1
|
Garzon A, Basbas C, Schlesener C, Silva-Del-Rio N, Karle BM, Lima FS, Weimer BC, Pereira RV. WGS of intrauterine E. coli from cows with early postpartum uterine infection reveals a non-uterine specific genotype and virulence factors. mBio 2024; 15:e0102724. [PMID: 38742889 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01027-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli has been attributed to playing a major role in a cascade of events that affect the prevalence and severity of uterine disease in cattle. The objectives of this project were to (i) define the association between the prevalence of specific antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor genes in E. coli with the clinical status related to uterine infection, (ii) identify the genetic relationship between E. coli isolates from cows with diarrhea, with mastitis, and with and without metritis, and (iii) determine the association between the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance identified on the E. coli isolated from postpartum cattle. Bacterial isolates (n = 148) were obtained from a larger cross-sectional study. Cows were categorized into one of three clinical groups before enrollment: metritis, cows with purulent discharge, and control cows. For genomic comparison, public genomes (n = 130) from cows with diarrhea, mastitis, and metritis were included in a genome-wide association study, to evaluate differences between the drug classes or the virulence factor category among clinical groups. A distinct E. coli genotype associated with metritis could not be identified. Instead, a high genetic diversity among the isolates from uterine sources was present. A virulence factor previously associated with metritis (fimH) using PCR was not associated with metritis. There was moderate accuracy for whole-genome sequencing to predict phenotypic resistance, which varied depending on the antimicrobial tested. Findings from this study contradict the traditional pathotype classification and the unique intrauterine E. coli genotype associated with metritis in dairy cows.IMPORTANCEMetritis is a common infectious disease in dairy cattle and the second most common reason for treating a cow with antimicrobials. The pathophysiology of the disease is complex and is not completely understood. Specific endometrial pathogenic Escherichia coli have been reported to be adapted to the endometrium and sometimes lead to uterine disease. Unfortunately, the specific genomic details of the endometrial-adapted isolates have not been investigated using enough genomes to represent the genomic diversity of this organism to identify specific virulence genes that are consistently associated with disease development and severity. Results from this study provide key microbial ecological advances by elucidating and challenging accepted concepts for the role of Intrauterine E. coli in metritis in dairy cattle, especially contradicting the existence of a unique intrauterine E. coli genotype associated with metritis in dairy cows, which was not found in our study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Garzon
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Carl Basbas
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cory Schlesener
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Noelia Silva-Del-Rio
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Tulare, California, USA
| | - Betsy M Karle
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Orland, California, USA
| | - Fabio S Lima
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Bart C Weimer
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Richard V Pereira
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Casaro S, Prim JG, Gonzalez TD, Cunha F, Bisinotto RS, Chebel RC, Santos JEP, Nelson CD, Jeon SJ, Bicalho RC, Driver JP, Galvão KN. Integrating uterine microbiome and metabolome to advance the understanding of the uterine environment in dairy cows with metritis. Anim Microbiome 2024; 6:30. [PMID: 38802977 PMCID: PMC11131188 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-024-00314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metritis is a prevalent uterine disease that affects the welfare, fertility, and survival of dairy cows. The uterine microbiome from cows that develop metritis and those that remain healthy do not differ from calving until 2 days postpartum, after which there is a dysbiosis of the uterine microbiome characterized by a shift towards opportunistic pathogens such as Fusobacteriota and Bacteroidota. Whether these opportunistic pathogens proliferate and overtake the uterine commensals could be determined by the type of substrates present in the uterus. The objective of this study was to integrate uterine microbiome and metabolome data to advance the understanding of the uterine environment in dairy cows that develop metritis. Holstein cows (n = 104) had uterine fluid collected at calving and at the day of metritis diagnosis. Cows with metritis (n = 52) were paired with cows without metritis (n = 52) based on days after calving. First, the uterine microbiome and metabolome were evaluated individually, and then integrated using network analyses. RESULTS The uterine microbiome did not differ at calving but differed on the day of metritis diagnosis between cows with and without metritis. The uterine metabolome differed both at calving and on the day of metritis diagnosis between cows that did and did not develop metritis. Omics integration was performed between 6 significant bacteria genera and 153 significant metabolites on the day of metritis diagnosis. Integration was not performed at calving because there were no significant differences in the uterine microbiome. A total of 3 bacteria genera (i.e. Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, and Bacteroides) were strongly correlated with 49 metabolites on the day of metritis diagnosis. Seven of the significant metabolites at calving were among the 49 metabolites strongly correlated with opportunistic pathogenic bacteria on the day of metritis diagnosis. The main metabolites have been associated with attenuation of biofilm formation by commensal bacteria, opportunistic pathogenic bacteria overgrowth, tissue damage and inflammation, immune evasion, and immune dysregulation. CONCLUSIONS The data integration presented herein helps advance the understanding of the uterine environment in dairy cows with metritis. The identified metabolites may provide a competitive advantage to the main uterine pathogens Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas and Bacteroides, and may be promising targets for future interventions aiming to reduce opportunistic pathogenic bacteria growth in the uterus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Casaro
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J G Prim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - T D Gonzalez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - F Cunha
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - R S Bisinotto
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - R C Chebel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - C D Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - S J Jeon
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, USA
| | - R C Bicalho
- FERA Diagnostics and Biologicals, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J P Driver
- Division of Animals Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Klibs N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Figueiredo CC, Casaro S, Cunha F, Merenda VR, de Oliveira EB, Pinedo P, Santos JEP, Chebel RC, Schuenemann GM, Bicalho RC, Gilbert RO, Zas SR, Seabury CM, Rosa G, Thatcher WW, Bisinotto RS, Galvão KN. Evaluating differences in milk production, reproductive performance, and survival associated with vaginal discharge characteristics and fever in postpartum dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00637-4. [PMID: 38580147 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The objective was to assess differences in productive and reproductive performance, and survival associated with vaginal discharge characteristics and fever in postpartum dairy cows located in Western and Southern states of the U.S.A. This retrospective cohort study included data from 3 experiments conducted in 9 dairies. Vaginal discharge was evaluated twice within 12 DIM and scored on a 5-point scale. The highest score observed for each cow was used for group assignment (VD group) as follows: VD 1 and 2 (VD 1/2; n = 1,174) = clear mucus/lochia with or without flecks of pus; VD 3 (n = 1,802) = mucopurulent with < 50% pus; VD 4 (n = 1,643) = mucopurulent with ≥50% of pus or non-fetid reddish/brownish mucous, n = 1,643; VD 5 = fetid, watery, and reddish/brownish, n = 1,800. All VD 5 cows received treatment according to each herd's protocol. Rectal temperature was assessed in a subset of VD 5 cows, and subsequently divided into Fever (rectal temperature ≥39.5°C; n = 334) and NoFever (n = 558) groups. A smaller proportion of cows with VD 5 (67.6%) resumed ovarian cyclicity compared with VD 1/2 (76.2%) and VD 4 (72.9%) cows; however, a similar proportion of VD5 and VD 3 (72.6%) cows resumed ovarian cyclicity. A smaller proportion of VD 5 (85.8%) cows received at least one artificial insemination (AI) compared with VD 1/2 (91.5%), VD 3 (91.0%), or VD 4 (91.6%) cows. Although we did not detect differences in pregnancy at first AI according to VD, fewer cows with VD 5 (64.4%) were pregnant at 300 DIM than cows with VD 1/2 (76.5%), VD 3 (76.2%), or VD 4 (74.7%). Hazard of pregnancy by 300 DIM was smaller for VD 5 compared with VD 1/2, VD 3, or VD 4 cows. A greater proportion of VD 5 cows were removed from the herd within 300 DIM compared with other VD groups. There was 760 kg lesser milk production within 300 DIM for VD 5 compared with VD 2, VD 3, and VD 4, whereas VD 2, VD 3, and VD 4 had similar milk production. We did not detect an association between fever at diagnosis of VD 5 and reproductive performance or milk production. A greater proportion of VD 5 cows without fever were removed from the herd by 300 DIM compared with VD 5 cows with fever. Differences in productive and reproductive performance, and removal of the herd were restricted to fetid, watery, and reddish/brownish vaginal discharge, which was independent of fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Figueiredo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA.
