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Clemente FM, Ramirez-Campillo R, Beato M, Moran J, Kawczynski A, Makar P, Sarmento H, Afonso J. Arbitrary absolute vs. individualized running speed thresholds in team sports: A scoping review with evidence gap map. Biol Sport 2023; 40:919-943. [PMID: 37398971 PMCID: PMC10286616 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.122480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The aims of this scoping review were (i) to characterize the main methodological approaches to assessing individualized running speed thresholds in team sports players; (ii) to assess the use of traditional arbitrary (absolute) thresholds compared to individualized running speed thresholds in team sports players; (iii) to provide an evidence gap map (EGM) about the approaches and study designs employed in investigations in team sports and (iv) to provide directions for future research and practical applications for the strength and conditioning field. Methods studies were searched for in the following databases: (i) PubMed; (ii) Scopus; (iii) SPORTDiscus and (iv) Web of Science. The search was conducted on 15/07/2022. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS). From 3,195 potentially relevant articles, 36 were eligible for inclusion in this review. Of the 36 included articles, 27 (75%) focused on the use of arbitrary and individualized running speed thresholds to describe the locomotor demands (e.g., high intensity running) of players. Thirty-four articles used individualized speed running thresholds based on physical fitness assessments (e.g., 40-m linear sprint) or physical performance (e.g., maximal acceleration). This scoping review supported the need for a greater focus to be placed on improving the methodological aspects of using individualized speed running thresholds in team sports. More than just creating alternatives to arbitrary thresholds, it is essential to increase the replicability of methodological conditions whilst ensuring that research comparing the most adequate measures and approaches to individualization takes into consideration the population and context of each study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute. School of Physical Therapy. Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences. Universidad Andres Bello. Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK
| | | | - Piotr Makar
- Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Poland
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Afonso
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
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Effects of pitch size on soccer players' physiological, physical, technical, and tactical responses during small-sided games: a meta-analytical comparison. Biol Sport 2023; 40:111-147. [PMID: 36636192 PMCID: PMC9806761 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.110748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most often-used task constraints in designing small-sided games (SSGs) is the manipulation of pitch size to promote increases or decreases in the relative area per player. Such adjustments cause changes in the acute responses during SSGs. This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to compare the effects of smaller vs. larger pitch sizes on soccer players' physiological, physical, technical, and tactical responses during SSGs. Comparisons between smaller and larger pitches were not considered based on a specific size, but also between using at least two dimensions in the same comparative study, aiming to understand differences between using smaller and larger (independently of the specific dimensions). The data sources utilized were PubMed, PsycINFO, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. The database search initially yielded 249 titles. From those, 41 articles were eligible for the systematic review and meta-analysis. Results revealed that, compared to smaller pitches, SSGs played on larger pitches induced greater values for heart rate (p < 0.001; ES = 0.50), rate of perceived exertion (p < 0.001; ES = 0.70), total distance (p < 0.001; ES = 1.95), high-speed running (p < 0.001; ES = 1.20), stretch index (p < 0.001; ES = 1.02) and surface area (p < 0.001; ES = 1.54). No significant differences were found between pitch size regarding the numbers of accelerations (p = 0.232; ES = 0.45), decelerations (p = 0.111; ES = 0.85), passes (p = 0.897; ES = 0.02), dribbles (p = 0.823; ES = -0.05), or positional centroid (p = 0.053; ES = 0.56). Larger pitch sizes can be implemented as a meaningful task constraint to increase the internal and external load experienced by soccer players during SSGs, as well as to increase the dispersion of players while acting together. These results were found independent of format and age group.
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Small-Sided Soccer Games with Larger Relative Areas Result in Higher Physical and Physiological Responses: A Systematic and Meta-Analytical Review. J Hum Kinet 2022; 81:163-176. [PMID: 35291625 PMCID: PMC8884881 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study aimed to systematically review the influence of the relative area on athletes’ physical and physiological responses (outcomes) during small-sided games of soccer which were not matched to the relative area. It also presents a meta-analysis comparing standard small-sided games protocols with different relative areas. We searched the Web of Science and Scopus electronic databases for literature published up to March 2020 following all PRISMA guidelines for selecting articles for a qualitative and quantitative synthesis. As a result, eleven articles matched the inclusion criteria. For the quantitative synthesis, a pooled random-effects model was used to make pairwise comparisons between protocols with larger or smaller areas in each selected study. Prediction intervals were used to assess the heterogeneity. We found positive effects of larger relative areas per player on their total distance (d = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.12–1.34; p = 0.006; medium to large effect), distance covered at high speed (d = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.22–1.65; p = 0.001; large effect), and mean heart rate (d = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.17–0.88; p = 0.008; medium effect). In other words, larger relative areas were found to induce higher physical and physiological responses in players. Future studies should consider the relative area per player when comparing data for different small-sided games configurations to avoid confounding variables. Also, coaches can use relative area per player calculations to easily predict increases and decreases in expected training loads for different versions of SSGs during training.
