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Murtaza B, Wang L, Li X, Nawaz MY, Saleemi MK, Khatoon A, Yongping X. Recalling the reported toxicity assessment of deoxynivalenol, mitigating strategies and its toxicity mechanisms: Comprehensive review. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 387:110799. [PMID: 37967807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins frequently contaminate a variety of food items, posing significant concerns for both food safety and public health. The adverse consequences linked to poisoning from these substances encompass symptoms such as vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, the potential for cancer development, impairments to the immune system, disruptions in neuroendocrine function, genetic damage, and, in severe cases, fatality. The deoxynivalenol (DON) raises significant concerns for both food safety and human health, particularly due to its potential harm to vital organs in the body. It is one of the most prevalent fungal contaminants found in edible items used by humans and animals globally. The presence of harmful mycotoxins, including DON, in food has caused widespread worry. Altered versions of DON have arisen as possible risks to the environment and well-being, as they exhibit a greater propensity to revert back to the original mycotoxins. This can result in the buildup of mycotoxins in both animals and humans, underscoring the pressing requirement for additional investigation into the adverse consequences of these modified mycotoxins. Furthermore, due to the lack of sufficient safety data, accurately evaluating the risk posed by modified mycotoxins remains challenging. Our review study delves into conjugated forms of DON, exploring its structure, toxicity, control strategies, and a novel animal model for assessing its toxicity. Various toxicities, such as acute, sub-acute, chronic, and cellular, are proposed as potential mechanisms contributing to the toxicity of conjugated forms of DON. Additionally, the study offers an overview of DON's toxicity mechanisms and discusses its widespread presence worldwide. A thorough exploration of the health risk evaluation associated with conjugated form of DON is also provided in this discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Murtaza
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China; Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China; Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China
| | | | | | - Aisha Khatoon
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Xu Yongping
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China; Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China.
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Gaige S, Barbouche R, Barbot M, Boularand S, Dallaporta M, Abysique A, Troadec JD. Constitutively active microglial populations limit anorexia induced by the food contaminant deoxynivalenol. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:280. [PMCID: PMC9675145 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are involved in neuroinflammatory processes during diverse pathophysiological conditions. To date, the possible contribution of these cells to deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced brain inflammation and anorexia has not yet been evaluated. DON, one of the most abundant trichothecenes found in cereals, has been implicated in mycotoxicosis in both humans and farm animals. DON-induced toxicity is characterized by reduced food intake, weight gain, and immunological effects. We previously showed that exposure to DON induces an inflammatory response within the hypothalamus and dorsal vagal complex (DVC) which contributes to DON-induced anorexia. Here, in response to anorectic DON doses, we reported microglial activation within two circumventricular organs (CVOs), the area postrema (AP) and median eminence (ME) located in the DVC and the hypothalamus, respectively. Interestingly, this microglial activation was observed while DON-induced anorexia was ongoing (i.e., 3 and 6 h after DON administration). Next, we took advantage of pharmacological microglia deletion using PLX3397, a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R)-inhibitor. Surprisingly, microglia-depleted mice exhibited an increased sensitivity to DON since non-anorectic DON doses reduced food intake in PLX3397-treated mice. Moreover, low DON doses induced c-Fos expression within feeding behavior-associated structures in PLX3397-treated mice but not in control mice. In parallel, we have highlighted heterogeneity in the phenotype of microglial cells present in and around the AP and ME of control animals. In these areas, microglial subpopulations expressed IBA1, TMEM119, CD11b and CD68 to varying degrees. In addition, a CD68 positive subpopulation showed, under resting conditions, a noticeable phagocytotic/endocytotic activity. We observed that DON strongly reduced CD68 in the hypothalamus and DVC. Finally, inactivation of constitutively active microglia by intraperitoneal administration of minocycline resulted in anorexia with a DON dose ineffective in control mice. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that various populations of microglial cells residing in and around the CVOs are maintained in a functionally active state even under physiological conditions. We propose that these microglial cell populations are attempting to protect the brain parenchyma from hazardous molecules coming from the blood. This study could contribute to a better understanding of how microglia respond to environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Gaige
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Rym Barbouche
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Manon Barbot
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Sarah Boularand
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM (FR1739), PRATIM, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Michel Dallaporta
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Anne Abysique
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Denis Troadec
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille, France
