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Kang D, Koh S, Kim T, Bressel E, Kim D. Circuit Training Improves the Levels of β-Amyloid and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Related to Cognitive Impairment Risk Factors in Obese Elderly Korean Women. J Clin Med 2024; 13:799. [PMID: 38337492 PMCID: PMC10856235 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13030799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of circuit training on β-amyloid, BDNF, and cognitive function in untrained obese elderly Korean women. Methods: The subjects for the study were aged 65-70 years and were each assigned to a circuit training group (EG, n = 12) or a control group (CG, n = 11). The 60 min combined exercise was performed 3 times per week for 16 weeks. The exercise intensity was progressively increased from a 40% heart rate reserve to a 70% heart rate reserve. The test data were analyzed using a paired t-test, an independent t-test, and a two-way repeated measures ANOVA, and an alpha level of 0.05 was set for all tests of significance. Results: Group-by-time interaction effects were observed for β-amyloid (p < 0.05), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (p < 0.01), and cognitive function (p < 0.05). Within the exercise group, significant differences were found in β-amyloid (p < 0.05), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (p < 0.001), and cognitive function (p < 0.05) when comparing across different time points. Additionally, there were statistically significant differences between groups in post-exercise β-amyloid (p < 0.05), change in β-amyloid (p < 0.05), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (p < 0.01), and cognitive function (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Therefore, it is suggested that the circuit training used in this study could be an effective exercise method for improving the risk factors of cognitive impairment in obese elderly Korean women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duwang Kang
- Department of Physical Education, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhan Koh
- Department of Physical Education, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyu Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Eadric Bressel
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Doyeon Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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2
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Nachtigall EG, de C Myskiw J, Izquierdo I, Furini CRG. Cellular mechanisms of contextual fear memory reconsolidation: Role of hippocampal SFKs, TrkB receptors and GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:61-73. [PMID: 37700085 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Memories are stored into long-term representations through a process that depends on protein synthesis. However, a consolidated memory is not static and inflexible and can be reactivated under certain circumstances, the retrieval is able to reactivate memories and destabilize them engaging a process of restabilization known as reconsolidation. Although the molecular mechanisms that mediate fear memory reconsolidation are not entirely known, so here we investigated the molecular mechanisms in the hippocampus involved in contextual fear conditioning memory (CFC) reconsolidation in male Wistar rats. We demonstrated that the blockade of Src family kinases (SFKs), GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors and TrkB receptors (TrkBR) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus immediately after the reactivation session impaired contextual fear memory reconsolidation. These impairments were blocked by the neurotrophin BDNF and the NMDAR agonist, D-Serine. Considering that the study of the link between synaptic proteins is crucial for understanding memory processes, targeting the reconsolidation process may provide new ways of disrupting maladaptive memories, such as those seen in post-traumatic stress disorder. Here we provide new insights into the cellular mechanisms involved in contextual fear memory reconsolidation, demonstrating that SFKs, GluN2B-containing NMDAR, and TrkBR are necessary for the reconsolidation process. Our findings suggest a link between BDNF and SFKs and GluN2B-containing NMDAR as well as a link between NMDAR and SFKs and TrkBR in fear memory reconsolidation. These preliminary pharmacological findings provide new evidence of the mechanisms involved in the reconsolidation of fear memory and have the potential to contribute to the development of treatments for psychiatric disorders involving maladaptive memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda G Nachtigall
- Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 3rd floor, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
- Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 2nd floor - HSL, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Jociane de C Myskiw
- Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 2nd floor - HSL, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Ivan Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 2nd floor - HSL, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Cristiane R G Furini
- Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 3rd floor, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil.
- Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 2nd floor - HSL, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil.
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3
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Liu W, Li Y, Zhao T, Gong M, Wang X, Zhang Y, Xu L, Li W, Li Y, Jia J. The role of N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors in Alzheimer's disease: From pathophysiology to therapeutic approaches. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 231:102534. [PMID: 37783430 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDARs) are involved in multiple physiopathological processes, including synaptic plasticity, neuronal network activities, excitotoxic events, and cognitive impairment. Abnormalities in NMDARs can initiate a cascade of pathological events, notably in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and even other neuropsychiatric disorders. The subunit composition of NMDARs is plastic, giving rise to a diverse array of receptor subtypes. While they are primarily found in neurons, NMDAR complexes, comprising both traditional and atypical subunits, are also present in non-neuronal cells, influencing the functions of various peripheral tissues. Furthermore, protein-protein interactions within NMDAR complexes has been linked with Aβ accumulation, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, all of which potentially served as an obligatory relay of cognitive impairment. Nonetheless, the precise mechanistic link remains to be fully elucidated. In this review, we provided an in-depth analysis of the structure and function of NMDAR, investigated their interactions with various pathogenic proteins, discussed the current landscape of NMDAR-based therapeutics, and highlighted the remaining challenges during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Liu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Tan Zhao
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Min Gong
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Xuechu Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China
| | - Lingzhi Xu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, PR China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, PR China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, PR China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, PR China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, PR China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, PR China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, PR China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, PR China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China.
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4
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Pereira ADS, Miron VV, Castro MFV, Bottari NB, Assmann CE, Nauderer JN, Bissacotti BF, Mostardeiro VB, Stefanello N, Baldissarelli J, Palma TV, Morsch VMM, Schetinger MRC. Neuromodulatory effect of the combination of metformin and vitamin D 3 triggered by purinergic signaling in type 1 diabetes induced-rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 563:111852. [PMID: 36657632 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have indicated the vitamin D deficiency in the development of macro- and microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) including DM-related cognitive dysfunction. The purinergic system plays an important role in the modulation of a variety of mechanisms, including neuroinflammation, plasticity, and cell-cell communication. In addition, purines, their receptors, and enzymes can regulate the purinergic axis at different levels in type 1 DM (T1DM). This study evaluated the effects of vitamin D3 alone or in combination with metformin in the behavioral performance of streptozotocin-induced T1DM rats. The effects of this combination on the metabolism of ATP and ADP were also studied by NTPDase (CD39), AMP by 5'-nucleotidase (CD73), and adenosine by adenosine deaminase (E-ADA) in the brain and peripheral lymphocytes of type 1 diabetic STZ-induced rats. The results showed that anxiety and memory loss from the DM condition reverted after 30 days of vitamin D3 treatment. Furthermore, the DM state affected systemic enzymes, with no effect on the central enzymes hydrolyzing extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides. Vitamin D3 treatment positively regulated ectonucleotidase (NTPDase and 5'-nucleotidase) activity, E-ADA, and the purinergic receptors as a mechanism to prevent oxidative damage in the cerebral cortex of T1DM rats. A neuroprotector effect of vitamin D3 through adenosine signaling was also observed, by regulating A1 and A2A receptors proteins levels. The present findings suggest that purinergic signaling through vitamin D3 modulation may be a novel alternative strategy for T1DM treatment, and may compensate for the negative changes in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline da Silva Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Valéria Miron
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Milagros Fanny Vera Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Nathieli Bianchin Bottari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jelson Norberto Nauderer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bianca Fagan Bissacotti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitor Bastianello Mostardeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Naiara Stefanello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jucimara Baldissarelli
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Taís Vidal Palma
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Melchiors Morsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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5
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Grochowska KM, Gomes GM, Raman R, Kaushik R, Sosulina L, Kaneko H, Oelschlegel AM, Yuanxiang P, Reyes‐Resina I, Bayraktar G, Samer S, Spilker C, Woo MS, Morawski M, Goldschmidt J, Friese MA, Rossner S, Navarro G, Remy S, Reissner C, Karpova A, Kreutz MR. Jacob-induced transcriptional inactivation of CREB promotes Aβ-induced synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112453. [PMID: 36594364 PMCID: PMC9929644 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction caused by soluble β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) is a hallmark of early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD), and is tightly linked to cognitive decline. By yet unknown mechanisms, Aβ suppresses the transcriptional activity of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), a master regulator of cell survival and plasticity-related gene expression. Here, we report that Aβ elicits nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of Jacob, a protein that connects a NMDA-receptor-derived signalosome to CREB, in AD patient brains and mouse hippocampal neurons. Aβ-regulated trafficking of Jacob induces transcriptional inactivation of CREB leading to impairment and loss of synapses in mouse models of AD. The small chemical compound Nitarsone selectively hinders the assembly of a Jacob/LIM-only 4 (LMO4)/ Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) signalosome and thereby restores CREB transcriptional activity. Nitarsone prevents impairment of synaptic plasticity as well as cognitive decline in mouse models of AD. Collectively, the data suggest targeting Jacob protein-induced CREB shutoff as a therapeutic avenue against early synaptic dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M Grochowska