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Influence of the Area per Player in Non-Professional Soccer Players: A Pilot Study Focused on Positional Roles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189833. [PMID: 34574757 PMCID: PMC8472487 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This study analyses the influence of different area per player (AP; 75, 98 and 131 m2) on the average metabolic power (MP) and other soccer-related performance variables in relation to the positional roles. We recruited 19 non-professional male soccer players (25.2 ± 6.3 y; 23.7 ± 2.3 kg/m2; 16.4 ± 6.3 y soccer experience) to play three different small-sided games (SSGs): SSG1 (5 vs. 5; 30 × 30 m; 5 min), SSG2 (5 vs. 5; 35 × 45 m; 5 min) and SSG3 (7 vs. 7; 35 × 45 m; 8 min). Specific playing rules were applied. GPS-assessed soccer-related variables were: average MP (AMP), distance covered in 1 min (DIS); % time spent at high speed (v > 16 km/h; % hst) or MP (>20 W/kg; % hmpt); % distance covered at high positive/negative speed (2 < v < 4 m/s2, % ACC; −6 < v < −2 m/s2, % DEC); and number of actions at high MP (hmpa). All recorded variables differed when each SSG was compared to the others (p < 0.05), but for hmpa for attackers. Most performance variables were positively associated with increasing AP (p < 0.05), but for % ACC and % DEC, and differed among positional roles within the same SSG (p < 0.05). Here the general applicability of SSGs, regardless the physical/technical skills of the group of players, to enhance performance is confirmed; furthermore, quantitative advices on AMP and other performance variables are provided to achieve significant improvements in all soccer players of the team.
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Castillo D, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Nakamura FY, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Ramirez-Campillo R, Yanci J, Zubillaga A, Raya-González J. Influence of Different Small-Sided Game Formats on Physical and Physiological Demands and Physical Performance in Young Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2287-2293. [PMID: 30908372 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Castillo, D, Rodríguez-Fernández, A, Nakamura, FY, Sanchez-Sanchez, J, Ramirez-Campillo, R, Yanci, J, Zubillaga, A, and Raya-González, J. Influence of different small-sided game formats on physical and physiological demands and physical performance in young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2287-2293, 2021-The aim of this study was to quantify the acute impact of bout duration and individual interaction space on physical and physiological demands and on physical performance. Ten young male soccer players (age: 14.8 ± 0.6 years) from the same team playing in the National U-16 Division participated. Physical (total distance [TD]; distance covered at different speeds; and maximum velocity [Velmax]) and physiological (peak [HRpeak] and mean [HRmean] heart rate) parameters were collected for every bout during each small-sided game (SSG) format. Moreover, the effects of SSGs on horizontal jump (HJ) and 30-m sprint performances were evaluated. The SSG formats were composed of 6 players a side (including goalkeepers) and included 4 repetitions of 6 minutes in a space of 100 m2 (SSG1) or 200 m2 (SSG2) and 6 repetitions of 4 minutes in 100 m2 (SSG3) or 200 m2 (SSG4). The TD, the distance covered at different speeds, and Velmax were greater (p < 0.01, effect size [ES] = 1.25-5.95, large) in SSG2 and SSG4 than SSG1 and SSG3, respectively. Furthermore, the HRmean and HRpeak were lower (p < 0.05, ES = 1.53-2.23, large) during SSG3 than other SSGs. In addition, while a significant (p < 0.05, ES = 0.70-2.04, moderate to large) increase in SPR30 time in SSG1 and SSG3 was observed, HJ performance was not affected (p > 0.05, ES = 0.03-0.54, trivial to moderate) by any SSG format. These findings suggest increasing pitch size to induce greater physical demands and to use SSGs with smaller pitch size, and independently of the bout duration, to induce neuromuscular fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy
- The College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Javier Sanchez-Sanchez
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile ; and
| | - Javier Yanci
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Asier Zubillaga
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare external training loads between small-sided games (SSGs) and largesided games (LSGs) in soccer players. Twenty outfield soccer players (14.8 ± 0.6 years old) who competed in the Spanish U16 Provincial Division and belonged to the same team participated in the study. The soccer sided games were played at different individual interaction space (IIS) per player (i.e., SSG = 100 m2 and LSG = 200 m2) and were disputed in the same format (five-a-side plus goalkeepers) on two different pitch sizes (i.e., 38 x 26 vs. 53 x 37 m) defending an official soccer-goal. The sided games' duration was 4 bouts of 6 min with 2 min rest intervals between bouts. The results of this study showed no meaningful differences in the total distance and intensity of accelerations and decelerations between SSGs and LSGs except for the lower distance covered at medium intensity (2.5 - 4 m·s-2) observed during LSGs (-10.2%; ES (effect size): -0.51). Players registered greater sprints, maximum velocity (Velmax) and body impacts at different intensities (i.e., I5-6g, I6-6.5g, I6.5-7g, I7-8g, I8-10g,) in LSGs in comparison to SSGs. These findings suggest that an increase in the pitch size (i.e., IIS per player) can induce higher external loads for soccer players.
