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Brodrick E, Jékely G. Photobehaviours guided by simple photoreceptor systems. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:1817-1835. [PMID: 37650997 PMCID: PMC10770211 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-023-01818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Light provides a widely abundant energy source and valuable sensory cue in nature. Most animals exposed to light have photoreceptor cells and in addition to eyes, there are many extraocular strategies for light sensing. Here, we review how these simpler forms of detecting light can mediate rapid behavioural responses in animals. Examples of these behaviours include photophobic (light avoidance) or scotophobic (shadow) responses, photokinesis, phototaxis and wavelength discrimination. We review the cells and response mechanisms in these forms of elementary light detection, focusing on aquatic invertebrates with some protist and terrestrial examples to illustrate the general principles. Light cues can be used very efficiently by these simple photosensitive systems to effectively guide animal behaviours without investment in complex and energetically expensive visual structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Brodrick
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Klug C, Hoffmann R, Tischlinger H, Fuchs D, Pohle A, Rowe A, Rouget I, Kruta I. 'Arm brains' (axial nerves) of Jurassic coleoids and the evolution of coleoid neuroanatomy. SWISS JOURNAL OF PALAEONTOLOGY 2023; 142:22. [PMID: 37780806 PMCID: PMC10533608 DOI: 10.1186/s13358-023-00285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Although patchy, the fossil record of coleoids bears a wealth of information on their soft part anatomy. Here, we describe remains of the axial nerve cord from both decabrachian (Acanthoteuthis, Belemnotheutis, Chondroteuthis) and octobrachian (Plesioteuthis, Proteroctopus, Vampyronassa) coleoids from the Jurassic. We discuss some hypotheses reflecting on possible evolutionary drivers behind the neuroanatomical differentiation of the coleoid arm crown. We also propose some hypotheses on potential links between habitat depth, mode of life and the evolution of the Coleoidea. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13358-023-00285-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klug
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René Hoffmann
- Institute of Geology, Mineralogy, & Geophysics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Helmut Tischlinger
- 85134 Stammham, Germany
- Jura-Museum Eichstätt, Willibaldsburg, 85072 Eichstätt, Germany
| | - Dirk Fuchs
- SNSB-Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Pohle
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Geology, Mineralogy, & Geophysics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Alison Rowe
- Centre de recherche en paléontologie - Paris, Sorbonne Université-MNHN-CNRS-CR2P, 4 Pl. Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Rouget
- Centre de recherche en paléontologie - Paris, Sorbonne Université-MNHN-CNRS-CR2P, 4 Pl. Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Kruta
- Centre de recherche en paléontologie - Paris, Sorbonne Université-MNHN-CNRS-CR2P, 4 Pl. Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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3
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Gühmann M, Porter ML, Bok MJ. The Gluopsins: Opsins without the Retinal Binding Lysine. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152441. [PMID: 35954284 PMCID: PMC9368030 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Opsins allow us to see. They are G-protein-coupled receptors and bind as ligand retinal, which is bound covalently to a lysine in the seventh transmembrane domain. This makes opsins light-sensitive. The lysine is so conserved that it is used to define a sequence as an opsin and thus phylogenetic opsin reconstructions discard any sequence without it. However, recently, opsins were found that function not only as photoreceptors but also as chemoreceptors. For chemoreception, the lysine is not needed. Therefore, we wondered: Do opsins exists that have lost this lysine during evolution? To find such opsins, we built an automatic pipeline for reconstructing a large-scale opsin phylogeny. The pipeline compiles and aligns sequences from public sources, reconstructs the phylogeny, prunes rogue sequences, and visualizes the resulting tree. Our final opsin phylogeny is the largest to date with 4956 opsins. Among them is a clade of 33 opsins that have the lysine replaced by glutamic acid. Thus, we call them gluopsins. The gluopsins are mainly dragonfly and butterfly opsins, closely related to the RGR-opsins and the retinochromes. Like those, they have a derived NPxxY motif. However, what their particular function is, remains to be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gühmann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Megan L. Porter
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Michael J. Bok
