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Wolf HN, Ehinger V, Guempelein L, Banerjee P, Kuempfel T, Havla J, Pauly D. NMOSD IgG Impact Retinal Cells in Murine Retinal Explants. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:7319-7335. [PMID: 37754247 PMCID: PMC10529972 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45090463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, characterized by autoantibodies against aquaporin-4. The symptoms primarily involve severe optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Although the disease progression is typically relapse-dependent, recent studies revealed retinal neuroaxonal degeneration unrelated to relapse activity, potentially due to anti-aquaporin-4-positive antibodies interacting with retinal glial cells such as Müller cells. In this exploratory study, we analysed the response of mouse retinal explants to NMOSD immunoglobulins (IgG). Mouse retinal explants were treated with purified IgG from patient or control sera for one and three days. We characterized tissue response patterns through morphological changes, chemokine secretion, and complement expression. Mouse retinal explants exhibited a basic proinflammatory response ex vivo, modified by IgG addition. NMOSD IgG, unlike control IgG, increased gliosis and decreased chemokine release (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and CXCL-10). Complement component expression by retinal cells remained unaltered by either IgG fraction. We conclude that human NMOSD IgG can possibly bind in the mouse retina, altering the local cellular environment. This intraretinal stress may contribute to retinal degeneration independent of relapse activity in NMOSD, suggesting a primary retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Nora Wolf
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Ehinger
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Guempelein
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Pratiti Banerjee
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tania Kuempfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Havla
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Diana Pauly
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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2
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Bousquet E, Chenevier-Gobeaux C, Jaworski T, Torres-Villaros H, Zola M, Mantel I, Kowalczuk L, Matet A, Daruich A, Zhao M, Yzer S, Behar-Cohen F. High Levels of C-Reactive Protein with Low Levels of Pentraxin 3 as Biomarkers for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2023; 3:100278. [PMID: 36950301 PMCID: PMC10025279 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the association between the 2 acute phase proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and pentraxin 3 (PTX3) with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR), as PTX3 is a glucocorticoid-induced protein. Design Cross-sectional multicenter study. Participants Patients with CSCR compared with age- and sex-matched healthy participants. Methods Patients with CSCR from 3 centers in Europe were included in the study. The clinical form of CSCR was recorded. Blood samples from patients with CSCR and healthy participants were sampled, and high-sensitivity CRP and PTX3 levels were measured in the serum. Main Outcome Measures C-reactive protein and PTX3 serum level comparison between patients with CSCR with age- and sex-matched healthy participants. Results Although CRP levels were higher in patients with CSCR (n = 216) than in age- and sex-matched controls (n = 130) (2.2 ± 3.2 mg/l vs. 1.5 mg/l ± 1.4, respectively, P = 0.037), PTX3 levels were lower in patients with CSCR (10.5 ± 19.9 pg/ml vs. 87.4 ± 73.2 pg/ml, respectively, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in CRP or PTX3 levels between patients with acute/recurrent and chronic CSCR. Conclusions In patients with CSCR, high CRP and low PTX3 levels suggest a form of low-grade systemic inflammation together with a lack of glucocorticoid pathway activation, raising new hypotheses on the pathophysiology of CSCR. Financial Disclosures The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Bousquet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, University of Paris Cité, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: Therapeutic innovations, Paris, France
| | - Camille Chenevier-Gobeaux
- Service de diagnostic biologique automatisé, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thara Jaworski
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, University of Paris Cité, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: Therapeutic innovations, Paris, France
| | - Héloïse Torres-Villaros
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marta Zola
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, University of Paris Cité, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: Therapeutic innovations, Paris, France
| | - Irmela Mantel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Kowalczuk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Matet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institut Curie, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alejandra Daruich
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, University of Paris Cité, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: Therapeutic innovations, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Min Zhao
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, University of Paris Cité, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: Therapeutic innovations, Paris, France
| | - Suzanne Yzer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, University of Paris Cité, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: Therapeutic innovations, Paris, France
- Correspondence: Francine Behar-Cohen, MD, PhD, centre de recherche des cordeliers, 15 rue de l’école de médecine, 75006 Paris, France.
