Prevalence and Prognostic Significance of Hyponatremia in Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Data from the Akershus Cardiac Examination (ACE) 2 Study

Impact of Hyponatraemia at Clinical Stable-State on Survival in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Introduction

Hyponatraemia has been suggested to be associated with morbidity and mortality among various medical disorders. Evidence on the association between stable-state hyponatraemia and prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is lacking.

Methods

All COPD patients followed up in a regional hospital in year 2015 were included, with their clinical outcomes reviewed in the subsequent eight years. Association between stable-state hyponatraemia and mortality was evaluated. Stable-state hyponatraemia is defined as baseline serum sodium levels, at least 90 days away from the last AECOPD <135 mmol/L.

Results

There were 271 COPD patients included. Hyponatraemia was associated with shorter overall survival with adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.74 (95% CI = 1.07-2.65, p = 0.026). The median overall survival was 3.05 years (95% CI = 2.65-3.46) for patients in the hyponatraemia group, in contrast to 3.35 years (95% CI = 2.86-3.83) for those without hyponatraemia. The highest baseline serum sodium levels were significantly negatively associated with annual acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) and annual hospitalized AECOPD frequency in the follow-up period, with Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.16 (p = 0.011) and - 0.14 (p = 0.027), respectively.

Conclusion

Stable-state hyponatraemia was associated with increased mortality and probably AECOPD frequency among patients with COPD.

Lack of Evidence Regarding Markers Identifying Acute Heart Failure in Patients with COPD: An AI-Supported Systematic Review

Background

Due to shared symptoms, acute heart failure (AHF) is difficult to differentiate from an acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD). This systematic review aimed to identify markers that can diagnose AHF underlying acute dyspnea in patients with COPD presenting at the hospital.

Methods

All types of observational studies and clinical trials that investigated any marker's ability to diagnose AHF in acutely dyspneic COPD patients were considered eligible for inclusion. An AI tool (ASReview) supported the title and abstract screening of the articles obtained from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Embase, and CINAHL until April 2023. Full text screening was independently performed by two reviewers. Twenty percent of the data extraction was checked by a second reviewer and the risk of bias was assessed in duplicate using the QUADAS-2 tool. Markers' discriminative abilities were evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and the area under the curve when available.

Results

The search identified 10,366 articles. After deduplication, title and abstract screening was performed on 5,386 articles, leaving 153 relevant, of which 82 could be screened full text. Ten distinct studies (reported in 16 articles) were included, of which 9 had a high risk of bias. Overall, these studies evaluated 12 distinct laboratory and 7 non-laboratory markers. BNP, NT-proBNP, MR-proANP, and inspiratory inferior vena cava diameter showed the highest diagnostic discrimination.

Conclusion

There is not much evidence for the use of markers to diagnose AHF in acutely dyspneic COPD patients in the hospital setting. BNPs seem most promising, but should be interpreted alongside imaging and clinical signs, as this may lead to improved diagnostic accuracy. Future validation studies are urgently needed before any AHF marker can be incorporated into treatment decision-making algorithms for patients with COPD.

Protocol Registration

CRD42022283952.

Hyponatremia is an independent predictor of emergency department revisits in acute exacerbation of COPD

INTRODUCTION

Hyponatremia is shown to prolong hospitalization and increase mortality. The role of hyponatremia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is widely studied with a focus on hospitalized patients.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate whether hyponatremia increases the probability of re-exacerbations in non-hospitalized patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD).

METHODS

Patients with AECOPD who required an emergency department (ED) visit and who were discharged home were included in this single-center, retrospective study. Demographics and laboratory values were compared between patients with hyponatremia (<135 mmol/L) and normonatremia (135-145 mmol/L). The predictors of the patients' ED revisit in the course of one year were analyzed.

RESULTS

Of all the 3274 patients, baseline sodium values were classified as hyponatremia in 720 (22%). Hyponatremia was most frequently present as mild (85%). Patients with hyponatremia had higher Charlson comorbidity scores, higher leucocytes, lower hemoglobin, lower platelet, higher neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios, lower eosinophilia, higher aspartate aminotransferase and C-reactive protein values (P < 0.001, for all), and higher frequency of 1-month revisit (36.7% vs. 31.5%, P = 0.009). Independent predictors of revisits within 1 year after the index visit were detected as long-term oxygen treatment requirement (HR: 0.768 CI: 0.695-0.848, P < 0.0001), higher urea levels (HR: 0.997 CI: 0.995-0.999, P = 0.003), and baseline hyponatremia (HR: 0.786 CI: 0.707-0.873, P < 0.001). Revisit interval was median 78 ± 3.4 days in patients with normonatremia and 51 ± 4.8 days in hyponatremia.

CONCLUSION

In non-hospitalized AECOPD, hyponatremia is relatively frequent and correlates with inflammatory markers. The presence of hyponatremia is an independent predictor of an earlier ED return visit within 1 year. For patients with AECOPD, sodium values may present guidance on discharge versus longer observation decisions.

Analysis of prevalence and prognosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD

BACKGROUND

For patients with acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as comorbidity have poor outcomes. However, data on the impact of previously diagnosed and new- diagnosed T2DM in such a patient population is lacking.