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, University of Lund, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Al-Soudy AS, Maselli V, Galdiero S, Kuba MJ, Polese G, Di Cosmo A. Identification and Characterization of a Rhodopsin Kinase Gene in the Suckers of Octopus vulgaris: Looking around Using Arms? BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090936. [PMID: 34571813 PMCID: PMC8465341 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Octopus arms are a fascinating and evolutionarily unique sensory organ, with hundreds of motile suckers, each with thousands of sensory cells, lining eight highly flexible arms. Scientifically, there are many open questions regarding the sensory capabilities of the arms and specifically the highly innervated suckers. In our present work, we used a multidisciplinary approach to fully characterize the light-sensing molecule, Ov-GRK1, in the suckers, skin and retina of Octopus vulgaris. We sequenced the O. vulgaris GRK1 gene, defining a phylogenetic tree and performing a 3D structure model prediction. We found differences in the relative expression of mRNA in different sucker types at several locations along the arm, which might indicate a functional difference. Using labeling methods, we localized the expression to the highly sensitive sucker rim. Our findings indicate that octopus suckers, in specific areas of the arm, might have the ability for light sensing. We therefore suggest that suckers are tactile, chemical and light sensors. Abstract In their foraging behavior octopuses rely on arm search movements outside the visual field of the eyes. In these movements the environment is explored primarily by the suckers that line the entire length of the octopus arm. In this study, for the first time, we report the complete characterization of a light-sensing molecule, Ov-GRK1, in the suckers, skin and retina of Octopus vulgaris. We sequenced the O. vulgaris GRK1 gene, defining a phylogenetic tree and performing a 3D structure model prediction. Furthermore, we found differences in relative mRNA expression in different sucker types at several arm levels, and localized it through in situ hybridization. Our findings suggest that the suckers in octopus arms are much more multimodal than was previously shown, adding the potential for light sensing to the already known mechanical and chemical sensing abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-Sayed Al-Soudy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.-S.A.-S.); (V.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Valeria Maselli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.-S.A.-S.); (V.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Michael J. Kuba
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12271, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
- Physics and Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0945, Japan
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.-S.A.-S.); (V.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.-S.A.-S.); (V.M.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Deryckere A, Styfhals R, Elagoz AM, Maes GE, Seuntjens E. Identification of neural progenitor cells and their progeny reveals long distance migration in the developing octopus brain. eLife 2021; 10:e69161. [PMID: 34425939 PMCID: PMC8384421 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cephalopods have evolved nervous systems that parallel the complexity of mammalian brains in terms of neuronal numbers and richness in behavioral output. How the cephalopod brain develops has only been described at the morphological level, and it remains unclear where the progenitor cells are located and what molecular factors drive neurogenesis. Using histological techniques, we located dividing cells, neural progenitors and postmitotic neurons in Octopus vulgaris embryos. Our results indicate that an important pool of progenitors, expressing the conserved bHLH transcription factors achaete-scute or neurogenin, is located outside the central brain cords in the lateral lips adjacent to the eyes, suggesting that newly formed neurons migrate into the cords. Lineage-tracing experiments then showed that progenitors, depending on their location in the lateral lips, generate neurons for the different lobes, similar to the squid Doryteuthis pealeii. The finding that octopus newborn neurons migrate over long distances is reminiscent of vertebrate neurogenesis and suggests it might be a fundamental strategy for large brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Deryckere
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Ruth Styfhals
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNaplesItaly
| | - Ali Murat Elagoz
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Gregory E Maes
- Center for Human Genetics, Genomics Core, UZ-KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook UniversityTownsvilleAustralia
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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Abstract
For centuries, the eye has fascinated scientists and philosophers alike, and as a result the visual system has always been at the forefront of integrating cutting-edge technology in research. We are again at a turning point at which technical advances have expanded the range of organisms we can study developmentally and deepened what we can learn. In this new era, we are finally able to understand eye development in animals across the phylogenetic tree. In this Review, we highlight six areas in comparative visual system development that address questions that are important for understanding the developmental basis of evolutionary change. We focus on the opportunities now available to biologists to study the developmental genetics, cell biology and morphogenesis that underlie the incredible variation of visual organs found across the Metazoa. Although decades of important work focused on gene expression has suggested homologies and potential evolutionary relationships between the eyes of diverse animals, it is time for developmental biologists to move away from this reductive approach. We now have the opportunity to celebrate the differences and diversity in visual organs found across animal development, and to learn what it can teach us about the fundamental principles of biological systems and how they are built.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Koenig