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Stravalaci M, Ferrara M, Pathak V, Davi F, Bottazzi B, Mantovani A, Medina RJ, Romano MR, Inforzato A. The Long Pentraxin PTX3 as a New Biomarker and Pharmacological Target in Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:811344. [PMID: 35069222 PMCID: PMC8776640 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.811344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are multifactorial, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases of the eye primarily involving cellular and molecular components of the outer and inner blood-retina barriers (BRB), respectively. Largely contributed by genetic factors, particularly polymorphisms in complement genes, AMD is a paradigm of retinal immune dysregulation. DR, a major complication of diabetes mellitus, typically presents with increased vascular permeability and occlusion of the retinal vasculature that leads, in the proliferative form of the disease, to neovascularization, a pathogenic trait shared with advanced AMD. In spite of distinct etiology and clinical manifestations, both pathologies share common drivers, such as chronic inflammation, either of immune (in AMD) or metabolic (in DR) origin, which initiates and propagates degeneration of the neural retina, yet the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. As a soluble pattern recognition molecule with complement regulatory functions and a marker of vascular damage, long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is emerging as a novel player in ocular homeostasis and a potential pharmacological target in neurodegenerative disorders of the retina. Physiologically present in the human eye and induced in inflammatory conditions, this protein is strategically positioned at the BRB interface, where it acts as a “molecular trap” for complement, and modulates inflammation both in homeostatic and pathological conditions. Here, we discuss current viewpoints on PTX3 and retinal diseases, with a focus on AMD and DR, the roles therein proposed for this pentraxin, and their implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Varun Pathak
- School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alberto Mantovani
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy.,The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reinhold J Medina
- School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Mario R Romano
- Eye Center, Humanitas Gavazzeni-Castelli, Bergamo, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Antonio Inforzato
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
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4
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Stravalaci M, Davi F, Parente R, Gobbi M, Bottazzi B, Mantovani A, Day AJ, Clark SJ, Romano MR, Inforzato A. Control of Complement Activation by the Long Pentraxin PTX3: Implications in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:591908. [PMID: 33324220 PMCID: PMC7725797 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.591908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the complement system is central to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness in the developed world. Most of the genetic variation associated with AMD resides in complement genes, with the greatest risk associated with polymorphisms in the complement factor H (CFH) gene; factor H (FH) is the major inhibitor of the alternative pathway (AP) of complement that specifically targets C3b and the AP C3 convertase. Long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a soluble pattern recognition molecule that has been proposed to inhibit AP activation via recruitment of FH. Although present in the human retina, if and how PTX3 plays a role in AMD is still unclear. In this work we demonstrated the presence of PTX3 in the human vitreous and studied the PTX3-FH-C3b crosstalk and its effects on complement activation in a model of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). RPE cells cultured in inflammatory AMD-like conditions overexpressed the PTX3 protein, and up-regulated AP activating genes. PTX3 bound RPE cells in a physiological setting, however this interaction was reduced in inflammatory conditions, whereby PTX3 had no complement-inhibiting activity on inflamed RPE. However, on non-cellular surfaces, PTX3 formed a stable ternary complex with FH and C3b that acted as a “hot spot” for complement inhibition. Our findings suggest a protective role for PTX3 in response to complement dysregulation in AMD and point to a novel mechanism of complement regulation by this pentraxin with potential implications in pathology and pharmacology of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Stravalaci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Davi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marco Gobbi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Clark
- Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mario R Romano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Eye Center, Humanitas Gavazzeni-Castelli, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Antonio Inforzato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Lashkari K, Teague GC, Beattie U, Betts J, Kumar S, McLaughlin MM, López FJ. Plasma biomarkers of the amyloid pathway are associated with geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236283. [PMID: 32764794 PMCID: PMC7413518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA) is an advanced form of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in which local inflammation and hyperactivity of the complement pathway have been implicated in its pathophysiology. This study explores whether any surrogate biomarkers are specifically associated with GA. Plasma from subjects with GA, intermediate dry AMD and non-AMD control were evaluated in 2 cohorts. Cohort 1 was assayed in a 320-analyte Luminex library. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric and parametric methods (Kruskal-Wallis, principal component analysis, partial least squares and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and univariate ANCOVAs). Bioinformatic analysis was conducted and identified connections to the amyloid pathway. Statistically significant biomarkers identified in Cohort 1 were then re-evaluated in Cohort 2 using individual ELISA and multiplexing. Of 320 analytes in Cohort 1, 273 were rendered measurable, of which 56 were identified as changing. Among these markers, 40 were identified in univariate ANCOVAs. Serum amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) was analyzed by a separate ELISA and included in further analyses. The 40 biomarkers, sAPP and amyloid-β (Aβ) (1–42) (included for comparison) were evaluated in Cohort 2. This resulted in 11 statistically significant biomarkers, including sAPP and Aβ(1–40), but not Aβ(1–42). Other biomarkers identified included serum proteases- tissue plasminogen activator, tumor-associated trypsinogen inhibitor, matrix metalloproteinases 7 and 9, and non-proteases- insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6, AXL receptor tyrosine kinase, omentin, pentraxin-3 and osteopontin. Findings suggest that there is a preferential processing of APP to Aβ(1–40) over Aβ(1–42), and a potential role for the carboxylase activity of the γ-secretase protein, which preferentially splices sAPPβ to Aβ(1–40). Other markers are associated with the breakdown and remodeling of the extracellular matrix, and loss of homeostasis, possibly within the photoreceptor-retinal pigment epithelium-choriocapillaris complex. These data suggest novel disease pathways associated with GA pathogenesis and could provide potential novel targets for treatment of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameran Lashkari
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye & Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gianna C. Teague
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye & Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ursula Beattie
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Mass Eye & Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joanna Betts
- Alternative Discovery & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Alternative Discovery & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Megan M. McLaughlin
- Alternative Discovery & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Francisco J. López
- Alternative Discovery & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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6
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Hwang N, Kwon MY, Woo JM, Chung SW. Oxidative Stress-Induced Pentraxin 3 Expression Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells is Involved in the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236028. [PMID: 31795454 PMCID: PMC6928709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is closely related with retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell dysfunction. Although the exact pathogenesis of AMD remains largely unknown, oxidative stress-induced RPE damage is believed to be one of the primary causes. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of pentraxin 3 (PTX3) expression and its biological functions during oxidative injury. (2) Methods: Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we analyzed mRNA and protein levels of PTX3 in the presence or absence of oxidative stress inducer, sodium iodate (NaIO3), in primary human H-RPE and ARPE-19 cells. Furthermore, we assessed cell death, antioxidant enzyme expression, and AMD-associated gene expression to determine the biological functions of PTX3 under oxidative stress. (3) Results: NaIO3 increased PTX3 expression, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, in H-RPE and ARPE-19 cells. We found phosphorylated Akt, a downstream target of the PI3 kinase pathway, phosphor- mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (ERK), and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were predominantly induced by NaIO3. NaIO3-induced PTX3 expression was decreased in the presence of phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase inhibitors, ERK inhibitors, and ROS scavengers. Furthermore, NaIO3 enhanced mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-reductase (GSR) in the control shRNA expressing RPE cells, but not in hPTX3 shRNA expressing RPE cells. Interestingly, NaIO3 did not induce mRNA expression of AMD marker genes, such as complement factor I (CFI), complement factor H (CFH), apolipoprotein E (APOE), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in hPTX3 shRNA expressing RPE cells. 4) Conclusions: These results suggest that PTX3 accelerates RPE cell death and might be involved in AMD development in the presence of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narae Hwang
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Ulsan 44610, Korea; (N.H.); (M.-Y.K.)
| | - Min-Young Kwon
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Ulsan 44610, Korea; (N.H.); (M.-Y.K.)