| | - S Casaro
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - F Cunha
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - V R Merenda
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - E B de Oliveira
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - P Pinedo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - J E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - R C Chebel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - G M Schuenemann
- Department of Veterinary Preventative Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - R C Bicalho
- FERA Diagnostics and Biologicals, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - R O Gilbert
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, St. Kitts, West Indies, KN
| | - S Rodriguez Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - C M Seabury
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - G Rosa
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - W W Thatcher
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - R S Bisinotto
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - K N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Menta PR, Prim J, de Oliveira E, Lima F, Galvão KN, Noyes N, Ballou MA, Machado VS. Predictive models for metritis cure using farm-collected data, metabolic and inflammation biomarkers, and hemogram variables measured at diagnosis. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00525-3. [PMID: 38428496 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the accuracy of predictive models for metritis spontaneous cure (SC) and cure among ceftiofur-treated cows using farm collected data only, and with the addition of hemogram variables and circulating concentration of metabolites, minerals, and biomarkers of inflammation measured at time of diagnosis. Data related to parity, calving related issues, body condition score (BCS), rectal temperature (RT), and days in milk (DIM) at metritis diagnosis were collected from a randomized clinical trial that included 412 metritic cows from 4 herds in TX, CA, and FL. Metritis was defined as the presence of red-brownish, watery, and fetid vaginal discharge, while cure was defined as the absence of metritis 14 d after initial diagnosis. Cows were randomly allocated to receive systemic ceftiofur therapy (2 subcutaneous doses of 6.6 mg/kg of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid on the day of diagnosis and 3 d later; CEF) or to remain untreated (CON). At enrollment (day of metritis diagnosis), blood samples were collected and submitted to cell blood count (CBC) and processed for the measurement of 13 minerals and biomarkers of metabolism and inflammation (BM). Univariable analysis to evaluate the association of farm collected data and blood assessed variables with metritis cure were performed, and variables with P ≤ 0.20 were offered to multivariable logistic regression models and retained if P ≤ 0.15. The area under the curve (AUC) for models predicting SC using farm data only and farm + BM, was 0.70 and 0.76 respectively. Cell blood count variables were not retained in the models for SC. For models predicting cure among CEF cows, the AUC was 0.75, 0.77, 0.80, and 0.80 for models using farm data only, farm + CBC, farm + BM, and farm + CBC + BM, respectively. Predictive models of metritis cure had fair accuracy, with SC models being less accurate than models predictive of cure among CEF cows. Additionally, adding BM variables marginally improved the accuracy of models using farm collected data, while CBC data did not improve the accuracy of predictive models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P R Menta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Davis College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - J Prim
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - E de Oliveira
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - F Lima
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - K N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - N Noyes
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - M A Ballou
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Davis College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - V S Machado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Davis College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Prim JG, Casaro S, Mirzaei A, Gonzalez TD, de Oliveira EB, Veronese A, Chebel RC, Santos JEP, Jeong KC, Lima FS, Menta PR, Machado VS, Galvão KN. Application of behavior data to predictive exploratory models of metritis self-cure and treatment failure in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00052-3. [PMID: 38310966 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the performance of exploratory models containing routinely available on-farm data, behavior data, and the combination of both to predict metritis self-cure (SC) and treatment failure (TF). Holstein cows (n = 1,061) were fitted with a collar-mounted automated- health monitoring device (AHMD) from -21 ± 3 to 60 ± 3 d relative to calving to monitor rumination and activity. Cows were examined for diagnosis of metritis at 4 ± 1, 7 ± 1, and 9 ± 1 DIM. Cows diagnosed with metritis (n = 132), characterized by watery, fetid, reddish/brownish vaginal discharge (VD) were randomly allocated to one of 2 treatments: Control (CON; n = 62) - no treatment at the time of metritis diagnosis (d 0); Ceftiofur (CEF; n = 70) - subcutaneous injection of 6.6 mg/kg of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid on d 0 and 3 relative to diagnosis. Cure was determined 12 d after diagnosis and was considered when VD became mucoid and not fetid. Cows in CON were used to determine SC and cows in CEF were used to determine TF. Univariable analyses were performed using farm-collected data (parity, calving season, calving-related disorders, body condition score, rectal temperature, and days in milk at metritis diagnosis) and behavior data (i.e., daily averages of rumination, activity generated by AHMD, and derived variables) to assess their association with metritis SC or TF. Variables with a P ≤ 0.20 were included in the multivariable logistic regression exploratory models. To predict SC, the area under the curve (AUC) for the exploratory model containing only data routinely available on-farm was 0.75. The final exploratory model to predict SC combining routinely available on-farm data and behavior data increased the AUC to 0.87, sensitivity (Se) 87% and specificity (Sp) 71%. To predict TF, the AUC for the exploratory model containing only data routinely available on-farm was 0.90. The final exploratory model combining routinely available on-farm data and behavior data increased the AUC to 0.93, Se of 93% and Sp of 82%. Cross-validation analysis revealed that generalizability of the exploratory models was poor, which indicates that the findings are applicable to the conditions of the present exploratory study. In summary, the addition of behavior data contributed to increasing the prediction of SC and TF. Developing and validating accurate prediction models for SC could lead to a reduction in antimicrobial use, whereas accurate prediction of cows that would have TF may allow for better management decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Prim
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - Segundo Casaro
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - Ahmadreza Mirzaei
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - Tomas D Gonzalez
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | | | - Anderson Veronese
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - Ricardo C Chebel
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - J E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - K C Jeong
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - F S Lima
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - Paulo R Menta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | | | - Klibs N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Çömlekcioğlu U, Jezierska S, Opsomer G, Pascottini OB. Uterine microbial ecology and disease in cattle: A review. Theriogenology 2024; 213:66-78. [PMID: 37804686 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to the critical contribution of the uterine-associated microbiota in reproductive health, physiology, and performance, culture-independent methods have been increasingly employed to unravel key aspects of microbial ecology in the uterus of cattle. Nowadays, we know that bacterial diversity is crucial to maintain uterine health, however, there is still no consensus on the exact composition of a healthy uterine microbiota (or eubiosis). Generally, loss of bacterial diversity (or dysbiosis) contributes to the development of uterine infections, associated with increased relative abundances of Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Trueperella, and Porphyromonas. Uterine infections are highly prevalent and gravely influence the profitability of cattle operations, animal welfare, and public health. Thus, understanding the dynamics of uterine microbial ecology is essential to develop effective strategies focused on preventing and mitigating the adverse effects of uterine dysbiosis as well as assisting in the process of restoring the core, healthy uterine microbiota. The aim of this review is to summarize research conducted in the microbial ecology of bovine uteri. We discuss the origin of the uterine microflora of healthy cows and the factors influencing its composition. In addition, we review the biology of specific pathogens that are known to increase in abundance during the occurrence of uterine disease. Lastly, we provide an overview of the bacterial biofilm in the bovine endometrium, and we briefly summarize the rationale for the use of probiotics to prevent uterine disease in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uğur Çömlekcioğlu
