, quercetin (IC50 = 20.18 ± 0.79 µM). Additionally, glycyrrhizin with an IC50 value of 20.12 ± 1.87 µM showed similarity to quercetin, while 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid showed moderate activity (IC50 = 104.35 ± 2.84 µM). A kinetic study revealed that glycyrrhizin and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid were non-competitive and competitive inhibitiors of BACE1, demonstrated via K i values of 16.92 and 10.91 µM, respectively. Molecular docking simulation studies evidently revealed strong binding energy of these compounds for BACE1, indicating their high affinity and capacity for tighter binding to the active site of the enzyme. These data suggest that glycyrrhizin isolated from the edible seaweed, H. fusiformis and its metabolite, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid demonstrated selective inhibitory activity against BACE1 to alleviate AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Wagle
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hui Seong
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Bing Tian Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Drug Research and Development Center, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Woo
- College of Pharmacy, Drug Research and Development Center, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Mizoguchi K, Ikarashi Y. Cellular Pharmacological Effects of the Traditional Japanese Kampo Medicine Yokukansan on Brain Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:655. [PMID: 28979206 PMCID: PMC5611794 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Yokukansan (YKS) is a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine currently used for the treatment of the behavioral psychological symptoms associated with dementia (BPSD), which is frequently problematic in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Regarding the pharmacological mechanisms underlying its efficacy, we recently reviewed the multiple effects of YKS on the neurotransmitter systems (e.g., glutamatergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic, GABAergic, and adrenergic neurotransmission) in various brain regions that are related to the psychological, emotional, cognitive, or memory functions. These multiple effects are thought to be caused by multiple components included in YKS. In addition, YKS exhibits various effects on brain cells (i.e., neurons, glial cells including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells, and endothelial cells). In this review, we summarize recent evidence demonstrating the cellular pharmacological effects of YKS on these brain cells, and discuss the current understanding of its efficacy and mechanism. In particular, YKS maintains the neuronal survival and function by multiple beneficial effects, including anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidation, anti-endoplasmic reticulum stress, and neurogenesis. YKS also acts on glial cells by: facilitating the transport of glutamate into astrocytes; promoting the proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocytes; and enhancing the anti-inflammatory properties of microglial cells. These glial effects are thought to support neuronal functioning within the brain. Various ingredients involved in these effects have been identified, some of which can pass through the artificial blood–brain barrier without disrupting the endothelial tight junctions. This multitude of interactive effects displayed by YKS on neuronal and glial cells is suggested to be involved in the multitude of neuropsychopharmacological actions of YKS, which are related to the improvement of BPSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Mizoguchi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co.Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ikarashi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co.Ibaraki, Japan
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8
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Mizoguchi K, Ikarashi Y. Multiple Psychopharmacological Effects of the Traditional Japanese Kampo Medicine Yokukansan, and the Brain Regions it Affects. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:149. [PMID: 28377723 PMCID: PMC5359390 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Yokukansan (YKS), a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, has indications for use in night crying and irritability in children, as well as neurosis and insomnia. It is currently also used for the remedy of the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), such as aggressiveness, agitation, and hallucinations. In parallel with clinical evidence, a significant amount of fundamental researches have been undertaken to clarify the neuropsychopharmacological efficacies of YKS, with approximately 70 articles, including our own, being published to date. Recently, we reviewed the neuropharmacological mechanisms of YKS, including its effects on glutamatergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic neurotransmission, and pharmacokinetics of the ingredients responsible for the effects. This review is aimed to integrate the information regarding the psychopharmacological effects of YKS with the brain regions known to be affected, to facilitate our understanding of the clinical efficacy of YKS. In this review, we first show that YKS has several effects that act to improve symptoms that are similar to BPSDs, like aggressiveness, hallucinations, anxiety, and sleep disturbance, as well as symptoms like tardive dyskinesia and cognitive deficits. We next provide the evidence showing