1
|
Jegede OO, Fajana HO, Adedokun A, Najafian K, Lingling J, Stavness I, Siciliano SD. Integument colour change: Tracking delayed growth of Oppia nitens as a sub-lethal indicator of soil toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 339:122772. [PMID: 37858700 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Growth is an important toxicity end-point in ecotoxicology but is rarely used in soil ecotoxicological studies. Here, we assessed the growth change of Oppia nitens when exposed to reference and heavy metal toxicants. To assess mite growth, we developed an image analysis methodology to measure colour spectrum changes of the mite integument at the final developmental stage, as a proxy for growth change. We linked the values of red, green, blue, key-black, and light colour of mites to different growth stages. Based on this concept, we assessed the growth change of mites exposed to cadmium, copper, zinc, lead, boric acid, or phenanthrene at sublethal concentrations in LUFA 2.2 soil for 14 days. Sublethal effects were detected after 7 days of exposure. The growth of O. nitens was more sensitive than survival and reproduction when exposed to copper (EC50growth = 1360 mg/kg compared to EC50reproduction = 2896 mg/kg). Mite growth sensitivity was within the same order of magnitude to mite reproduction when exposed to zinc (EC50growth = 1785; EC50reproduction = 1562 mg/kg). At least 25% of sublethal effects of boric acid and phenanthrene were detected in the mites but growth was not impacted when O. nitens were exposed to lead. Consistent with previous studies, cadmium was the most toxic metal to O. nitens. The mite growth pattern was comparable to mite survival and reproduction from previous studies. Mite growth is a sensitive toxicity endpoint, ecologically relevant, fast, easy to detect, and can be assessed in a non-invasive fashion, thereby complimenting existing O. nitens testing protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olukayode O Jegede
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada; Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708, PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Hamzat O Fajana
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Adedamola Adedokun
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Keyhan Najafian
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Jin Lingling
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Ian Stavness
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Steven D Siciliano
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pang A, Nicol AM, Rutter A, Zeeb B. Improved methods for quantifying soil invertebrates during ecotoxicological tests: Chill comas and anesthetics. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12850. [PMID: 36647347 PMCID: PMC9840352 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil invertebrate ecotoxicological tests are important when making informed site-management decisions. However, traditional tests are time-consuming and require quantification of high numbers of soil invertebrates burrowed beneath the surface of soil. A commonly used technique to extract invertebrates from the soil is the floatation method. Due to the movement of Collembola, and the presence of small soil particulates and bubbles on the surface of the water, automatic image analysis software may inaccurately quantify the true number of individuals present. Hence, manual counting immediately following extraction, or from images, is still the most effective method utilized for quantifying floated soil invertebrates. This study investigated three novel techniques; the use of an ice-water bath, chest freezer (-12 °C) and ethanol to temporarily immobilize groups of 35 Folsomia candida individuals to increase accuracy during the quantification step. Active thermography to aid automatic image analysis was also investigated. Results show that while thermoimaging did not provide a distinct advantage in differentiating soil invertebrates from soil particles, both an ice-water bath and 4.75% ethanol solution were extremely effective at temporarily immobilizing F. candida with no apparent ill effects. The outcome of this study will assist future soil invertebrate research by increasing the accuracy of invertebrate quantifications. In addition, as the techniques caused no mortality to the invertebrates, the same individuals remain available for continuous monitoring experiments, repeated exposure, and/or multi-generational studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Pang
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ariane Mayrand Nicol
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Allison Rutter
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Barbara Zeeb
- Department of Chem. & Chem. Eng., Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Laursen SF, Hansen LS, Bahrndorff S, Nielsen HM, Noer NK, Renault D, Sahana G, Sørensen JG, Kristensen TN. Contrasting Manual and Automated Assessment of Thermal Stress Responses and Larval Body Size in Black Soldier Flies and Houseflies. INSECTS 2021; 12:380. [PMID: 33922364 PMCID: PMC8146041 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Within ecophysiological and genetic studies on insects, morphological and physiological traits are commonly assessed and phenotypes are typically obtained from manual measurements on numerous individuals. Manual observations are, however, time consuming, can introduce observer bias and are prone to human error. Here, we contrast results obtained from manual assessment of larval size and thermal tolerance traits in black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens) and houseflies (Musca domestica) that have been acclimated under three different temperature regimes with those obtained automatically using an image analysis software (Noldus EthoVision XT). We found that (i) larval size estimates of both species, obtained by manual weighing or by using the software, were highly correlated, (ii) measures of heat and cold tolerance using manual and automated approaches provided qualitatively similar results, and (iii) by using the software we obtained quantifiable information on stress responses and acclimation effects of potentially higher ecological relevance than the endpoint traits that are typically assessed when manual assessments are used. Based on these findings, we argue that automated assessment of insect stress responses and largescale phenotyping of morphological traits such as size will provide new opportunities within many disciplines where accurate and largescale phenotyping of insects is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stine Frey Laursen
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (S.B.); (N.K.N.); (T.N.K.)