- Department of Biology, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, 8000, Osmaniye, Turkiye; Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | - Geert Opsomer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Osvaldo Bogado Pascottini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Casaro S, Prim JG, Gonzalez TD, Bisinotto RS, Chebel RC, Marrero MG, Silva ACM, Santos JEP, Nelson CD, Laporta J, Jeon SJ, Bicalho RC, Driver JP, Galvão KN. Unraveling the immune and metabolic changes associated with metritis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:9244-9259. [PMID: 37641354 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to unravel the peripartum immune and metabolic changes associated with metritis in Holstein cows. Holstein cows (n = 128) had blood collected at -14, 0, 3, and 7 d relative to parturition (DRP). Flow cytometry was used to evaluate blood leukocyte counts, proportions, and activation. Total cells, live cells, single cells, monocytes (CD172α+/CD14+), polymorphonuclears (CD172α+/CD14-/SSChigh), B-cells (CD21+/MHCII+), CD4+ T-cells (CD4+), CD8+ T-cells (CD8+), and γδ T-cells (γδTCR+) were evaluated. Both CD62L and CD11b were used as markers of cell activation. Major histocompatibility complex class II was used as a marker of antigen presentation in monocytes. A Milliplex Bovine Cytokine/Chemokine 08-plex kit was used to evaluate plasma concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α. The body weight (BW) change prepartum was calculated as the difference between calving BW and prepartum BW divided by the number of days between measurements. Plasma fatty acids (FA) were measured at -14 and 0 DRP using untargeted gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed by ANOVA for repeated measures. Cows that developed metritis (n = 57) had greater prepartum BW, prepartum BW loss, and greater FA concentrations at calving. Plasma FA at calving was positively correlated with IL-1β. Cows that developed metritis had persistent systemic inflammation, which was demonstrated by greater B-cell activation, greater pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations, and greater cell damage pre- and postpartum. Postpartum, we observed greater polymorphonuclear cell activation and extravasation but lesser monocytes and CD4+ T-cells activation and extravasation, which suggests postpartum immune tolerance. Greater prepartum adiposity in cows that developed metritis may lead to systemic inflammation pre- and postpartum and immune tolerance postpartum, which may lead to failure to prevent bacterial infection, and development of puerperal metritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Casaro
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - J G Prim
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - T D Gonzalez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - R S Bisinotto
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - R C Chebel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - M G Marrero
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - A C M Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - J E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - C D Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - J Laporta
- Department of Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - S J Jeon
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548
| | - R C Bicalho
- FERA Diagnostics and Biologicals, College Station, TX 77845
| | - J P Driver
- Division of Animals Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - K N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Basbas C, Garzon A, Schlesener C, van Heule M, Profeta R, Weimer BC, Silva-Del-Rio N, Byrne BA, Karle B, Aly SS, Lima FS, Pereira RV. Unveiling the microbiome during post-partum uterine infection: a deep shotgun sequencing approach to characterize the dairy cow uterine microbiome. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:59. [PMID: 37986012 PMCID: PMC10662892 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to assess the microbial ecology and diversity present in the uterus of post-partum dairy cows with and without metritis from 24 commercial California dairy farms using shotgun metagenomics. A set subset of 95 intrauterine swab samples, taken from a larger selection of 307 individual cow samples previously collected, were examined for α and β diversity and differential abundance associated with metritis. Cows within 21 days post-partum were categorized into one of three clinical groups during sample collection: control (CT, n = 32), defined as cows with either no vaginal discharge or a clear, non-purulent mucus vaginal discharge; metritis (MET, n = 33), defined as a cow with watery, red or brown colored, and fetid vaginal discharge; and purulent discharge cows (PUS, n = 31), defined as a non-fetid purulent or mucopurulent vaginal discharge. RESULTS All three clinical groups (CT, MET, and PUS) were highly diverse, with the top 12 most abundant genera accounting for 10.3%, 8.8%, and 10.1% of mean relative abundance, respectively. The α diversity indices revealed a lower diversity from samples collected from MET and PUS when compared to CT cows. PERMANOVA statistical testing revealed a significant difference (P adjusted < 0.01) in the diversity of genera between CT and MET samples (R2 = 0.112, P = 0.003) and a non-significant difference between MET and PUS samples (R2 = 0.036, P = 0.046). ANCOM-BC analysis revealed that from the top 12 most abundant genera, seven genera were increased in the natural log fold change (LFC) of abundance in MET when compared to CT samples: Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Phocaeicola, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, and Streptococcus. Two genera, Dietzia and Microbacterium, were decreased in natural LFC of abundance when comparing MET (regardless of treatment) and CT, while no changes in natural LFC of abundance were observed for Escherichia, Histophilus, and Trueperella. CONCLUSIONS The results presented here, are the current deepest shotgun metagenomic analyses conducted on the bovine uterine microbiome to date (mean of 256,425 genus-level reads per sample). Our findings support that uterine samples from cows without metritis (CT) had increased α-diversity but decreased β-diversity when compared to metritis or PUS cows, characteristic of dysbiosis. In summary, our findings highlight that MET cows have an increased abundance of Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium when compared to CT and PUS, and support the need for further studies to better understand their potential causal role in metritis pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Basbas
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Adriana Garzon
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cory Schlesener
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- 100K Pathogen Genome Project, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Machteld van Heule
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Rodrigo Profeta
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bart C Weimer
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- 100K Pathogen Genome Project, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Noelia Silva-Del-Rio
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Barbara A Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Betsy Karle
- Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Orland, CA, USA
| | - Sharif S Aly
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - Fabio S Lima
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Richard V Pereira
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Casaro S, Prim JG, Gonzalez TD, Figueiredo CC, Bisinotto RS, Chebel RC, Santos JEP, Nelson CD, Jeon SJ, Bicalho RC, Driver JP, Galvão KN. Blood metabolomics and impacted cellular mechanisms during transition into lactation in dairy cows that develop metritis. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8098-8109. [PMID: 37641346 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify metabolites associated with metritis and use them for identification of cellular mechanisms affected during transition into lactation. Holstein cows (n = 104) had blood collected in the prepartum period (d -14 ± 6 relative to calving), at calving (d 0), and at the day of metritis diagnosis (d 7 ± 2 after calving). Cows with reddish or brownish, watery, and fetid discharge were diagnosed with metritis (n = 52). Cows with metritis were paired with herdmates without metritis (n = 52) based on days in milk. The metabolome of plasma samples was evaluated using untargeted gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Univariate analyses included t-tests and fold change analyses. Metabolites with false discovery rate adjusted P ≤ 0.10 on t-tests were used for partial least squares discriminant analysis coupled with permutational analysis using 2,000 permutations. Metabolites with false discovery rate adjusted P ≤ 0.10 on t-tests were also used for enriched pathway analyses and identification of cellular processes. Cows that developed metritis had affected cellular processes associated with lower amino acid metabolism in the prepartum period, greater lipolysis, cell death, and oxidative stress at calving and at metritis diagnosis, and greater leukocyte activation at calving, but lower immune cell activation at metritis diagnosis. In summary, cows that developed metritis had plasma metabolomic changes associated with greater lipolysis, oxidative stress, and a dysregulated immune response which may predispose cows to metritis development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Casaro