- RG NeuroplasticityLeibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburgGermany
- Leibniz Group ‘Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function’, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH)University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Guilherme M Gomes
- RG NeuroplasticityLeibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburgGermany
- Center for Behavioral Brain SciencesOtto von Guericke UniversityMagdeburgGermany
| | - Rajeev Raman
- RG NeuroplasticityLeibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburgGermany
| | - Rahul Kaushik
- RG NeuroplasticityLeibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburgGermany
| | - Liudmila Sosulina
- Department of Cellular NeuroscienceLeibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburgGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)MagdeburgGermany
| | - Hiroshi Kaneko
- Department of Cellular NeuroscienceLeibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburgGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)MagdeburgGermany
| | | | - PingAn Yuanxiang
- RG NeuroplasticityLeibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburgGermany
| | | | - Gonca Bayraktar
- RG NeuroplasticityLeibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburgGermany
| | - Sebastian Samer
- RG NeuroplasticityLeibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburgGermany
| | - Christina Spilker
- RG NeuroplasticityLeibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburgGermany
| | - Marcel S Woo
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH)University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Markus Morawski
- Molecular Imaging in NeurosciencesPaul Flechsig Institute of Brain ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | - Jürgen Goldschmidt
- Department of Systems Physiology of Learning and MemoryLeibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburgGermany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH)University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Steffen Rossner
- Molecular Imaging in NeurosciencesPaul Flechsig Institute of Brain ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food ScienceUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Neurociències de la Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Stefan Remy
- Center for Behavioral Brain SciencesOtto von Guericke UniversityMagdeburgGermany
- Department of Cellular NeuroscienceLeibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburgGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)MagdeburgGermany
| | - Carsten Reissner
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular NeurobiologyWestfälische Wilhelms‐UniversityMünsterGermany
| | - Anna Karpova
- RG NeuroplasticityLeibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburgGermany
- Center for Behavioral Brain SciencesOtto von Guericke UniversityMagdeburgGermany
| | - Michael R Kreutz
- RG NeuroplasticityLeibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburgGermany
- Leibniz Group ‘Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function’, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH)University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Center for Behavioral Brain SciencesOtto von Guericke UniversityMagdeburgGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)MagdeburgGermany
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6
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Castro MFV, Assmann CE, Stefanello N, Reichert KP, Palma TV, da Silva AD, Miron VV, Mostardeiro VB, Morsch VMM, Schetinger MRC. Caffeic acid attenuates neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: Pivotal role of the cholinergic and purinergic signaling pathways. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 115:109280. [PMID: 36796549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effect of caffeic acid (CA) on behavioral learning and memory tasks in the diabetic state. We also evaluated the effect of this phenolic acid on the enzymatic activities of acetylcholinesterase, ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase, ecto-5-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase as well as on the density of M1R, α7nAChR, P2×7R, A1R, A2AR, and inflammatory parameters in the cortex and hippocampus of diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal dose of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). The animals were divided into six groups: control/vehicle; control/CA 10 and 50 mg/kg; diabetic/vehicle; diabetic/CA 10 and 50 mg/kg, treated by gavage. The results showed that CA improved learning and memory deficits in diabetic rats. Also, CA reversed the increase in acetylcholinesterase and adenosine deaminase activities and reduced ATP and ADP hydrolysis. Moreover, CA increased the density of M1R, α7nAChR, and A1R receptors and reversed the increase in P2×7R and A2AR density in both evaluated structures. In addition, CA treatment attenuated the increase in NLRP3, caspase 1, and interleukin 1β density in the diabetic state; moreover, it increased the density of interleukin-10 in the diabetic/CA 10 mg/kg group. The results indicated that CA treatment positively modified the activities of cholinergic and purinergic enzymes and the density of receptors, and improved the inflammatory parameters of diabetic animals. Thus, the outcomes suggest that this phenolic acid could improve the cognitive deficit linked to cholinergic and purinergic signaling in the diabetic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Fanny Vera Castro
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Campus, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Campus, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Naiara Stefanello
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Campus, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Karine Paula Reichert
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Campus, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Taís Vidal Palma
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Campus, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aniélen Dutra da Silva
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Campus, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Valéria Miron
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Campus, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitor Bastianello Mostardeiro
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Campus, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Melchiors Morsch
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Campus, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, University Campus, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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7
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Tzioras M, McGeachan RI, Durrant CS, Spires-Jones TL. Synaptic degeneration in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:19-38. [PMID: 36513730 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00749-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive decline in older individuals accompanied by the presence of two pathological protein aggregates - amyloid-β and phosphorylated tau - in the brain. The disease results in brain atrophy caused by neuronal loss and synapse degeneration. Synaptic loss strongly correlates with cognitive decline in both humans and animal models of AD. Indeed, evidence suggests that soluble forms of amyloid-β and tau can cause synaptotoxicity and spread through neural circuits. These pathological changes are accompanied by an altered phenotype in the glial cells of the brain - one hypothesis is that glia excessively ingest synapses and modulate the trans-synaptic spread of pathology. To date, effective therapies for the treatment or prevention of AD are lacking, but understanding how synaptic degeneration occurs will be essential for the development of new interventions. Here, we highlight the mechanisms through which synapses degenerate in the AD brain, and discuss key questions that still need to be answered. We also cover the ways in which our understanding of the mechanisms of synaptic degeneration is leading to new therapeutic approaches for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makis Tzioras
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert I McGeachan
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claire S Durrant
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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8
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Restrepo LJ, DePew AT, Moese ER, Tymanskyj SR, Parisi MJ, Aimino MA, Duhart JC, Fei H, Mosca TJ. γ-secretase promotes Drosophila postsynaptic development through the cleavage of a Wnt receptor. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1643-1660.e7. [PMID: 35654038 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Developing synapses mature through the recruitment of specific proteins that stabilize presynaptic and postsynaptic structure and function. Wnt ligands signaling via Frizzled (Fz) receptors play many crucial roles in neuronal and synaptic development, but whether and how Wnt and Fz influence synaptic maturation is incompletely understood. Here, we show that Fz2 receptor cleavage via the γ-secretase complex is required for postsynaptic development and maturation. In the absence of γ-secretase, Drosophila neuromuscular synapses fail to recruit postsynaptic scaffolding and cytoskeletal proteins, leading to behavioral deficits. Introducing presenilin mutations linked to familial early-onset Alzheimer's disease into flies leads to synaptic maturation phenotypes that are identical to those seen in null alleles. This conserved role for γ-secretase in synaptic maturation and postsynaptic development highlights the importance of Fz2 cleavage and suggests that receptor processing by proteins linked to neurodegeneration may be a shared mechanism with aspects of synaptic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Restrepo
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Alison T DePew
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Moese
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Stephen R Tymanskyj
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Michael J Parisi
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Michael A Aimino
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Duhart
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Hong Fei
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Timothy J Mosca
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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9
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Grochowska KM, Bär J, Gomes GM, Kreutz MR, Karpova A. Jacob, a Synapto-Nuclear Protein Messenger Linking N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Activation to Nuclear Gene Expression. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:787494. [PMID: 34899262 PMCID: PMC8662305 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.787494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyramidal neurons exhibit a complex dendritic tree that is decorated by a huge number of spine synapses receiving excitatory input. Synaptic signals not only act locally but are also conveyed to the nucleus of the postsynaptic neuron to regulate gene expression. This raises the question of how the spatio-temporal integration of synaptic inputs is accomplished at the genomic level and which molecular mechanisms are involved. Protein transport from synapse to nucleus has been shown in several studies and has the potential to encode synaptic signals at the site of origin and decode them in the nucleus. In this review, we summarize the knowledge about the properties of the synapto-nuclear messenger protein Jacob with special emphasis on a putative role in hippocampal neuronal plasticity. We will elaborate on the interactome of Jacob, the signals that control synapto-nuclear trafficking, the mechanisms of transport, and the potential nuclear function. In addition, we will address the organization of the Jacob/NSMF gene, its origin and we will summarize the evidence for the existence of splice isoforms and their expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M Grochowska