that YKS can interact with various brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and spinal cord, dysfunctions of which are related to psychiatric symptoms, cognitive deficits, abnormal behaviors, and dysesthesia. In addition, the major active ingredients of YKS, geissoschizine methyl ether and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, are shown to predominantly bind to the frontal cortex and hippocampus, respectively. Our findings suggest that YKS has multiple psychopharmacological effects, and that these are probably mediated by interactions among several brain regions. In this review, we summarize the available information about the valuable effects of a multicomponent medicine YKS on complex neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Mizoguchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., IbarakiJapan
| | - Yasushi Ikarashi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., IbarakiJapan
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9
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Ikarashi Y, Mizoguchi K. Neuropharmacological efficacy of the traditional Japanese Kampo medicine yokukansan and its active ingredients. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 166:84-95. [PMID: 27373856 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with cognitive dysfunction, and is often complicated by behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) including excitement, aggression, and hallucinations. Typical and atypical antipsychotics are used for the treatment of BPSD, but induce adverse events. The traditional Japanese Kampo medicine yokukansan (YKS), which had been originated from the traditional Chinese medicine Yi-Gan-San, has been reported to improve BPSD without severe adverse effects. In the preclinical basic studies, there are over 70 research articles indicating the neuropharmacological efficacies of YKS. In this review, we first describe the neuropharmacological actions of YKS and its bioactive ingredients. Multiple potential actions for YKS were identified, which include effects on serotonergic, glutamatergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic, adrenergic, and GABAergic neurotransmissions as well as neuroprotection, anti-stress effect, promotion of neuroplasticity, and anti-inflammatory effect. Geissoschizine methyl ether (GM) in Uncaria hook and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) in Glycyrrhiza were responsible for several pharmacological actions of YKS. Subsequently, we describe the pharmacokinetics of GM and GA in rats. These ingredients were absorbed into the blood, crossed the blood-brain barrier, and reached the brain, in rats orally administered YKS. Moreover, autoradiography showed that [(3)H]GM predominantly distributed in the frontal cortex and [(3)H]GA in the hippocampus. Thus, YKS is a versatile herbal remedy with a variety of neuropharmacological effects, and may operate as a multicomponent drug including various active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Ikarashi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Kazushige Mizoguchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
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Tamano H, Yusuke E, Ide K, Takeda A. Influences of yokukansankachimpihange on aggressive behavior of zinc-deficient mice and actions of the ingredients on excessive neural exocytosis in the hippocampus of zinc-deficient rats. Exp Anim 2016; 65:353-361. [PMID: 27245118 PMCID: PMC5111838 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.16-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of Yokukansankachimpihange (YKSCH), a form of Yokukansan
containing parts of two herbaceous plants, Citrus Unshiu Peel (Chimpi) and Pinellia Tuber
(Hange), on aggressive behavior of mice housed individually. Mice were fed a
zinc-deficient diet for 2 weeks. In a resident-intruder test, the cumulative duration of
aggressive behavior was decreased in zinc-deficient mice administrated drinking water
containing YKSCH (approximately 300 mg/kg body weight/day) for 2 weeks. We tested mice for
geissoschizine methyl ether (GM), which is contained in Uncaria Hook, and
18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a major metabolite of glycyrrhizin contained in Glycyrrhiza,
which were contained in YKS and YKSCH. In hippocampal slices from zinc-deficient rats,
excess exocytosis at mossy fiber boutons induced with 60 mM KCl was attenuated in the
presence of GA (100–500 µM) or GM (100 µM). The
intracellular Ca2+ level, which showed an increase induced by 60 mM KCl, was
also attenuated in the presence of GA (100–500 µM) or GM (100
µM). These results suggest that GA and GM ameliorate excess glutamate
release from mossy fiber boutons by suppressing the increase in intracellular
Ca2+ signaling. These ameliorative actions may contribute to decreasing the
aggressiveness of mice individually housed under zinc deficiency, potentially by
suppressing excess glutamatergic neuron activity in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Tamano
