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Janciauskiene S, Lechowicz U, Pelc M, Olejnicka B, Chorostowska-Wynimko J. Diagnostic and therapeutic value of human serpin family proteins. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116618. [PMID: 38678961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
SERPIN (serine proteinase inhibitors) is an acronym for the superfamily of structurally similar proteins found in animals, plants, bacteria, viruses, and archaea. Over 1500 SERPINs are known in nature, while only 37 SERPINs are found in humans, which participate in inflammation, coagulation, angiogenesis, cell viability, and other pathophysiological processes. Both qualitative or quantitative deficiencies or overexpression and/or abnormal accumulation of SERPIN can lead to diseases commonly referred to as "serpinopathies". Hence, strategies involving SERPIN supplementation, elimination, or correction are utilized and/or under consideration. In this review, we discuss relationships between certain SERPINs and diseases as well as putative strategies for the clinical explorations of SERPINs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases and BREATH German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 26 Plocka St, Warsaw 01-138, Poland
| | - Urszula Lechowicz
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 26 Plocka St, Warsaw 01-138, Poland
| | - Magdalena Pelc
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 26 Plocka St, Warsaw 01-138, Poland
| | - Beata Olejnicka
- Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases and BREATH German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Joanna Chorostowska-Wynimko
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 26 Plocka St, Warsaw 01-138, Poland.
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2
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Abbas MN, Chlastáková A, Jmel MA, Iliaki-Giannakoudaki E, Chmelař J, Kotsyfakis M. Serpins in Tick Physiology and Tick-Host Interaction. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:892770. [PMID: 35711658 PMCID: PMC9195624 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.892770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick saliva has been extensively studied in the context of tick-host interactions because it is involved in host homeostasis modulation and microbial pathogen transmission to the host. Accumulated knowledge about the tick saliva composition at the molecular level has revealed that serine protease inhibitors play a key role in the tick-host interaction. Serpins are one highly expressed group of protease inhibitors in tick salivary glands, their expression can be induced during tick blood-feeding, and they have many biological functions at the tick-host interface. Indeed, tick serpins have an important role in inhibiting host hemostatic processes and in the modulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses of their vertebrate hosts. Tick serpins have also been studied as potential candidates for therapeutic use and vaccine development. In this review, we critically summarize the current state of knowledge about the biological role of tick serpins in shaping tick-host interactions with emphasis on the mechanisms by which they modulate host immunity. Their potential use in drug and vaccine development is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Adéla Chlastáková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Ticks, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Mohamed Amine Jmel
- Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | | | - Jindřich Chmelař
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jindřich Chmelař, ; Michail Kotsyfakis,
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jindřich Chmelař, ; Michail Kotsyfakis,
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Meyer EJ, Torpy DJ, Chernykh A, Thaysen-Andersen M, Nenke MA, Lewis JG, Rajapaksha H, Rankin W, Polyak SW. Pyrexia and acidosis act independently of neutrophil elastase reactive center loop cleavage to effect cortisol release from corticosteroid-binding globulin. Protein Sci 2020; 29:2495-2509. [PMID: 33085168 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) transports cortisol and other steroids. High-affinity CBG (haCBG) undergoes proteolysis of the reactive center loop (RCL) by neutrophil elastase (NE) altering conformation to low-affinity CBG (laCBG). Elevated temperature reduces CBG:cortisol binding affinity. Surface plasmon resonance was used to determine binding profiles of 19 steroids to haCBG and laCBG at 25, 37, and 39°C mimicking pyrexia and pH 7.4 and 7.0 mimicking acidosis, pathophysiological conditions relevant to sepsis. An expected 4-8-fold reduction in affinity for cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and prednisolone occurred with NE-mediated haCBG-to-laCBG conversion. CBG:cortisol binding affinity was further reduced 3.5-fold at 39°C relative to 37°C, binding affinity was also reduced by acidosis for both haCBG and laCBG. Using a conformational antibody generated against the RCL, we confirmed RCL antibody binding was eliminated by NE cleavage, but preserved in pyrexia and acidosis. Molecular modeling studies performed at 40°C confirmed a critical role for Trp371, positioned within the steroid-binding pocket, in ligand binding. These studies demonstrated CBG binding affinity to range of steroids is ligand specific and is reduced with NE-mediated haCBG-to-laCBG transition. Reduced CBG:cortisol binding occurs with increased temperature and in acidosis. Increased flexibility of the Trp371 side chain is proposed in the thermo-coupling mechanism of cortisol release. The synergy of NE cleavage, pyrexia, and acidosis on CBG:cortisol binding may serve to enhance cortisol delivery to the interstitial space in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Meyer
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David J Torpy
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anastasia Chernykh
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Marni A Nenke
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John G Lewis
- Steroid & Immunobiochemistry Laboratory, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Harinda Rajapaksha
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wayne Rankin
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Chemical Pathology Directorate, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Steven W Polyak
