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Jhelum H, Papatsiros V, Papakonstantinou G, Krabben L, Kaufer B, Denner J. Screening for Viruses in Indigenous Greek Black Pigs. Microorganisms 2024; 12:315. [PMID: 38399719 PMCID: PMC10893322 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The successful advancement of xenotransplantation has led to the development of highly sensitive detection systems for the screening of potentially zoonotic viruses in donor pigs and preventing their transmission to the recipient. To validate these methods, genetically modified pigs generated for xenotransplantation, numerous minipigs and other pig breeds have been tested, thereby increasing our knowledge concerning the pig virome and the distribution of pig viruses. Of particular importance are the porcine cytomegalovirus, a porcine roseolovirus (PCMV/PRV) and the hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV3). PCMV/PRV has been shown to reduce the survival time of pig transplants in non-human primates and was also transmitted in the first pig heart transplantation to a human patient. The main aim of this study was to determine the sensitivities of our methods to detect PCMV/PRV, HEV3, porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus-1 (PLHV-1), PLHV-2, PLHV-3, porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), PCV3, PCV4 and porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) and to apply the methods to screen indigenous Greek black pigs. The high number of viruses found in these animals allowed for the evaluation of numerous detection methods. Since porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) type A and B are integrated in the genome of all pigs, but PERV-C is not, the animals were screened for PERV-C and PERV-A/C. Our detection methods were sensitive and detected PCMV/PRV, PLHV-1, PLHV-1, PLHV-3, PVC3 and PERV-C in most animals. PPV1, HEV3, PCV4 and PERV-A/C were not detected. These data are of great interest since the animals are healthy and resistant to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Jhelum
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (H.J.); (L.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Vasileios Papatsiros
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Medicine (Farm Animal Medicine), University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (V.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Georgios Papakonstantinou
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Medicine (Farm Animal Medicine), University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (V.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Ludwig Krabben
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (H.J.); (L.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Benedikt Kaufer
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (H.J.); (L.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Joachim Denner
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (H.J.); (L.K.); (B.K.)
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Fiebig U, Krüger L, Denner J. Determination of the Copy Number of Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERV) in Auckland Island Pigs Repeatedly Used for Clinical Xenotransplantation and Elimination of PERV-C. Microorganisms 2024; 12:98. [PMID: 38257925 PMCID: PMC10820294 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Auckland Island pigs represent an inbred population of feral pigs isolated on the sub-Antarctic island for over 100 years. The animals have been maintained under pathogen-free conditions in New Zealand; they are well characterized virologically and have been used as donor sources in first clinical trials of porcine neonatal islet cell transplantation for the treatment of human diabetes patients. The animals do not carry any of the xenotransplantation-relevant viruses, and in the first clinical trials, no porcine viruses, including porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) were transmitted to the human recipients. PERVs pose a special risk in xenotransplantation, since they are part of the pig genome. When the copy number of PERVs in these animals was analyzed using droplet digital PCR and primers binding to a conserved region of the polymerase gene (PERVpol), a copy number typical for Western pigs was found. This confirms previous phylogenetic analyses of microsatellites as well as mitochondrial analyses showing a closer relationship to European pigs than to Chinese pigs. When kidney cells from very young piglets were analyzed, only around 20 PERVpol copies were detected. Using these cells as donors in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), animals were born showing PERVpol copy numbers between 35 and 56. These data indicate that Auckland Island pigs have a similar copy number in comparison with other Western pig breeds and that the copy number is higher in adult animals compared with cells from young piglets. Most importantly, PERV-C-free animals were selected and the absence of an additional eight porcine viruses was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Fiebig
- Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (U.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Luise Krüger
- Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (U.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (U.F.); (L.K.)
- Institute of Virology, Free University, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Augustyniak A, Pomorska-Mól M. An Update in Knowledge of Pigs as the Source of Zoonotic Pathogens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3281. [PMID: 37894005 PMCID: PMC10603695 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The available data indicate that the human world population will constantly grow in the subsequent decades. This constant increase in the number of people on the Earth will lead to growth in food demand, especially in food of high nutritional value. Therefore, it is expected that the world livestock population will also increase. Such a phenomenon enhances the risk of transmitting pathogens to humans. As pig production is one of the most significant branches of the world's livestock production, zoonoses of porcine origins seem to be of particular importance. Therefore, in this review, we aim to introduce the latest data concerning, among other things, epidemiology and available preventive measures to control the most significant porcine zoonoses of viral, bacterial, and parasitic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
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Jhelum H, Grand N, Jacobsen KR, Halecker S, Salerno M, Prate R, Krüger L, Kristiansen Y, Krabben L, Möller L, Laue M, Kaufer B, Kaaber K, Denner J. First virological and pathological study of Göttingen Minipigs with Dippity Pig Syndrome (DPS). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281521. [PMID: 37319233 PMCID: PMC10270609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dippity Pig Syndrome (DPS) is a well-known but rare complex of clinical signs affecting minipigs, which has not been thoroughly investigated yet. Clinically affected animals show acute appearance of red, exudating lesions across the spine. The lesions are painful, evidenced by arching of the back (dipping), and the onset of clinical signs is generally sudden. In order to understand the pathogenesis, histological and virological investigations were performed in affected and unaffected Göttingen Minipigs (GöMPs). The following DNA viruses were screened for using PCR-based methods: Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), which is a porcine roseolovirus (PCMV/PRV), porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (PLHV-1, PLHV-2, PLHV-3), porcine circoviruses (PCV1, PCV2, PCV3, PCV4), porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1), and Torque Teno sus viruses (TTSuV1, TTSuV2). Screening was also performed for integrated porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV-A, PERV-B, PERV-C) and recombinant PERV-A/C and their expression as well as for the RNA viruses hepatitis E virus (HEV) and SARS-CoV-2. Eight clinically affected and one unaffected GöMPs were analyzed. Additional unaffected minipigs had been analyzed in the past. The analyzed GöMPs contained PERV-A and PERV-B integrated in the genome, which are present in all pigs and PERV-C, which is present in most, but not all pigs. In one affected GöMPs recombinant PERV-A/C was detected in blood. In this animal a very high expression of PERV mRNA was observed. PCMV/PRV was found in three affected animals, PCV1 was found in three animals with DPS and in the unaffected minipig, and PCV3 was detected in two animals with DPS and in the unaffected minipig. Most importantly, in one animal only PLHV-3 was detected. It was found in the affected and unaffected skin, and in other organs. Unfortunately, PLHV-3 could not be studied in all other affected minipigs. None of the other viruses were detected and using electron microscopy, no virus particles were found in the affected skin. No porcine virus RNA with exception of PERV and astrovirus RNA were detected in the affected skin by next generation sequencing. This data identified some virus infections in GöMPs with DPS and assign a special role to PLHV-3. Since PCMV/PRV, PCV1, PCV3 and PLHV-3 were also found in unaffected animals, a multifactorial cause of DPS is suggested. However, elimination of the viruses from GöMPs may prevent DPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Jhelum