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - J G Prim
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - T D Gonzalez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - C C Figueiredo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163; D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - R S Bisinotto
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - R C Chebel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - J E P Santos
- D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - C D Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - S J Jeon
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548
| | - R C Bicalho
- FERA Diagnostics and Biologicals, College Station, TX 77845
| | - J P Driver
- Division of Animals Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - K N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cunha F, Casaro S, Jones KL, Bisinotto RS, Kariyawasam S, Brown MB, Galvão KN. Sequencing and characterization of Helcococcus ovis: a comprehensive comparative genomic analysis of virulence. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:501. [PMID: 37648976 PMCID: PMC10466703 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helcococcus ovis (H. ovis) is an emerging bacterial pathogen that commonly causes opportunistic respiratory, mammary, and uterine infections across mammalian hosts. This study applied long- and short-read whole genome sequencing technologies to identify virulence factors in five H. ovis isolates with low, medium, and high virulence phenotypes. RESULTS The resulting assemblies contained one circular chromosome ranging from 1,744,566 to 1,850,083 bp in length and had a mean GC content of 27.6%. Phylogenetic and nucleotide identity analyses found low virulence strain KG38 to be part of a clade that forms an outgroup apart from the rest of the H. ovis taxon. Assembling the first complete genomes of the species revealed major genomic rearrangements in KG38. One to six prophage regions were identified in each genome. A novel pathogenicity island was found exclusively in the two high virulence strains (KG37 and KG104), along with two hypothetical transmembrane proteins designated as putative VFs. Finally, three zinc ABC transporters and three Type-II/IV secretion systems were identified as possible virulence determinants in this species. The low virulence strain KG38 has fewer intact paralogs of these operons in its genome compared to the higher virulence isolates, which strongly suggests a role in virulence. This strain is also missing four putative virulence factors (VFs) found in other isolates associated with adherence (collagen adhesin precursor), immune evasion (choline-binding protein A and a PspA-like hypothetical protein) and cell wall synthesis (glycerol-3-phosphate cytidylyltransferase). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we assembled reference-quality complete genomes for five H. ovis strains to identify putative virulence factors. Phylogenetic analyses of H. ovis isolates revealed the presence of a clade representing a potentially novel species within the genus Helcococcus. A novel pathogenicity island and two hypothetical transmembrane proteins were found exclusively in high-virulence strains. The identification of Zinc ABC transporters and Type-II/IV secretion systems as possible virulence determinants, along with the differences in operon content between the low and high virulence isolates, strongly suggests they also play a role in the bacterium's pathogenicity. Taken together, these findings are a valuable first step toward deciphering the pathogenesis of H. ovis infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cunha
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Segundo Casaro
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kristi L Jones
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rafael S Bisinotto
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Subhashinie Kariyawasam
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mary B Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Klibs N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fernández Vecilla D, Urrutikoetxea Gutiérrez MJ, Roche Matheus MP, Angulo López I, Aspichueta Vivanco C, Calvo Muro FE, Díaz de Tuesta Del Arco JL. Description of eight human infections caused by Bacteroides pyogenes in a tertiary hospital of northern Spain. Anaerobe 2023; 82:102759. [PMID: 37419176 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacteroides pyogenes is a Gram-negative obligate anaerobe, saccharolytic, non-motile, non-pigment-producing and non-spore-forming rod. Reports of human infections caused by B. pyogenes are scarce, with approximately 30 cases documented in scientific literature. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics of 8 different patients and to study the in vitro antibiotic susceptibility of the strains, as well as to evaluate the in vivo activity of the prescribed treatments. We conducted a descriptive retrospective study by searching all B. pyogenes isolates from January 2010 to March 2023 at the Basurto University Hospital. This included all cases, both in monomicrobial or polymicrobial cultures. Among the eight patients, three experienced severe infections such as bacteremia and osteomyelitis. All the strains were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, meropenem, clindamycin, metronidazole and moxifloxacin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikel Joseba Urrutikoetxea Gutiérrez
- Basurto University Hospital, Clinical Microbiology Service, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Mary Paz Roche Matheus
- Basurto University Hospital, Clinical Microbiology Service, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Itziar Angulo López
- Basurto University Hospital, Clinical Microbiology Service, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Cristina Aspichueta Vivanco
- Basurto University Hospital, Clinical Microbiology Service, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Felicitas Elena Calvo Muro
- Basurto University Hospital, Clinical Microbiology Service, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Basque Country, Spain
| | - José Luis Díaz de Tuesta Del Arco
- Basurto University Hospital, Clinical Microbiology Service, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Basque Country, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
LeBlanc SJ. Review: Postpartum reproductive disease and fertility in dairy cows. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 1:100781. [PMID: 37567665 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews recent data and concepts on metritis, purulent vaginal discharge (PVD), and endometritis in dairy cows and the ways in which these diseases affect reproductive performance. Metritis is characterized by fetid discharge from the uterus, with or without fever. Purulent vaginal discharge describes exudate that is >50% pus that may be attributable to uterine infection or cervicitis. Endometritis is inflammation of the uterus diagnosed by endometrial cytology with a proportion of neutrophils (typically ≥5%) that is associated with impaired fertility. Metritis and PVD are associated with uterine bacterial dysbiosis: changes in the microbiota to lesser diversity and greater abundance of pathogens, especially Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, and Trueperella pyogenes in the case of PVD. Metritis is justifiably treated with approved antibiotics but criteria for more selective treatment without loss of performance are emerging. Purulent vaginal discharge is not synonymous with clinical endometritis, and greater precision in terminology is warranted. PVD is likely under-diagnosed and represents an opportunity for improved management in many herds. Endometritis seems in many cases to reflect persistent, dysregulated inflammation, for which the inciting cause is unclear. Postpartum uterine infection and inflammation have harmful effects on oocytes, embryo development, and the endometrium for at least three months, even if the disease is apparently resolved. Emerging concepts of the resolution and regulation of inflammation are promising for the improvement of prevention and therapy of endometritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J LeBlanc
- Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tasara T, Meier AB, Wambui J, Whiston R, Stevens M, Chapwanya A, Bleul U. Interrogating the Diversity of Vaginal, Endometrial, and Fecal Microbiomes in Healthy and Metritis Dairy Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071221. [PMID: 37048477 PMCID: PMC10093325 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The bovine genital tract harbors a dynamic microbiome. Genital tract microbial communities in healthy animals have been characterized using next-generation sequencing methods showing that microbe compositions differ between the vagina and uterus, more so during the postpartum period. Pre-calving fecal and vaginal, and endometrial swabs at the different postpartum intervals were collected from dairy cows. Microbiomes in these samples were determined based on bacterial 16S amplicon sequencing and compared between healthy (H; n = 10) control animals and cows that developed metritis (M; n = 10) within 21 days postpartum (DPP). Compared to healthy animals the pre-calving fecal and vaginal microbiomes of metritis animals were more abundant in sequences from the phylum Fusobacteria and the bacterial genera such as Escherichia-Shigella and Histophilus. In addition, compared to healthy animals, metritis cows harboured low microbial species diversity in the endometrium, as well as decreasing Proteobacteria and increasing Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes abundances. The greatest taxonomic compositional deviations in endometrial microbial communities between the metritis and health cows were detected between 7 and 10 DPP. There was high taxonomic similarity detected between postpartum endometrial microbiomes and the prepartum vaginal and fecal microbiomes suggesting that colonization through bacteria ascending from the rectum and vagina to the uterine cavity might play a major role in establishing the endometrial microbiome postpartum. A deeper understanding of the establishment and dynamics of postpartum endometrial microbial communities in cows will thus provide crucial basic knowledge to guide the development of genital microbiome manipulation strategies for preventing uterine disease and improving fertility in dairy cows.
Collapse
|
14
|
Interaction of sperm cells with the female reproductive tract in cattle: Focus on neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 246:107056. [PMID: 36031509 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After insemination of cows, either naturally or artificially, the deposition of semen into the vagina or uterus results in an immune reaction which is based on polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity. Sperm must be resistant to immune system actions of the female for an adequate time to allow fertilization to occur. Neutrophils, however, either directly phagocytize sperm through cell-cell attachment or entrap sperm cells in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), structures consisting of neutrophil nuclear DNA and associated proteins. In this review article, the interaction of neutrophils and sperm cells in t cattle will be described, with a special focus on the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).
Collapse
|
15
|
Silva J, Siqueira L, Rodrigues M, Zinicola M, Wolkmer P, Pomeroy B, Bicalho R. Intrauterine infusion of a pathogenic bacterial cocktail is associated with the development of clinical metritis in postpartum multiparous Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 106:607-623. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
16
|
Poor AP, Moreno LZ, Monteiro MS, Matajira CEC, Dutra MC, Leal DF, Silva APS, Gomes VTM, Barbosa MRF, Sato MIZ, Moreno AM. Vaginal microbiota signatures in healthy and purulent vulvar discharge sows. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9106. [PMID: 35650232 PMCID: PMC9160009 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purulent vulvar discharges, primarily caused by genito-urinary tract infections, are an important source of economic loss for swine producers due to sow culling and mortality. However, the agents that compose the vaginal microbiota of sows and their changes during infections are not well understood. The first goal of this study was to characterize and compare the vaginal bacterial content of healthy (HE, n = 40) and purulent vulvar discharge sows (VD, n = 270) by a culture-dependent method and MALDI-TOF MS identification. Secondly, we performed 16S rRNA targeted metagenomic approach (n = 72) to compare the vaginal microbiota between these groups. We found a wide variety of bacteria, with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidota being the most abundant phyla in both groups, as well as Escherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, and Bacteroides at the genus level. Most agents identified in the sequencing method also grew in the culture-dependent method, showing the viability of these bacteria. Alpha diversity did not differ between HE and VD sows, regarding sample richness and diversity, but a beta-diversity index showed a different microbiota composition between these groups in two tested herds. ANCOM analysis revealed that Bacteroides pyogenes were more abundant in VD females and can be a marker for this group. Other agents also require attention, such as the Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Staphylococcus hyicus found in remarkably greater relative abundance in VD sows. Network analysis revealed important positive correlations between some potentially pathogenic genera, such as between Escherichia-Shigella, Trueperella, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, and Prevotella, which did not occur in healthy sows. We conclude that the alteration of the vaginal microbiota between healthy and purulent vulvar discharge sows, although not extreme, could be due to the increase in the relative abundance of specific agents and to associations between potentially pathogenic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André P Poor
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Luisa Z Moreno
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
- Santo Amaro University (UNISA), R. Prof. Enéas de Siqueira Neto 340, Sao Paulo, SP, 04829-300, Brazil
| | - Matheus S Monteiro
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Carlos E C Matajira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Calle 5 #62-00, Cali, Colombia
| | - Maurício C Dutra
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Diego F Leal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 276607, USA
| | - Ana Paula S Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Vasco T M Gomes
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Mikaela R F Barbosa
- Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Júnior 345, Sao Paulo, SP, 05459-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Z Sato
- Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Júnior 345, Sao Paulo, SP, 05459-900, Brazil
| | - Andrea M Moreno
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tracing the source and route of uterine colonization by exploring the genetic relationship of Escherichia coli isolated from the reproductive and gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows. Vet Microbiol 2022; 266:109355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
18
|
Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows: Insights into the Mechanistic Mode of Actions and Mitigating Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121918. [PMID: 34943022 PMCID: PMC8750585 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines several molecular mechanisms underpinning oxidative stress in ruminants and their effects on blood and milk oxidative traits. We also investigate strategies to alleviate or repair oxidative damages by improving animal immune functions using novel feed additives. Microbial pathogenic cells, feeding management, and body condition score were some of the studied factors, inducing oxidative stress in ruminants. The predominance of Streptococcus spp. (24.22%), Acinetobacter spp. (21.37%), Romboutsia spp. (4.99%), Turicibacter spp., (2.64%), Stenotrophomonas spp. (2.33%), and Enterococcus spp. (1.86%) was found in the microbiome of mastitis cows with a decrease of d-mannose and increase of xanthine:guanine ratio when Streptococcus increased. Diversity of energy sources favoring the growth of Fusobacterium make it a keystone taxon contributing to metritis. Ruminal volatile fatty acids rose with high-concentrate diets that decreased the ruminal pH, causing a lysis of rumen microbes and release of endotoxins. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities increased in high concentrate cows accompanied by a reduction of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activity. In addition, albumin and paraoxonase concentrations were inversely related to oxidative stress and contributed to the protection of low-density and high-density lipoproteins against lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl, and lactoperoxidase. High concentrate diets increased the expression of MAPK pro-inflammatory genes and decreased the expression of antioxidant genes and proteins in mammary epithelial tissues. The expression levels of NrF2, NQO1, MT1E, UGT1A1, MGST3, and MT1A were downregulated, whereas NF-kB was upregulated with a high-grain or high concentrate diet. Amino-acids, vitamins, trace elements, and plant extracts have shown promising results through enhancing immune functions and repairing damaged cells exposed to oxidative stress. Further studies comparing the long-term effect of synthetic feed additives and natural plant additives on animal health and physiology remain to be investigated.
