1
|
Lee OYC, Wu HHT, Besra GS, Minnikin DE, Jaeger HY, Maixner F, Zink A, Gasparik M, Pap I, Bereczki Z, Pálfi G. Sensitive lipid biomarker detection for tuberculosis in late Neanderthal skeletons from Subalyuk Cave, Hungary. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 143S:102420. [PMID: 38012927 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal remains of two Neanderthal individuals, a 25-35 year-old woman and a 3-4 year-old child, were discovered in a Subalyuk Cave in North-Eastern Hungary. Radiocarbon dating of the female and child remains revealed an age of 39,732-39,076 and 36,117-35,387 cal BP, respectively. Paleopathological studies of these Neanderthal remains revealed probable evidence of skeletal mycobacterial infection, including in the sacrum of the adult specimen and the endocranial surface of the child's skull. Application of PCR amplification to the juvenile cranium and a vertebra gave a positive result (IS6110) for tuberculosis, backed up by spoligotyping. Lipid biomarker analyses of the same two specimens revealed definitive signals for C32 mycoserosates, a very characteristic component of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). A vertebra from the adult provided weak evidence for mycocerosate biomarkers. The correlation of probable skeletal lesions with characteristic amplified DNA fragments and a proven lipid biomarker points to the presence of tuberculosis in these Neanderthals. In particular, the closely similar biomarker profiles, for two distinct juvenile cranial and vertebral bones, strengthen this diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oona Y-C Lee
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Houdini H T Wu
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK.
| | - David E Minnikin
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Heidi Y Jaeger
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Frank Maixner
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Albert Zink
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Mihály Gasparik
- Department of Palaeontology and Geology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Pap
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Hungary; Department of Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bereczki
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - György Pálfi
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kot M, Berto C, Krajcarz MT, Moskal-Del Hoyo M, Gryczewska N, Szymanek M, Marciszak A, Stefaniak K, Zarzecka-Szubińska K, Lipecki G, Wertz K, Madeyska T. Frontiers of the Lower Palaeolithic expansion in Europe: Tunel Wielki Cave (Poland). Sci Rep 2022; 12:16355. [PMID: 36175468 PMCID: PMC9523034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peopling of Central Europe by Middle Pleistocene hominids is highly debatable, mainly due to the relatively harsh climatic and environmental conditions that require cultural and anatomical adjustments. At least several archaeological sites certify human occupation in the region dated back to MIS 13-11, but they represent open-air settlements. Based on the new fieldwork conducted in Tunel Wielki Cave, we can date the human occupation traces in the cave to MIS 14-12. Bipolar-on-anvil knapping technique prevails in the lithic assemblage, made exclusively in flint. The obtained results have given ground for studying the frontiers of human oikumene and the required cultural adaptive abilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kot
- Faculty of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Claudio Berto
- Faculty of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej T Krajcarz
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Natalia Gryczewska
- Faculty of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Szymanek
- Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrian Marciszak
- Department of Palaeozoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Stefaniak
- Department of Palaeozoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zarzecka-Szubińska
- Department of Palaeozoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Lipecki
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Wertz
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016, Kraków, Poland
| | - Teresa Madeyska
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moncel MH, Santagata C, Pereira A, Nomade S, Bahain JJ, Voinchet P, Piperno M. A biface production older than 600 ka ago at Notarchirico (Southern Italy) contribution to understanding early Acheulean cognition and skills in Europe. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218591. [PMID: 31557192 PMCID: PMC6762110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For the past decade, debates on the earliest evidence of bifacial shaping in Western Europe have focused on several key issues, such as its origin (i.e., local or introduced), or on what should define the Acheulean culture. Whatever hypotheses are proposed for its origin, the onset and technological strategies for making Large Cutting Tools (LCTs), including biface production, are key issues and are often associated with other behavioural changes, such as increased core technology complexity. Current archaeological patterns do not support the existence of transitional industries. Rather, the scant evidence suggests that biface production associated with the management of bifacial volume was widespread around 700 ka. Among the earliest sites, the site of Notarchirico in Southern Italy stands out as one of the most significant examples. 