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Al-Suhaimi E, Ravinayagam V, Jermy BR, Mohamad T, Elaissari A. Protein/ Hormone Based Nanoparticles as Carriers for Drugs Targeting Protein-Protein Interactions. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:444-456. [PMID: 30836918 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190304152320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this review, protein-protein interactions (PPIs) were defined, and their behaviors in normal in disease conditions are discussed. Their status at nuclear, molecular and cellular level was underscored, as for their interference in many diseases. Finally, the use of protein nanoscale structures as possible carriers for drugs targeting PPIs was highlighted. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to suggest a novel approach for targeting PPIs. By using protein nanospheres and nanocapsules, a promising field of study can be emerged. METHODS To solidify this argument, PPIs and their biological significance was discussed, same as their role in hormone signaling. RESULTS We shed the light on the drugs that targets PPI and we suggested the use of nanovectors to encapsulate these drugs to possibly achieve better results. CONCLUSION Protein based nanoparticles, due to their advantages, can be suitable carriers for drugs targeting PPIs. This can open a new opportunity in the emerging field of multifunctional therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtesam Al-Suhaimi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vijaya Ravinayagam
- Deanship of Scientific Research & Nanomedicine Research Department, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - B. Rabindran Jermy
- Nanomedicine Research Department, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarhini Mohamad
- University Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, LAGEP-UMR 5007, F- 69622 Lyon, France
| | - Abdelhamid Elaissari
- University Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, LAGEP-UMR 5007, F- 69622 Lyon, France
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5
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Tchoukaev A, Taytard J, Rousselet N, Rebeyrol C, Debray D, Blouquit-Laye S, Moisan MP, Foury A, Guillot L, Corvol H, Tabary O, Le Rouzic P. Opposite Expression of Hepatic and Pulmonary Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin in Cystic Fibrosis Patients. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:545. [PMID: 29922157 PMCID: PMC5996105 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by a chronic pulmonary inflammation. In CF, glucocorticoids (GC) are widely used, but their efficacy and benefit/risk ratio are still debated. In plasma, corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) binds 90% of GC and delivers them to the inflammatory site. The main goal of this work was to study CBG expression in CF patients in order to determine whether CBG could be used to optimize GC treatment. The expression of CBG was measured in liver samples from CF cirrhotic and non-CF cirrhotic patients by qPCR and Western blot and in lung samples from non-CF and CF patients by qPCR. CBG binding assays with 3H-cortisol and the measurement of the elastase/α1-antitrypsin complex were performed using the plasmas. CBG expression increased in the liver at the transcript and protein level but not in the plasma of CF patients. This is possibly due to an increase of plasmatic elastase. We demonstrated that pulmonary CBG was expressed in the bronchi and bronchioles and its expression decreased in the CF lungs, at both levels studied. Despite the opposite expression of hepatic and pulmonary CBG in CF patients, the concentration of CBG in the plasma was normal. Thus, CBG might be useful to deliver an optimized synthetic GC displaying high affinity for CBG to the main inflammatory site in the context of CF, e.g., the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Tchoukaev
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Taytard
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Pediatric Respiratory Department, Trousseau Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Rousselet
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Carine Rebeyrol
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Debray
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Pediatric Hepatology Unit, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Blouquit-Laye
- INSERM U1173, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Moisan
- INRA, Laboratoire NutriNeurO, UMR 1286, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aline Foury
- INRA, Laboratoire NutriNeurO, UMR 1286, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Loic Guillot
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Harriet Corvol
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Pediatric Respiratory Department, Trousseau Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Tabary
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Le Rouzic
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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Design of an allosterically modulated doxycycline and doxorubicin drug-binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:5744-5749. [PMID: 29760101 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716666115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The allosteric interplay between distant functional sites present in a single protein provides for one of the most important regulatory mechanisms in biological systems. While the design of ligand-binding sites into proteins remains challenging, this holds even truer for the coupling of a newly engineered binding site to an allosteric mechanism that regulates the ligand affinity. Here it is shown how computational design algorithms enabled the introduction of doxycycline- and doxorubicin-binding sites into the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) family member α1-antichymotrypsin. Further engineering allowed exploitation of the proteinase-triggered serpin-typical S-to-R transition to modulate the ligand affinities. These design variants follow strategies observed in naturally occurring plasma globulins that allow for the targeted delivery of hormones in the blood. By analogy, we propose that the variants described in the present study could be further developed to allow for the delivery of the antibiotic doxycycline and the anticancer compound doxorubicin to tissues/locations that express specific proteinases, such as bacterial infection sites or tumor cells secreting matrix metalloproteinases.