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Furian AF, Fighera MR, Royes LFF, Oliveira MS. RECENT ADVANCES IN ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF MYCOTOXINS USING ANIMAL MODELS. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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The food contaminant deoxynivalenol provokes metabolic impairments resulting in non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12072. [PMID: 32694515 PMCID: PMC7374573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68712-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ribotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene found on cereals responsible for mycotoxicosis in both humans and farm animals. DON toxicity is characterized by reduced food intake, diminished nutritional efficiency and immunologic effects. The present study was designed to further characterize the alterations in energy metabolism induced by DON intoxication. We demonstrated that acute DON intoxication triggered liver steatosis associated with an altered expression of genes related to lipids oxidation, lipogenesis and lipolysis. This steatosis was concomitant to anorexia, hypoglycemia and a paradoxical transient insulin release. DON treatment resulted also in stimulation of central autonomic network regulating sympathetic outflow and adrenaline and glucocorticoids secretion. Furthermore, an increased expression of genes linked to inflammation and reticulum endoplasmic stress was observed in the liver of DON-treated mice. Finally, we propose that lipids mobilization from adipose tissues (AT) induced by DON intoxication drives hepatic steatosis since (1) genes encoding lipolytic enzymes were up-regulated in AT and (2) plasma concentration of triglycerides (TGs) and non-esterified fatty acids were increased during DON intoxication. Altogether, these data demonstrate that DON induced hormonal and metabolic dysregulations associated with a spectrum of hepatic abnormalities, evocative of a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Wu Q, Yue J, Zhang H, Kuca K, Wu W. Anorexic responses to trichothecene deoxynivalenol and its congeners correspond to secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 77:103371. [PMID: 32171072 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Type B trichothecene mycotoxins comprise deoxynivalenol ("Vomitoxin", DON) and four structually related congeners: 15-acetyl- and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON and 3-ADON), nivalenol (NIV), 4-acetyl-nivalenol (fusarenon X, FX). These foodborne mycotoxins has been linked to food poisoning leading to anorexic response in human and several animal species. However, the pathophysiological basis for anorexic effect is relatively unclear. The goal of this research was to compare anorexic effect to type B trichothecenes and relate these effects to two common cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) following oral and IP exposure. Both cytokines were increased within 1-2 h in plasma and returned to basal concentrations at 6 h following exposure to DON and ADONs. FX evoked both cytokines with initial time and duration at 1-2 h and > 6 h, respectively. Elevation of TNF-α and IL-1β induced by orally exposure to NIV did not occur until 2 h and recovered to basal concentrations at 6 h. Both cytokines were elevated at 1 h and lasted more than 6 h following IP exposure to NIV. Type B trichothecenes stimulated plasma secretion of both cytokines that were consistent with reduction of food intake. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that TNF-α and IL-1β act critical roles in type B trichothecenes-induced anorexic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Jianming Yue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haibin Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic.
| | - Wenda Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic.
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Guillebaud F, Roussel G, Félix B, Troadec JD, Dallaporta M, Abysique A. Interaction between nesfatin-1 and oxytocin in the modulation of the swallowing reflex. Brain Res 2019; 1711:173-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Guillebaud F, Girardet C, Abysique A, Gaigé S, Barbouche R, Verneuil J, Jean A, Leprince J, Tonon MC, Dallaporta M, Lebrun B, Troadec JD. Glial Endozepines Inhibit Feeding-Related Autonomic Functions by Acting at the Brainstem Level. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:308. [PMID: 28611581 PMCID: PMC5447764 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endozepines are endogenous ligands for the benzodiazepine receptors and also target a still unidentified GPCR. The endozepine octadecaneuropeptide (ODN), an endoproteolytic processing product of the diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI) was recently shown to be involved in food intake control as an anorexigenic factor through ODN-GPCR signaling and mobilization of the melanocortinergic signaling pathway. Within the hypothalamus, the DBI gene is mainly expressed by non-neuronal cells such as ependymocytes, tanycytes, and protoplasmic astrocytes, at levels depending on the nutritional status. Administration of ODN C-terminal octapeptide (OP) in the arcuate nucleus strongly reduces food intake. Up to now, the relevance of extrahypothalamic targets for endozepine signaling-mediated anorexia has been largely ignored. We focused our study on the dorsal vagal complex located in the caudal brainstem. This structure is strongly involved in the homeostatic control of food intake and comprises structural similarities with the hypothalamus. In particular, a circumventricular organ, the area postrema (AP) and a tanycyte-like cells forming barrier between the AP and the adjacent nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) are present. We show here that DBI is highly expressed by ependymocytes lining the fourth ventricle, tanycytes-like cells, as well as by proteoplasmic astrocytes located in the vicinity of AP/NTS interface. ODN staining observed at the electron microscopic level reveals that ODN-expressing tanycyte-like cells and protoplasmic astrocytes are sometimes found in close apposition to neuronal elements such as dendritic profiles or axon terminals. Intracerebroventricular injection of ODN or OP in the fourth ventricle triggers c-Fos activation in the dorsal vagal complex and strongly reduces food intake. We also show that, similarly to leptin, ODN inhibits the swallowing reflex when microinjected into the swallowing pattern generator located in the NTS. In conclusion, we hypothesized that ODN expressing cells located at the AP/NTS interface could release ODN and modify excitability of NTS neurocircuitries involved in food intake control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Guillebaud
- Laboratoire Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif EA 4674, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme, Université Aix-MarseilleMarseille, France
| | - Clémence Girardet
- Laboratoire Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif EA 4674, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme, Université Aix-MarseilleMarseille, France