40Ar/39Ar ages and ESR dates recently provided a revised chronology for the whole sedimentary sequence and constrained the archaeological levels between ca. 610 and 670 ka. Five archaeosurfaces (A, A1, B, D and F) yielded LCTs, including bifaces, during Marcello Piperno's excavations from 1980 to 1995. In light of this new chronological framework, which is much shorter than previously thought, we propose in this contribution a revision of the bifaces by applying the "chaine opératoire" method for the first time (analysis of reduction processes). Our goals are to assess biface production in this early Western European locality and to characterize the strategies applied at the site throughout the sequence. A corpus of 32 tools was selected from the A-A1, B, D and F archaeosurfaces. The technological analysis shows that hominins had the capacity to manage bifacial volumes, when raw material quality was adequate. Clear differences do not emerge between the different levels in terms of shaping modes or final forms. However, we demonstrate that the oldest level (level F), with the richest corpus, lacks flint and displays a higher diversity of bifaces. This ability to manage bifacial and bilateral equilibrium, as well as the diversity of the morphological results, is observed in a few penecontemporaneous sites (700-600 ka), both in the north-western and southern parts of Western Europe. These patterns suggest that hominins mastered well-controlled and diversified biface production, combining intense shaping and minimal shaping, and shared a common technological background regardless of the geographical area, and applied this technology regardless of the available raw materials. The degree of skill complexity of hominins in Western Europe between 700 and 600 ka, the current lack of evidence suggesting "gradual industries" between core-and-flake series and Acheulean techno-complexes, raise numerous questions on the origin of new behaviours in Western Europe, their mode of diffusion, and their association with Homo heidelbergensis or other Middle Pleistocene populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alison Pereira
- UMR 7194 HNHP, National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France
- Ecole française de Rome, Piazza Farnese, Roma, Italy
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de L’Environnement, UMR 8212, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvellet, France
| | - Sébastien Nomade
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de L’Environnement, UMR 8212, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvellet, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Pierre Voinchet
- UMR 7194 HNHP, National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zanolli C, Martinón-Torres M, Bernardini F, Boschian G, Coppa A, Dreossi D, Mancini L, Martínez de Pinillos M, Martín-Francés L, Bermúdez de Castro JM, Tozzi C, Tuniz C, Macchiarelli R. The Middle Pleistocene (MIS 12) human dental remains from Fontana Ranuccio (Latium) and Visogliano (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), Italy. A comparative high resolution endostructural assessment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0189773. [PMID: 30281595 PMCID: PMC6169847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The penecontemporaneous Middle Pleistocene sites of Fontana Ranuccio (Latium) and Visogliano (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), set c. 450 km apart in central and northeastern Italy, respectively, have yielded some among the oldest human fossil remains testifying to a peopling phase of the Italian Peninsula broadly during the glacial MIS 12, a stage associated with one among the harshest climatic conditions in the Northern hemisphere during the entire Quaternary period. Together with the large samples from Atapuerca Sima de los Huesos, Spain, and Caune de l’Arago at Tautavel, France, the remains from Fontana Ranuccio and Visogliano are among the few mid-Middle Pleistocene dental assemblages from Western Europe available for investigating the presence of an early Neanderthal signature in their inner structure. We applied two- three-dimensional techniques of virtual imaging and geometric morphometrics to the high-resolution X-ray microtomography record of the dental remains from these two Italian sites and compared the results to the evidence from a selected number of Pleistocene and extant human specimens/samples from Europe and North Africa. Depending on their preservation quality and on the degree of occlusal wear, we comparatively assessed: (i) the crown enamel and radicular dentine thickness topographic variation of a uniquely represented lower incisor; (ii) the lateral crown tissue proportions of premolars and molars; (iii) the enamel-dentine junction, and (iv) the pulp cavity morphology of all available specimens. Our analyses reveal in both samples a Neanderthal-like inner structural signal, for some aspects also resembling the condition shown by the contemporary assemblage from Atapuerca SH, and clearly distinct from the recent human figures. This study provides additional evidence indicating that an overall Neanderthal morphological dental template was preconfigured in Western Europe at least 430 to 450 ka ago.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Zanolli
- Laboratoire AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
| | - María Martinón-Torres
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain
- Department of Anthropology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Bernardini
- Centro Fermi, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro di Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory, The "Abdus Salam" International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanni Boschian