- Research Group (RG) Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Leibniz Group 'Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function', University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Bär
- Research Group (RG) Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group (RG) Neuronal Protein Transport, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Group (RG) Optobiology, Institute of Biology, HU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guilherme M Gomes
- Research Group (RG) Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael R Kreutz
- Research Group (RG) Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Leibniz Group 'Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function', University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.,German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Karpova
- Research Group (RG) Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
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10
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Geoffroy C, Paoletti P, Mony L. Positive allosteric modulation of NMDA receptors: mechanisms, physiological impact and therapeutic potential. J Physiol 2021; 600:233-259. [PMID: 34339523 DOI: 10.1113/jp280875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels that play key roles in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Both hyper- and hypo-activation of NMDARs are deleterious to neuronal function. In particular, NMDAR hypofunction is involved in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric conditions like schizophrenia, intellectual disability, age-dependent cognitive decline, or Alzheimer's disease. While early medicinal chemistry efforts were mostly focused on the development of NMDAR antagonists, the last 10 years have seen a boom in the development of NMDAR positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). Here we review the currently developed NMDAR PAMs, their pharmacological profiles and mechanisms of action, as well as their physiological effects in healthy animals and animal models of NMDAR hypofunction. In light of the complexity of physiological outcomes of NMDAR PAMs in vivo, we discuss the remaining challenges and questions that need to be addressed to better grasp and predict the therapeutic potential of NMDAR positive allosteric modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Geoffroy
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Mony
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
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11
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Ju MK, Shin KJ, Lee JR, Khim KW, A Lee E, Ra JS, Kim BG, Jo HS, Yoon JH, Kim TM, Myung K, Choi JH, Kim H, Chae YC. NSMF promotes the replication stress-induced DNA damage response for genome maintenance. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:5605-5622. [PMID: 33963872 PMCID: PMC8191778 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper activation of DNA repair pathways in response to DNA replication stress is critical for maintaining genomic integrity. Due to the complex nature of the replication fork (RF), problems at the RF require multiple proteins, some of which remain unidentified, for resolution. In this study, we identified the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor synaptonuclear signaling and neuronal migration factor (NSMF) as a key replication stress response factor that is important for ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) activation. NSMF localizes rapidly to stalled RFs and acts as a scaffold to modulate replication protein A (RPA) complex formation with cell division cycle 5-like (CDC5L) and ATR/ATR-interacting protein (ATRIP). Depletion of NSMF compromised phosphorylation and ubiquitination of RPA2 and the ATR signaling cascade, resulting in genomic instability at RFs under DNA replication stress. Consistently, NSMF knockout mice exhibited increased genomic instability and hypersensitivity to genotoxic stress. NSMF deficiency in human and mouse cells also caused increased chromosomal instability. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that NSMF regulates the ATR pathway and the replication stress response network for genome maintenance and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Ju
- Department of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Jin Shin
- Department of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Rak Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Woo Khim
- Department of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun A Lee
- Center for Genomic Integrity Institute for Basic Science (IBS), UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sun Ra
- Center for Genomic Integrity Institute for Basic Science (IBS), UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gyu Kim
- Center for Genomic Integrity Institute for Basic Science (IBS), UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Seul Jo
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyuk Yoon
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Moon Kim
- Center for Genomic Integrity Institute for Basic Science (IBS), UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjae Myung
- Center for Genomic Integrity Institute for Basic Science (IBS), UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hyun Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongtae Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.,Center for Genomic Integrity Institute for Basic Science (IBS), UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chan Chae
- Department of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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12
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Kellner S, Abbasi A, Carmi I, Heinrich R, Garin-Shkolnik T, Hershkovitz T, Giladi M, Haitin Y, Johannesen KM, Steensbjerre Møller R, Berlin S. Two de novo GluN2B mutations affect multiple NMDAR-functions and instigate severe pediatric encephalopathy. eLife 2021; 10:67555. [PMID: 34212862 PMCID: PMC8260228 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs; GluNRS) are glutamate receptors, commonly located at excitatory synapses. Mutations affecting receptor function often lead to devastating neurodevelopmental disorders. We have identified two toddlers with different heterozygous missense mutations of the same, and highly conserved, glycine residue located in the ligand-binding-domain of GRIN2B: G689C and G689S. Structure simulations suggest severely impaired glutamate binding, which we confirm by functional analysis. Both variants show three orders of magnitude reductions in glutamate EC50, with G689S exhibiting the largest reductions observed for GRIN2B (~2000-fold). Moreover, variants multimerize with, and upregulate, GluN2Bwt-subunits, thus engendering a strong dominant-negative effect on mixed channels. In neurons, overexpression of the variants instigates suppression of synaptic GluNRs. Lastly, while exploring spermine potentiation as a potential treatment, we discovered that the variants fail to respond due to G689’s novel role in proton-sensing. Together, we describe two unique variants with extreme effects on channel function. We employ protein-stability measures to explain why current (and future) LBD mutations in GluN2B primarily instigate Loss-of-Function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Kellner
- Department of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Abeer Abbasi
- Department of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ido Carmi
- Department of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ronit Heinrich
- Department of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | - Moshe Giladi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoni Haitin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Katrine M Johannesen
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment, the Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark.,Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rikke Steensbjerre Møller
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment, the Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark.,Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Shai Berlin
- Department of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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13
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Fabbretti E, Antognolli G, Tongiorgi E. Amyloid-β Impairs Dendritic Trafficking of Golgi-Like Organelles in the Early Phase Preceding Neurite Atrophy: Rescue by Mirtazapine. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:661728. [PMID: 34149353 PMCID: PMC8209480 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.661728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurite atrophy with loss of neuronal polarity is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurological disorders. While there is substantial agreement that disruption of intracellular vesicle trafficking is associated with axonal pathology in AD, comparatively less is known regarding its role in dendritic atrophy. This is a significant gap of knowledge because, unlike axons, dendrites are endowed with the complete endomembrane system comprising endoplasmic reticulum (ER), ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC), Golgi apparatus, post-Golgi vesicles, and a recycling-degradative route. In this study, using live-imaging of pGOLT-expressing vesicles, indicative of Golgi outposts and satellites, we investigate how amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers affect the trafficking of Golgi-like organelles in the different dendritic compartments of cultured rat hippocampal neurons. We found that short-term (4 h) treatment with Aβ led to a decrease in anterograde trafficking of Golgi vesicles in dendrites of both resting and stimulated (with 50 mM KCl) neurons. We also characterized the ability of mirtazapine, a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic tetracyclic antidepressant (NaSSA), to rescue Golgi dynamics in dendrites. Mirtazapine treatment (10 μM) increased the number and both anterograde and retrograde motility, reducing the percentage of static Golgi vesicles. Finally, mirtazapine reverted the neurite atrophy induced by 24 h treatment with Aβ oligomers, suggesting that this drug is able to counteract the effects of Aβ by improving the dendritic trafficking of Golgi-related vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Fabbretti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Tongiorgi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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14
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Involvement of Cholinergic, Adrenergic, and Glutamatergic Network Modulation with Cognitive Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052283. [PMID: 33668976 PMCID: PMC7956475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. The number of AD cases has been rapidly growing worldwide. Several the related etiological hypotheses include atypical amyloid β (Aβ) deposition, neurofibrillary tangles of tau proteins inside neurons, disturbed neurotransmission, inflammation, and oxidative stress. During AD progression, aberrations in neurotransmission cause cognitive decline-the main symptom of AD. Here, we review the aberrant neurotransmission systems, including cholinergic, adrenergic, and glutamatergic network, and the interactions among these systems as they pertain to AD. We also discuss the key role of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction in AD-associated cognitive impairment. Furthermore, we summarize the results of recent studies indicating that increasing glutamatergic neurotransmission through the alteration of NMDARs shows potential for treating cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment or early stage AD. Future studies on the long-term efficiency of NMDA-enhancing strategies in the treatment of AD are warranted.
