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KafiKang M, Abeysiriwardana C, Singh VK, Young Koh C, Prichard J, Mor SK, Hendawi A. Analysis of Emerging Variants of Turkey Reovirus using Machine Learning. Brief Bioinform 2024; 25:bbae224. [PMID: 38752857 PMCID: PMC11097603 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbae224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian reoviruses continue to cause disease in turkeys with varied pathogenicity and tissue tropism. Turkey enteric reovirus has been identified as a causative agent of enteritis or inapparent infections in turkeys. The new emerging variants of turkey reovirus, tentatively named turkey arthritis reovirus (TARV) and turkey hepatitis reovirus (THRV), are linked to tenosynovitis/arthritis and hepatitis, respectively. Turkey arthritis and hepatitis reoviruses are causing significant economic losses to the turkey industry. These infections can lead to poor weight gain, uneven growth, poor feed conversion, increased morbidity and mortality and reduced marketability of commercial turkeys. To combat these issues, detecting and classifying the types of reoviruses in turkey populations is essential. This research aims to employ clustering methods, specifically K-means and Hierarchical clustering, to differentiate three types of turkey reoviruses and identify novel emerging variants. Additionally, it focuses on classifying variants of turkey reoviruses by leveraging various machine learning algorithms such as Support Vector Machines, Naive Bayes, Random Forest, Decision Tree, and deep learning algorithms, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The experiments use real turkey reovirus sequence data, allowing for robust analysis and evaluation of the proposed methods. The results indicate that machine learning methods achieve an average accuracy of 92%, F1-Macro of 93% and F1-Weighted of 92% scores in classifying reovirus types. In contrast, the CNN model demonstrates an average accuracy of 85%, F1-Macro of 71% and F1-Weighted of 84% scores in the same classification task. The superior performance of the machine learning classifiers provides valuable insights into reovirus evolution and mutation, aiding in detecting emerging variants of pathogenic TARVs and THRVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam KafiKang
- Computer Science Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, 02881, RI, USA
| | | | - Vikash K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, 55108, MN, USA
| | - Chan Young Koh
- Computer Science Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, 02881, RI, USA
| | - Janet Prichard
- Department of Information Systems and Analytics, Bryant University, Smithfield, 02917, RI, USA
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, 55108, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Animal Disease Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007, SD, USA
| | - Abdeltawab Hendawi
- Computer Science Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, 02881, RI, USA
- Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Tang Y, Yu H, Jiang X, Bao E, Wang D, Lu H. Genetic characterization of a novel pheasant-origin orthoreovirus using Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277411. [PMID: 36409667 PMCID: PMC9678273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A field isolate (Reo/SDWF /Pheasant/17608/20) of avian orthoreovirus (ARV), isolated from a flock of game-pheasants in Weifang, Shandong Province, was genetically characterized being a field variant or novel strain in our recent research studies in conducting whole genome sequencing by using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technique on Illumina MiSeq platform. Among a total of 870,197 35-151-mer sequencing reads, 297,711 reads (34.21%) were identified as ARV sequences. The de novo assembly of the ARV reads resulted in generation of 10 ARV-related contigs with the average sequencing coverage from 1390× to 1977× according to 10 ARV genome segments. The complete genomes of this pheasant-origin ARV (Reo/SDWF /Pheasant/17608/20) were 23,495 bp in length and consist of 10 dsRNA segments ranged from 1192 bp (S4) to 3958 bp (L1) encoding 12 viral proteins. Sequence comparison between the SDWF17608 and classic ARV reference strains revealed that 58.1-100% nucleotide (nt) identities and 51.4-100% amino acid (aa) identities were in genome segment coding genes. The 10 RNA segments had conversed termini at 5' (5'-GCUUUU) and 3' (UCAUC-3') side, which were identical to the most published ARV strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this pheasant ARV field variant was closely related with chicken ARV strains in 7 genome segment genes, but it possessed significant sequence divergence in M1, M3 and S2 segments. These findings suggested that this pheasant-origin field variant was a divergent ARV strain and was likely originated from reassortments between different chicken ARV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Tianjin Ringpu Bio-Technology Co, Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoning Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Endong Bao