| | - Laura Skrubbeltrang Hansen
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; (L.S.H.); (H.M.N.); (G.S.)
| | - Simon Bahrndorff
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (S.B.); (N.K.N.); (T.N.K.)
| | - Hanne Marie Nielsen
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; (L.S.H.); (H.M.N.); (G.S.)
| | - Natasja Krog Noer
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (S.B.); (N.K.N.); (T.N.K.)
| | - David Renault
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystémes, Biodiversité, Evolution)-UMR, 6553 Rennes, France;
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes, CEDEX 05, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Goutam Sahana
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; (L.S.H.); (H.M.N.); (G.S.)
| | - Jesper Givskov Sørensen
- Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
| | - Torsten Nygaard Kristensen
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (S.B.); (N.K.N.); (T.N.K.)
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vajna F, Kis J, Szigeti V. Measuring proboscis length in Lepidoptera: a review. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-020-00507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMouthpart morphologies relate to diet range. Differences among or within species may result in resource partitioning and speciation. In plant-pollinator interactions, mouthpart length has an important role in foraging efficiency, resource partitioning and pollination, hence measuring nectarivorous insect mouthparts’ morphological variation is important. Most adult lepidopterans feed on nectars and participate in pollination. Although a vast range of studies applied morphometric measurements on lepidopteran proboscis (tongue) length, general recommendations on methodologies are scarce. We review available proboscis length measurement methodologies for Lepidoptera. Focusing on how proboscides have been measured, how accurate the measurements were, and how were these constrained by sampling effort, we searched for research articles investigating lepidopteran proboscis length and extracted variables on the aims of measurements, preparation and measurement methodology, and descriptive statistics. Different methods were used both for preparation and measurements. Many of the 135 reviewed papers did not provide descriptions of the procedures applied. Research aims were different among studies. Forty-four percent of the studies measured dead specimens, 13% measured living specimens, and 43% were unclear. Fifteen percent of the studies used callipers, 9% rulers, 1% millimetre scales, 4% ocular micrometers, 3% drawings and 14% photographs; 55% were non-informative. We emphasise the importance to provide detailed descriptions on the methods applied. Providing guidelines for future sampling and measurements, we encourage fellow researchers planning measurements to take into account the effect of specimen preparation techniques on the results, define landmarks, consider resolution, accuracy, precision, choose an appropriate sample size and report details on methodology.
Collapse
|
5
|
Detecting Soil Microarthropods with a Camera-Supported Trap. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11040244. [PMID: 32295253 PMCID: PMC7240604 DOI: 10.3390/insects11040244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing need to monitor activity and population growth of arthropods; however, this is a time-consuming and financially demanding process. Using sensors to detect arthropods in the field can help to follow their dynamics in time. Improving our earlier device, we developed a new camera-supported probe to detect soil microarthropods. An opto-electronic sensor ring detects the caught microarthropod individuals what activates a camera. The camera takes pictures of a specimen when it arrives in the camera chamber. A vacuum device was built into the probe which pumps up the specimen from the probe to a sample container. Here, we describe the construction and operation of the probe. We investigated the precision of the process in a laboratory experiment using living microarthropods and evaluated the accuracy of the probes in a semi-natural investigation when environmental noise was present. Under semi-natural conditions, the percentages of success, i.e., the photographed specimens compared to the caught ones, were between 60% and 70% at the investigated taxa. The automatic camera shooting helped in distinguishing insects from irrelevant detections while collecting the trapped insects allowed species-level determination. This information together serves as a basis for the automatic visual recognition of microarthropod species.