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15
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Jantsch MH, Bernardes VM, Oliveira JS, Passos DF, Dornelles GL, Manzoni AG, Cabral FL, da Silva JLG, Schetinger MRC, Leal DBR. Tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum) prevents memory loss and oxidative imbalance in the brain of rats with hyperlipidemia. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13636. [PMID: 33533491 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia generates deposition of lipids, inflammation, and oxidative damage in cells and tissues, including those of the brain. Tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum) fruits contain bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. We evaluated the action of Tucumã extract on memory and brain cortex redox balance in hyperlipidemic rats. For 30 days, Wistar rats received Tucumã extract (250 mg/kg). Then, hyperlipidemia was induced by intraperitoneal administration of Poloxamer-407. Twenty-four hours later, the object recognition index was measured. The animals were euthanized for sample collection 36 hr postinduction. Hyperlipidemic animals showed memory loss and an imbalance between reactive species and intrinsic antioxidants. We found that Tucumã prevented memory loss and protein and lipid oxidative damage and prompted a better antioxidant response in the cerebral cortex of rats with hyperlipidemia. These findings suggest a neuroprotective effect and nutraceutical potential of Tucumã. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In the present work, we demonstrated that induced hyperlipidemia in rats caused memory loss and redox unbalance, both factors prevented by the administration of Tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum) extract. Two aims were fulfilled with these results. The first was to show that hyperlipidemia affected brain function through oxidative damage and concerned basic research. The second was to offer a therapy that prevented this harm and could be applied in the clinic. Tucumã has ethnopharmacological importance through the consumption of fruits or the administration of extracts and oils by a population that was shown to enjoy improved health and longevity. Here, we show evidence that Tucumã contributes to the maintenance of brain health by preventing memory loss and oxidative damage, a nutraceutical supplement that may aid the prevention of vascular, inflammatory, and brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Henrique Jantsch
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Viviane Martins Bernardes
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Juliana Sorraila Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Daniela Ferreira Passos
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lopes Dornelles
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Guedes Manzoni
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Licker Cabral
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Jean Lucas Gutknecht da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Daniela Bitencourt Rosa Leal
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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16
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Dixit MP, Rahmatkar SN, Raut P, Umekar MJ, Taksande BG, Kotagale NR. Evidences for agmatine alterations in Aβ 1-42induced memory impairment in mice. Neurosci Lett 2020; 740:135447. [PMID: 33127446 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is an age related progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by decline in cognitive functions, such as memory loss and behavioural abnormalities. The present study sought to assess alterations in agmatine metabolism in the beta-amyloid (Aβ1-42) Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Aβ1-42 injected mice showed impairment of cognitive functioning as evidenced by increased working and reference memory errors in radial arm maze (RAM). This cognitive impairment was associated with a reduction in the agmatine levels and elevation in its degrading enzyme, agmatinase, whereas reduced immunocontent was observed in its synthesizing enzyme arginine decarboxylase expression within hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Chronic agmatine treatment and its endogenous modulation by l-arginine, or arcaine or aminoguanidine prevented the learning and memory impairment induced by single intracranial Aβ1-42 peptide injection. In conclusion, the present study suggests the importance of the endogenous agmatinergic system in β-amyloid induced memory impairment in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura P Dixit
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur (M.S.), 441 002, India
| | - Shubham N Rahmatkar
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur (M.S.), 441 002, India
| | - Prachi Raut
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur (M.S.), 441 002, India
| | - Milind J Umekar
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur (M.S.), 441 002, India
| | - Brijesh G Taksande
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur (M.S.), 441 002, India
| | - Nandkishor R Kotagale
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur (M.S.), 441 002, India; Government College of Pharmacy, Amravati, Maharashtra, 444 604, India.
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17
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Neganova ME, Aleksandrova YR, Nebogatikov VO, Klochkov SG, Ustyugov AA. Promising Molecular Targets for Pharmacological Therapy of Neurodegenerative Pathologies. Acta Naturae 2020; 12:60-80. [PMID: 33173597 PMCID: PMC7604899 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.10925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug development for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases has to confront numerous problems occurring, in particular, because of attempts to address only one of the causes of the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Recent advances in multitarget therapy research are gaining momentum by utilizing pharmacophores that simultaneously affect different pathological pathways in the neurodegeneration process. The application of such a therapeutic strategy not only involves the treatment of symptoms, but also mainly addresses prevention of the fundamental pathological processes of neurodegenerative diseases and the reduction of cognitive abilities. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of the expression of histone deacetylases, and aggregation of pathogenic forms of proteins are among the most common and significant pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms and highlight the main aspects, including reactive oxygen species, the cell endogenous antioxidant system, neuroinflammation triggers, metalloproteinases, α-synuclein, tau proteins, neuromelanin, histone deacetylases, presenilins, etc. The processes and molecular targets discussed in this review could serve as a starting point for screening leader compounds that could help prevent or slow down the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. E. Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow region, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
| | - Yu. R. Aleksandrova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow region, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
| | - V. O. Nebogatikov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow region, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
| | - S. G. Klochkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow region, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
| | - A. A. Ustyugov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow region, Chernogolovka, 142432 Russia
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18
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Khalifeh M, Read MI, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. Trehalose against Alzheimer's Disease: Insights into a Potential Therapy. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900195. [PMID: 32519387 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose is a natural disaccharide with a remarkable ability to stabilize biomolecules. In recent years, trehalose has received growing attention as a neuroprotective molecule and has been tested in experimental models for different neurodegenerative diseases. Although the underlying neuroprotective mechanism of trehalose's action is unclear, one of the most important hypotheses is autophagy induction. The chaperone-like activity of trehalose and the ability to modulate inflammatory responses has also been reported. There is compelling evidence that the dysfunction of autophagy and aggregation of misfolded proteins contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, given the linking between trehalose and autophagy induction, it appears to be a promising therapy for AD. Herein, the published studies concerning the use of trehalose as a potential therapy for AD are summarized, providing a rationale for applying trehalose to reduce Alzheimer's pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoomeh Khalifeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Morgayn I Read
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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19
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Shi M, Bazzano LA, He J, Gu X, Li C, Li S, Yaffe K, Kinchen JM, Stuchlik P, Mi X, Nierenberg JL, Razavi AC, Kelly TN. Novel serum metabolites associate with cognition phenotypes among Bogalusa Heart Study participants. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:5124-5139. [PMID: 31327759 PMCID: PMC6682535 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolomics study provides an opportunity to identify novel molecular determinants of altered cognitive function. METHODS During 2013 to 2016 Bogalusa Heart Study (BHS) visit, 1,177 participants underwent untargeted, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy metabolomics profiling. Global cognition and five cognition domains were also assessed. The cross-sectional associations of single metabolites with cognition were tested using multiple linear regression models. Weighted correlation network analysis was used to examine the covariable-adjusted correlations of modules of co-abundant metabolites with cognition. Analyses were conducted in the overall sample and according to both ethnicity and sex. RESULTS Five known metabolites and two metabolite modules robustly associated with cognition across overall and stratified analyses. Two metabolites were from lipid sub-pathways including fatty acid metabolism [9-hydroxystearate; minimum P-value (min-P)=1.11×10-5], and primary bile acid metabolism (glyco-alpha-muricholate; min-P=4.10×10-5). One metabolite from the glycogen metabolism sub-pathway (maltose; min-P=9.77×10-6), one from the polyamine metabolism sub-pathway (N-acetyl-isoputreanine; min-P=1.03×10-5), and one from the purine metabolism sub-pathway (7-methylguanine; min-P=1.19×10-5) were also identified. Two metabolite modules reflecting bile acid metabolism and androgenic steroids correlated with cognition (min-P=5.00×10-4 and 3.00×10-3, respectively). CONCLUSION The novel associations of 5 known metabolites and 2 metabolite modules with cognition provide insights into the physiological mechanisms regulating cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Shi
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lydia A. Bazzano
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Xiaoying Gu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Changwei Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Shengxu Li
- Children's Minnesota Research Institute, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Patrick Stuchlik
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Xuenan Mi
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | | | - Tanika N. Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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20