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Je Moon Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan 44033, Korea;
| | - Su Wol Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Ulsan 44610, Korea; (N.H.); (M.-Y.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-52-259-2353; Fax: +82-52-259-1694
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7
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Hokazono K, Belizário FS, Portugal V, Messias-Reason I, Nisihara R. Mannose Binding Lectin and Pentraxin 3 in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy. Arch Med Res 2018; 49:123-129. [PMID: 29961608 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mannose binding lectin (MBL) is a protein of the complement system and pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is an acute phase protein both with an important role in inflammatory diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR). AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate whether plasma MBL and PTX3 levels are associated with the development of DR and if patients with and without DR can be distinguished. METHODS The patients were divided into three groups: diabetic without DR; with mild/moderate DR, and with severe/proliferative DR. PTX3 and MBL levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS A total of 74 patients were included. A significant association was observed between high levels of MBL and severe DR; 47% of patients with severe/proliferative DR had high levels of MBL, whereas 12% of the patients with diabetes but no DR had high levels of MBL (p = 0.008; odds ratio [OR]: 6.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4-25.0). High levels of MBL were more frequent in patients with severe/proliferative disease (47%) when compared to those with mild/moderate DR (20%), p = 0.04 (OR: 3.46; 95% CI: 1.0-11.8). PTX3 levels were similar among the groups and were not related to the development or severity of DR. CONCLUSION We found a significant association between high plasma MBL levels and DR development as well as with severe/proliferative DR. We observed no relationship between plasma PTX3 levels and the development or severity of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Hokazono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Portugal
- Department of Medicine, Positivo University, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Iara Messias-Reason
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renato Nisihara
- Department of Medicine, Positivo University, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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8
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C-reactive protein and pentraxin-3 binding of factor H-like protein 1 differs from complement factor H: implications for retinal inflammation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1643. [PMID: 29374201 PMCID: PMC5786067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal inflammation plays a key role in the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a condition that leads to loss of central vision. The deposition of the acute phase pentraxin C-reactive protein (CRP) in the macula activates the complement system, thereby contributing to dysregulated inflammation. The complement protein factor H (FH) can bind CRP and down-regulate an inflammatory response. However, it is not known whether a truncated form of FH, called factor H-like protein 1 (FHL-1), which plays a significant regulatory role in the eye, also interacts with CRP. Here, we compare the binding properties of FHL-1 and FH to both CRP and the related protein pentraxin-3 (PTX3). We find that, unlike FH, FHL-1 can bind pro-inflammatory monomeric CRP (mCRP) as well as the circulating pentameric form. Furthermore, the four-amino acid C-terminal tail of FHL-1 (not present in FH) plays a role in mediating its binding to mCRP. PTX3 was found to be present in the macula of donor eyes and the AMD-associated Y402H polymorphism altered the binding of FHL-1 to PTX3. Our findings reveal that the binding characteristics of FHL-1 differ from those of FH, likely underpinning independent immune regulatory functions in the context of the human retina.