- Institute of Virology, Free University, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Michelle Salerno
- Marshall BioResources, North Rose, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Robert Prate
- Institute of Virology, Free University, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Lars Möller
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens ZBS 4: Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Laue
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens ZBS 4: Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Berlin, Germany
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Virus Safety of Xenotransplantation. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091926. [PMID: 36146732 PMCID: PMC9503113 DOI: 10.3390/v14091926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The practice of xenotransplantation using pig islet cells or organs is under development to alleviate the shortage of human donor islet cells or organs for the treatment of diabetes or organ failure. Multiple genetically modified pigs were generated to prevent rejection. Xenotransplantation may be associated with the transmission of potentially zoonotic porcine viruses. In order to prevent this, we developed highly sensitive PCR-based, immunologicals and other methods for the detection of numerous xenotransplantation-relevant viruses. These methods were used for the screening of donor pigs and xenotransplant recipients. Of special interest are the porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) that are integrated in the genome of all pigs, which are able to infect human cells, and that cannot be eliminated by methods that other viruses can. We showed, using droplet digital PCR, that the number of PERV proviruses is different in different pigs (usually around 60). Furthermore, the copy number is different in different organs of a single pig, indicating that PERVs are active in the living animals. We showed that in the first clinical trials treating diabetic patients with pig islet cells, no porcine viruses were transmitted. However, in preclinical trials transplanting pig hearts orthotopically into baboons, porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), a porcine roseolovirus (PCMV/PRV), and porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), but no PERVs, were transmitted. PCMV/PRV transmission resulted in a significant reduction of the survival time of the xenotransplant. PCMV/PRV was also transmitted in the first pig heart transplantation to a human patient and possibly contributed to the death of the patient. Transmission means that the virus was detected in the recipient, however it remains unclear whether it can infect primate cells, including human cells. We showed previously that PCMV/PRV can be eliminated from donor pigs by early weaning. PERVs were also not transmitted by inoculation of human cell-adapted PERV into small animals, rhesus monkey, baboons and cynomolgus monkeys, even when pharmaceutical immunosuppression was applied. Since PERVs were not transmitted in clinical, preclinical, or infection experiments, it remains unclear whether they should be inactivated in the pig genome by CRISPR/Cas. In summary, by using our sensitive methods, the safety of xenotransplantation can be ensured.
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Halecker S, Metzger J, Strube C, Krabben L, Kaufer B, Denner J. Virological and Parasitological Characterization of Mini-LEWE Minipigs Using Improved Screening Methods and an Overview of Data on Various Minipig Breeds. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122617. [PMID: 34946218 PMCID: PMC8706741 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Minipigs play an important role in biomedical research and have also been used as donor animals in xenotransplantation. To serve as a donor in xenotransplantation, the animals must be free of potential zoonotic viruses, bacteria and parasites. Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are integrated in the genome of all pigs and cannot be eliminated as most of the other pig viruses can. PERV-A and PERV-B infect human cells in cell culture and are integrated in all pigs, whereas PERV-C infects only pig cells and it is found in many, but not all pigs. Minipigs are known for a high prevalence of recombinant PERV-A/C viruses able to infect human cells (Denner and Schuurman, Viruses, 2021;13:1869). Here, Mini-LEWE minipigs are screened for the first time for pig viruses including PERV. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 10 animals were screened using PCR-based methods (PCR, RT-PCR, and real-time PCR). In comparison with our previous screening assays, numerous improvements were introduced, e.g., the usage of gene blocks as a PCR standard and foreign RNA to control reverse transcription in RT-PCR. Using these improved detection methods, Mini-LEWE pigs were found to be negative for porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (PLHV-1, -2 and -3), porcine circoviruses (PCV1, 2, 3 and 4), porcine parvovirus (PPV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV). All animals carried PERV-A, PERV-B and PERV-C in their genome. PERV-A/C was not found. In contrast to all other minipig breeds (Göttingen minipigs, Aachen minipigs, Yucatan micropig, Massachusetts General Hospital miniature pigs), Mini-LEWE minipigs have less viruses and no PERV-A/C. Parasitological screening showed that none of the Mini-LEWE minipigs harbored ecto- and gastrointestinal parasites, but at least one animal tested positive for anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Halecker
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (S.H.); (L.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Julia Metzger
- Research Group Veterinary Functional Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Ludwig Krabben
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (S.H.); (L.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Benedikt Kaufer
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (S.H.); (L.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Joachim Denner
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (S.H.); (L.K.); (B.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-8386-3059
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7
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High Prevalence of Recombinant Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERV-A/Cs) in Minipigs: A Review on Origin and Presence. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091869. [PMID: 34578447 PMCID: PMC8473008 DOI: 10.3390/v13091869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Minipigs play an important role in biomedical research and they have also been used as donor animals for preclinical xenotransplantations. Since zoonotic microorganisms including viruses can be transmitted when pig cells, tissues or organs are transplanted, virus safety is an important feature in xenotransplantation. Whereas most porcine viruses can be eliminated from pig herds by different strategies, this is not possible for porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs). PERVs are integrated in the genome of pigs and some of them release infectious particles able to infect human cells. Whereas PERV-A and PERV-B are present in all pigs and can infect cells from humans and other species, PERV-C is present in most, but not all pigs and infects only pig cells. Recombinant viruses between PERV-A and PERV-C have been found in some pigs; these recombinants infect human cells and are characterized by high replication rates. PERV-A/C recombinants have been found mainly in minipigs of different origin. The possible reasons of this high prevalence of PERV-A/C in minipigs, including inbreeding and higher numbers and expression of replication-competent PERV-C in these animals, are discussed in this review. Based on these data, it is highly recommended to use only pig donors in clinical xenotransplantation that are negative for PERV-C.