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de Oliveira JS, Abdalla FH, Dornelles GL, Palma TV, Signor C, da Silva Bernardi J, Baldissarelli J, Lenz LS, de Oliveira VA, Chitolina Schetinger MR, Melchiors Morsch VM, Rubin MA, de Andrade CM. Neuroprotective effects of berberine on recognition memory impairment, oxidative stress, and damage to the purinergic system in rats submitted to intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:641-655. [PMID: 30377748 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease. The present study investigated the effects of 50 and 100 mg/kg berberine (BRB) on recognition memory, oxidative stress, and purinergic neurotransmission, in a model of sporadic dementia of the Alzheimer's type induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in rats. Rats were submitted to ICV-STZ 3 mg/kg or saline, and 3 days later, were started on a treatment of BRB or saline for 21 days. The results demonstrated that BRB was effective in protecting against memory impairment, increased reactive oxygen species, and the subsequent increase in protein and lipid oxidation in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, as well as δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase inhibition in the cerebral cortex. Moreover, the decrease in total thiols, and the reduced glutathione and glutathione S-transferase activity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of ICV-STZ rats, was prevented by BRB treatment. Besides an antioxidant effect, BRB treatment was capable of preventing decreases in ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase), 5'-nucleotidase (EC-5'-Nt), and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities in synaptosomes of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Thus, our data suggest that BRB exerts a neuroprotective effect on recognition memory, as well as on oxidative stress and oxidative stress-related damage, such as dysfunction of the purinergic system. This suggests that BRB may act as a promising multipotent agent for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Sorraila de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Setor de Bioquímica e Estresse Oxidativo do Laboratório de Terapia Celular, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. .,Post-Graduation Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry of the Center of Natural and Exact Sciences of the Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Fátima Husein Abdalla
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lopes Dornelles
- Programa de Pós graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciência Rurais/Departamento de Clínica de Pequenos Animais, Laboratório de Patologia Clínica Veternária/Hospital Veterinário, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Taís Vidal Palma
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Setor de Bioquímica e Estresse Oxidativo do Laboratório de Terapia Celular, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry of the Center of Natural and Exact Sciences of the Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Signor
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Jamile da Silva Bernardi
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jucimara Baldissarelli
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luana Suéling Lenz
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Setor de Bioquímica e Estresse Oxidativo do Laboratório de Terapia Celular, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry of the Center of Natural and Exact Sciences of the Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitor Antunes de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Melchiors Morsch
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maribel Antonello Rubin
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Melazzo de Andrade
- Programa de Pós graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciência Rurais/Departamento de Clínica de Pequenos Animais, Laboratório de Patologia Clínica Veternária/Hospital Veterinário, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.,Department of Small Animal Clinic, Center of Rural Sciences Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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21
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Cheng Y, Chang C, Chang T, Li H, Hung H, Liu G, Lin C. Aβ stimulates microglial activation through antizyme‐dependent downregulation of ornithine decarboxylase. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9733-9745. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Wen Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine Yuanli Lee's General Hospital, Lee's Medical Corporation Miaoli Taiwan
| | - Chun‐Cheng Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine Dajia Lee's General Hospital, Lee's Medical Corporation Taichung Taiwan
| | - Ti‐Sheng Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine Dajia Lee's General Hospital, Lee's Medical Corporation Taichung Taiwan
| | - Hsin‐Hua Li
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Hui‐Chih Hung
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Guang‐Yaw Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Li Lin
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research Chung Shan Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan
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22
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Reiss AB, Arain HA, Stecker MM, Siegart NM, Kasselman LJ. Amyloid toxicity in Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:613-627. [PMID: 29447116 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A major feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is the plaque composed of aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. Although these plaques may have harmful properties, there is much evidence to implicate soluble oligomeric Aβ as the primary noxious form. Aβ oligomers can be generated both extracellularly and intracellularly. Aβ is toxic to neurons in a myriad of ways. It can cause pore formation resulting in the leakage of ions, disruption of cellular calcium balance, and loss of membrane potential. It can promote apoptosis, cause synaptic loss, and disrupt the cytoskeleton. Current treatments for AD are limited and palliative. Much research and effort is being devoted to reducing Aβ production as an approach to slowing or preventing the development of AD. Aβ formation results from the amyloidogenic cleavage of human amyloid precursor protein (APP). Reconfiguring this process to disfavor amyloid generation might be possible through the reduction of APP or inhibition of enzymes that convert the precursor protein to amyloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Reiss
- Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Hirra A Arain
- Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Mark M Stecker
- Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Nicolle M Siegart
- Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Lora J Kasselman
- Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
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23
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Benarroch EE. Glutamatergic synaptic plasticity and dysfunction in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2018; 91:125-132. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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24
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Muguruma Y, Tsutsui H, Noda T, Akatsu H, Inoue K. Widely targeted metabolomics of Alzheimer's disease postmortem cerebrospinal fluid based on 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate derivatized ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1091:53-66. [PMID: 29852382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Confirmed biomarkers of postmortem cerebrospinal fluid (pCSF) are used to differentiate between Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and healthy seniors with high diagnostic accuracy. However, the extent to which the performance of specific metabolic profiling facilitates reliable estimations of the concentrations of the different pCSF biomarkers and their ratios remains unclear. The interpretation of the lower levels of molecules of metabolic profiling and their concentration ratios in pCSF related to brain disorders could facilitate an unchallenging detection of peripheral biomarkers of AD stages and other dementia types. In this study, we proposed the use of widely targeted metabolomics for pCSF metabolic profiling using 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate- (FMOC) derivatized ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to evaluate the diversity of 97 amine-mediated metabolic patterns and pathways from confirmed diagnosis based on AD brain pathology. Our results identified the metabolites that contributed toward and mutually influenced the principal component analysis plot with integrated analytes. Furthermore, the AD group showed a significant variation in several analyte concentration levels compared to those of control subjects. These trends of the concentration levels expressed by the amine metabolic pathways indicated the decreased activity of polyamine and tryptophan-kynurenine (Trp-Kyn) metabolisms. Moreover, increased metabolites such as methionine sulfoxide, 3-methoxy-anthranilate, cadaverine, guanine, and histamine were observed by widely targeted metabolomics of pCSF from the AD subjects. According to their metabolic pathway analysis using FMOC-derivatized UHPLC-MS/MS assay, we supposed that the involvement of polyamine and Trp-Kyn metabolisms was observed in the pCSF samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Muguruma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Haruhito Tsutsui
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; ONO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Takumi Noda
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; ONO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Department of Medicine for Aging Place, Community Health Care/Community-Based Medical Education, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-0001, Japan; Department of Neuropathology, Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, Toyohashi 441-8124, Japan
| | - Koichi Inoue
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
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25
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Frühauf-Perez PK, Temp FR, Pillat MM, Signor C, Wendel AL, Ulrich H, Mello CF, Rubin MA. Spermine protects from LPS-induced memory deficit via BDNF and TrkB activation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 149:135-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Marcello E, Di Luca M, Gardoni F. Synapse-to-nucleus communication: from developmental disorders to Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 48:160-166. [PMID: 29316492 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade several synaptonuclear protein messengers including Jacob, CRTC1, AIDA-1, ProSaP2/Shank3 and RNF10 have been identified and characterized as key players for modulation of synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. Activation of excitatory glutamatergic synapses leads to their shuttling from the synapse to the nucleus, mostly importin-mediated, and subsequent regulation of gene transcription needed for long lasting modifications of synaptic function. Accordingly, increasing evidences show that alterations of the activity of synaptonuclear messengers are correlated to synaptic failure as observed in different synaptopathies. Specifically, recent studies demonstrate that the modulation of the activity of synaptonuclear messengers could represent a novel molecular target in the pathogenesis of both neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Marcello
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Di Luca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
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27
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Gong YH, Hua N, Zang X, Huang T, He L. Melatonin ameliorates Aβ1-42-induced Alzheimer's cognitive deficits in mouse model. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 70:70-80. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The objective of this study was to evaluate whether melatonin could ameliorate cognitive function in Aβ1-42-induced mouse model and its underlying mechanisms.