Collapse
|
6
|
Balla E, Flórián N, Gergócs V, Gránicz L, Tóth F, Németh T, Dombos M. An Opto-electronic Sensor-ring to Detect Arthropods of Significantly Different Body Sizes. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20040982. [PMID: 32059444 PMCID: PMC7070424 DOI: 10.3390/s20040982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Arthropods, including pollinators and pests, have high positive and negative impacts on human well-being and the economy, and there is an increasing need to monitor their activity and population growth. The monitoring of arthropod species is a time-consuming and financially demanding process. Automatic detection can be a solution to this problem. Here, we describe the setup and operation mechanism of an infrared opto-electronic sensor-ring, which can be used for both small and large arthropods. The sensor-ring consists of 16 infrared (IR) photodiodes along a semicircle in front of an infrared LED. Using 3D printing, we constructed two types of sensor-ring: one with a wider sensing field for detection of large arthropods (flying, crawling, surface-living) in the size range of 2-35 mm; and another one with a narrower sensing field for soil microarthropods in the size range of 0.1-2 mm. We examined the detection accuracy and reliability of the two types of sensor-ring in the laboratory by using particles, and dead and living arthropods at two different sensitivity levels. For the wider sensor-ring, the 95% detectability level was reached with grain particles of 0.9 mm size. This result allowed us to detect all of the macroarthropods that were applied in the tests and that might be encountered in pest management. In the case of living microarthropods with different colors and shapes, when we used the narrower sensor-ring, we achieved the 95% detectability level at 1.1 mm, 0.9 mm, and 0.5 mm in the cases of F. candida, H. nitidus, and H. aculeifer, respectively. The unique potential of arthropod-detecting sensors lies in their real-time measurement system; the data are automatically forwarded to the server, and the end-user receives pest abundance data daily or even immediately. This technological innovation will allow us to make pest management more effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esztella Balla
- Department of Fluid Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Bertalan Lajos utca 4-6, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Norbert Flórián
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; (N.F.); (V.G.); (L.G.); (F.T.); (T.N.)
| | - Veronika Gergócs
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; (N.F.); (V.G.); (L.G.); (F.T.); (T.N.)
| | - Laura Gránicz
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; (N.F.); (V.G.); (L.G.); (F.T.); (T.N.)
| | - Franciska Tóth
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; (N.F.); (V.G.); (L.G.); (F.T.); (T.N.)
| | - Tímea Németh
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; (N.F.); (V.G.); (L.G.); (F.T.); (T.N.)
| | - Miklós Dombos
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; (N.F.); (V.G.); (L.G.); (F.T.); (T.N.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Duckworth J, Jager T, Ashauer R. Automated, high-throughput measurement of size and growth curves of small organisms in well plates. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10. [PMID: 30626881 PMCID: PMC6327043 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Organism size and growth curves are important biological characteristics. Current methods to measure organism size, and in particular growth curves, are often resource intensive because they involve many manual steps. Here we demonstrate a method for automated, high-throughput measurements of size and growth in individual aquatic invertebrates kept in microtiter well-plates. We use a spheroid counter (Cell3iMager, cc-5000) to automatically measure size of seven different freshwater invertebrate species. Further, we generated calibration curves (linear regressions, all p < 0.0001, r2 >=0.9 for Ceriodaphnoa dubia, Asellus aquaticus, Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulex; r2 >=0.8 for Hyalella azteca, Chironomus spec. larvae and Culex spec. larvae) to convert size measured on the spheroid counter to traditional, microscope based, length measurements, which follow the longest orientation of the body. Finally, we demonstrate semi-automated measurement of growth curves of individual daphnids (C. dubia and D. magna) over time and find that the quality of individual growth curves varies, partly due to methodological reasons. Nevertheless, this novel method could be adopted to other species and represents a step change in experimental throughput for measuring organisms’ shape, size and growth curves. It is also a significant qualitative improvement by enabling high-throughput assessment of inter-individual variation of growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Duckworth
- Environment Department, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roman Ashauer
- Environment Department, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bruijning M, Visser MD, Hallmann CA, Jongejans E. trackdem
: Automated particle tracking to obtain population counts and size distributions from videos in
r. Methods Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Bruijning
- Radboud UniversityDepartments of Animal Ecology and Physiology & Experimental Plant Ecology Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Marco D. Visser