- Tianjin Ringpu Bio-Technology Co, Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Tianjin Ringpu Bio-Technology Co, Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Huaguang Lu
- Wiley Lab / Avian Virology, Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kumar R, Sharafeldin TA, Goyal SM, Mor SK, Porter RE. Infection and transmission dynamics of Turkey arthritis reovirus in different age Turkeys. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105790. [PMID: 36170950 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Turkey arthritis reovirus (TARV) has been established as a cause of lameness in meat type turkeys in the past decade. However, no information is available on the age susceptibility of TARV or its transmission dynamics. We conducted this study to determine the age at which turkey poults are susceptible to TARV infection and whether infected birds can horizontally transmit the virus to their non-infected pen mates (sentinels). Five groups of turkeys were orally inoculated with TARV (∼106 TCID50/ml) at 2, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age (DOA). Two days after each challenge, four uninfected sentinel turkeys of equal age were added to the virus-inoculated groups. At one- and two-weeks post infection, turkeys from each group, including two sentinels, were euthanized followed by necropsy. Inoculated birds in all age groups had TARV replication in the intestine and gastrocnemius tendon with no statistically significant variation at p < 0.5. Furthermore, the inoculated birds at different age groups showed consistently high gastrocnemius tendon histologic lesion scores while birds in the 28-days-old age group had numerically lower lesion scores at 14 days post inoculation (dpi). The sentinels, in turn, also showed virus replication in their intestines and tendons and histologic lesions in gastrocnemius tendons. The findings indicate that turkeys at the age of 28 days or less are susceptible to infection with TARV following oral challenge. It was also found that TARV-infected birds could transmit the infection to naïve sentinel turkeys of the same age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University and Cattle Research Institute, Mathura, U.P, 281001, India
| | - Tamer A Sharafeldin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511, Egypt
| | - Sagar M Goyal
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Robert E Porter
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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Kumar R, Sharafeldin TA, Sobhy NM, Goyal SM, Porter RE, Mor SK. Comparative Pathogenesis of Turkey Reoviruses. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:435-444. [PMID: 35583932 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2079474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTTurkey reoviruses have been implicated in multiple disease syndromes resulting in significant economic losses to the turkey industry. Turkey enteric reovirus (TERV) has been known to be involved in poult enteritis complex for decades, but turkey arthritis reovirus (TARV), the causative agent of tenosynovitis in turkeys, emerged in 2011. Recently in 2019, we isolated reovirus from several cases of hepatitis in turkeys and tentatively named it as turkey hepatitis reovirus (THRV). The comparative pathogenesis of these viruses, and correlation with their genetic make-up (if any), is not known. In this study, we inoculated nine groups of 1-week-old turkey poults with 2 THRV, 5 TARV and 2 TERV via the oral route. A tenth group served as negative control. A subset of birds from each group was euthanized at 3-, 5-, 7-, 14-, 21-, and 28-days post inoculation (dpi). Tissues were collected for histology and real time RT-PCR. All nine viruses were found to be enterotropic; the virus gene copy number in the intestine reached a peak at 5 dpi followed by a sharp decline at 7 dpi. All viruses caused a significant decline in body weight gain of birds as compared to the negative control group. Both TARV and THRV strains replicated in tendons and produced histologic lesions consistent with tenosynovitis. Hepatic lesions were produced by THRV only and the virus was re-isolated from liver and spleen of inoculated birds fulfilling Koch's postulates. The results of this study should be helpful in facilitating diagnosis and designing future mitigation plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University and Cattle Research Institute, Mathura, U.P-281001, India
| | - Tamer A Sharafeldin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt 44511
| | - Nader M Sobhy
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.,Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt 44511
| | - Sagar M Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Robert E Porter