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Denner J, Längin M, Reichart B, Krüger L, Fiebig U, Mokelke M, Radan J, Mayr T, Milusev A, Luther F, Sorvillo N, Rieben R, Brenner P, Walz C, Wolf E, Roshani B, Stahl-Hennig C, Abicht JM. Impact of porcine cytomegalovirus on long-term orthotopic cardiac xenotransplant survival. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17531. [PMID: 33067513 PMCID: PMC7568528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation using pig organs has achieved survival times up to 195 days in pig orthotopic heart transplantation into baboons. Here we demonstrate that in addition to an improved immunosuppressive regimen, non-ischaemic preservation with continuous perfusion and control of post-transplantation growth of the transplant, prevention of transmission of the porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) plays an important role in achieving long survival times. For the first time we demonstrate that PCMV transmission in orthotopic pig heart xenotransplantation was associated with a reduced survival time of the transplant and increased levels of IL-6 and TNFα were found in the transplanted baboon. Furthermore, high levels of tPA-PAI-1 complexes were found, suggesting a complete loss of the pro-fibrinolytic properties of the endothelial cells. These data show that PCMV has an important impact on transplant survival and call for elimination of PCMV from donor pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Längin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno Reichart
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Maren Mokelke
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Radan
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Mayr
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anastasia Milusev
- Department of Biomedical Research (DMBR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Luther
- Department of Biomedical Research (DMBR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicoletta Sorvillo
- Department of Biomedical Research (DMBR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert Rieben
- Department of Biomedical Research (DMBR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Brenner
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital, Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Walz
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Berit Roshani
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Jan-Michael Abicht
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Ultra-high throughput single-cell analysis of proteins and RNAs by split-pool synthesis. Commun Biol 2020; 3:213. [PMID: 32382044 PMCID: PMC7205613 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell omics provide insight into cellular heterogeneity and function. Recent technological advances have accelerated single-cell analyses, but workflows remain expensive and complex. We present a method enabling simultaneous, ultra-high throughput single-cell barcoding of millions of cells for targeted analysis of proteins and RNAs. Quantum barcoding (QBC) avoids isolation of single cells by building cell-specific oligo barcodes dynamically within each cell. With minimal instrumentation (four 96-well plates and a multichannel pipette), cell-specific codes are added to each tagged molecule within cells through sequential rounds of classical split-pool synthesis. Here we show the utility of this technology in mouse and human model systems for as many as 50 antibodies to targeted proteins and, separately, >70 targeted RNA regions. We demonstrate that this method can be applied to multi-modal protein and RNA analyses. It can be scaled by expansion of the split-pool process and effectively renders sequencing instruments as versatile multi-parameter flow cytometers. Maeve O’Huallachain et al. report a method that enables simultaneous, ultra-high throughput single-cell barcoding for targeted single-cell protein and RNA analysis. They show the utility of their method in analyses of mRNA and protein expression in human and mouse cells.
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Denner J. Sensitive detection systems for infectious agents in xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2020:e12594. [PMID: 32304138 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation of pig cells, tissues, or organs may be associated with transmission of porcine microorganisms, first of all of viruses, to the transplant recipient, potentially inducing a disease (zoonosis). I would like to define detection systems as the complex of sample generation, sample preparation, sample origin, time of sampling, and the necessary negative and positive controls along with the specific detection methods, either PCR-based, cell-based, or immunological methods. Some xenotransplantation-relevant viruses have already been defined; others are still unknown. The PCR-based methods include PCR and real-time PCR for DNA viruses, and RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR for RNA viruses as well as for virus expression studies at the RNA level. Furthermore, droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) can be used for the determination of virus and provirus copies. To detect expression at the protein level, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analyses can be used. To detect virus production and to detect infectious viruses, electron microscopy and infection assays can be used. Furthermore, immunological methods such as Western blot analysis or ELISA can be used to detect virus-specific antibodies. Detection of antiviral antibodies is a reliable and sensitive indirect detection method. For these immunological methods, purified viruses, recombinant viral proteins, or synthetic peptides are used as antigens and control sera and control antigens are needed. All these methods have been used in the past for the characterization of different pig breeds including genetically modified pigs generated for xenotransplantation and for the screening of recipients in preclinical and clinical xenotransplantations. Whereas in preclinical trials a few porcine viruses have been transmitted to the non-human primate recipients, in first clinical trials no such transmissions to humans were observed. Further improvement of the detection systems and their application in virus elimination programs will lead to clean donor animals and a safe xenotransplantation.
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Liver Transudate, a Potential Alternative to Detect Anti-Hepatitis E Virus Antibodies in Pigs and Wild Boars ( Sus scrofa). Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030450. [PMID: 32210090 PMCID: PMC7144013 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cases of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection have increased in Europe in association with the consumption of contaminated food, mainly from pork products but also from wild boars. The animal’s serum is usually tested for the presence of anti-HEV antibodies and viral RNA but, in many cases such as during hunting, an adequate serum sample cannot be obtained. In the present study, liver transudate was evaluated as an alternative matrix to serum for HEV detection. A total of 125 sera and liver transudates were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at different dilutions (1:2, 1:10, 1:20), while 58 samples of serum and liver transudate were checked for the presence of HEV RNA by RT-qPCR. Anti- HEV antibodies were detected by ELISA in 68.0% of the serum samples, and in 61.6% of the undiluted transudate, and in 70.4%, 56.8%, and 44.8% of 1:2, 1:10, or 1:20 diluted transudate, respectively. The best results were obtained for the liver transudate at 1:10 dilution, based on the Kappa statistic (0.630) and intraclass correlation coefficient (0.841). HEV RNA was detected by RT-qPCR in 22.4% of the serum samples and 6.9% of the transudate samples, all samples used for RT-qPCR were positive by ELISA. Our results indicate that liver transudate may be an alternative matrix to serum for the detection of anti-HEV antibodies.