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Nevado-Garrosa F, Torreblanca-MartÍnez V, Paredes-HernÁndez V, Del Campo-Vecino J, Balsalobre-FernÁndez C. Effects of an eccentric overload and small-side games training in match accelerations and decelerations performance in female under-23 soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:365-371. [PMID: 33648333 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aims of this study were: 1) to investigate the impacts that an eccentric overload training (EOT) and a small-side game training (SSGT) have on the characteristics of the accelerations (ACC) and decelerations (DCC) of the players in a soccer match; and 2) to determine if EOT and SSGT could affect the ACC and DCC reduction over time in a soccer match. METHODS Twenty-three female soccer players from a Spanish professional club were split into three groups: a small-sided game training group (SGG), an eccentric overload training group (EOG) and a control group (CG). RESULTS The SSG improved the high intensity distance performed (ES [CI]=0.72 [0.22; 1.22]), the number of high intensity actions (ES [CI]=0.65 [0.01; 1.29]), the percentage of repeated high intensity actions (ES [CI]=0.54 [-0.17; 1.25]), the initial velocity of the ACC (ES [CI]=0.55 [-0.08; 1.17]) and the percentage of repeated accelerations (ES [CI]=0.87 [-0.18; 1.91]) with respect to the control group. The EOG obtained better results in distance travelling accelerating (ES [CI]=0.84 [0.09; 1.60]) and decelerating (ES [CI]=0.87 [0.23; 1.51]) above 3 m/s2, maximum ACC (ES [CI]=1.92 [0.90; 2.94]) and DCC (ES [CI]=1.29 [0.44; 2.14]) and the average of maximum ACC (ES [CI]=0.89 [0.23; 1.54]) and DCC (ES [CI]=1.08 [0.62; 1.55]) with respect to the CG. A decrement in the ACC and DCC performance was observed between the first and last 15 minutes of the competition, except for the EOG. CONCLUSIONS The SSG obtained mainly improvements in variables related with efforts repetitions and the capacity of maintaining the ACC and the DCC over time, while improvements in the EOG were related to intensity in the ACC and DCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Nevado-Garrosa
- Applied Biomechanics and Sports Technology Research Group, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan Del Campo-Vecino
- Applied Biomechanics and Sports Technology Research Group, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Sierra-Ríos JV, Clemente FM, Teoldo I, González-Víllora S. Internal and External Load Variations in Young Students: Comparisons between Small-Sided Games and Small-Sided Games Combined with Strength Training during Physical Education Classes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041926. [PMID: 33671191 PMCID: PMC7922171 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of internal and external load in soccer small-sided games (SSGs) and a strength program based on CrossFit combined with SSGs for 7 weeks. Fifty-five students participated in this research (age: 9.04 ± 0.19 years) and were randomly assigned to SSGs (n = 27) or strength combined with SSGs (n = 29) group. Two sessions/week were implemented. The results revealed that internal load on SSGs promoted higher levels (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.35) of light physical activity (PA) (12.24 cpm) compared with strength combined with SSGs (11.46) and % heart rate (%HR) max (p = 0.002; d = 0.48) between SSGs (96.21) regarding strength combined with SSGs (92.09). On external load, significant differences appear in total distance (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.80) on SSGs (1326 m) compared with strength combined with SSGs (1004 m) and mean velocity (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.63) in both groups; 2.71 km/h on SSGs and 2.26 km/h on strength combined with SSGs. The SSGs seem to be more appropriate at the beginning of sessions, but as the weeks advance, strength combined with SSGs results in improved internal load compared with SSGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Vicente Sierra-Ríos
- Department of Physical Education, Arts Education, and Music, Faculty of Education, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 16001 Cuenca, Spain;
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Israel Teoldo
- Centre of Research and Studies in Soccer, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Brazil;
| | - Sixto González-Víllora
- Department of Physical Education, Arts Education, and Music, Faculty of Education, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 16001 Cuenca, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Praça GM, Chagas MH, Bredt SGT, Andrade AGP, Custódio IJO, Rochael M. The influence of the offside rule on players’ positional dynamics in soccer small-sided games. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2020; 5:144-149. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1819559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauro Heleno Chagas