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52- 1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Wang YL, Chen M, Huo TG, Zhang YH, Fang Y, Feng C, Wang SY, Jiang H. Effects of Glycyrrhetinic Acid on GSH Synthesis Induced by Realgar in the Mouse Hippocampus: Involvement of System X AG - $$ {\mathbf{X}}_{{\mathbf{AG}}^{-}} $$ , System X C - $$ {\mathbf{X}}_{{\mathbf{C}}^{-}} $$ , MRP-1, and Nrf2. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3102-3116. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Solon EG. Autoradiography techniques and quantification of drug distribution. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 360:87-107. [PMID: 25604842 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of radiolabeled drug compounds offers the most efficient way to quantify the amount of drug and/or drug-derived metabolites in biological samples. Autoradiography is a technique using X- ray film, phosphor imaging plates, beta imaging systems, or photo-nuclear emulsion to visualize molecules or fragments of molecules that have been radioactively labeled, and it has been used to quantify and localize drugs in tissues and cells for decades. Quantitative whole-body autoradiography or autoradioluminography (QWBA) using phosphor imaging technology has revolutionized the conduct of drug distribution studies by providing high resolution images of the spatial distribution and matching tissue concentrations of drug-related radioactivity throughout the body of laboratory animals. This provides tissue-specific pharmacokinetic (PK) compartmental analysis which has been useful in toxicology, pharmacology, and drug disposition/patterns, and to predict human exposure to drugs and metabolites, and also radioactivity, when a human radiolabeled drug study is necessary. Microautoradiography (MARG) is another autoradiographic technique that qualitatively resolves the localization of radiolabeled compounds to the cellular level in a histological preparation. There are several examples in the literature of investigators attempting to obtain drug concentration data from MARG samples; however, there are technical issues which make that problematic. These issues will be discussed. This review will present a synopsis of both techniques and examples of how they have been used for drug research in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Solon
- QPS, LLC, 110 Executive Drive, Suite 7, Newark, DE, USA,
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Mizoguchi K, Kushida H, Kanno H, Igarashi Y, Nishimura H, Ikarashi Y, Kase Y. Specific binding and characteristics of geissoschizine methyl ether, an indole alkaloid of Uncaria Hook, in the rat brain. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 158 Pt A:264-270. [PMID: 25456433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Geissoschizine methyl ether (GM) is an indole alkaloid that is a component of Uncaria Hook, and has been identified as the active component responsible for the anti-aggressive effects of the Uncaria Hook-containing traditional Japanese medicine, yokukansan. Recently, GM was shown to reach the brain by crossing the blood-brain barrier in rats following the oral administration of yokukansan. This finding suggested that there may be specific binding sites for GM in the brain. Here we show evidence that tritium-labeled GM ([(3)H]GM) binds specifically to several brain areas of rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male rats were used. [(3)H]GM was synthesized from a demethylated derivative of GM. Specific binding sites of [(3)H]GM on brain sections were determined by quantitative autoradiography, and maximum binding densities (Bmax) and dissociation constants (Kd) were calculated. Several chemical compounds were used to clarify the molecules that recognize [(3)H]GM in the completion-binding assay. Emulsion microautoradiography was also performed to identify the cells that bind [(3)H]GM. RESULTS Specific binding of [(3)H]GM was observed in the frontal cortex, including the prefrontal cortical region (e.g., prelimbic cortex (PrL)), hippocampus, caudate putamen, amygdala, central medial thalamic nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), and cerebellum. Bmax ranged between 0.65 and 8.79pmol/mg tissue, and Kd was between 35.0 and 232.6nM. Specific binding with relatively high affinity (Kd less than 62nM) was dense in the frontal cortical region, moderate in the DR, and sparse in the cerebellum. The specific binding of [(3)H]GM in the PrL was significantly replaced by the serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (DPAT), 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin, 5-HT2B receptor agonist BW 723C86, 5-HT2C receptor agonist RO60-0175, adrenergic α2A receptor antagonist yohimbine, L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker verapamil, and μ-opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. Similar results were obtained in the frontal cortex and DR, but not in the cerebellum. Microautoradiography revealed that [(3)H]GM signals were distributed throughout the frontal cortex, which included neuron-like large cells. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that specific binding sites for GM exist in rat brain tissue, and suggest that the pharmacological actions of GM are mainly associated with 5-HT receptors in the frontal cortex and DR. These results provide an insight into the neuropharmacology of GM and GM-containing herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Mizoguchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Hirotaka Kushida
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kanno
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Yasushi Igarashi
- Kampo Formulation Development Center, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nishimura
- Kampo Formulation Development Center, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ikarashi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kase
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Kampo Scientific Strategies Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
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