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9
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Kersten E, Paun CC, Schellevis RL, Hoyng CB, Delcourt C, Lengyel I, Peto T, Ueffing M, Klaver CCW, Dammeier S, den Hollander AI, de Jong EK. Systemic and ocular fluid compounds as potential biomarkers in age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 2017; 63:9-39. [PMID: 28522341 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers can help unravel mechanisms of disease and identify new targets for therapy. They can also be useful in clinical practice for monitoring disease progression, evaluation of treatment efficacy, and risk assessment in multifactorial diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is a highly prevalent progressive retinal disorder for which multiple genetic and environmental risk factors have been described, but the exact etiology is not yet fully understood. Many compounds have been evaluated for their association with AMD. We performed an extensive literature review of all compounds measured in serum, plasma, vitreous, aqueous humor, and urine of AMD patients. Over 3600 articles were screened, resulting in more than 100 different compounds analyzed in AMD studies, involved in neovascularization, immunity, lipid metabolism, extracellular matrix, oxidative stress, diet, hormones, and comorbidities (such as kidney disease). For each compound, we provide a short description of its function and discuss the results of the studies in relation to its usefulness as AMD biomarker. In addition, biomarkers identified by hypothesis-free techniques, including metabolomics, proteomics, and epigenomics, are covered. In summary, compounds belonging to the oxidative stress pathway, the complement system, and lipid metabolism are the most promising biomarker candidates for AMD. We hope that this comprehensive survey of the literature on systemic and ocular fluid compounds as potential biomarkers in AMD will provide a stepping stone for future research and possible implementation in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Kersten
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Constantin C Paun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rosa L Schellevis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Carel B Hoyng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cécile Delcourt
- Université de Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France; INSERM, U1219-Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Imre Lengyel
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Tunde Peto
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Department for Ophthalmology and Medical Bioanalytics Centre Tübingen, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sascha Dammeier
- Department for Ophthalmology and Medical Bioanalytics Centre Tübingen, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eiko K de Jong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Mammadzada P, Gudmundsson J, Kvanta A, André H. Differential hypoxic response of human choroidal and retinal endothelial cells proposes tissue heterogeneity of ocular angiogenesis. Acta Ophthalmol 2016; 94:805-814. [PMID: 27255568 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elaborate molecular differences between choroidal and retinal angiogenesis by generating and comparatively analysing human primary choroidal and retinal endothelial cell (CEC and REC) lines. METHODS Human CEC and REC were isolated by positive selection and were cultured. Characterization was performed by immunostaining for endothelial cell (EC)-specific markers. Total RNA and protein were extracted from normoxic or hypoxic CEC and REC cultures. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) arrays were used to comparatively analyse 133 genes between CEC and REC, and the expression differences were calculated by ΔΔCt method. A total of 57 angiogenesis-related protein expression differences were investigated by Western blot and proteome profiler and were calculated by densitometry. RESULTS Primary human CEC and REC lines stained positively for all EC markers and demonstrated high purity with similar staining and morphology. Under normoxia, CEC showed significantly lower expression levels for cell proliferation and vessel maturation genes and higher expression levels for inflammation-related genes when compared to REC. In response to hypoxia, CEC and REC displayed differential regulation for a multitude of angiogenesis-related genes and proteins. Furthermore, within the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, CEC showed preferential upregulation for vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) while REC upregulated placenta growth factor (PlGF) levels. CONCLUSION Differential normoxic and hypoxic regulation of angiogenesis-related factors by CEC and REC outlines tissue heterogeneity of ocular angiogenesis and suggests that tissue specificity should be considered as a novel treatment modality for successfully overcoming choroidal and retinal angiogenic conditions in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parviz Mammadzada
- Section of Ophthalmology and Vision; Department of Clinical Neuroscience; St. Erik Eye Hospital; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Johann Gudmundsson
- Section of Ophthalmology and Vision; Department of Clinical Neuroscience; St. Erik Eye Hospital; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anders Kvanta
- Section of Ophthalmology and Vision; Department of Clinical Neuroscience; St. Erik Eye Hospital; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Helder André
- Section of Ophthalmology and Vision; Department of Clinical Neuroscience; St. Erik Eye Hospital; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
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11