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7
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Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors are ubiquitous regulators for a multitude of pathways in humans. The serpins represent an ancient pathway now known to be present in all kingdoms and often regulating central pathways for clotting, immunity, and even cancer in man. Serpins have been present from the time of the dinosaurs and can represent a large proportion of circulating blood proteins. With this introductory chapter, we present an overview of serpins as well as an introduction and overview of the chapters describing the methodology used in the new approaches to understanding their molecular mechanisms of action and their roles in health and disease.
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Lipiński PFJ, Szurmak P. SCRAMBLE'N'GAMBLE: a tool for fast and facile generation of random data for statistical evaluation of QSAR models. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017; 71:2217-2232. [PMID: 29104352 PMCID: PMC5655615 DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A common practice in modern QSAR modelling is to derive models by variable selection methods working on large descriptor pools. As pointed out previously, this is intrinsically burdened with the risk of finding random correlations. Therefore it is desirable to perform tests showing the performance of models built on random data. In this contribution, we introduce a simple and freely available software tool SCRAMBLE’N’GAMBLE that is aimed at facilitating data preparation for y-randomization and pseudo-descriptors tests. Then, four close-to-real-world modelling situations are analysed. The tests indicate what the quality of obtained QSAR models is like in comparison to chance models derived from random data. The non-randomness is not the only requirement for a good QSAR model, however, it is a good practice to consider it together with internal statistical parameters and possible physical interpretations of a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr F J Lipiński
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Carrell RW, Read RJ. How serpins transport hormones and regulate their release. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:133-141. [PMID: 28027946 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The adaptation of the serpin framework and its mechanism to perform diverse functions is epitomised in the hormone carriers of the blood. Thyroxine and the corticosteroids are transported bound in a 1:1 ratio on almost identical sites in the two homologous binding-globulins, TBG and CBG. Recent structural findings show an equilibrated, rather than on-and-off, release of the hormones from the carriers, reflecting small reversible movements of the hinge region of the reactive loop that modify the conformational flexibility of the underlying hormone-binding site. Consequently, contrary to previous concepts, the binding affinities of TBG and CBG are not fixed but can be allosterically modified to allow differential hormone delivery. Notably, the two carriers function like protein thermocouples with a surge in hormone release as body temperatures rise in fevers, and conversely a large diminution in free hormone levels at hibernation temperatures. By comparison angiotensinogen, the source of the angiotensin peptides that control blood pressure, does not appear to utilise the serpin mechanism. It has instead evolved a 63 residue terminal extension containing the buried angiotensin cleavage site, which on interaction moves into the active cleft of the renin. The conformational shift involved is critically linked by a labile disulphide bridge. The observation of changes in the redox status of this S-S bridge, in the hypertensive complication of pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, has opened an unexpected level of regulation at what is the initial stage in the control of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin W Carrell
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Randy J Read
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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10
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Henley D, Lightman S, Carrell R. Cortisol and CBG — Getting cortisol to the right place at the right time. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 166:128-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Sumer-Bayraktar Z, Grant OC, Venkatakrishnan V, Woods RJ, Packer NH, Thaysen-Andersen M. Asn347 Glycosylation of Corticosteroid-binding Globulin Fine-tunes the Host Immune Response by Modulating Proteolysis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Neutrophil Elastase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17727-42. [PMID: 27339896 PMCID: PMC5016167 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.735258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) delivers anti-inflammatory cortisol to inflamed tissues upon elastase-based proteolysis of the exposed reactive center loop (RCL). However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the RCL proteolysis by co-existing host and bacterial elastases in inflamed/infected tissues remain unknown. We document that RCL-localized Asn(347) glycosylation fine-tunes the RCL cleavage rate by human neutrophil elastase (NE) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase (PAE) by different mechanisms. NE- and PAE-generated fragments of native and exoglycosidase-treated blood-derived CBG of healthy individuals were monitored by gel electrophoresis and LC-MS/MS to determine the cleavage site(s) and Asn(347) glycosylation as a function of digestion time. The site-specific (Val(344)-Thr(345)) and rapid (seconds to minutes) NE-based RCL proteolysis was significantly antagonized by several volume-enhancing Asn(347) glycan features (i.e. occupancy, triantennary GlcNAc branching, and α1,6-fucosylation) and augmented by Asn(347) NeuAc-type sialylation (all p < 0.05). In contrast, the inefficient (minutes to hours) PAE-based RCL cleavage, which occurred equally well at Thr(345)-Leu(346) and Asn(347)-Leu(348), was abolished by the presence of Asn(347) glycosylation but was enhanced by sialoglycans on neighboring CBG N-sites. Molecular dynamics simulations of various Asn(347) glycoforms of uncleaved CBG indicated that multiple Asn(347) glycan features are modulating the RCL digestion efficiencies by NE/PAE. Finally, high concentrations of cortisol showed weak bacteriostatic effects toward virulent P. aeruginosa, which may explain the low RCL potency of the abundantly secreted PAE during host infection. In conclusion, site-specific CBG N-glycosylation regulates the bioavailability of cortisol in inflamed environments by fine-tuning the RCL proteolysis by endogenous and exogenous elastases. This study offers new molecular insight into host- and pathogen-based manipulation of the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Sumer-Bayraktar
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia and
| | - Oliver C Grant
- the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Vignesh Venkatakrishnan
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia and
| | - Robert J Woods
- the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Nicolle H Packer
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia and
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia and
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Bae YJ, Kratzsch J. Corticosteroid-binding globulin: modulating mechanisms of bioavailability of cortisol and its clinical implications. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 29:761-72. [PMID: 26522460 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) is the principal transport protein of glucocorticoids. Approximately 80-90% of serum cortisol binds to CBG with high affinity and only about 5% of cortisol remain unbound and is considered biologically active. CBG seems to modulate and influence the bioavailability of cortisol to local tissues. In this review, we will discuss physicochemical properties of CBG and structure of CBG in the mechanisms of binding and release of cortisol. This review describes several factors affecting CBG functions, such as genetic factors or temperature. Furthermore, clinical implications of CBG abnormalities and the measurement of CBG and its use for assessment of free cortisol levels are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Ju Bae
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Paul-List Strasse 13-15, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Juergen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Paul-List Strasse 13-15, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Abstract
We recently described general principles for designing ideal protein structures stabilized by completely consistent local and nonlocal interactions. The principles relate secondary structure patterns to tertiary packing motifs and enable design of different protein topologies. To achieve fine control over protein shape and size within a particular topology, we have extended the design rules by systematically analyzing the codependencies between the lengths and packing geometry of successive secondary structure elements and the backbone torsion angles of the loop linking them. We demonstrate the control afforded by the resulting extended rule set by designing a series of proteins with the same fold but considerable variation in secondary structure length, loop geometry, β-strand registry, and overall shape. Solution NMR structures of four designed proteins for two different folds show that protein shape and size can be precisely controlled within a given protein fold. These extended design principles provide the foundation for custom design of protein structures performing desired functions.
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