- Sports Department, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcelo Rochael
- Sports Department, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Small-Sided Games Are Not as Effective as Intermittent Running to Stimulate Aerobic Metabolism in Prepubertal Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 16:273-279. [PMID: 32820134 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the soccer pitch area during small-sided games (SSG) in prepubertal children on physiological and technical demands, and to compare them, for the physiological demands, to high-intensity interval training (HIIT). METHODS Ten young soccer players (13.0 [0.3] y) performed a HIIT and 3 SSG of various field sizes (30 × 20 m, 42 × 38 m, and 51 × 34 m). Each SSG was performed with 5 players per team, during 4 × 4-minutes interspaced with 1 minute of passive recovery in between. HIIT also followed a 4 × 4-minute protocol with running speed set on an individual basis. Heart rate (HR) was continuously monitored during training sessions. For each exercise modality, time spent above 90% of HRmax (T≥90%,HRmax) was calculated, and technical actions were quantified during SSG by video analysis. RESULTS T≥90%,HRmax was similar between the 3 SSG (∼587 [276] s; P > .2) but 24% to 37% lower than during HIIT (826 [140] s, P < .05). Coefficients of variations in T≥90%,HRmax were 2.3 to 3.5 times larger in SSG compared with HIIT. For technical actions, greater number of possessions (21 [6] vs ∼14 [4]), and lower ball touches per possession (2.4 [0.6] vs ∼2.9 [0.6]) were found in the small SSG compared with larger SSG, respectively (P < .05). CONCLUSION The 3 SSG led to lower acute stimulation of the aerobic metabolism, suggesting a lower potential for chronic aerobic adaptations, compared with HIIT. Moreover, interindividual variability in the physiological response was substantially greater in SSG compared with HIIT, indicating increased heterogeneity among players performing the same training protocol.
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López-Fernández J, Sánchez-Sánchez J, García-Unanue J, Hernando E, Gallardo L. Physical and Physiological Responses of U-14, U-16, and U-18 Soccer Players on Different Small-Sided Games. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:E66. [PMID: 32443541 PMCID: PMC7281392 DOI: 10.3390/sports8050066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As most existing studies in youth academies are focused on top players, the objective of this research is to analyze the physical and physiological demands of various small-sided games (SSGs) on different age categories within a sub-elite soccer academy. We evaluated 63 young players from a Spanish sub-elite academy (under 14 = 21; under 16 = 21; under 18 = 21). Players performed four different small-side games focused on possession game (3-a-side; 4-a-side; 5-a-side; 6-a-side). The global indicators of performance and high-intensity actions were recorded through global positioning systems, whereas the heart rate responses were measured using heart rate monitors. Results: Under 16 ran a greater distance at high-intensity velocity than under 14 in the small side games 3v3 and 6v6. Furthermore, under 16 also ran a greater distance at high-intensity velocity than under 18 in the small side game 3v3 (p < 0.01). Under 14 showed greater acceleration at the highest intensity (> 2.75 m/s2) than the other age groups, under 16 and U18 (p < 0.01; ES (effect size) > 1). According to the physiological load, SSG 3v3 presented lower outcomes in Zone 6 (> 95% HRmax) than the small side game 4v4 and the small side game 5v5, in both under 14 and under 16. The workload of SSGs varies depending on the number of players, but also depending on the players' ages. Therefore, when designing the SSGs it is important to consider both the players' ages and the workload that want to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge López-Fernández
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Science, Coventry University, Coventry CVI 5FB, UK
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- School of Sport Science, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Jorge García-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (J.G.-U.); (E.H.); (L.G.)
| | - Enrique Hernando
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (J.G.-U.); (E.H.); (L.G.)
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (J.G.-U.); (E.H.); (L.G.)