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12
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Krüger L, Kristiansen Y, Reuber E, Möller L, Laue M, Reimer C, Denner J. A Comprehensive Strategy for Screening for Xenotransplantation-Relevant Viruses in a Second Isolated Population of Göttingen Minipigs. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010038. [PMID: 31905731 PMCID: PMC7019624 DOI: 10.3390/v12010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation using pig tissues and organs is under development in order to alleviate the increasing shortage of human transplants. Since xenotransplantation may be associated with the transmission of porcine microorganisms to the human recipient, the donor pigs should be carefully analyzed, especially for the presence of potentially zoonotic viruses. Göttingen Minipigs (GöMP) are potential donors of islet cells for the treatment of diabetes. Despite the fact that all animals produced at Ellegaard Göttingen Minipigs A/S carry porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) in their genome and that very few animals were infected with porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), hepatitis E virus (HEV) and porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus (PLHV), no transmission of these viruses was observed in a preclinical trial transplanting GöMP islet cells into cynomolgus monkeys. Using a new comprehensive strategy, we then analyzed an isolated subpopulation of Göttingen Minipigs which remained at the University of Göttingen. We concentrated on 11 xenotransplantation-relevant viruses and combined co-incubation assays with susceptible human target cells and molecular biological methods to evaluate the risk posed by PERV. All animals in Göttingen carry PERV-A, PERV-B, and PERV-C in their genome but they are not infected with PCMV, PLHV and HEV. The difference may be explained by selection of negative animals and/or de novo infection. The PERV copy number was established using ddPCR (93 copies) and a human-tropic PERV-A/C was found released from PBMCs of one animal with a high expression of PERV-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Krüger
- Robert Koch Institute, HIV and Other Retroviruses, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (L.K.); (Y.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Yannick Kristiansen
- Robert Koch Institute, HIV and Other Retroviruses, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (L.K.); (Y.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Emelie Reuber
- Robert Koch Institute, HIV and Other Retroviruses, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (L.K.); (Y.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Lars Möller
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens ZBS 4: Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (L.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Michael Laue
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens ZBS 4: Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (L.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Christian Reimer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute, Robert Koch Fellow, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-18754-2800
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Li M, Li S, He Q, Liang Z, Wang L, Wang Q, Wang L. Hepatitis E-related adverse pregnancy outcomes and their prevention by hepatitis E vaccine in a rabbit model. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:1066-1075. [PMID: 31339458 PMCID: PMC6711181 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1643260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) can lead to high mortality during pregnancy. This study was to investigate the adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by different HEV genotypes and their prevention by HEV 239 vaccine in rabbits. Forty-two female rabbits were randomly and equally divided into 7 groups (A-G). HEV 239 vaccine and a placebo were administered to groups E (10 μg×2), F (5 μg×2) and G (1 mL of PBS×2) before copulation. After pregnancy, 1 mL of 1.5×106 copies/mL rabbit HEV3 was inoculated to groups A, E, F and G, swine HEV4/human HEV3 to groups B/C, and group D was a negative control. Anti-HEV antibody, HEV RNA, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were monitored. Pregnant rabbits infected by HEV manifested HEV infection symptoms including fecal virus shedding, ALT/AST elevation, and histopathological changes, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Immunized pregnant rabbits in groups E and F showed no HEV infection symptoms and adverse outcomes. The newborn rabbits delivered by pregnant rabbits with/without immunization showed without/with HEV infection symptoms. This study demonstrated that multiple genotypes of HEV infection can cause adverse outcomes and HEV 239 vaccine can prevent HEV-related adverse outcomes in pregnant rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyu Li
- a Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- a Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyu He
- a Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaochao Liang
- a Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- a Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Qianhui Wang
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , Taiyuan No. 3 Hospital, Taiyuan , Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- a Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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Parisi F, Mazzei M, Verin R, Forzan M, Rocchigiani G, Roper C, Bertelloni G, Poli A. Hepatitis E virus infection in wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Italy and in the UK: a serological, molecular, and pathological study. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-019-1314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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15
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Krüger L, Längin M, Reichart B, Fiebig U, Kristiansen Y, Prinz C, Kessler B, Egerer S, Wolf E, Abicht JM, Denner J. Transmission of Porcine Circovirus 3 (PCV3) by Xenotransplantation of Pig Hearts into Baboons. Viruses 2019; 11:E650. [PMID: 31315245 PMCID: PMC6669873 DOI: 10.3390/v11070650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a newly described member of the virus family Circoviridae. PCV3 is highly distributed among pigs and wild boars worldwide. A sudden introduction of PCV3 was recently observed in a herd of triple genetically modified pigs generated for xenotransplantation. These animals were used as donor pigs for orthotopic heart transplantation into baboons. In four cases, PCV3-positive hearts were transplanted, and transmission of PCV3 to the recipient was observed. PCV3 was found in all organs of the recipient baboons and a higher virus load was found in animals with a longer survival time of the transplant, indicating replication of the virus. This is the first report showing trans-species transmission of PCV3 to baboons by transplantation of a heart from a PCV3-positive donor pig. Sequence analysis showed that PCV3a and PCV3b were present in the infected pigs and were transmitted. Experiments to infect human 293 cells with PCV3 failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Krüger
- Robert Koch Institute, HIV and other retroviruses, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Längin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno Reichart
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Fiebig
- Robert Koch Institute, HIV and other retroviruses, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Carolin Prinz
- Robert Koch Institute, HIV and other retroviruses, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Kessler
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Stefanie Egerer
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Jan-Michael Abicht
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute, Robert Koch Fellow, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Denner J, Pischke S, Steinmann E, Blümel J, Glebe D. Why all blood donations should be tested for hepatitis E virus (HEV). BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:541. [PMID: 31221098 PMCID: PMC6585104 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis E is a liver disease caused by a small RNA virus known as hepatitis E virus (HEV). Four major genotypes infect humans, of which genotype 1 and 2 (HEV-1, HEV-2) are endemic mainly in Asia and responsible for waterborne epidemics. HEV-3 and HEV-4 are widely distributed in pigs and can be transmitted to humans mainly by undercooked meat, and contact with pigs. HEV-3 is the main genotype in industrialised countries with moderate climate conditions and object of this debate. Main text Whereas an HEV-3 infection in healthy humans is mostly asymptomatic, HEV-3 can induce chronic infection in immunocompromised individuals and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) in patients with underlying liver diseases. The number of reported cases of HEV-infections in industrialised nations increased significantly in the last years. Since HEV-3 has been transmitted by blood transfusion to other humans, testing of blood donors has been introduced or introduction is being discussed in some industrialised countries. In this article we summarise the arguments in favour of testing all blood donations for HEV-3. Conclusion The number of HEV infection in the population and the possibility of HEV transmission by blood transfusion are increasing. Transmission by blood transfusion can be dangerous for the recipients considering their immunosuppressive status, underlying disease or other circumstances requiring blood transfusion. This argues in favour of testing all blood donations for HEV-3 to prevent transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sven Pischke
- 1. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes Blümel
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Dieter Glebe
- Institute of Medical Virology, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B and D Viruses, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Schubertstr. 81, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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17
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Denner J. Hepatitis E virus (HEV)-The Future. Viruses 2019; 11:E251. [PMID: 30871152 PMCID: PMC6466233 DOI: 10.3390/v11030251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis (HEV) is widely distributed in pigs and is transmitted with increasing numbers to humans by contact with pigs, contaminated food and blood transfusion. The virus is mostly apathogenic in pigs but may enhance the pathogenicity of other pig viruses. In humans, infection can lead to acute and chronic hepatitis and extrahepatic manifestations. In order to stop the emerging infection, effective counter-measures are required. First of all, transmission by blood products can be prevented by screening all blood donations. Meat and sausages should be appropriately cooked. Elimination of the virus from the entire pork production can be achieved by sensitive testing and elimination programs including early weaning, colostrum deprivation, Caesarean delivery, embryo transfer, treatment with antivirals, protection from de novo infection, and possibly vaccination. In addition, contaminated water, shellfish, vegetables, and fruits by HEV-contaminated manure should be avoided. A special situation is given in xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues or organs in order to alleviate the lack of human transplants. The elimination of HEV from pigs, other animals and humans is consistent with the One Health concept, preventing subclinical infections in the animals as well as preventing transmission to humans and disease.