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Ayalew LE, Ahmed KA, Popowich S, Lockerbie BC, Gupta A, Tikoo SK, Ojkic D, Gomis S. Virulence of Emerging Arthrotropic Avian Reoviruses Correlates With Their Ability to Activate and Traffic Interferon-γ Producing Cytotoxic CD8 + T Cells Into Gastrocnemius Tendon. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:869164. [PMID: 35369435 PMCID: PMC8964311 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.869164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly emerging arthrotropic avian reoviruses (ARVs) are genetically divergent, antigenically heterogeneous, and economically costly. Nevertheless, the mechanism of emerging ARV-induced disease pathogenesis and potential differences in virulence between virus genotypes have not been adequately addressed. In this study, the life cycle of ARV, including the formation of cytoplasmic ARV neo-organelles, paracrystalline structures, and virus release mechanisms, were characterized in the infected host cell by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, progressive changes in the structure of infected cells were investigated by time-lapse and field emission scanning electron (FE-SE) microscopy. ARVs from the four genotypic cluster groups included in the study caused gross and microscopic lesions in the infected birds. Marked infiltration of γδT cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were observed in ARV infected tendon tissues starting day 3 post-infection. The ARV variant from genotype cluster-2 triggered significantly high trafficking of IFN-γ producing CD8+ T lymphocytes in tendon tissues and concomitantly showed high morbidity and severe disease manifestations. In contrast, the ARV variant from genotype cluster-4 was less virulent, caused milder disease, and accompanied less infiltration of IFN-γ producing CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, when we blunted antiviral immune responses using clodronate liposomes (which depletes antigen-presenting cells) or cyclosporin (which inhibits cytokine production that regulates T-cell proliferation), significantly lower IFN-γ producing CD8+ T cells infiltrated into tendon tissues, resulting in reduced tendon tissues apoptosis and milder disease manifestations. In summary, these data suggest that the degree of ARV virulence and tenosynovitis/arthritis are potentially directly associated with the ability of the virus to traffic massive infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells into the infected tissues. Moreover, the ability to traffic cytotoxic CD8+ T cells into infected tendon tissues and the severity of tenosynovitis differ between variants from different ARV genotype cluster groups. However, more than one virus isolate per genotype group needs to be tested to further confirm the association of pathogenicity with genotype. These findings can be used to further examine the interaction of viral and cellular pathways which are essential for the pathogenesis of the disease at the molecular level and to develop effective disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanework E Ayalew
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine (WCVM), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Khawaja Ashfaque Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine (WCVM), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Shelly Popowich
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine (WCVM), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Betty-Chow Lockerbie
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine (WCVM), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ashish Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine (WCVM), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Suresh K Tikoo
- Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Susantha Gomis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine (WCVM), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Efficacy and Immunogenicity of Recombinant Pichinde Virus-Vectored Turkey Arthritis Reovirus Subunit Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040486. [PMID: 35455235 PMCID: PMC9030058 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We created a recombinant live pichinde virus-vectored bivalent codon optimized subunit vaccine that expresses immunogenic Sigma C and Sigma B proteins of turkey arthritis reovirus. The vaccine virus could be transmitted horizontally immunizing the non-vaccinated pen mates. The vaccine was tested for efficacy against homologous (TARV SKM121) and heterologous (TARV O’Neil) virus challenge. Immunized poults produced serum neutralizing antibodies capable of neutralizing both viruses. The vaccinated and control birds showed similar body weights indicating no adverse effect on feed efficiency. Comparison of virus gene copy numbers in intestine and histologic lesion scores in tendons of vaccinated and non-vaccinated birds showed a decrease in the replication of challenge viruses in the intestine and tendons of vaccinated birds. These results indicate the potential usefulness of this vaccine.