| | - Anne Abysique
- Laboratoire Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif EA 4674, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme, Université Aix-MarseilleMarseille, France
| | - Stéphanie Gaigé
- Laboratoire Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif EA 4674, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme, Université Aix-MarseilleMarseille, France
| | - Rym Barbouche
- Laboratoire Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif EA 4674, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme, Université Aix-MarseilleMarseille, France
| | - Jérémy Verneuil
- Laboratoire Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif EA 4674, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme, Université Aix-MarseilleMarseille, France
| | - André Jean
- Laboratoire Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif EA 4674, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme, Université Aix-MarseilleMarseille, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen NormadieMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Marie-Christine Tonon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen NormadieMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Michel Dallaporta
- Laboratoire Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif EA 4674, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme, Université Aix-MarseilleMarseille, France
| | - Bruno Lebrun
- Laboratoire Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif EA 4674, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme, Université Aix-MarseilleMarseille, France
| | - Jean-Denis Troadec
- Laboratoire Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif EA 4674, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme, Université Aix-MarseilleMarseille, France
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McGorum BC, Symonds HW, Knottenbelt C, Cave TA, MacDonald SJ, Stratton J, Leon I, Turner JA, Pirie RS. Alterations in amino acid status in cats with feline dysautonomia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174346. [PMID: 28333983 PMCID: PMC5363954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline dysautonomia (FD) is a multiple system neuropathy of unknown aetiology. An apparently identical disease occurs in horses (equine grass sickness, EGS), dogs, rabbits, hares, sheep, alpacas and llamas. Horses with acute EGS have a marked reduction in plasma concentrations of the sulphur amino acids (SAA) cyst(e)ine and methionine, which may reflect exposure to a neurotoxic xenobiotic. The aim of this study was to determine whether FD cats have alterations in amino acid profiles similar to those of EGS horses. Amino acids were quantified in plasma/serum from 14 FD cats, 5 healthy in-contact cats which shared housing and diet with the FD cats, and 6 healthy control cats which were housed separately from FD cats and which received a different diet. The adequacy of amino acids in the cats’ diet was assessed by determining the amino acid content of tinned and dry pelleted foods collected immediately after occurrences of FD. Compared with controls, FD cats had increased concentrations of many essential amino acids, with the exception of methionine which was significantly reduced, and reductions in most non-essential amino acids. In-contact cats also had inadequate methionine status. Artefactual loss of cysteine during analysis precluded assessment of the cyst(e)ine status. Food analysis indicated that the low methionine status was unlikely to be attributable to dietary inadequacy of methionine or cystine. Multi-mycotoxin screening identified low concentrations of several mycotoxins in dry food from all 3 premises. While this indicates fungal contamination of the food, none of these mycotoxins appears to induce the specific clinico-pathologic features which characterise FD and equivalent multiple system neuropathies in other species. Instead, we hypothesise that ingestion of another, as yet unidentified, dietary neurotoxic mycotoxin or xenobiotic, may cause both the characteristic disease pathology and the plasma SAA depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce C. McGorum
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Clare Knottenbelt
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Strathclyde, United Kingdom
| | - Tom A. Cave
- Cave Vet Specialists, Wellington, Somerset, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Irene Leon
- Fera Science Limited, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - R. Scott Pirie
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Smeesters L, Meulebroeck W, Raeymaekers S, Thienpont H. Non-destructive detection of mycotoxins in maize kernels using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Escrivá L, Font G, Berrada H, Manyes L. Mycotoxin contamination in laboratory rat feeds and their implications in animal research. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:529-537. [PMID: 27401777 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1206163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Compound feed is particularly vulnerable to multi-mycotoxin contamination. A method for the determination of 12 mycotoxins; enniatins A, A1, B, B1; aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2; OTA; ZEA; T-2 and HT-2 by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been developed and applied for the analysis of laboratory rat commercial feeds. The method trueness was checked by recovery assays at three different spiked levels (n = 9). Recoveries ranged from 73% to 112%, and the intra-day and inter-day precision were lower than 9% and 13%, respectively. Limits of quantitation were lower than 15 μg/kg. Twenty-seven laboratory rats feed samples showed multi-contamination by at least three up to six different mycotoxins. ENNs B and B1, followed by ZEA were the most prevalent mycotoxins. T-2, HT-2, and OTA were not detected. ZEA showed the highest concentration levels reaching 492 μg/kg. The results underline the importance of implementing mycotoxin regular surveillance programs for laboratory animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Escrivá
- a Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Burjassot , Spain
| | - Guillermina Font
- a Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Burjassot , Spain
| | - Houda Berrada
- a Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Burjassot , Spain
| | - Lara Manyes
- a Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Burjassot , Spain
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