- Dipartimento di Civiltà e Forme del Sapere, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alfredo Coppa
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Dreossi
- SYRMEP Group, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza (Trieste), Italy
| | - Lucia Mancini
- SYRMEP Group, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza (Trieste), Italy
| | - Marina Martínez de Pinillos
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain
- Department of Anthropology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Martín-Francés
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain
- Laboratoire PACEA, UMR 5199, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - José María Bermúdez de Castro
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain
- Department of Anthropology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Tozzi
- Dipartimento di Civiltà e Forme del Sapere, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Tuniz
- Centro Fermi, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro di Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory, The "Abdus Salam" International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy
- Centre for Archaeological Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Roberto Macchiarelli
- Laboratoire HNHP, UMR 7194 CNRS, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Paris, France
- Unité de Formation Géosciences, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Since the time of Darwin (1859) and Wallace (1869), islands have been regarded by scientists as a prime target for scrutinizing the forces that may influence evolution and diversification and important elements in biogeographic studies. This research aims to scrutinize whether and to what extent the composition and structure of past mammal insular faunas and their changes through time may provide sound clues for inferring the paleogeographical evolution of a region. As a case study, I critically analyzed the dynamics shown by the Plio-Pleistocene mammalian fauna of 3 Western Mediterranean insular districts, the Balearic Islands, Sardinia and Sicily, each characterized by its own peculiar paleobiogeographical evolutionary history. The revision of faunas and the critical analysis of the dispersal ability of the ancestors of island settlers have allowed hypothesizing on the time and mode of island colonization. The results obtained confirm that the early isolation of the Balearic Islands from the mainland led to the establishment of an endemic fauna since the pre-Messinian Miocene (?Astaracian European Land Mammal Age, MN7/8), and that Sardinia has definitely been isolated since the Pliocene, although dispersal events led to some faunal turnovers during the Pleistocene. In addition, the results suggest for Sicily a complex, still imperfectly disentangled history of alternate phases of complete separation and sporadic, more or less difficult connections with southern Italy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita PALOMBO
- Department of Earth ScienceSapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy; CNR‐IGAG, Monterotondo (Roma)Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Buti L, Le Cabec A, Panetta D, Tripodi M, Salvadori PA, Hublin JJ, Feeney RNM, Benazzi S. 3D enamel thickness in Neandertal and modern human permanent canines. J Hum Evol 2017; 113:162-172. [PMID: 29054166 PMCID: PMC5667889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Enamel thickness figures prominently in studies of human evolution, particularly for taxonomy, phylogeny, and paleodietary reconstruction. Attention has focused on molar teeth, through the use of advanced imaging technologies and novel protocols. Despite the important results achieved thus far, further work is needed to investigate all tooth classes. We apply a recent approach developed for anterior teeth to investigate the 3D enamel thickness of Neandertal and modern human (MH) canines. In terms of crown size, the values obtained for both upper and lower unworn/slightly worn canines are significantly greater in Neandertals than in Upper Paleolithic and recent MH. The 3D relative enamel thickness (RET) is significantly lower in Neandertals than in MH. Moreover, differences in 3D RET values between the two groups appear to decrease in worn canines beginning from wear stage 3, suggesting that both the pattern and the stage of wear may have important effects on the 3D RET value. Nevertheless, the 3D average enamel thickness (AET) does not differ between the two groups. In both groups, 3D AET and 3D RET indices are greater in upper canines than in lower canines, and overall the enamel is thicker on the occlusal half of the labial aspect of the crown, particularly in MH. By contrast, the few early modern humans investigated show the highest volumes of enamel while for all other components of 3D enamel, thickness this group holds an intermediate position between Neandertals and recent MH. Overall, our study supports the general findings that Neandertals have relatively thinner enamel than MH (as also observed in molars), indicating that unworn/slightly worn canines can be successfully used to discriminate between the two groups. Further studies, however, are needed to understand whether these differences are functionally related or are the result of pleiotropic or genetic drift effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buti
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, V. Ariani, 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Adeline Le Cabec
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, F-38043 Grenoble Cédex 9, France.