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Gross
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Bonadè M, Ogura A, Corre E, Bassaglia Y, Bonnaud-Ponticelli L. Diversity of Light Sensing Molecules and Their Expression During the Embryogenesis of the Cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis). Front Physiol 2020; 11:521989. [PMID: 33117186 PMCID: PMC7553075 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.521989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eyes morphologies may differ but those differences are not reflected at the molecular level. Indeed, the ability to perceive light is thought to come from the same conserved gene families: opsins and cryptochromes. Even though cuttlefish (Cephalopoda) are known for their visually guided behaviors, there is a lack of data about the different opsins and cryptochromes orthologs represented in the genome and their expressions. Here we studied the evolutionary history of opsins, cryptochromes but also visual arrestins in molluscs with an emphasis on cephalopods. We identified 6 opsins, 2 cryptochromes and 1 visual arrestin in Sepia officinalis and we showed these families undergo several duplication events in Mollusca: one duplication in the arrestin family and two in the opsin family. In cuttlefish, we studied the temporal expression of these genes in the eyes of embryos from stage 23 to hatching and their expression in two extraocular tissues, skin and central nervous system (CNS = brain + optic lobes). We showed in embryos that some of these genes (Sof_CRY6, Sof_reti-1, Sof_reti-2, Sof_r-opsin1 and Sof_v-arr) are expressed in the eyes and not in the skin or CNS. By looking at a juvenile and an adult S. officinalis, it seems that some of these genes (Sof_r-opsin1 and Sof_reti1) are used for light detection in these extraocular tissues but that they set-up later in development than in the eyes. We also showed that their expression (except for Sof_CRY6) undergoes an increase in the eyes from stage 25 to 28 thus confirming their role in the ability of the cuttlefish embryos to perceive light through the egg capsule. This study raises the question of the role of Sof_CRY6 in the developing eyes in cuttlefish embryos and the role and localization of xenopsins and r-opsin2. Consequently, the diversity of molecular actors involved in light detection both in the eyes and extraocular tissues is higher than previously known. These results open the way for studying new molecules such as those of the signal transduction cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Bonadè
- Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Française (FRE2030), Université de Caen Normandie, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD 207), Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Atsushi Ogura
- Department of Computer Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
| | - Erwan Corre
- Station biologique de Roscoff, plateforme ABiMS, FR2424 CNRS-Sorbonne Université (UPMC), Roscoff, France
| | - Yann Bassaglia
- Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Française (FRE2030), Université de Caen Normandie, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD 207), Université des Antilles, Paris, France.,Université Paris Est Créteil-Val de Marne (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli
- Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Française (FRE2030), Université de Caen Normandie, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD 207), Université des Antilles, Paris, France
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8
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Zink KE, Tarnowski DA, Mandel MJ, Sanchez LM. Optimization of a minimal sample preparation protocol for imaging mass spectrometry of unsectioned juvenile invertebrates. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4458. [PMID: 31693273 PMCID: PMC7145758 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tissue sections have long been the subject matter for the application of imaging mass spectrometry, but recently the technique has been adapted for many other purposes including bacterial colonies and 3D cell culture. Here, we present a simple preparation method for unsectioned invertebrate tissue without the need for fixing, embedding, or slicing. The protocol was used to successfully prepare a Hawaiian bobtail squid hatchling for analysis, and the resulting data detected ions that correspond to compounds present in the host only during its symbiotic colonization by Vibrio fischeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Zink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Denise A Tarnowski
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Mark J Mandel
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Laura M Sanchez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, IL 60612
- Corresponding author: Phone: 312-996-0842