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Pastor-Vicedo JC, Prieto-Ayuso A, Contreras-Jordán OR, Clemente FM, Nikolaidis PT, Rosemann TJ, Knechtle B. Teaching and Learning Process of Decision-Making Units in Talented Young Players From U-10 to U-14. Front Psychol 2020; 11:600. [PMID: 32390894 PMCID: PMC7188924 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There are multiple factors that have been studied for talent identification (TI) with regard to sport performance, such as physical and physiological parameters; psychological, social, and contextual parameters; and technical–tactical parameters. However, despite the importance of these indicators for reaching the elite, new trends seem to assure that one of the key elements in a young player is decision making (DM). Thus, in the last decades, research DM in young players has increased. Nevertheless, very little has been done in relation with DM and talented players. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the effectiveness, number, and duration of DM units (DMUs) of three groups of talented young players in U-10, U-12, and U-14 levels. Ninety-seven youth players participated in the study. A total of 1,087 actions were analyzed. The Nomination Scale for Identifying Football Talent was utilized to screen the talent pool (N = 18), and the Game Performance Evaluation Tool was used for analyzing the 1,087 actions completed. The results showed that the effectiveness has to be more than 80% for children to be considered talented. Moreover, a greater effectiveness of DMUs was shown in older age groups. The game speed also increased with age. It was revealed that U-12 did not follow the progression in the decisional demands in the formative stages. It is highlighted, therefore, the necessity of reviewing the organizational aspects in the U-12 age group, related mainly to the size of the pitch and the number of players, because it does not follow the same progression in regard to decisional demands. Future studies should follow this study with the U-16, U-18, and U-23 age groups, with the purpose of knowing the effectiveness, duration, and number of DMUs in older age groups. Furthermore, policy makers and teachers/coaches from both educational and soccer context must take these results into account, with the purpose of adjusting the teaching and learning process of talented children in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Pastor-Vicedo
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Alejandro Prieto-Ayuso
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain.,Albacete Balompiè S.A.D., Albacete, Spain
| | - Onofre Ricardo Contreras-Jordán
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Covilhã, Portugal
| | | | | | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Castillo D, Raya-González J, Manuel Clemente F, Yanci J. The influence of offside rule and pitch sizes on the youth soccer players' small-sided games external loads. Res Sports Med 2020; 28:324-338. [PMID: 32183556 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1739687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to analyse the influence of the offside rule and pitch sizes on the external loads encountered by young soccer players during small-sided games (SSGs). Twenty-four U12 soccer players belonged to the same Spanish Performance Soccer Academy participated in the study. Each player participated in six different SSGs attending to the offside rule (i.e., offside not applicable [NOS] and with offside [WOS]) and the pitch sizes (i.e., individual interaction space [IIS] of 25, 50 and 75 m2 per player). The obtained data included measures of external loads by global positioning systems. Players covered higher total distance and greater distances at jogging (8-12.9 km·h-1), cruising (13.0-16.0 km·h-1) and sprinting (>16.0 km·h-1) in NOS75 and WOS75 SSGs (p < 0.01; d = 0.65-6.60). Besides, in the NOS75 SSG, the total distance and the distance at cruising were higher in respect to WOS75 (p < 0.01; d = 0.63-0.82). In addition, players performed lower sprints (p < 0.01; d = 1.17-1.71) and achieved lower Vmax (p > 0.05; d = 1.10-1.88) during NOS25 and WOS25 SSGs. These findings could provide relevant information for coaches in order to apply different pitch sizes and the inclusion/absence of the offside rule throughout the microcycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I , Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Sports Sciences Department, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo , Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Javier Yanci
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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14
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Reina R, Iturricastillo A, Castillo D, Urbán T, Yanci J. Activity limitation and match load in para‐footballers with cerebral palsy: An approach for evidence‐based classification. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:496-504. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Reina
- Department of Sport Sciences Miguel Hernández University Elche Spain
- International Federation of Cerebral Palsy Football Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Aitor Iturricastillo
- Physical Education and Sport Department Faculty of Education and Sport University of the Basque CountryUPV/EHU
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences Universidad Isabel I Burgos Spain
| | - Tomás Urbán
- Department of Sport Sciences Miguel Hernández University Elche Spain
| | - Javier Yanci
- Physical Education and Sport Department Faculty of Education and Sport University of the Basque CountryUPV/EHU
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15
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Stein M, Seebacher D, Marcelino R, Schreck T, Grossniklaus M, Keim DA, Janetzko H. Where to go: Computational and visual what-if analyses in soccer. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2774-2782. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1652541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Stein
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Daniel Seebacher
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Rui Marcelino
- Department of Sports Sciences, Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- University Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Tobias Schreck
- Institute of Computer Graphics and Knowledge Visualization, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Grossniklaus
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Daniel A. Keim
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Halldor Janetzko
- Department of Computer Science, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
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16
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An Approach to the Fatigue in Young Soccer Players Resulting from Sided Games. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7070174. [PMID: 31323806 PMCID: PMC6680973 DOI: 10.3390/sports7070174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is crucial to understand the fatigue associated with sided games (SGs) of soccer in the training context, in order to establish the appropriate intervals between training sessions. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different SGs on internal load, measured by the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), and on sprint performance. Ten outfield players (age: 14.5 ± 0.5 years, height: 169 ± 6 cm, body mass: 59.7 ± 6.4 kg) belonging to U15 age category participated in this study. The participants played four SG formats with modifications in the pitch size and in the bout duration, but with the same total duration for the SGs (SG1, SG2, SG3, and SG4). All the players performed a 10 and a 30 m sprint test before and after the SGs. The internal load was measured by the sRPE. The results showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the sRPE registered by the soccer players for the different SGs, but worse sprint performances over the 10 m (p < 0.05; ES: 0.74–1.38, large) and 30 m (p < 0.05; ES: 0.70–2.10, moderate to large) distances after completion of the SGs, except the 10 m sprint after SG2 and SG3 (p > 0.05; ES: 0.43–0.55, moderate). In addition, no correlation (p > 0.05) was reported between the sprint performances for the 10 and 30 m distances and the sRPE registered during the SGs. These results could be useful for technical staff wishing to design the playing area and bout duration of their training tasks effectively.