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Hartline CB, Conner RL, James SH, Potter J, Gray E, Estrada J, Tector M, Tector AJ, Prichard MN. Xenotransplantation panel for the detection of infectious agents in pigs. Xenotransplantation 2019; 25:e12427. [PMID: 30264882 PMCID: PMC6166664 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Recent advances in xenotransplantation have produced organs from pigs that are well tolerated in primate models because of genetic changes engineered to delete major antigens from donor animals. To ensure the safety of human transplant recipients, it will be essential to understand both the spectrum of infectious agents in donor pigs and their potential to be transmitted to immunocompromised transplant recipients. Equally important will be the development of new highly sensitive diagnostic methods for use in the detection of these agents in donor animals and for the monitoring of transplant recipients. Methods Herein, we report the development of a panel of 30 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays for infectious agents with the potential to be transmitted to the human host. The reproducibility, sensitivity and specificity of each assay were evaluated and were found to exhibit analytic sensitivity that was similar to that of quantitative assays used to perform viral load testing of human viruses in clinical laboratories. Results This analytical approach was used to detect nucleic acids of infectious agents present in specimens from 9 sows and 22 piglets derived by caesarean section. The most commonly detected targets in adult animals were Mycoplasma species and two distinct herpesviruses, porcine lymphotrophic herpesvirus 2 and 3. A total of 14 piglets were derived from three sows infected with either or both herpesviruses, yet none tested positive for the viruses indicating that vertical transmission of these viruses is inefficient. Conclusions The data presented demonstrate that procedures in place are highly sensitive and can specifically detect nucleic acids from target organisms in the panel, thus ensuring the safety of organs for transplantation as well as the monitoring of patients potentially receiving them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroll B Hartline
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ra'Shun L Conner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Scott H James
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jennifer Potter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Edward Gray
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jose Estrada
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mathew Tector
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - A Joseph Tector
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mark N Prichard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
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19
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Nellore A, Fishman JA. Donor-derived infections and infectious risk in xenotransplantation and allotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2019; 25:e12423. [PMID: 30264880 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-transplantation infections are common in allograft recipients and should be expected in all immunocompromised hosts. Based on the need for immunosuppression in xenotransplantation, procedures developed to enhance safety in allotransplantation can be applied in future xenotransplantation clinical trials. Standardized approaches can be developed to guide the evaluation of common infectious syndromes in xenograft recipients. The opportunity created by screening of swine intended as xenograft donors has equal applicability to allotransplantation-notably broader screening strategies for allograft donors such as use of advanced sequencing modalities including broad-range molecular probes, microarrays, and high-throughput pyrosequencing. Considerations in management of allotransplant- and xenotransplant-associated infections are largely the same. Experience in xenotransplantation will continue to inform thinking regarding donor-derived infections in allotransplantation. We expect that experience in managing complex allotransplant recipients will similarly inform clinical trials in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoma Nellore
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jay A Fishman
- Transplant and Compromised Host Infectious Disease Program and MGH Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Fiebig U, Fischer K, Bähr A, Runge C, Schnieke A, Wolf E, Denner J. Porcine endogenous retroviruses: Quantification of the copy number in cell lines, pig breeds, and organs. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12445. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Konrad Fischer
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan; Technische Universität München; Freising Germany
| | - Andrea Bähr
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology; Gene Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Oberschleißheim Germany
| | | | - Angelika Schnieke
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan; Technische Universität München; Freising Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology; Gene Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Oberschleißheim Germany
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21
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Li H, Wu J, Sheng Y, Lu Q, Liu B, Chen Y, Sun Y, Zhou E, Zhao Q. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus (
HEV
) infection in various pig farms from Shaanxi Province, China: First detection of
HEV RNA
in pig semen. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:72-82. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology Ministry of Agriculture Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Junyuan Wu
- College of Animal Science Tarim University Alar City Xinjiang China
| | - Yamin Sheng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology Ministry of Agriculture Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Qizhong Lu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology Ministry of Agriculture Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Baoyuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology Ministry of Agriculture Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Yiyang Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology Ministry of Agriculture Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology Ministry of Agriculture Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - En‐Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology Ministry of Agriculture Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology Ministry of Agriculture Yangling Shaanxi China
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22
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Distribution of Porcine Cytomegalovirus in Infected Donor Pigs and in Baboon Recipients of Pig Heart Transplantation. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020066. [PMID: 29415517 PMCID: PMC5850373 DOI: 10.3390/v10020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) is a herpesvirus that may pose a risk for xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues, or organs. Here, three orthotopic pig heart transplantations into baboons were studied. To detect PCMV, a real-time PCR and a Western blot assay based on four PCMV protein sequences, including two tegument proteins, were used. The transmission of PCMV from the donor pig to the recipient baboon was found in two cases, despite PCMV not being detected in the blood of the donor pigs by real-time PCR. Although it was not in the blood, PCMV was detected in different organs of the donor pigs, and in sibling animals. Immunohistochemistry using an antiserum that is specific for PCMV detected virus protein-expressing cells in all of the organs of the recipient baboon, most likely representing disseminated pig cells. Therefore, for the first time, the distribution of PCMV in organs of the donor pigs and the recipient baboons was described. In addition, baboon cytomegalovirus (BaCMV) was found activated in the recipient, and a screening for hepatitis E virus (HEV) and porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (PLHV) was performed. For the first time, a cross-reactivity between antibodies directed against PCMV and BaCMV was found.