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Macias-Muñoz A, Rangel Olguin AG, Briscoe AD. Evolution of Phototransduction Genes in Lepidoptera. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:2107-2124. [PMID: 31298692 PMCID: PMC6698658 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision is underpinned by phototransduction, a signaling cascade that converts light energy into an electrical signal. Among insects, phototransduction is best understood in Drosophila melanogaster. Comparison of D. melanogaster against three insect species found several phototransduction gene gains and losses, however, lepidopterans were not examined. Diurnal butterflies and nocturnal moths occupy different light environments and have distinct eye morphologies, which might impact the expression of their phototransduction genes. Here we investigated: 1) how phototransduction genes vary in gene gain or loss between D. melanogaster and Lepidoptera, and 2) variations in phototransduction genes between moths and butterflies. To test our prediction of phototransduction differences due to distinct visual ecologies, we used insect reference genomes, phylogenetics, and moth and butterfly head RNA-Seq and transcriptome data. As expected, most phototransduction genes were conserved between D. melanogaster and Lepidoptera, with some exceptions. Notably, we found two lepidopteran opsins lacking a D. melanogaster ortholog. Using antibodies we found that one of these opsins, a candidate retinochrome, which we refer to as unclassified opsin (UnRh), is expressed in the crystalline cone cells and the pigment cells of the butterfly, Heliconius melpomene. Our results also show that butterflies express similar amounts of trp and trpl channel mRNAs, whereas moths express ∼50× less trp, a potential adaptation to darkness. Our findings suggest that while many single-copy D. melanogaster phototransduction genes are conserved in lepidopterans, phototransduction gene expression differences exist between moths and butterflies that may be linked to their visual light environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aide Macias-Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine
| | | | - Adriana D Briscoe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine
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10
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Valdez-Lopez JC, Donohue MW, Bok MJ, Wolf J, Cronin TW, Porter ML. Sequence, Structure, and Expression of Opsins in the Monochromatic Stomatopod Squilla empusa. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 58:386-397. [PMID: 29697793 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Most stomatopod crustaceans have complex retinas in their compound eyes, with up to 16 spectral types of photoreceptors, but members of the superfamily Squilloidea have much simpler retinas, thought to contain a single photoreceptor spectral class. In the Atlantic stomatopod Squilla empusa, microspectrophotometry shows that all photoreceptors absorb light maximally at 517 nm, indicating that a single visual pigment is present in all photoreceptors in the retina. However, six distinct, but partial, long wavelength sensitive (LWS) opsin transcripts, which encode the protein component of the visual pigment, have been previously isolated through RT-PCR. In order to investigate the spectral and functional differences among S. empusa's opsins, we used RT-PCR to complete the 3' end of sequences for five of the six expressed opsins. The extended sequences spanned from the first transmembrane (TM1) helix to the 3' end of the coding region. Using homology-based modeling, we predicted the three-dimensional structure of the amino acid translation of the S. empusa opsins. Based on these analyses, S. empusa LWS opsins share a high sequence identity in TM regions and in amino acids within 15 Å of the chromophore-binding lysine on TM helix 7 (TM7), suggesting that these opsins produce spectrally similar visual pigments in agreement with previous results. However, we propose that these spectrally similar opsins differ functionally, as there are non-conservative amino acid substitutions found in intracellular loop 2 (ICL2) and TM5/ICL3, which are critical regions for G-protein binding, and substitutions in extracellular regions suggest different chromophore attachment affinities. In situ hybridization of two of the opsins (Se5 and Se6) revealed strong co-expression in all photoreceptors in both midband and peripheral regions of the retina as well as in selected ocular and cerebral ganglion neuropils. These data suggest the expression of multiple opsins-likely spectrally identical, but functionally different-in multiple types of neuronal cells in S. empusa. This suggests that the multiple opsins characteristic of other stomatopod species may have similar functional specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Valdez-Lopez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Mary W Donohue
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Michael J Bok
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Julia Wolf
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Thomas W Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Megan L Porter
- Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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11
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Jung SH, Song HY, Hyun YS, Kim YC, Whang I, Choi TY, Jo S. A Brain Atlas of the Long Arm Octopus, Octopus minor. Exp Neurobiol 2018; 27:257-266. [PMID: 30181688 PMCID: PMC6120969 DOI: 10.5607/en.2018.27.4.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cephalopods have the most advanced nervous systems and intelligent behavior among all invertebrates. Their brains provide comparative insights for understanding the molecular and functional origins of the human brain. Although brain maps that contain information on the organization of each subregion are necessary for a study on the brain, no whole brain atlas for adult cephalopods has been constructed to date. Here, we obtained sagittal and coronal sections covering the entire brain of adult Octopus minor (Sasaki), which belongs to the genus with the most species in the class Cephalopoda and is commercially available in East Asia throughout the year. Sections were stained using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) to visualize the cellular nuclei and subregions. H&E images of the serial sections were obtained at 30~70-µm intervals for the sagittal plain and at 40~80-µm intervals for the coronal plain. Setting the midline point of the posterior end as the fiducial point, we also established the distance coordinates of each image. We found that the brain had the typical brain structure of the Octopodiformes. A number of subregions were discriminated by a Hematoxylin-positive layer, the thickness and neuronal distribution pattern of which varied markedly depending upon the region. We identified more than 70 sub-regions based on delineations of representative H&E images. This is the first brain atlas, not only for an Octopodiformes species but also among adult cephalopods, and we anticipate that this atlas will provide a valuable resource for comparative neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Jung
- Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon 33662, Korea
| | - Ha Yeun Song
- Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon 33662, Korea
| | - Young Se Hyun
- Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon 33662, Korea
| | - Yu-Cheol Kim
- Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon 33662, Korea
| | - Ilson Whang
- Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon 33662, Korea
| | - Tae-Young Choi
- Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon 33662, Korea
| | - Seonmi Jo
- Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon 33662, Korea
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Living Light 2018: Conference Report. Biomimetics (Basel) 2018; 3:biomimetics3020011. [PMID: 31105233 PMCID: PMC6352687 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics3020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Living Light is a biennial conference focused on all aspects of light–matter interaction in biological organisms with a broad, interdisciplinary outlook. The 2018 edition was held at the Møller Centre in Cambridge, UK, from April 11th to April 14th, 2018. Living Light’s main goal is to bring together researchers from different backgrounds (e.g., biologists, physicists and engineers) in order to discuss the current state of the field and sparkle new collaborations and new interdisciplinary projects. With over 90 national and international attendees, the 2018 edition of the conference was strongly multidisciplinary: oral and poster presentations encompassed a wide range of topics ranging from the evolution and development of structural colors in living organisms and their genetic manipulation to the study of fossil photonic structures.
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Imarazene B, Andouche A, Bassaglia Y, Lopez PJ, Bonnaud-Ponticelli L. Eye Development in Sepia officinalis Embryo: What the Uncommon Gene Expression Profiles Tell Us about Eye Evolution. Front Physiol 2017; 8:613. [PMID: 28883798 PMCID: PMC5573735 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In metazoans, there is a remarkable diversity of photosensitive structures; their shapes, physiology, optical properties, and development are different. To approach the evolution of photosensitive structures and visual function, cephalopods are particularly interesting organisms due to their most highly centralized nervous system and their camerular eyes which constitute a convergence with those of vertebrates. The eye morphogenesis in numerous metazoans is controlled mainly by a conserved Retinal Determination Gene Network (RDGN) including pax, six, eya, and dac playing also key developmental roles in non-retinal structures and tissues of vertebrates and Drosophila. Here we have identified and explored the role of Sof-dac, Sof-six1/2, Sof-eya in eye morphogenesis, and nervous structures controlling the visual function in Sepia officinalis. We compare that with the already shown expressions in eye development of Sof-otx and Sof-pax genes. Rhodopsin is the pigment responsible for light sensitivity in metazoan, which correlate to correlate visual function and eye development. We studied Sof-rhodopsin expression during retina differentiation. By in situ hybridization, we show that (1) all of the RDGN genes, including Sof-pax6, are expressed in the eye area during the early developmental stages but they are not expressed in the retina, unlike Sof-otx, which could have a role in retina differentiation; (2) Sof-rhodopsin is expressed in the retina just before vision gets functional, from stage 23 to hatching. Our results evidence a role of Sof-six1/2, Sof-eya, and Sof-dac in eye development. However, the gene network involved in the retinal photoreceptor differentiation remains to be determined. Moreover, for the first time, Sof-rhodopsin expression is shown in the embryonic retina of cuttlefish suggesting the evolutionary conservation of the role of rhodopsin in visual phototransduction within metazoans. These findings are correlated with the physiological and behavioral observations suggesting that S. officinalis is able to react to light stimuli from stage 25 of organogenesis on, as soon as the first retinal pigments appear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boudjema Imarazene
- UMR Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS 7208), Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université de Caen Normandie, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD207), Université des AntillesParis, France
| | - Aude Andouche
- UMR Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS 7208), Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université de Caen Normandie, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD207), Université des AntillesParis, France
| | - Yann Bassaglia
- UMR Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS 7208), Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université de Caen Normandie, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD207), Université des AntillesParis, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil-Val de MarneParis, France