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Chirco KR, Whitmore SS, Wang K, Potempa LA, Halder JA, Stone EM, Tucker BA, Mullins RF. Monomeric C-reactive protein and inflammation in age-related macular degeneration. J Pathol 2016; 240:173-83. [PMID: 27376713 DOI: 10.1002/path.4766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a devastating disease characterized by central vision loss in elderly individuals. Previous studies have suggested a link between elevated levels of total C-reactive protein (CRP) in the choroid, CFH genotype, and AMD status; however, the structural form of CRP present in the choroid, its relationship to CFH genotype, and its functional consequences have not been assessed. In this report, we studied genotyped human donor eyes (n = 60) and found that eyes homozygous for the high-risk CFH (Y402H) allele had elevated monomeric CRP (mCRP) within the choriocapillaris and Bruch's membrane, compared to those with the low-risk genotype. Treatment of choroidal endothelial cells in vitro with mCRP increased migration rate and monolayer permeability compared to treatment with pentameric CRP (pCRP) or medium alone. Organ cultures treated with mCRP exhibited dramatically altered expression of inflammatory genes as assessed by RNA sequencing, including ICAM-1 and CA4, both of which were confirmed at the protein level. Our data indicate that mCRP is the more abundant form of CRP in human choroid, and that mCRP levels are elevated in individuals with the high-risk CFH genotype. Moreover, pro-inflammatory mCRP significantly affects endothelial cell phenotypes in vitro and ex vivo, suggesting a role for mCRP in choroidal vascular dysfunction in AMD. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Chirco
- The Stephen A Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - S Scott Whitmore
- The Stephen A Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- The Stephen A Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Jennifer A Halder
- The Stephen A Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Edwin M Stone
- The Stephen A Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Budd A Tucker
- The Stephen A Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Robert F Mullins
- The Stephen A Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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12
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Fornai F, Carrizzo A, Forte M, Ambrosio M, Damato A, Ferrucci M, Biagioni F, Busceti C, Puca AA, Vecchione C. The inflammatory protein Pentraxin 3 in cardiovascular disease. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2016; 13:25. [PMID: 27559355 PMCID: PMC4995820 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-016-0080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase protein Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) plays a non-redundant role as a soluble pattern recognition receptor for selected pathogens and it represents a rapid biomarker for primary local activation of innate immunity and inflammation. Recent evidence indicates that PTX3 exerts an important role in modulating the cardiovascular system in humans and experimental models. In particular, there are conflicting points concerning the effects of PTX3 in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) since several observations indicate a cardiovascular protective effect of PTX3 while others speculate that the increased plasma levels of PTX3 in subjects with CVD correlate with disease severity and with poor prognosis in elderly patients. In the present review, we discuss the multifaceted effects of PTX3 on the cardiovascular system focusing on its involvement in atherosclerosis, endothelial function, hypertension, myocardial infarction and angiogenesis. This may help to explain how the specific modulation of PTX3 such as the use of different dosing, time, and target organs could help to contain different vascular diseases. These opposite actions of PTX3 will be emphasized concerning the modulation of cardiovascular system where potential therapeutic implications of PTX3 in humans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy ; I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Michela Ferrucci
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Annibale A Puca
- Vascular Physiopathology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Multimedica, Milan, Italy ; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, Baronissi, SA 84081 Italy
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS Italy ; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, Baronissi, SA 84081 Italy
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13
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Kauppinen A, Paterno JJ, Blasiak J, Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. Inflammation and its role in age-related macular degeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1765-86. [PMID: 26852158 PMCID: PMC4819943 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a cellular response to factors that challenge the homeostasis of cells and tissues. Cell-associated and soluble pattern-recognition receptors, e.g. Toll-like receptors, inflammasome receptors, and complement components initiate complex cellular cascades by recognizing or sensing different pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns, respectively. Cytokines and chemokines represent alarm messages for leukocytes and once activated, these cells travel long distances to targeted inflamed tissues. Although it is a crucial survival mechanism, prolonged inflammation is detrimental and participates in numerous chronic age-related diseases. This article will review the onset of inflammation and link its functions to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is the leading cause of severe vision loss in aged individuals in the developed countries. In this progressive disease, degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) results in the death of photoreceptors, leading to a loss of central vision. The RPE is prone to oxidative stress, a factor that together with deteriorating functionality, e.g. decreased intracellular recycling and degradation due to attenuated heterophagy/autophagy, induces inflammation. In the early phases, accumulation of intracellular lipofuscin in the RPE and extracellular drusen between RPE cells and Bruch's membrane can be clinically detected. Subsequently, in dry (atrophic) AMD there is geographic atrophy with discrete areas of RPE loss whereas in the wet (exudative) form there is neovascularization penetrating from the choroid to retinal layers. Elevations in levels of local and systemic biomarkers indicate that chronic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of both disease forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kauppinen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jussi J Paterno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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