Collapse
|
19
|
Ong CT, Turni C, Blackall PJ, Boe-Hansen G, Hayes BJ, Tabor AE. Interrogating the bovine reproductive tract metagenomes using culture-independent approaches: a systematic review. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:41. [PMID: 34108039 PMCID: PMC8191003 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Undesirable microbial infiltration into the female bovine reproductive tracts, for example during calving or mating, is likely to disturb the commensal microflora. Persistent establishment and overgrowth of certain pathogens induce reproductive diseases, render the female bovine reproductive tract unfavourable for pregnancy or can result in transmission to the foetus, leading to death and abortion or birth abnormalities. This review of culture-independent metagenomics studies revealed that normal microflora in the female bovine reproductive tract is reasonably consistently dominated by bacteria from the phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, following by Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria and Tenericutes. Reproductive disease development in the female bovine reproductive tract was demonstrated across multiple studies to be associated with high relative abundances of bacteria from the phyla Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria. Reduced bacterial diversity in the reproductive tract microbiome in some studies of cows diagnosed with reproductive diseases also indicated an association between dysbiosis and bovine reproductive health. Nonetheless, the bovine genital tract microbiome remains underexplored, and this is especially true for the male genital tract. Future research should focus on the functional aspects of the bovine reproductive tract microbiomes, for example their contributions to cattle fertility and susceptibility towards reproductive diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chian Teng Ong
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - Conny Turni
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - Patrick J. Blackall
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - Gry Boe-Hansen
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland Australia
| | - Ben J. Hayes
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - Ala E. Tabor
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Majewska A, Kierzkowska M, Kawecki D. What we actually know about the pathogenicity of Bacteroides pyogenes. Med Microbiol Immunol 2021; 210:157-163. [PMID: 33934237 PMCID: PMC8137477 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-021-00709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the pathogenic potential of Bacteroides pyogenes, rarely identified in clinical laboratories anaerobic bacteria. To increase the knowledge about this poorly understood anaerobic microorganism, the study also includes cases of infections described so far in the literature. Only the use of 16S rRNA sequencing and mass spectrometry technique allowed the identification of B. pyogenes from clinical specimens. We reported 13 severe human infections caused by B. pyogenes. Bacteria were cultured from the wound after biting by animals, chronic infections within the oral cavity, from patients with histologically or radiological proven osteomyelitis, surgical site infection, and from urine sample collected after a urological procedure. Most (9/13) of the patients required hospitalization. Almost 70% of them needed urgent admission via the emergency room. Two inpatients due to a life-threatening condition were admitted to the intensive care unit. Almost 50% of isolates were resistant to penicillin. All resistant to penicillin strains were isolated from skin and mucous membrane infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Majewska
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 Str, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Kierzkowska
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 Str, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kawecki
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 Str, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Figueiredo CC, Merenda VR, de Oliveira EB, Lima FS, Chebel RC, Galvão KN, Santos JEP, Bisinotto RS. Failure of clinical cure in dairy cows treated for metritis is associated with reduced productive and reproductive performance. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7056-7070. [PMID: 33741169 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives were to assess reproductive and productive outcomes associated with failure of clinical cure in dairy cows diagnosed with metritis following antimicrobial therapy. This retrospective cohort study included data from 3 experiments performed in 5 dairies. Metritis was characterized by the presence of watery, fetid, reddish-brownish vaginal discharge within 21 DIM (study d 0). Cows not diagnosed with metritis (i.e., cows may have had other diseases postpartum; NoMT; n = 1,194) were paired based on lactation number and calving date. All cows with metritis received antimicrobial therapy (ampicillin or ceftiofur). Clinical cure was evaluated on d 10 based on vaginal discharge score, and cows were categorized as cured (MTC; n = 1,111) or not cured (MTnoC; n = 299). Purulent vaginal discharge (28 ± 3 or 32 ± 3 DIM), cytological endometritis (35 ± 3 or 39 ± 3 DIM), and estrous cyclicity (50 ± 3 and 64 ± 3, 36 ± 3 and 50 ± 3, or 37 ± 5 and 51 ± 5 DIM) were evaluated in subgroups of cows. Proportions of cows with purulent vaginal discharge and cytological endometritis were greatest for MTnoC (91.7 and 91.4%), intermediate for MTC (74.0 and 73.3%), and smallest for NoMT (38.1 and 36.4%). Proportion of cyclic cows was smaller for MTnoC compared with MTC and NoMT (62.0, 71.0, and 71.0%). Pregnancy per artificial insemination following first service was smaller for cows with metritis compared with their counterparts with no metritis (NoMT = 28.1, MTC = 26.1, MTnoC = 22.0%). Pregnancy loss tended to be greater for MTnoC compared with MTC (NoMT = 11.5, MTC = 11.1, MTnoC = 18.4%). Hazard of pregnancy by 300 DIM was smallest for MTnoC, intermediate for MTC, and greatest for NoMT. Death by 60 DIM (3.9, 1.1, and 0.6%) and removal from herd by 300 DIM (26.3, 17.4, and 15.4%) were greatest for MTnoC compared with MTC and NoMT, respectively. Milk production among multiparous cows was smaller for MTnoC compared with MTC and NoMT in the first 10 mo postpartum, whereas MTC produced less milk compared with NoMT only during the first 2 mo postpartum (NoMT = 42.0 ± 0.22, MTC = 40.6 ± 0.28, MTnoC = 37.7 ± 0.54 kg/d). Failure of clinical cure was not associated with milk yield in primiparous cows (NoMT = 35.2 ± 0.31, MTC = 33.9 ± 0.31, MTnoC = 35.0 ± 0.52 kg/d). Cows diagnosed with metritis that do not undergo clinical cure by 10 d of onset of antimicrobial therapy have impaired reproductive performance, reduced milk production, and increased risk of leaving the herd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Figueiredo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - V R Merenda
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - E B de Oliveira
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - F S Lima
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - R C Chebel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - K N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - J E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - R S Bisinotto
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bogado Pascottini O, Spricigo JFW, Van Schyndel SJ, Mion B, Rousseau J, Weese JS, LeBlanc SJ. Effects of parity, blood progesterone, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory treatment on the dynamics of the uterine microbiota of healthy postpartum dairy cows. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0233943. [PMID: 33606706 PMCID: PMC7895344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of treatment with meloxicam (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug), parity, and blood progesterone concentration on the dynamics of the uterine microbiota of 16 clinically healthy postpartum dairy cows. Seven primiparous and 9 multiparous postpartum Holstein cows either received meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg SC, n = 7 cows) once daily for 4 days (10 to 13 days in milk (DIM)) or were untreated (n = 9 cows). Endometrial cytology samples were collected by cytobrush at 10, 21, and 35 DIM, from which the microbiota analysis was conducted using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. A radioimmunoassay was used to measure progesterone concentration in blood serum samples at 35 DIM and cows were classified as ˃ 1 ng/mL (n = 10) or ≤ 1 ng/mL (n = 6). Alpha diversity for bacterial genera (Chao1, Shannon-Weiner, and Camargo’s evenness indices) were not affected by DIM, meloxicam treatment, parity, or progesterone category. For beta diversity (genera level), principal coordinate analysis (Bray-Curtis) showed differences in microbiota between parity groups. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria was greater in primiparous than multiparous cows. At the genus level, there was lesser relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Neisseriaceae, Paracoccus, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus and greater relative abundance of Bacillus and Fusobacterium in primiparous than multiparous cows. Bray-Curtis dissimilarity did not differ by DIM at sampling, meloxicam treatment, or progesterone category at 35 DIM. In conclusion, uterine bacterial composition was not different at 10, 21, or 35 DIM, and meloxicam treatment or progesterone category did not affect the uterine microbiota in clinically healthy postpartum dairy cows. Primiparous cows presented a different composition of uterine bacteria than multiparous cows. The differences in microbiota associated with parity might be attributable to changes that occur consequent to the first calving, but this hypothesis should be investigated further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O. Bogado Pascottini
- Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - J. F. W. Spricigo
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S. J. Van Schyndel
- Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - B. Mion
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J. Rousseau
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J. S. Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S. J. LeBlanc
- Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jeon SJ, Cunha F, Daetz R, Bicalho RC, Lima S, Galvão KN. Ceftiofur reduced Fusobacterium leading to uterine microbiota alteration in dairy cows with metritis. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:15. [PMID: 33509303 PMCID: PMC7844903 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metritis is an inflammatory uterine disease found in ~ 20% of dairy cows after parturition and associated with uterine microbiota with high abundance of Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, and Porphyromonas. Ceftiofur is a common treatment, but the effect on uterine microbiota is poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the short-term impact of ceftiofur on uterine microbiota structure and function in cows with metritis. Eight cows received ceftiofur (CEF) and 10 remained untreated (CON). Uterine swabs were collected for PCR and metagenomic analysis at diagnosis before treatment (5 ± 1 DPP) and 2 days after diagnosis/treatment (7 ± 1 DPP) from the same individuals. Seven CEF and 9 CON passed quality control and were used for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS Ceftiofur treatment resulted in uterine microbiota alteration, which was attributed to a decrease in relative abundance of Fusobacterium and in gene contents involved in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, whereas uterine microbiota diversity and genes involved in pantothenate and coenzyme A biosynthesis increased. Ceftiofur treatment also reduced rectal temperature and tended to reduce total bacteria in the uterus. However, other uterine pathogens such as Bacteroides and Porphyromonas remained unchanged in CEF. The blaCTX-M gene was detected in 37.5% of metritic cows tested but was not affected by CEF. We found that β-hydroxybutyric acid, pyruvic acid, and L-glutamine were preferentially utilized by Fusobacterium necrophorum according to metabolic activity with 95 carbon sources. CONCLUSIONS Ceftiofur treatment leads to alterations in the uterine microbiota that were mainly characterized by reductions in Fusobacterium and genes involved in LPS biosynthesis, which may be associated with a decrease in rectal temperature. The increase in pantothenate and coenzyme A biosynthesis indicates microbial response to metabolic stress caused by ceftiofur. Preference of Fusobacterium for β-hydroxybutyric acid may help to explain why this strain becomes dominant in the uterine microbiota of cows with metritis, and it also may provide a means for development of new therapies for the control of metritis in dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jin Jeon
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, 11548, USA.
| | - Federico Cunha
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Rodolfo Daetz
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Rodrigo C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Svetlana Lima
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Present Address: Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Klibs N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. .,D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Alhussien MN, Dang AK. Interaction between stress hormones and phagocytic cells and its effect on the health status of dairy cows: A review. Vet World 2020; 13:1837-1848. [PMID: 33132594 PMCID: PMC7566244 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1837-1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy cows are exposed to various stressors during their production cycle that makes them more susceptible to various diseases. Phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) are important soldiers of the innate immune system. Neutrophils are the first responders to an inflammatory response and stress and kill pathogens by generating reactive oxygen species and by the release of various antimicrobial peptides, enzymes, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, etc. Macrophages, the other phagocytes, are also the cleanup crew for the innate immune system that removes debris, pathogens, and dead neutrophils later on after an inflammatory response. The neuroendocrine system along with phagocytes exhibits an immunomodulatory potential during stressful conditions. Neuroendocrine system directly affects the activity of phagocytes by communicating bidirectionally through shared receptors and messenger molecules such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or cytokines. Different immune cells may show variable responses to each hormone. Short time exposure to stress can be beneficial, but repeated or extended exposure to stress may be detrimental to the overall health and well-being of an animal. Although some stresses associated with farming practices in dairy cows are unavoidable, better understanding of the interactions occurring between various stress hormones and phagocytic cells can help to reduce stress, improve productivity and animal welfare. This review highlights the role played by various stress hormones in modulating phagocytic cell performance of dairy cattle under inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohanned Naif Alhussien
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Dang
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Effect of Chitosan Microparticles on the Uterine Microbiome of Dairy Cows with Metritis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01066-20. [PMID: 32651210 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01066-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of chitosan microparticles on the uterine microbiome of cows with metritis. Dairy cows with metritis (n = 89) were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: chitosan microparticles (n = 21), in which the cows received an intrauterine infusion of chitosan microparticles at metritis diagnosis (day 0), day 2, and day 4; ceftiofur (n = 25), in which the cows received a subcutaneous injection of ceftiofur on day 0 and day 3; and no intrauterine or subcutaneous treatment (n = 23). Nonmetritic cows (n = 20) were healthy cows matched with cows with metritis by the number of days postpartum at metritis diagnosis. Uterine swab samples collected on days 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 were used for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and 16S RNA gene copy number quantification by quantitative PCR. Principal-coordinate analysis showed that the microbiome of the ceftiofur-treated and metritic untreated groups progressed toward that of the nonmetritic group by day 3, whereas that of the chitosan microparticle-treated group remained unchanged. The differences on day 3 were mainly due to a greater relative abundance of Fusobacteria, particularly Fusobacterium, in the chitosan microparticle-treated group than in the ceftiofur-treated and metritic untreated groups. Furthermore, the microbiome of the ceftiofur-treated group became similar to that of the nonmetritic group by day 9, whereas the microbiome of the chitosan microparticle-treated and metritic untreated groups became similar to that of the nonmetritic group only by day 12. The total bacterial 16S rRNA gene counts in the chitosan microparticle-treated group were greater than those in the metritic untreated controls on days 6 and 9, whereas the ceftiofur treatment group was the only group in which the total bacterial 16S rRNA gene count became similar to that in the nonmetritic group by day 12. In summary, chitosan microparticles slowed the progression of the uterine microbiome toward a healthy state, whereas ceftiofur hastened the progression toward a healthy state.IMPORTANCE Third-generation cephalosporins, such as ceftiofur, are commonly used to treat metritis in dairy cows. Chitosan microparticles has been shown to have a broad spectrum of activity in vitro and to be effective against uterine pathogens in vivo; therefore, they have been hailed as a possible alternative to traditional antibiotics. Nonetheless, in the present study, we saw that chitosan microparticle treatment slowed the progression of the uterine microbiome of cows with metritis toward a healthy state, whereas ceftiofur treatment hastened the progression toward a healthy state. Given the lack of an effective alternative to traditional antibiotics and an increased concern about antimicrobial resistance, a greater effort should be devoted to the prevention of metritis in dairy cows.