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23
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Ricci A, Allende A, Bolton D, Chemaly M, Davies R, Fernandez Escamez PS, Herman L, Koutsoumanis K, Lindqvist R, Nørrung B, Robertson L, Ru G, Sanaa M, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Snary E, Speybroeck N, Ter Kuile B, Threlfall J, Wahlström H, Di Bartolo I, Johne R, Pavio N, Rutjes S, van der Poel W, Vasickova P, Hempen M, Messens W, Rizzi V, Latronico F, Girones R. Public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food-borne pathogen. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04886. [PMID: 32625551 PMCID: PMC7010180 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important infection in humans in EU/EEA countries, and over the last 10 years more than 21,000 acute clinical cases with 28 fatalities have been notified with an overall 10-fold increase in reported HEV cases; the majority (80%) of cases were reported from France, Germany and the UK. However, as infection in humans is not notifiable in all Member States, and surveillance differs between countries, the number of reported cases is not comparable and the true number of cases would probably be higher. Food-borne transmission of HEV appears to be a major route in Europe; pigs and wild boars are the main source of HEV. Outbreaks and sporadic cases have been identified in immune-competent persons as well as in recognised risk groups such as those with pre-existing liver damage, immunosuppressive illness or receiving immunosuppressive treatments. The opinion reviews current methods for the detection, identification, characterisation and tracing of HEV in food-producing animals and foods, reviews literature on HEV reservoirs and food-borne pathways, examines information on the epidemiology of HEV and its occurrence and persistence in foods, and investigates possible control measures along the food chain. Presently, the only efficient control option for HEV infection from consumption of meat, liver and products derived from animal reservoirs is sufficient heat treatment. The development of validated quantitative and qualitative detection methods, including infectivity assays and consensus molecular typing protocols, is required for the development of quantitative microbial risk assessments and efficient control measures. More research on the epidemiology and control of HEV in pig herds is required in order to minimise the proportion of pigs that remain viraemic or carry high levels of virus in intestinal contents at the time of slaughter. Consumption of raw pig, wild boar and deer meat products should be avoided.
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Salines M, Andraud M, Rose N. From the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus (HEV) within the swine reservoir to public health risk mitigation strategies: a comprehensive review. Vet Res 2017; 48:31. [PMID: 28545558 PMCID: PMC5445439 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0436-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of hepatitis E in humans, an emerging zoonosis mainly transmitted via food in developed countries and for which domestic pigs are recognised as the main reservoir. It therefore appears important to understand the features and drivers of HEV infection dynamics on pig farms in order to implement HEV surveillance programmes and to assess and manage public health risks. The authors have reviewed the international scientific literature on the epidemiological characteristics of HEV in swine populations. Although prevalence estimates differed greatly from one study to another, all consistently reported high variability between farms, suggesting the existence of multifactorial conditions related to infection and within-farm transmission of the virus. Longitudinal studies and experimental trials have provided estimates of epidemiological parameters governing the transmission process (e.g. age at infection, transmission parameters, shedding period duration or lag time before the onset of an immune response). Farming practices, passive immunity and co-infection with immunosuppressive agents were identified as the main factors influencing HEV infection dynamics, but further investigations are needed to clarify the different HEV infection patterns observed in pig herds as well as HEV transmission between farms. Relevant surveillance programmes and control measures from farm to fork also have to be fostered to reduce the prevalence of contaminated pork products entering the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Salines
- ANSES-Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France. .,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France.
| | - Mathieu Andraud
- ANSES-Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Rose
- ANSES-Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
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25
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Denner J. Sensitive methods and improved screening strategies are needed for the detection of pig viruses. Xenotransplantation 2017; 24. [PMID: 28432699 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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26
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Denner J. Xenotransplantation - A special case of One Health. One Health 2017; 3:17-22. [PMID: 28616498 PMCID: PMC5454160 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic shortage of human transplants to treat tissue and organ failure has led to the development of xenotransplantation, the transplantation of cells, tissues and organs from another species to human recipients. For a number of reasons, pigs are best suited as donor animals. Successful, routine xenotransplantation would have an enormous impact on the health of the human population, including the young, who sometimes require a replacement organ or islet cells, but especially the elderly, who more often suffer the consequences of organ failure. The first form of xenotransplantation applied to humans is the use of pig islet cells to treat insulin-dependent diabetes, a procedure that will have a significant economic impact. However, although xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues and organs may save and prolong the lives of patients, it may also be associated with the transmission of porcine microorganisms to the recipient, eventually resulting in emerging infectious diseases. For this reason, the health of both the donor animals and the human recipients represents a special and sensitive case of the One Health concept. Basic research leading to strategies how to prevent transmission of porcine microorganisms by selection of virus-free animals, treatment of donor pigs by antiviral drugs, vaccines, colostrum deprivation, early weaning, Caesarean delivery, embryo transfer and/or gene editing should be undertaken to supply an increasing number of potential recipients with urgently required transplants. The methods developed for the detection and elimination of porcine microorganisms in the context of xenotransplantation will also contribute to an improvement in the health of pig populations in general and an increase in the quality of meat products. At present, there is evidence for transmission of porcine viruses to humans eating pork and having contact with pigs, however the impact of these viruses on public health is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Denner
- Corresponding author at: Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.Robert Koch InstituteNordufer 20BerlinD-13353Germany
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Steffen A, Kiss T, Schmid J, Schubert U, Heinke S, Lehmann S, Bornstein S, Ludwig B, Ludwig S. Production of high-quality islets from goettingen minipigs: Choice of organ preservation solution, donor pool, and optimal cold ischemia time. Xenotransplantation 2017; 24. [PMID: 28130838 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transplantation of porcine islets into man might soon become reality for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, porcine islets of high quality and quantity, and a scalable isolation process with strict quality control will be an unconditional prerequisite to enable the best possible transplantation graft. In this study, we provide a comparative study evaluating islet isolation outcome and in vitro survival based upon donor age, organ preservation solution (OPS), and cold ischemia time (CIT). METHODS Goettingen minipigs of younger age (1 year) and retired breeder animals (3.5 years) were studied. Pancreata were harvested according to the standards of human organ retrieval including in situ cold perfusion with either Custodiol® -HTK or Belzer® UW solution. Pancreatic tissue was characterized by quantification of apoptotic cells. Islet isolations were performed according to a modified Ricordi method, and isolation outcome was assessed by determining islet particle numbers (IP), islet equivalents (IEQ), and isolation factor (IF). Isolated islets were cultured for 24 and 48 h for the assessment of in vitro survival. RESULTS Islet viability was significantly higher in Custodiol® -HTK preserved pancreas organs compared to Belzer® UW. Furthermore, organs harvested from retired breeder preserved in Custodiol® -HTK resulted in stable islet isolation yields even after prolonged CIT and showed superior survival rates of islets in vitro compared to the Belzer® UW group. Younger porcine donor organs resulted generally in lower islet yield and survival rates. CONCLUSIONS In summary, Custodiol® -HTK solution should be preferred over Belzer® UW solution for the preservation of pancreata from porcine origin. Custodiol® -HTK allows for maintaining islet viability and promotes reproducible isolation outcome and survival even after longer CIT. The usage of retired breeder animals over young animals for islet isolation is highly advisable to yield high quality and quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Steffen