Methods
Series behaviour tests were performed to demonstrate the amelioration of cognitive function of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice induced by Aβ1-42. Additionally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was applied to detect the expression of Aβ1-42, BACE1 and p-tau protein in the brain of the AD mice. JC-1 was performed to investigate the role in alleviating mitochondrial damage by melatonin in vitro. Western blot was used to detect the expression of melatonin on apoptosis-related factors caspase-3 and Bcl-2, as well as the expressions of GSK-3β and PP2A to further determine the mechanisms of melatonin on the expression of p-tau protein.
Key findings
Melatonin significantly ameliorated the cognitive function and mitochondrial damage in AD mice, reduced the expression levels of GSK-3β, caspase-3, Aβ1-42, BACE1, p-tau protein and increased the expressions of PP2A and Bcl-2.
Conclusion
From the overall results, we concluded that melatonin alleviated the mitochondrial damage effectively and decreased the expressions of the p-tau and some key proteins of apoptosis, leading to the improvement of cognitive function of the mice induced by Aβ1-42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hang Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Hua
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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28
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Kiasalari Z, Heydarifard R, Khalili M, Afshin-Majd S, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Zahedi E, Sanaierad A, Roghani M. Ellagic acid ameliorates learning and memory deficits in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease: an exploration of underlying mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1841-1852. [PMID: 28303372 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with irreversible loss of intellectual abilities. Current therapies for AD are still insufficient. OBJECTIVE In this study, the effect of ellagic acid on learning and memory deficits was evaluated in intrahippocampal amyloid beta (Aβ25-35)-microinjected rats and its modes of action were also explored. METHODS AD rat model was induced by bilateral intrahippocampal microinjection of Aβ25-35 and ellagic acid was daily administered (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg), and learning, recognition memory, and spatial memory were evaluated in addition to histochemical assessment, oxidative stress, cholinesterases activity, and level of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). RESULTS The amyloid beta-microinjected rats showed a lower discrimination ratio in novel object and alternation score in Y maze tasks and exhibited an impairment of retention and recall capability in passive avoidance paradigm and higher working and reference memory errors in radial arm maze (RAM). In addition, amyloid beta group showed a lower number of Nissl-stained neurons in CA1 area in addition to enhanced oxidative stress, higher activity of cholinesterases, greater level of NF-κB and TLR4, and lower level of nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio for Nrf2 and ellagic acid at a dose of 100 mg/kg significantly prevented most of these abnormal alterations. CONCLUSIONS Ellagic acid pretreatment of intrahippocampal amyloid beta-microinjected rats could dose-dependently improve learning and memory deficits via neuronal protection and at molecular level through mitigation of oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and modulation of NF-κB/Nrf2/TLR4 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kiasalari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Khalili
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Elham Zahedi
- School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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29
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Grochowska KM, Yuanxiang P, Bär J, Raman R, Brugal G, Sahu G, Schweizer M, Bikbaev A, Schilling S, Demuth HU, Kreutz MR. Posttranslational modification impact on the mechanism by which amyloid-β induces synaptic dysfunction. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:962-981. [PMID: 28420656 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligomeric amyloid-β (Aβ) 1-42 disrupts synaptic function at an early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Multiple posttranslational modifications of Aβ have been identified, among which N-terminally truncated forms are the most abundant. It is not clear, however, whether modified species can induce synaptic dysfunction on their own and how altered biochemical properties can contribute to the synaptotoxic mechanisms. Here, we show that a prominent isoform, pyroglutamated Aβ3(pE)-42, induces synaptic dysfunction to a similar extent like Aβ1-42 but by clearly different mechanisms. In contrast to Aβ1-42, Aβ3(pE)-42 does not directly associate with synaptic membranes or the prion protein but is instead taken up by astrocytes and potently induces glial release of the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα. Moreover, Aβ3(pE)-42-induced synaptic dysfunction is not related to NMDAR signalling and Aβ3(pE)-42-induced impairment of synaptic plasticity cannot be rescued by D1-agonists. Collectively, the data point to a scenario where neuroinflammatory processes together with direct synaptotoxic effects are caused by posttranslational modification of soluble oligomeric Aβ and contribute synergistically to the onset of synaptic dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - PingAn Yuanxiang
- RG Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Julia Bär
- RG Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Emmy-Noether Group "Neuronal Protein Transport", Center for Molecular Neurobiology ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rajeev Raman
- RG Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gemma Brugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giriraj Sahu
- RG Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Morphology Unit, Center for Molecular Neurobiology ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arthur Bikbaev
- RG Molecular Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT, Fraunhofer Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI Leipzig, Halle, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT, Fraunhofer Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI Leipzig, Halle, Germany
| | - Michael R Kreutz
- RG Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany .,Leibniz Group "Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function", Center for Molecular Neurobiology ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
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30
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Guarana (Paullinia cupana) ameliorates memory impairment and modulates acetylcholinesterase activity in Poloxamer-407-induced hyperlipidemia in rat brain. Physiol Behav 2017; 168:11-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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31
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Spilker C, Grochowska KM, Kreutz MR. What do we learn from the murine Jacob/Nsmf gene knockout for human disease? Rare Dis 2016; 4:e1241361. [PMID: 27803842 PMCID: PMC5070631 DOI: 10.1080/21675511.2016.1241361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the NSMF gene have been related to Kallmann syndrome. Conflicting results have been reported on the subcellular localization of Jacob/NELF, the protein encoded by the NSMF gene. Some reports indicate an extracellular localization and a function as a guidance molecule for migration of GnRH-positive neurons from the olfactory placode to the hypothalamus. Other studies have shown protein transport of Jacob from synapse-to-nucleus and indicate a role of the protein in neuronal activity-dependent gene expression. A recent publication casts doubts on a major role of Jacob/NELF in Kallmann syndrome and neuronal migration of GnRH-positive neurons during early development. Instead a murine NSMF gene knockout results in hippocampal dysplasia, impaired BDNF-signaling during dendritogenesis, and phenotypes related to the lack of BDNF-induced nuclear import of Jacob in early postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Spilker
- RG Neuroplasticity, Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology , Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Michael R Kreutz
- RG Neuroplasticity, Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Group "Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function", Hamburg, Germany
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Melgarejo da Rosa M, Yuanxiang P, Brambilla R, Kreutz MR, Karpova A. Synaptic GluN2B/CaMKII-α Signaling Induces Synapto-Nuclear Transport of ERK and Jacob. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:66. [PMID: 27559307 PMCID: PMC4978723 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A central pathway in synaptic plasticity couples N-Methyl-D-Aspartate-receptor (NMDAR)-signaling to the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) cascade. ERK-dependency has been demonstrated for several forms of synaptic plasticity as well as learning and memory and includes local synaptic processes but also long-distance signaling to the nucleus. It is, however, controversial how NMDAR signals are connected to ERK activation in dendritic spines and nuclear import of ERK. The synapto-nuclear messenger Jacob couples NMDAR-dependent Ca2+-signaling to CREB-mediated gene expression. Protein transport of Jacob from synapse to nucleus essentially requires activation of GluN2B-containing NMDARs. Subsequent phosphorylation and binding of ERK1/2 to and ERK-dependent phosphorylation of serine 180 in Jacob encodes synaptic but not extrasynaptic NMDAR activation. In this study we show that stimulation of synaptic NMDAR in hippocampal primary neurons and induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in acute slices results in GluN2B-dependent activation of CaMKII-α and subsequent nuclear import of active ERK and serine 180 phosphorylated Jacob. On the contrary, no evidence was found that either GluN2A-containing NMDAR or RasGRF2 are upstream of ERK activation and nuclear import of Jacob and ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - PingAn Yuanxiang