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Kim SW, Choi YR, Park JY, Wei B, Shang K, Zhang JF, Jang HK, Cha SY, Kang M. Isolation and Genomic Characterization of Avian Reovirus From Wild Birds in South Korea. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:794934. [PMID: 35155656 PMCID: PMC8831841 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.794934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian reoviruses (ARVs) cause severe arthritis, tenosynovitis, pericarditis, and depressed growth in chickens, and these conditions have become increasingly frequent in recent years. Studies on the role of wild birds in the epidemiology of ARVs are insufficient. This study provides information about currently circulating ARVs in wild birds by gene detection using diagnostic RT-PCR, virus isolation, and genomic characterization. In this study, we isolated and identified 10 ARV isolates from 7,390 wild birds' fecal samples, including migratory bird species (bean goose, Eurasian teal, Indian spot-billed duck, and mallard duck) from 2015 to 2019 in South Korea. On comparing the amino acid sequences of the σC-encoding gene, most isolates, except A18-13, shared higher sequence similarity with the commercial vaccine isolate S1133 and Chinese isolates. However, the A18-13 isolate is similar to live attenuated vaccine av-S1133 and vaccine break isolates (SD09-1, LN09-1, and GX110116). For the p10- and p17-encoding genes, all isolates have identical fusion associated small transmembrane (FAST) protein and nuclear localization signal (SNL) motif to chicken-origin ARVs. Phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequences of the σC-encoding gene revealed that all isolates were belonged to genotypic cluster I. For the p10- and p17-encoding genes, the nucleotide sequences of all isolates indicated close relationship with commercial vaccine isolate S1133 and Chinese isolates. For the σNS-encoding gene, the nucleotide sequences of all isolates indicated close relationship with the Californian chicken-origin isolate K1600657 and belonged to chicken-origin ARV cluster. Our data indicates that wild birds ARVs were derived from the chicken farms. This finding suggests that wild birds serve as natural carriers of such viruses for domestic poultry.
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Ngunjiri JM, Taylor KJM, Ji H, Abundo MC, Ghorbani A, Kc M, Lee CW. Influenza A virus infection in turkeys induces respiratory and enteric bacterial dysbiosis correlating with cytokine gene expression. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11806. [PMID: 34327060 PMCID: PMC8310620 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Turkey respiratory and gut microbiota play important roles in promoting health and production performance. Loss of microbiota homeostasis due to pathogen infection can worsen the disease or predispose the bird to infection by other pathogens. While turkeys are highly susceptible to influenza viruses of different origins, the impact of influenza virus infection on turkey gut and respiratory microbiota has not been demonstrated. In this study, we investigated the relationships between low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus replication, cytokine gene expression, and respiratory and gut microbiota disruption in specific-pathogen-free turkeys. Differential replication of two LPAI H5N2 viruses paralleled the levels of clinical signs and cytokine gene expression. During active virus shedding, there was significant increase of ileal and nasal bacterial contents, which inversely corresponded with bacterial species diversity. Spearman’s correlation tests between bacterial abundance and local viral titers revealed that LPAI virus-induced dysbiosis was strongest in the nasal cavity followed by trachea, and weakest in the gut. Significant correlations were also observed between cytokine gene expression levels and relative abundances of several bacteria in tracheas of infected turkeys. For example, interferon γ/λ and interleukin-6 gene expression levels were correlated positively with Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas abundances, and negatively with Lactobacillus abundance. Overall, our data suggest a potential relationship where bacterial community diversity and enrichment or depletion of several bacterial genera in the gut and respiratory tract are dependent on the level of LPAI virus replication. Further work is needed to establish whether respiratory and enteric dysbiosis in LPAI virus-infected turkeys is a result of host immunological responses or other causes such as changes in nutritional uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Ngunjiri
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America
| | - Kara J M Taylor
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Hana Ji
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Michael C Abundo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America
| | - Amir Ghorbani
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Mahesh Kc