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17
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Yanci J, Castillo D, Iturricastillo A, Reina R. Evaluation of the Official Match External Load in Soccer Players With Cerebral Palsy. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:866-873. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Taylor JB, Wright AA, Dischiavi SL, Townsend MA, Marmon AR. Activity Demands During Multi-Directional Team Sports: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:2533-2551. [PMID: 28801751 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late-stage rehabilitation programs often incorporate 'sport-specific' demands, but may not optimally simulate the in-game volume or intensity of such activities as sprinting, cutting, jumping, and lateral movement. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to characterize, quantify, and compare straight-line running and multi-directional demands during sport competition. DATA SOURCES A systematic review of PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases was conducted. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies that reported time-motion analysis data on straight-line running, accelerations/decelerations, activity changes, jumping, cutting, or lateral movement over the course of an entire competition in a multi-directional sport (soccer, basketball, lacrosse, handball, field hockey, futsal, volleyball) were included. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Data was organized based on sport, age level, and sex and descriptive statistics of the frequency, intensity, time, and volume of the characteristics of running and multi-directional demands were extracted from each study. RESULTS Eighty-one studies were included in the review (n = 47 soccer, n = 11 basketball, n = 9 handball, n = 7 field hockey, n = 3 futsal, n = 4 volleyball). Variability of sport demand data was found across sports, sexes, and age levels. Specifically, soccer and field hockey demanded the most volume of running, while basketball required the highest ratio of high-intensity running to sprinting. Athletes change activity between 500 and 3000 times over the course of a competition, or once every 2-4 s. Studies of soccer reported the most frequent cutting (up to 800 per game), while studies of basketball reported the highest frequency of lateral movement (up to 450 per game). Basketball (42-56 per game), handball (up to 90 per game), and volleyball (up to 35 per game) were found to require the most jumping. LIMITATIONS These data may provide an incomplete view of an athlete's straight-line running load, considering that only competition and not practice data was provided. CONCLUSIONS Considerable variability exists in the demands of straight-line running and multi-directional demands across sports, competition levels, and sexes, indicating the need for sports medicine clinicians to design future rehabilitation programs with improved specificity (including the type of activity and dosage) to these demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Taylor
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA.
| | - Alexis A Wright
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Steven L Dischiavi
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - M Allison Townsend
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Adam R Marmon
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, 540 South College Avenue, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
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19
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Coutinho D, Gonçalves B, Travassos B, Abade E, Wong DP, Sampaio J. Effects of pitch spatial references on players' positioning and physical performances during football small-sided games. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:741-747. [PMID: 30306840 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1523671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the effects of adding spatial references during football small-sided games in youth players' tactical and physical performance. Twelve under-15 players performed a Gk+ 6v6+ Gk game under two playing conditions: (i) without spatial references (CONTROL condition); (ii) with spatial references, by dividing equally the pitch into three corridors and three sectors (experimental situation, LINES). Players' positional data was used to compute time-motion and tactical-related variables. The results revealed that performance under LINES situation increased the regularity in the zones occupied (~14%, Cohen's d: 0.5; ±0.3; p = 0.003) and in the distance between teammates' dyads (~19%, 0.9; ±0.2; p < 0.001). Oppositely, LINES condition decreased the longitudinal synchronization of players' displacements (0.4; ±0.2; p = 0.002), players' average speed (0.5; ±0.3; p = 0.002) and distance covered at lower (0.9; ±0.3; p < 0.001) and moderate speed (0.5; ±0.3; p < 0.001). Adding spatial references seems to promote a more structured pattern of play and increase positional regularity. However, coaches should be aware that this constraint may decrease the synchronization between players. Overall, these findings may be generalized to most invasion team sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Coutinho
- a Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health , University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro , Vila Real , Portugal.,b CIDESD - Research Center in Sports, Health Sciences and Human Development , Portugal
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- a Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health , University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro , Vila Real , Portugal.,b CIDESD - Research Center in Sports, Health Sciences and Human Development , Portugal
| | - Bruno Travassos
- b CIDESD - Research Center in Sports, Health Sciences and Human Development , Portugal.,c Department of Sports Sciences , University of Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal
| | - Eduardo Abade
- b CIDESD - Research Center in Sports, Health Sciences and Human Development , Portugal.,d University Institute of Maia, ISMAI , Maia , Portugal
| | - Del P Wong
- e Sport Science Research Center , Shandong Sport University , Jinan , China
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- a Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health , University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro , Vila Real , Portugal.,b CIDESD - Research Center in Sports, Health Sciences and Human Development , Portugal