| | - Daniele Panetta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology - CNR, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Maria Tripodi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology - CNR, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Piero A Salvadori
- Institute of Clinical Physiology - CNR, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Robin N M Feeney
- UCD School of Medicine, Health Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, V. Ariani, 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lugli F, Cipriani A, Arnaud J, Arzarello M, Peretto C, Benazzi S. Suspected limited mobility of a Middle Pleistocene woman from Southern Italy: strontium isotopes of a human deciduous tooth. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8615. [PMID: 28819227 PMCID: PMC5561174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the Sr isotopic composition of enamel of the most ancient deciduous tooth ever discovered in Italy to assess human mobility in Middle Pleistocene. Reconstructing ancient mobility is crucial for understanding human strategy at exploiting temporally and spatially patchy resources, with most studies focusing on indirect evidences, ultimately affecting our interpretation on hominin territoriality and energetic costs invested by hominin groups. Here, we use the high spatial resolution and micro-destructivity options offered by the Laser Ablation Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry technique, to determine the 87Sr/ 86Sr intra-tooth variability of a human deciduous incisor from the Middle Pleistocene layers of the Isernia La Pineta site (Italy). We compared these data with the Sr isotopic signature of local micro-mammals, the broadest home-range of the macro-mammals and with modern plant samples. Our study reveals that while macro-mammals have possibly migrated through the landscape for up to 50 km, the pregnant woman from Isernia was probably local, given that the isotopic ratio of the enamel falls within the local range and is comparable with the signature of the local plants in a radius of 10 km. This is the first case study of Sr isotopic composition determination in such ancient deciduous tooth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Lugli
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy.
| | - Anna Cipriani
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy.,Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, 10964, USA
| | - Julie Arnaud
- Department of Humanities, Section of Prehistorical and Anthropological Sciences, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d'Este 32, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marta Arzarello
- Department of Humanities, Section of Prehistorical and Anthropological Sciences, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d'Este 32, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Peretto
- Department of Humanities, Section of Prehistorical and Anthropological Sciences, University of Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d'Este 32, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, 48121, Ravenna, Italy.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bermúdez de Castro JM, Martinón‐Torres M, Martín‐Francés L, Martínez de Pinillos M, Modesto‐Mata M, García‐Campos C, Wu X, Xing S, Liu W. Early Pleistocene hominin deciduous teeth from theHomo antecessorGran Dolina‐TD6 bearing level (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:602-615. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José María Bermúdez de Castro
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH)Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3Burgos09002 Spain
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity College London (UCL)14 Taviton StreetLondonWC1H 0BW United Kingdom
| | - María Martinón‐Torres
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity College London (UCL)14 Taviton StreetLondonWC1H 0BW United Kingdom
- Laboratorio de Evolución HumanaDepartamento de Historia, Geografía y Comunicación. Universidad de Burgos Spain
| | - Laura Martín‐Francés
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH)Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3Burgos09002 Spain
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity College London (UCL)14 Taviton StreetLondonWC1H 0BW United Kingdom
| | - Marina Martínez de Pinillos
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH)Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3Burgos09002 Spain
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity College London (UCL)14 Taviton StreetLondonWC1H 0BW United Kingdom
| | - Mario Modesto‐Mata
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH)Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3Burgos09002 Spain
- Equipo Primeros Pobladores de Extremadura (EPPEX), Casa de la Cultura Rodríguez MoñinoAv. Cervantes s/nCáceres10003 Spain
| | - Cecilia García‐Campos
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH)Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3Burgos09002 Spain
| | - Xiujie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyBeijing100044 China
| | - Song Xing
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyBeijing100044 China
| | - Wu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyBeijing100044 China
| |
Collapse
|