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Riccardo Brambilla
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael R Kreutz
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Group "Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function", Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, ZMNHHamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Karpova
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Germany
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Diphenyl diselenide supplementation in infected mice by Toxoplasma gondii: Protective effect on behavior, neuromodulation and oxidative stress caused by disease. Exp Parasitol 2016; 169:51-8. [PMID: 27472985 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of subcutaneous administration of diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2 on animal behavior and activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), adenylate kinase (AK), and creatine kinase (CK) in the brain of mice infected by Toxoplasma gondii. In addition, thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) levels and glutathione (GR, GPx and GST) activity were also evaluated. For the study, 40 female mice were divided into four groups of 10 animals each: group A (uninfected and untreated), group B (uninfected and treated with (PhSe)2), group C (infected and untreated) and group D (infected and treated with (PhSe)2). The mice were inoculated with 50 cysts of the ME49 strain of T. gondii. After infection the animals of the groups B and D were treated on days 1 and 20 post-infection (PI) with 5.0 μmol/kg of (PhSe)2 subcutaneously. Behavioral tests were conducted on days 29 PI to assess memory loss (object recognition), anxiety (elevated plus maze), locomotor and exploratory activity (Open Field) and it was found out that infected and untreated animals (group C) had developed anxiety and memory impairment, and the (PhSe)2 treatment did not reverse these behavioral changes on infected animals treated with (PhSe)2 (group D). The results showed an increase on AChE activity (P < 0.01) in the brain of infected and untreated animals (group C) compared to the uninfected and untreated animals (group A). The AK and CK activities decreased in infected and untreated animals (group C) compared to the uninfected and untreated animals (group A) (P < 0.01), however the (PhSe)2 treatment did not reverse these alterations. Infected and untreated animals (group C) showed increased TBARS levels and GR activity, and decreased GPx and GST activities when compared to uninfected and untreated animals (group A). Infected animals treated with (PhSe)2 (group D) decreased TBARS levels and GR activity, while increased GST activity when compared to infected and untreated animals (group C). It was concluded that (PhSe)2 showed antioxidant activity, but the dose used had no anti-inflammatory effect and failed to reverse the behavioral changes caused by the parasite.
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Yan R, Fan Q, Zhou J, Vassar R. Inhibiting BACE1 to reverse synaptic dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:326-40. [PMID: 27044452 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, many studies have identified significant contributions of toxic β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) to the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is the most common age-dependent neurodegenerative disease. AD is also recognized as a disease of synaptic failure. Aβ, generated by sequential proteolytic cleavages of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by BACE1 and γ-secretase, is one of major culprits that cause this failure. In this review, we summarize current findings on how BACE1-cleaved APP products impact learning and memory through proteins localized on glutamatergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic synapses. Considering the broad effects of Aβ on all three types of synapses, BACE1 inhibition emerges as a practical approach for ameliorating Aβ-mediated synaptic dysfunctions. Since BACE1 inhibitory drugs are currently in clinical trials, this review also discusses potential complications arising from BACE1 inhibition. We emphasize that the benefits of BACE1 inhibitory drugs will outweigh the concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Qingyuan Fan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - John Zhou
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Guerra GP, Rubin MA, Mello CF. Modulation of learning and memory by natural polyamines. Pharmacol Res 2016; 112:99-118. [PMID: 27015893 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spermine and spermidine are natural polyamines that are produced mainly via decarboxylation of l-ornithine and the sequential transfer of aminopropyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to putrescine by spermidine synthase and spermine synthase. Spermine and spermidine interact with intracellular and extracellular acidic residues of different nature, including nucleic acids, phospholipids, acidic proteins, carboxyl- and sulfate-containing polysaccharides. Therefore, multiple actions have been suggested for these polycations, including modulation of the activity of ionic channels, protein synthesis, protein kinases, and cell proliferation/death, within others. In this review we summarize these neurochemical/neurophysiological/morphological findings, particularly those that have been implicated in the improving and deleterious effects of spermine and spermidine on learning and memory of naïve animals in shock-motivated and nonshock-motivated tasks, from a historical perspective. The interaction with the opioid system, the facilitation and disruption of morphine-induced reward and the effect of polyamines and putative polyamine antagonists on animal models of cognitive diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Huntington, acute neuroinflammation and brain trauma are also reviewed and discussed. The increased production of polyamines in Alzheimer's disease and the biphasic nature of the effects of polyamines on memory and on the NMDA receptor are also considered. In light of the current literature on polyamines, which include the description of an inborn error of the metabolism characterized by mild-to moderate mental retardation and polyamine metabolism alterations in suicide completers, we can anticipate that polyamine targets may be important for the development of novel strategies and approaches for understanding the etiopathogenesis of important central disorders and their pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Petri Guerra
- Department of Food Technology, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campus Medianeira, Medianeira, PR 85884-000, Brazil
| | - Maribel Antonello Rubin
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Fernando Mello
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
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Spilker C, Nullmeier S, Grochowska KM, Schumacher A, Butnaru I, Macharadze T, Gomes GM, Yuanxiang P, Bayraktar G, Rodenstein C, Geiseler C, Kolodziej A, Lopez-Rojas J, Montag D, Angenstein F, Bär J, D’Hanis W, Roskoden T, Mikhaylova M, Budinger E, Ohl FW, Stork O, Zenclussen AC, Karpova A, Schwegler H, Kreutz MR. A Jacob/Nsmf Gene Knockout Results in Hippocampal Dysplasia and Impaired BDNF Signaling in Dendritogenesis. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005907. [PMID: 26977770 PMCID: PMC4792503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Jacob, the protein encoded by the Nsmf gene, is involved in synapto-nuclear signaling and docks an N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-derived signalosome to nuclear target sites like the transcription factor cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB). Several reports indicate that mutations in NSMF are related to Kallmann syndrome (KS), a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) associated with anosmia or hyposmia. It has also been reported that a protein knockdown results in migration deficits of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) positive neurons from the olfactory bulb to the hypothalamus during early neuronal development. Here we show that mice that are constitutively deficient for the Nsmf gene do not present phenotypic characteristics related to KS. Instead, these mice exhibit hippocampal dysplasia with a reduced number of synapses and simplification of dendrites, reduced hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) at CA1 synapses and deficits in hippocampus-dependent learning. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) activation of CREB-activated gene expression plays a documented role in hippocampal CA1 synapse and dendrite formation. We found that BDNF induces the nuclear translocation of Jacob in an NMDAR-dependent manner in early development, which results in increased phosphorylation of CREB and enhanced CREB-dependent Bdnf gene transcription. Nsmf knockout (ko) mice show reduced hippocampal Bdnf mRNA and protein levels as well as reduced pCREB levels during dendritogenesis. Moreover, BDNF application can rescue the morphological deficits in hippocampal pyramidal neurons devoid of Jacob. Taken together, the data suggest that the absence of Jacob in early development interrupts a positive feedback loop between BDNF signaling, subsequent nuclear import of Jacob, activation of CREB and enhanced Bdnf gene transcription, ultimately leading to hippocampal dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Spilker
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sven Nullmeier
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Anne Schumacher
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ioana Butnaru
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tamar Macharadze
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Guilherme M. Gomes