| | - Pascal-Jean Lopez
- UMR Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS 7208), Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université de Caen Normandie, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD207), Université des AntillesParis, France
| | - Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli
- UMR Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS 7208), Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université de Caen Normandie, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD207), Université des AntillesParis, France
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Peyer SM, Heath-Heckman EAC, McFall-Ngai MJ. Characterization of the cell polarity gene crumbs during the early development and maintenance of the squid-vibrio light organ symbiosis. Dev Genes Evol 2017; 227:375-387. [PMID: 28105525 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-017-0576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The protein Crumbs is a determinant of apical-basal cell polarity and plays a role in apoptosis of epithelial cells and their protection against photodamage. Using the squid-vibrio system, a model for development of symbiotic partnerships, we examined the modulation of the crumbs gene in host epithelial tissues during initiation and maintenance of the association. The extracellular luminous symbiont Vibrio fischeri colonizes the apical surfaces of polarized epithelia in deep crypts of the Euprymna scolopes light organ. During initial colonization each generation, symbiont harvesting is potentiated by the biochemical and biophysical activity of superficial ciliated epithelia, which are several cell layers from the crypt epithelia where the symbionts reside. Within hours of crypt colonization, the symbionts induce the cell death mediated regression of the remote superficial ciliated fields. However, the crypt cells directly interacting with the symbiont are protected from death. In the squid host, we characterized the gene and encoded protein during light organ morphogenesis and in response to symbiosis. Features of the protein sequence and structure, phylogenetic relationships, and localization patterns in the eye supported assignment of the squid protein to the Crumbs family. In situ hybridization revealed that the crumbs transcript shows opposite expression at the onset of symbiosis in the two different regions of the light organ: elevated levels in the superficial epithelia were attenuated whereas low levels in the crypt epithelia were turned up. Although a rhythmic association in which the host controls the symbiont population over the day-night cycle begins in the juvenile upon colonization, cycling of crumbs was evident only in the adult organ with peak expression coincident with maximum symbiont population and luminescence. Our results provide evidence that crumbs responds to symbiont cues that induce developmental apoptosis and to symbiont population dynamics correlating with luminescence-based stress throughout the duration of the host-microbe association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Peyer
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A C Heath-Heckman
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Margaret J McFall-Ngai
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
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Kelley JL, Davies WIL. The Biological Mechanisms and Behavioral Functions of Opsin-Based Light Detection by the Skin. Front Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Stubbs AL, Stubbs CW. Spectral discrimination in color blind animals via chromatic aberration and pupil shape. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8206-11. [PMID: 27382180 PMCID: PMC4961147 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524578113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a mechanism by which organisms with only a single photoreceptor, which have a monochromatic view of the world, can achieve color discrimination. An off-axis pupil and the principle of chromatic aberration (where different wavelengths come to focus at different distances behind a lens) can combine to provide "color-blind" animals with a way to distinguish colors. As a specific example, we constructed a computer model of the visual system of cephalopods (octopus, squid, and cuttlefish) that have a single unfiltered photoreceptor type. We compute a quantitative image quality budget for this visual system and show how chromatic blurring dominates the visual acuity in these animals in shallow water. We quantitatively show, through numerical simulations, how chromatic aberration can be exploited to obtain spectral information, especially through nonaxial pupils that are characteristic of coleoid cephalopods. We have also assessed the inherent ambiguity between range and color that is a consequence of the chromatic variation of best focus with wavelength. This proposed mechanism is consistent with the extensive suite of visual/behavioral and physiological data that has been obtained from cephalopod studies and offers a possible solution to the apparent paradox of vivid chromatic behaviors in color blind animals. Moreover, this proposed mechanism has potential applicability in organisms with limited photoreceptor complements, such as spiders and dolphins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Stubbs
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
| | - Christopher W Stubbs
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; Department of Astronomy, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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