METHODS

Inpatients diagnosed with AECOPD in the department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of The First Hospital of China Medical University during 2011-2017 were enrolled. Data on demography, prevalence of type 2 DM, other comorbidities, hospital stays and laboratory tests (including arterial partial pressure of oxygen [PaO2]) results were recorded. Results were compared with AECOPD patients having previously diagnosed and new-diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Markers associated with development of type 2 DM and the prognosis of AECOPD patients were identified.

RESULTS

Of the 196 patients enrolled in this study, the overall prevalence of T2DM was 26%. The PaO2 in the newly diagnosed T2DM group was considerably lower versus non-diabetic group. The T2DM group had a longer hospital stay and higher troponin level versus the non-diabetic group. AECOPD patients with T2DM were found to be correlated with hypertension. Age, need for assisted ventilation, increased troponin, and elevated fasting blood glucose on admission were risk factors for death in hospitalized AECOPD patients.

CONCLUSIONS

AECOPD patients had a higher prevalence of T2DM than the general population; T2DM comorbidity caused lower PaO2, longer hospital stays, and increased troponin. Poor blood glucose control may increase the risk of death in AECOPD patients.

Hyponatremia in elderly patients with fragility fractures of the proximal femur: a cross-sectional study

INTRODUCTION

Proximal femur fractures affect the mortality and morbidity of elderly individuals. Recent studies have shown an association between fragility fractures and hyponatremia, a common fluid and electrolyte balance disorder.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of hyponatremia in patients with fragility fractures of the proximal femur.

METHODS

The authors looked into the data from the medical records of patients admitted to the emergency unit of the Real Hospital Português for fragility fractures of the proximal femur from 2014 to 2017. The study included patients with serum sodium levels recorded in their charts.

RESULTS

Fourteen of 69 (20.3%) patients with proximal femur fractures had hyponatremia. The main factors linked to hyponatremia were lung disease, and prescription of amiodarone and/or antidepressants.

CONCLUSION

In elderly individuals, fragility fractures of the proximal femur may correlate with hyponatremia, particularly among patients on amiodarone or antidepressants.

Correlation between hypocalcemia and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the elderly

Introduction: Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is an important disease of hospitalized elderly patients, who often have electrolyte imbalances. This study was performed to analyze total serum calcium levels in elderly patients with AECOPD and identify the correlation between hypocalcemia and AECOPD. Methods: 153 elderly patients with AECOPD served as the observation group, and 115 healthy elderly people undergoing physical examinations served as the control group. Differences in the corrected serum calcium, albumin (ALB), and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were analyzed between the observation and control groups before and after treatment. The incidence of hypocalcemia was compared among patients at different ages and with different pulmonary function classifications before treatment. The relationship between hypocalcemia and respiratory infection was analyzed. Differences in the pretreatment NLR, ALB, logarithm of the serum C-reactive protein level (LogCRP), and hospital stay were compared between patients with and without hypocalcemia. Results: The corrected serum calcium level (P < 0.001), NLR (P = 0.001) and albumin level (P < 0.001) were significantly different among the pretreatment group, post-treatment group, and control group. The serum calcium level, LogCRP, and NLR were significantly lower after than before treatment (P < 0.05). Significant differences in the incidence of hypocalcemia were found among patients of different ages (P = 0.002). The respiratory infection rate (P < 0.001), hospital stay (P < 0.001), NLR (P = 0.007), and LogCRP (P < 0.001) was higher in patients with than without hypocalcemia. However, the albumin level was lower in patients with than without hypocalcemia (P < 0.001). Conclusions: In elderly patients with AECOPD, hypocalcemia may be related to the disease progression, respiratory infection rate, and hospital stay of patients with AECOPD.

Prognostic and diagnostic significance of copeptin in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute heart failure: data from the ACE 2 study

BACKGROUND

Copeptin is a novel biomarker that predicts mortality in lower respiratory tract infections and heart failure (HF), but the diagnostic value of copeptin in acute dyspnea and the prognostic significance of copeptin in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is not clear.

METHOD

We determined copeptin and NT-proBNP concentrations at hospital admission in 314 patients with acute dyspnea who were categorized by diagnosis. Survival was registered after a median follow-up of 816 days, and the prognostic and diagnostic properties of copeptin and NT-proBNP were analyzed in acute HF (n = 143) and AECOPD (n = 84) separately.

RESULTS

The median concentration of copeptin at admission was lower in AECOPD compared to acute HF (8.8 [5.2-19.7] vs. 22.2 [10.2-47.9]) pmol/L, p < 0.001), but NT-proBNP discriminated acute HF from non-HF related dyspnea more accurately than copeptin (ROC-AUC 0.85 [0.81-0.89] vs. 0.71 [0.66-0.77], p < 0.0001). Adjusted for basic risk factors, increased copeptin concentrations predicted mortality in AECOPD (HR per log (ln) unit 1.72 [95% CI 1.21-2.45], p = 0.003) and acute HF (1.61 [1.25-2.09], p < 0.001), whereas NT-proBNP concentrations predicted mortality only in acute HF (1.62 [1.27-2.06], p < 0.001). On top of a basic model copeptin reclassified a significant proportion of patients into a more accurate risk strata in AECOPD (NRI 0.60 [0.19-1.02], p = 0.004) and acute HF (0.39 [0.06-0.71], p = 0.020).

CONCLUSION

Copeptin is a strong prognostic marker in both AECOPD and acute HF, while NT-proBNP concentrations predict mortality only in patients with acute HF. NT-proBNP levels are superior to copeptin levels to diagnose acute HF in patients with acute dyspnea.