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - PingAn Yuanxiang
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gonca Bayraktar
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Rodenstein
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Geiseler
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Angela Kolodziej
- Department of Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Lopez-Rojas
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Montag
- Special Laboratory Neurogenetics, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank Angenstein
- Functional Neuroimaging Group, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), and Special Laboratory for Noninvasive Brain Imaging, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Julia Bär
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, Emmy-Noether Group 'Neuronal Protein Transport', Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang D’Hanis
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Roskoden
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, Emmy-Noether Group 'Neuronal Protein Transport', Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Budinger
- Department of Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank W. Ohl
- Department of Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Stork
- Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ana C. Zenclussen
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Karpova
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Herbert Schwegler
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael R. Kreutz
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, Leibniz Group 'Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function', Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Zhao H, Li N, Wang Q, Cheng X, Li X, Liu T. Resveratrol decreases the insoluble Aβ1–42 level in hippocampus and protects the integrity of the blood–brain barrier in AD rats. Neuroscience 2015; 310:641-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pan X, Nasaruddin MB, Elliott CT, McGuinness B, Passmore AP, Kehoe PG, Hölscher C, McClean PL, Graham SF, Green BD. Alzheimer's disease-like pathology has transient effects on the brain and blood metabolome. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 38:151-163. [PMID: 26827653 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is complex involving multiple contributing factors. The extent to which AD pathology affects the metabolome is still not understood nor is it known how disturbances change as the disease progresses. For the first time, we have profiled longitudinally (6, 8, 10, 12, and 18 months) both the brain and plasma metabolome of APPswe/PS1deltaE9 double transgenic and wild-type mice. A total of 187 metabolites were quantified using a targeted metabolomic methodology. Multivariate statistical analysis produced models that distinguished APPswe/PS1deltaE9 from wild-type mice at 8, 10, and 12 months. Metabolic pathway analysis found perturbed polyamine metabolism in both brain and blood plasma. There were other disturbances in essential amino acids, branched-chain amino acids, and also in the neurotransmitter serotonin. Pronounced imbalances in phospholipid and acylcarnitine homeostasis were evident in 2 age groups. AD-like pathology, therefore, affects greatly on both the brain and blood metabolomes, although there appears to be a clear temporal sequence whereby changes to brain metabolites precede those in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobei Pan
- Advanced Asset Technology Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Muhammad Bin Nasaruddin
- Advanced Asset Technology Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Advanced Asset Technology Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Bernadette McGuinness
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Anthony P Passmore
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Patrick G Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Paula L McClean
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | | | - Brian D Green
- Advanced Asset Technology Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Bourdenx M, Koulakiotis NS, Sanoudou D, Bezard E, Dehay B, Tsarbopoulos A. Protein aggregation and neurodegeneration in prototypical neurodegenerative diseases: Examples of amyloidopathies, tauopathies and synucleinopathies. Prog Neurobiol 2015. [PMID: 26209472 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases that generate important health-related direct and indirect socio-economic costs. They are characterized by severe neuronal losses in several disease-specific brain regions associated with deposits of aggregated proteins. In Alzheimer's disease, β-amyloid peptide-containing plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau are the two main neuropathological lesions, while Parkinson's disease is defined by the presence of Lewy Bodies that are intraneuronal proteinaceous cytoplasmic inclusions. α-Synuclein has been identified as a major protein component of Lewy Bodies and heavily implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. In the past few years, evidence has emerged to explain how these aggregate-prone proteins can undergo spontaneous self-aggregation, propagate from cell to cell, and mediate neurotoxicity. Current research now indicates that oligomeric forms are probably the toxic species. This article discusses recent progress in the understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases, with a focus on the underlying mechanisms of protein aggregation, and emphasizes the pathophysiological molecular mechanisms leading to cellular toxicity. Finally, we present the putative direct link between β-amyloid peptide and tau in causing toxicity in Alzheimer's disease as well as α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease, along with some of the most promising therapeutic strategies currently in development for those incurable neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Bourdenx
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Despina Sanoudou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Anthony Tsarbopoulos
- GAIA Research Center, Bioanalytical Department, The Goulandris Natural History Museum, Kifissia 14562, Greece; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Athens 11527, Greece.
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Life extension factor klotho prevents mortality and enhances cognition in hAPP transgenic mice. J Neurosci 2015; 35:2358-71. [PMID: 25673831 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5791-12.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the principal demographic risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder. Klotho is a key modulator of the aging process and, when overexpressed, extends mammalian lifespan, increases synaptic plasticity, and enhances cognition. Whether klotho can counteract deficits related to neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD, is unknown. Here we show that elevating klotho expression decreases premature mortality and network dysfunction in human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) transgenic mice, which simulate key aspects of AD. Increasing klotho levels prevented depletion of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subunits in the hippocampus and enhanced spatial learning and memory in hAPP mice. Klotho elevation in hAPP mice increased the abundance of the GluN2B subunit of NMDAR in postsynaptic densities and NMDAR-dependent long-term potentiation, which is critical for learning and memory. Thus, increasing wild-type klotho levels or activities improves synaptic and cognitive functions, and may be of therapeutic benefit in AD and other cognitive disorders.
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Frühauf PKS, Ineu RP, Tomazi L, Duarte T, Mello CF, Rubin MA. Spermine reverses lipopolysaccharide-induced memory deficit in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:3. [PMID: 25573647 PMCID: PMC4302583 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces neuroinflammation and memory deficit. Since polyamines improve memory in various cognitive tasks, we hypothesized that spermine administration reverses LPS-induced memory deficits in an object recognition task in mice. The involvement of the polyamine binding site at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and cytokine production in the promnesic effect of spermine were investigated. Methods Adult male mice were injected with LPS (250 μg/kg, intraperitoneally) and spermine (0.3 to 1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) or ifenprodil (0.3 to 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), or both, and their memory function was evaluated using a novel object recognition task. In addition, cortical and hippocampal cytokines levels were measured by ELISA four hours after LPS injection. Results Spermine increased but ifenprodil decreased the recognition index in the novel object recognition task. Spermine, at doses that did not alter memory (0.3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), reversed the cognitive impairment induced by LPS. Ifenprodil (0.3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) reversed the protective effect of spermine against LPS-induced memory deficits. However, spermine failed to reverse the LPS-induced increase of cortical and hippocampal cytokine levels. Conclusions Spermine protects against LPS-induced memory deficits in mice by a mechanism that involves GluN2B receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pâmella Karina Santana Frühauf
- Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Porto Ineu
- Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Lediane Tomazi
- Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Duarte
- Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Fernando Mello
- Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Maribel Antonello Rubin
- Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, CEP: 97105900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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