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich at University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, DZD-German Centre for Diabetes Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Kiss
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Janine Schmid
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Undine Schubert
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sophie Heinke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susann Lehmann
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich at University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, DZD-German Centre for Diabetes Research, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara Ludwig
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich at University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, DZD-German Centre for Diabetes Research, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Ludwig
- Department of Visceral-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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28
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Gazda LS, Collins J, Lovatt A, Holdcraft RW, Morin MJ, Galbraith D, Graham M, Laramore MA, Maclean C, Black J, Milne EW, Marthaler DG, Vinerean HV, Michalak MM, Hoffer D, Richter S, Hall RD, Smith BH. A comprehensive microbiological safety approach for agarose encapsulated porcine islets intended for clinical trials. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:444-463. [PMID: 27862363 PMCID: PMC7169751 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of porcine islets to replace insulin-producing islet β-cells, destroyed during the diabetogenic disease process, presents distinct challenges if this option is to become a therapeutic reality for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. These challenges include a thorough evaluation of the microbiological safety of the islets. In this study, we describe a robust porcine islet-screening program that provides a high level of confidence in the microbiological safety of porcine islets suitable for clinical trials. METHODS A four-checkpoint program systematically screens the donor herd (Large White - Yorkshire × Landrace F1 hybrid animals), individual sentinel and pancreas donor animals and, critically, the islet macrobeads themselves. Molecular assays screen for more than 30 known viruses, while electron microscopy and in vitro studies are employed to screen for potential new or divergent (emergent) viruses. RESULTS Of 1207 monthly samples taken from random animals over a 2-year period, only a single positive result for Transmissible gastroenteritis virus was observed, demonstrating the high level of biosecurity maintained in the source herd. Given the lack of clinical signs, positive antibody titers for Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Porcine parvovirus, and Influenza A confirm the efficacy of the herd vaccination program. Porcine respiratory coronavirus was found to be present in the herd, as expected for domestic swine. Tissue homogenate samples from six sentinel and 11 donor animals, over the same 2-year period, were negative for the presence of viruses when co-cultured with six different cell lines from four species. The absence of adventitious viruses in separate islet macrobead preparations produced from 12 individual pancreas donor animals was confirmed using validated molecular (n = 32 viruses), in vitro culture (cells from four species), and transmission electron microscopy assays (200 cell profiles per donor animal) over the same 2-year period. There has been no evidence of viral transmission following the implantation of these same encapsulated and functional porcine islets into non-immunosuppressed diabetic cynomolgus macaques for up to 4 years. Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from all time points were negative for PCV (Type 2), PLHV, PRRSV, PCMV, and PERV-A, PERV-B, and PERV-C by PCR analysis in all six recipient animals. CONCLUSION The four-checkpoint program is a robust and reliable method for characterization of the microbiological safety of encapsulated porcine islets intended for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Collins
- Veterinary Diagnostic LaboratoryUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMNUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Melanie Graham
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMNUSA
- Department of Veterinary Population MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMNUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas G. Marthaler
- Veterinary Diagnostic LaboratoryUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMNUSA
- Department of Veterinary Population MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMNUSA
| | - Horatiu V. Vinerean
- Office of Laboratory Animal ResearchFlorida International UniversityMiamiFLUSA
- Department of SurgeryHerbert Wertheim College of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Barry H. Smith
- Department of SurgeryWeill Medical College of Cornell University and NewYork‐Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNYUSA
- The Rogosin InstituteNew YorkNYUSA
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29
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Morozov VA, Plotzki E, Rotem A, Barkai U, Denner J. Extended microbiological characterization of Göttingen minipigs: porcine cytomegalovirus and other viruses. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:490-496. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Plotzki
- HIV and other Retroviruses; Robert Koch Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - Avi Rotem
- Beta-O 2 Technologies Ltd.; Rosh-Haain Israel
| | | | - Joachim Denner
- HIV and other Retroviruses; Robert Koch Institute; Berlin Germany
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30
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Chingwaru W, Vidmar J. A novel porcine cell culture based protocol for the propagation of hepatitis E virus. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(16)61092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Morozov VA, Ludwig S, Ludwig B, Rotem A, Barkai U, Bornstein SR, Denner J. Islet cell transplantation from Göttingen minipigs to cynomolgus monkeys: analysis of virus safety. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:320-7. [PMID: 27440468 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues or organs may be associated with the transmission of porcine zoonotic micro-organisms. Hepatitis E virus (HEV), porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) and porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are potentially zoonotic micro-organisms which do not show clinical symptoms in pigs and which are due to the low expression level difficult to detect. Göttingen Minipigs (GöMP) are often used for biomedical investigations and they are well characterized concerning the presence of numerous bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites and therefore may be used for islet cell transplantation. METHODS Islet cells derived from three GöMP were transplanted into four healthy, non-diabetic cynomolgus monkeys using a macroencapsulation device. PCR, nested PCR, real-time PCR, real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analyses were used to estimate the presence of PERV, PCMV and HEV in the donors and recipients. RESULTS Using sensitive detection methods, no HEV was found in the donor pigs and in the pig islet cell preparations. Antibodies against PERV, PCMV and HEV were not found in all cynomolgus monkeys with exception of one monkey showing an immune response against HEV. Using real-time PCR, no PCMV and HEV were found in the sera of all monkeys. CONCLUSION Although the donor islet cells and the recipients were negative for HEV using PCR and Western blot analysis, in one recipient, antibodies against HEV were found, indicating infection in a single case. All recipients were negative for antibodies against PERV, and all were negative for PCMV, indicating absence of infection. As HEV was not detected in the donor pig before transplantation, a more complex and regular screening of the animals using highly sensitive methods is required to avoid virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Ludwig