- Radboud UniversityDepartments of Animal Ecology and Physiology & Experimental Plant Ecology Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Princeton UniversityDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton NJ USA
| | - Caspar A. Hallmann
- Radboud UniversityDepartments of Animal Ecology and Physiology & Experimental Plant Ecology Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Eelke Jongejans
- Radboud UniversityDepartments of Animal Ecology and Physiology & Experimental Plant Ecology Nijmegen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ashauer R, Jager T. Physiological modes of action across species and toxicants: the key to predictive ecotoxicology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:48-57. [PMID: 29090718 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00328e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As ecotoxicologists we strive for a better understanding of how chemicals affect our environment. Humanity needs tools to identify those combinations of man-made chemicals and organisms most likely to cause problems. In other words: which of the millions of species are at risk from pollution? And which of the tens of thousands of chemicals contribute most to the risk? We identified our poor knowledge on physiological modes of action (how a chemical affects the energy allocation in an organism), and how they vary across species and toxicants, as a major knowledge gap. We also find that the key to predictive ecotoxicology is the systematic, rigorous characterization of physiological modes of action because that will enable more powerful in vitro to in vivo toxicity extrapolation and in silico ecotoxicology. In the near future, we expect a step change in our ability to study physiological modes of action by improved, and partially automated, experimental methods. Once we have populated the matrix of species and toxicants with sufficient physiological mode of action data we can look for patterns, and from those patterns infer general rules, theory and models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Ashauer
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
An Opto-Electronic Sensor for Detecting Soil Microarthropods and Estimating Their Size in Field Conditions. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17081757. [PMID: 28763029 PMCID: PMC5579570 DOI: 10.3390/s17081757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Methods to estimate density of soil-dwelling arthropods efficiently, accurately and continuously are critical for investigating soil biological activity and evaluating soil management practices. Soil-dwelling arthropods are currently monitored manually. This method is invasive, and time- and labor-consuming. Here we describe an infrared opto-electronic sensor for detection of soil microarthropods in the size range of 0.4–10 mm. The sensor is built in a novel microarthropod trap designed for field conditions. It allows automated, on-line, in situ detection and body length estimation of soil microarthropods. In the opto-electronic sensor the light source is an infrared LED. Two plano-convex optical lenses are placed along the virtual optical axis. One lens on the receiver side is placed between the observation space at 0.5–1 times its focal length from the sensor, and another emitter side lens is placed between the observation space and the light source in the same way. This paper describes the setup and operating mechanism of the sensor and the control unit, and through basic tests it demonstrates its potential in automated detection of soil microarthropods. The sensor may be used for monitoring activities, especially for remote observation activities in soil and insect ecology or pest control.
Collapse
|
11
|
Dombos M, Kosztolányi A, Szlávecz K, Gedeon C, Flórián N, Groó Z, Dudás P, Bánszegi O. EDAPHOLOG
monitoring system: automatic, real‐time detection of soil microarthropods. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Dombos
- Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry Centre for Agricultural Research Hungarian Academy of Sciences Herman Ottó út 15. Budapest H‐1022 Hungary
| | - András Kosztolányi
- Department of Ecology University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest Rottenbiller u. 50 Budapest H‐1077 Hungary
- MTA‐DE ‘Lendület’ Behavioural Ecology Research Group Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology University of Debrecen Egyetem tér 1 Debrecen H‐4032 Hungary
| | - Katalin Szlávecz
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles St. Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Csongor Gedeon
- Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry Centre for Agricultural Research Hungarian Academy of Sciences Herman Ottó út 15. Budapest H‐1022 Hungary
| | - Norbert Flórián
- Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry Centre for Agricultural Research Hungarian Academy of Sciences Herman Ottó út 15. Budapest H‐1022 Hungary
| | - Zita Groó
- Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry Centre for Agricultural Research Hungarian Academy of Sciences Herman Ottó út 15. Budapest H‐1022 Hungary
| | - Péter Dudás
- Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry Centre for Agricultural Research Hungarian Academy of Sciences Herman Ottó út 15. Budapest H‐1022 Hungary
| | - Oxána Bánszegi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México AP 70228 Ciudad Universitaria CP 04510 Mexico City Mexico
| |
Collapse
|