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America.,Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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Shehata AA, Basiouni S, Sting R, Akimkin V, Hoferer M, Hafez HM. Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome in Turkey Poults: Causes, Diagnosis and Preventive Measures. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072063. [PMID: 34359191 PMCID: PMC8300142 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) causes severe economic losses in turkeys. Several agents were described to be associated with the PEMS; however, a specific etiological agent(s) has not been identified. The diagnosis of PEMS is still a huge challenge for several reasons: (1) no specific clinical signs or pathognomonic lesions, (2) isolation of some enteric viruses still difficult, (3) the pathogenicity of several enteric viruses in turkeys is not fully understood, (4) PEMS is an interaction between several known and might be unknown agents and (5) opportunistic microorganisms also have a role in the pathogenesis of PEMS. Both electron microscopy and molecular techniques can be used for diagnosis of PEMS and might help to discover unknown causes. Until now, no specific vaccines against enteric viruses associated with PEMS. However, biosecurity, maintaining a healthy gut and strengthening the immune system of turkey poults using probiotics, prebiotics and/or phytogenic substances are crucial factors to prevent and/or reduce losses of PEMS in turkeys. This review is a call for scientists to perform further research to investigate the real cause(s) of PEMS and to develop a preventive strategy against it. Abstract Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) is one of the most significant problem affecting turkeys and continues to cause severe economic losses worldwide. Although the specific causes of PEMS remains unknown, this syndrome might involve an interaction between several causative agents such as enteropathogenic viruses (coronaviruses, rotavirus, astroviruses and adenoviruses) and bacteria and protozoa. Non-infectious causes such as feed and management are also interconnected factors. However, it is difficult to determine the specific cause of enteric disorders under field conditions. Additionally, similarities of clinical signs and lesions hamper the accurate diagnosis. The purpose of the present review is to discuss in detail the main viral possible causative agents of PEMS and challenges in diagnosis and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awad A. Shehata
- Birds and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
- Research and Development Section, PerNaturam GmbH, 56290 Gödenroth, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.A.S.); (H.M.H.)
| | - Shereen Basiouni
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt;
| | - Reinhard Sting
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, 70736 Fellbach, Germany; (R.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Valerij Akimkin
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, 70736 Fellbach, Germany; (R.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Marc Hoferer
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Hafez M. Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.A.S.); (H.M.H.)
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Specific-pathogen-free Turkey model for reoviral arthritis. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:170-179. [PMID: 31383299 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Turkey arthritis reovirus (TARV) infections have been recognized since 2011 to cause disease and significant economic losses to the U.S. turkey industry. Reoviral arthritis has been reproduced in commercial-origin turkeys. However, determination of pathogenesis or vaccine efficacy in these turkeys can be complicated by enteric reovirus strains and other pathogens that ubiquitously exist at subclinical levels among commercial turkey flocks. In this study, turkeys from a specific-pathogen-free (SPF) flock were evaluated for use as a turkey reoviral arthritis model. One-day-old or 1-week-old poults were orally inoculated with TARV (O'Neil strain) and monitored for disease onset and progression. A gut isolate of turkey reovirus (MN1 strain) was also tested for comparison. Disease was observed only in TARV-infected birds. Features of reoviral arthritis in SPF turkeys included swelling of hock joints, tenosynovitis, distal tibiotarsal cartilage erosion, and gait defects (lameness). Moreover, TARV infection resulted in a significant depression of body weights during the early times post-infection. Age-dependent susceptibility to TARV infection was unclear. TARV was transmitted to all sentinel birds, which manifested high levels of tenosynovitis and tibiotarsal cartilage erosion. Simulation of stressful conditions by dexamethasone treatment did not affect the viral load or exacerbate the disease. Collectively, the clinical and pathological features of reoviral arthritis in the SPF turkey model generally resembled those induced in commercial turkeys under field and/or experimental conditions. The SPF turkey reoviral arthritis model will be instrumental in evaluation of TARV pathogenesis and reoviral vaccine efficacy.
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Complete genome sequence of a novel avian orthoreovirus isolated from gosling, China. Arch Virol 2018; 163:3463-3466. [PMID: 30209584 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Avian orthoreovirus (ARV) has been considered as a significant pathogen causing great infectious diseases to the avian, like broiler and waterfowl. The genome of this novel ARV(Reo/SDPY/Goose) was completely sequenced by next-generation sequencing. The complete genome was found to be 23517 bp in length with 10 segments. Although the Reo/SDPY/Goose was isolated from the gosling, it shares great similarity, no matter which segment within the genome, with those published as avian-origin reovirus. Genomic analysis revealed that this virus was distinct from published ARV strains and met criteria to become a novel ARV strain.
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