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20
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Yiannaki C, Carling C, Collins D. Commentary: Long-term Practice with Domain-Specific Task Constraints Influences Perceptual Skills. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1214. [PMID: 30072932 PMCID: PMC6058214 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Yiannaki
- Centre for Research in Sports Performance, Myerscough College, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Carling
- School of Sport and Wellbeing, Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Collins
- School of Sport and Wellbeing, Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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21
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Brito Â, Roriz P, Duarte R, Garganta J. Match-running performance of young soccer players in different game formats. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1479924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ângelo Brito
- CIFI2D - Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Roriz
- CIDESD-ISMAI, LABIOMEP (Porto Biomechanics Laboratory) & INESC-TEC, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Duarte
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, SpertLab, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal & VPS Football Club - Vaasan Palloseura Oy, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Júlio Garganta
- CIFI2D - Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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22
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External Match Loads of Footballers With Cerebral Palsy: A Comparison Among Sport Classes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:590-596. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine and compare the external match load, according to sport class (FT), of footballers with cerebral palsy (CP) during the International Federation of CP Football World Championships Qualification Tournament. Methods: Forty-two international male footballers with CP participated in the data collection. The footballers with CP were classified according to their FT into 3 groups (ie, FT5/6, FT7, and FT8). External match load (ie, total distance covered, distance covered at different speeds, accelerations, decelerations, player load, peak metabolic power, and changes of directions) was collected for both halves during official matches with global positioning system devices. Results: Players with lower impairment (FT8) covered more distance (effect size = 0.30–0.60) at high-intensity running (13.0–18.0 km·h−1) and sprinting (>18.0 km·h−1) and performed more (effect size = 0.29–1.08) accelerations, decelerations, and changes of direction at high intensity in matches than did other players (ie, FT5/6 and FT7 groups). Conclusion: Because high-intensity actions are relevant to football performance and there are differences caused by players’ impairments, the International Federation of CP Football classification protocols should include high-intensity actions during the technical assessment as part of the procedures for determining the sport class of football players with CP.
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23
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Brito Â, Roriz P, Silva P, Duarte R, Garganta J. Effects of pitch surface and playing position on external load activity profiles and technical demands of young soccer players in match play. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1407207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ângelo Brito
- CIFI2D – Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Roriz
- CIDESD-ISMAI, LABIOMEP (Porto Biomechanics Laboratory) & INESC-TEC, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Silva
- CIFI2D – Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Duarte
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, SpertLab, University of Lisbon, Porto, Portugal
| | - Júlio Garganta
- CIFI2D – Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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24
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Coutinho D, Gonçalves B, Travassos B, Wong DP, Coutts AJ, Sampaio JE. Mental Fatigue and Spatial References Impair Soccer Players' Physical and Tactical Performances. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1645. [PMID: 28983273 PMCID: PMC5613114 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of mental fatigue and additional corridor and pitch sector lines on players' physical and tactical performances during soccer small-sided games. Twelve youth players performed four Gk+6vs6+Gk small-sided games. Prior to the game, one team performed a motor coordination task to induce mental fatigue, while the other one performed a control task. A repeated measures design allowed to compare players' performances across four conditions: (a) with mental fatigue against opponents without mental fatigue in a normal pitch (MEN), (b) with mental fatigue on a pitch with additional reference lines (#MEN); (c) without mental fatigue against mentally fatigued opponents on a normal pitch (CTR); and (d) without mental fatigue on a pitch with reference lines (#CTR). Player's physical performance was assessed by the distance covered per minute and the number of accelerations and decelerations (0.5–3.0 m/s2; > −3.0 m/s2). Positional data was used to determine individual (spatial exploration index, time synchronized in longitudinal and lateral directions) and team-related variables (length, width, speed of dispersion and contraction). Unclear effects were found for the physical activity measures in most of the conditions. There was a small decrease in time spent laterally synchronized and a moderate decrease in the contraction speed when MEN compared to the CTR. Also, there was a small decrease in the time spent longitudinally synchronized during the #MEN condition compared to MEN. The results showed that mental fatigue affects the ability to use environmental information and players' positioning, while the additional reference lines may have enhanced the use of less relevant information to guide their actions during the #MEN condition. Overall, coaches could manipulate the mental fatigue and reference lines to induce variability and adaptation in young soccer players' behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Coutinho
- Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto DouroVila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto DouroVila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Department of Sports Sciences, Universidade da Beira InteriorCovilhã, Portugal
| | - Del P Wong
- Sport Science Research Center, Shandong Sport UniversityJinan, China
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology SydneyUltimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Jaime E Sampaio
- Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto DouroVila Real, Portugal
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25
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Bravo-Sánchez A, Abián-Vicén J, Abián P. Analysis of the physical and technical differences between 7-a-side and 8-a-side game modalities in official under 12 soccer matches. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1366760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Bravo-Sánchez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Abián-Vicén
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Pablo Abián
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Comillas Pontifical Univeristy, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Amatria M, Lapresa D, Arana J, Anguera MT, Jonsson GK. Detection and Selection of Behavioral Patterns Using Theme: A Concrete Example in Grassroots Soccer. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5010020. [PMID: 29910380 PMCID: PMC5969010 DOI: 10.3390/sports5010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational methodology provides a rigorous yet flexible framework for capturing behaviors over time to allow for the performance of subsequent diachronic analyses of the data captured. Theme is a specialized software program that detects hidden temporal behavioral patterns (T-patterns) within data sets. It is increasingly being used to analyze performance in soccer and other sports. The aim of this study was to show how to select and interpret T-patterns generated by the application of three “quantitative” sort options in Theme and three “qualitative” filters established by the researchers. These will be used to investigate whether 7-a-side (F7) or 8-a-side (F8) soccer is best suited to the learning and skills development needs of 7- and 8-year-old male soccer players. The information contained in the T-patterns generated allowed us to characterize patterns of play in children in this age group. For both formats, we detected technical-tactical behaviors showing that children of this age have difficulty with first-touch actions and controlling the ball after a throw-in. We also found that ball control followed by a pass or a shot at the goal are common in the central corridor of the pitch. Further, depth of play is achieved by ball control, followed by dribbling and a pass or shot. In F8, we saw that depth of play was achieved through ball control, followed by dribbling and passing of one or more opponents leading to a pass or shot. However, in F7, we saw that players succeeded in advancing from their goal area to the rival goal area through a sequence of actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Amatria
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Pontifical University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Daniel Lapresa
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of La Rioja, 26004 Logroño, Spain.
| | - Javier Arana
- Department of Education, International University of La Rioja (UNIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain.
| | - M Teresa Anguera
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gudberg K Jonsson
- Human Behavior Laboratory, University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland.
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27
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Torrents C, Ric A, Hristovski R, Torres-Ronda L, Vicente E, Sampaio J. Emergence of Exploratory, Technical and Tactical Behavior in Small-Sided Soccer Games when Manipulating the Number of Teammates and Opponents. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168866. [PMID: 28005978 PMCID: PMC5179131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects that different constraints have on the exploratory behavior, measured by the variety and quantity of different responses within a game situation, is of the utmost importance for successful performance in team sports. The aim of this study was to determine how the number of teammates and opponents affects the exploratory behavior of both professional and amateur players in small-sided soccer games. Twenty-two professional (age 25.6 ± 4.9 years) and 22 amateur (age 23.1 ± 0.7 years) male soccer players played three small-sided game formats (4 vs. 3, 4 vs. 5, and 4 vs. 7). These trials were video-recorded and a systematic observation instrument was used to notate the actions, which were subsequently analyzed by means of a principal component analysis and the dynamic overlap order parameter (measure to identify the rate and breadth of exploratory behavior on different time scales). Results revealed that a higher the number of opponents required for more frequent ball controls. Moreover, with a higher number of teammates, there were more defensive actions focused on protecting the goal, with more players balancing. In relation to attack, an increase in the number of opponents produced a decrease in passing, driving and controlling actions, while an increase in the number of teammates led to more time being spent in attacking situations. A numerical advantage led to less exploratory behavior, an effect that was especially clear when playing within a team of seven players against four opponents. All teams showed strong effects of the number of teammates on the exploratory behavior when comparing 5 vs 7 or 3 vs 7 teammates. These results seem to be independent of the players’ level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Torrents
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Angel Ric
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Lorena Torres-Ronda
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Emili Vicente
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- CreativeLab, Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Sport Sciences Department, Universidade de Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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