- Department of Visceral- Thorax- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara Ludwig
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich at University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden and DZD- German Centre for Diabetes Research, Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Avi Rotem
- Beta-O2 Technologies Ltd., Rosh-Haain, Israel
| | | | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich at University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden and DZD- German Centre for Diabetes Research, Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, King's College, London, UK
| | - Joachim Denner
- HIV and other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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32
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Plotzki E, Heinrichs G, Kubícková B, Ulrich RG, Denner J. Microbiological characterization of a newly established pig breed, Aachen Minipigs. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:159-67. [PMID: 26991265 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To alleviate the shortage of human donor organs or tissues for the treatment of organ and tissue failure including diabetes, pigs are considered suitable donor animals. As organs from conventional pigs are usually too large, those from minipigs may be better suited. We recently characterized the Göttingen Minipigs, a breed well characterized concerning the presence of zoonotic microorganisms and found hepatitis E virus (HEV) and porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) in some animals. Here, we characterize another minipig, the Aachen Minipig (AaMP), a pig breed recently established close to the town Aachen in Germany. METHODS The animals were tested for the prevalence and expression of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) and the presence of some selected microorganisms, among them HEV, PCMV, and porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (PLHVs) using highly sensitive and specific PCR and RT-PCR methods. In addition, we screened for antibodies against HEV and PLHV. RESULTS PERV-A, PERV-B, and PERV-C sequences were found in the genome of all Aachen Minipigs. HEV RNA was found by real-time RT-PCR in most, and DNA of PCMV, PLHV-2, and PLHV-3 was found by PCR in some animals. The animals were free of eight other microorganisms tested, but some were seropositive for porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). CONCLUSION Based on medical examinations by veterinarians, the AaMP are in a good health status and seem to harbor only few microorganisms. To improve their status for use as donor pigs in xenotransplantation, the viruses detected might be eliminated by selection of negative animals, Cesarean section, and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Plotzki
- Robert Koch Institute, HIV and other Retroviruses, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Kubícková
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute, HIV and other Retroviruses, Berlin, Germany
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33
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Denner J, Tönjes RR, Takeuchi Y, Fishman J, Scobie L. First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes-Chapter 5: recipient monitoring and response plan for preventing disease trans. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:53-9. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yasu Takeuchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity; University College; London UK
| | - Jay Fishman
- Infectious Disease Division; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
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34
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Denner J, Mueller NJ. Preventing transfer of infectious agents. Int J Surg 2015; 23:306-311. [PMID: 26316157 PMCID: PMC7185644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues and organs may be associated with the transfer of porcine infectious agents, which may infect the human recipient and in the worst case induce a disease (zoonosis). To prevent this, a broad screening program of the donor animals for putative zoonotic microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and others, using sensitive and specific detection methods has to be performed. As long as it is still unknown, which microorganism represents a real risk for the recipient, experience from allotransplantation should be brought in. Due to the fact that pigs can be screened long before the date of transplantation, xenotransplantation will become eventually safer compared with allotransplantation. Screening and selection of animals free of potential zoonotic microorganisms, Caesarean section, vaccination and/or treatment with chemotherapeutics are the strategies of choice to obtain donor animals not transmitting microorganisms. In the case of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) which are integrated in the genome of all pigs and which cannot be eliminated this way, selection of animals with low virus expression and generation of genetically modified pigs suppressing PERV expressions may be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas J Mueller
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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35
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Plotzki E, Wolf-van Buerck L, Knauf Y, Becker T, Maetz-Rensing K, Schuster M, Baehr A, Klymiuk N, Wolf E, Seissler J, Denner J. Virus safety of islet cell transplantation from transgenic pigs to marmosets. Virus Res 2015; 204:95-102. [PMID: 25956348 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of pig islet cells for the treatment of diabetes may be a more effective approach compared with the application of insulin. However, before introduction into the clinic, efficacy and safety of this treatment have to be shown. Non-human primate models may be used for this, despite the fact that they are characterised by several limitations. Here we investigate the prevalence of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs), which are present in the genome of all pigs and which may infect human cells, as well as of porcine herpes viruses in donor pigs and their potential transmission to non-human primate recipients. Despite the fact that all three subtypes of PERV were present in all and porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) was found in some of the pigs, neither PERVs nor PCMV were found in the recipient animals under the experimental conditions applied. Porcine lymphotropic herpes viruses (PLHV) were not found in the donor pigs, hepatitis E virus (HEV) was not found in the recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Plotzki
- Robert Koch Institute, HIV and Other Retroviruses, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lelia Wolf-van Buerck
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Diabeteszentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 München, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Knauf
- German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute, Pathology Unit, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Tamara Becker
- German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute, Pathology Unit, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Maetz-Rensing
- German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute, Pathology Unit, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Marion Schuster
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Diabeteszentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 München, Germany.
| | - Andrea Baehr
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Hackerstraße 27, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Hackerstraße 27, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Hackerstraße 27, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Jochen Seissler
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Diabeteszentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 München, Germany.
| | - Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute, HIV and Other Retroviruses, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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