Collapse
|
26
|
Machado VS, Celestino ML, Oliveira EB, Lima FS, Ballou MA, Galvão KN. The association of cow-related factors assessed at metritis diagnosis with metritis cure risk, reproductive performance, milk yield, and culling for untreated and ceftiofur-treated dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9261-9276. [PMID: 32828506 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to assess the association of cow-related factors with metritis cure risk and economically important outcomes. In this prospective cohort study nested inside a randomized clinical trial, cows enrolled in a clinical trial that aimed to evaluate an alternative metritis therapy that had available plasma samples collected at metritis diagnosis were included. Metritis was defined as fetid, watery, reddish-brownish discharge with or without fever, and cure was defined as the absence of metritis signs 12 d after diagnosis. Cows were randomly allocated to remain untreated (CON; n = 147) or receive subcutaneous injections of 6.6 mg/kg of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid at enrollment and 72 h later (CEF, n = 168). Additionally, a random subset of 150 nonmetritic cows (NMET) was also included to compare milk production, reproductive performance, and culling responses. Cow-related factors evaluated include plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and haptoglobin (Hp), parity, rectal temperature, and days in milk (DIM) at metritis diagnosis, vulvovaginal laceration (VL), BCS, dystocia, twins, and retained placenta. Among CON cows, DIM at metritis diagnosis was positively associated with metritis cure [threshold = 8, area under the curve (AUC) = 0.67], whereas plasma Hp concentration tended to be negatively associated with cure of metritis (threshold = 0.54 mg/mL, AUC = 0.64). Among CEF cows, DIM at metritis diagnosis (threshold = 5, AUC = 0.67) and dystocia were positively associated with metritis cure, whereas VL and Hp (threshold = 0.78 mg/mL, AUC = 0.76) were negatively associated with cure. For CON cows that were diagnosed with metritis after 8 DIM or had plasma Hp concentration ≤0.54 mg/mL, milk production, pregnancy, and culling risk were comparable to NMET cows. However, performance was impaired when cows that developed metritis at ≤8 DIM or had Hp >0.54 mg/mL were left untreated. Among CEF cows, Hp, DIM at metritis diagnosis, dystocia, and VL were associated with metritis cure. Milk yield, reproductive performance, and culling losses are more pronounced among CEF cows when metritis was diagnosed at ≤5 DIM, Hp >0.78 mg/mL, or if they had VL or dystocia. In conclusion, these data indicate that timing of the onset of metritis and inflammatory biomarkers could be used for the development of a selective therapy strategy for metritis, but more research is needed to identify more accurate predictors of metritis spontaneous cure and treatment failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V S Machado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409.
| | - M L Celestino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | - E B Oliveira
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0910; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - F S Lima
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - M A Ballou
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | - K N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0910; D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
de Lima FS. Recent advances and future directions for uterine diseases diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management in dairy cows. Anim Reprod 2020; 17:e20200063. [PMID: 33029222 PMCID: PMC7534574 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2020-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers, veterinarians, and farmers' pursuit of a consistent diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of uterine diseases remains challenging. The diagnosis and treatment of metritis is inconsistent, a concerning situation when considered the global threat of antimicrobial resistance dissemination. Endometritis is an insidious disease absent on routine health programs in many dairy farms and from pharmaceutical therapeutics arsenal in places like the US market. Conversely, a multitude of studies advanced the understanding of how uterine diseases compromise oocyte, follicle, and embryo development, and the uterine environment having long-lasting effects on fertility. The field of uterine disease microbiome also experienced tremendous progress and created opportunities for the development of novel preventives to improve the management of uterine diseases. Activity monitors, biomarkers, genomic selection, and machine learning predictive models are other innovative developments that have been explored in recent years to help mitigate the negative impacts of uterine diseases. Albeit novel tools such as vaccines for metritis, immune modulators, probiotics, genomic selection, and selective antimicrobial therapy are promising, further research is warranted to implement these technologies in a systematic and cost-effective manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Soares de Lima
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Piersanti RL, Horlock AD, Block J, Santos JEP, Sheldon IM, Bromfield JJ. Persistent effects on bovine granulosa cell transcriptome after resolution of uterine disease. Reproduction 2020; 158:35-46. [PMID: 30933928 DOI: 10.1530/rep-19-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metritis is associated with reduced fertility in dairy cows, but the mechanisms are unclear because the disease resolves several weeks before insemination. One hypothesis is that metritis causes persistent changes in granulosa cells during follicle development, which might be evident in the transcriptome of granulosa cells from dominant follicles weeks after parturition. To test this hypothesis, we collected the follicular fluid and granulosa cells from dominant follicles 63 days post partum from cows previously diagnosed with metritis, at least 6 weeks after resolution of the disease and from cows not diagnosed with metritis (control cows). Bacterial lipopolysaccharide was detected in follicular fluid, and concentrations were associated with follicular fluid IL-8 and glucose concentrations. Transcriptome analysis using RNAseq revealed 177 differentially expressed genes in granulosa cells collected from cows that had metritis compared with control cows. The most upregulated genes were ITLN1, NCF2, CLRN3, FSIP2 and ANKRD17, and the most downregulated genes were ACSM1, NR4A2, GHITM, CBARP and NR1I3. Pathway analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes were involved with immune function, cell-cell communication, cell cycle and cellular metabolism. Predicted upstream regulators of the differentially expressed genes included NFκB, IL-21 and lipopolysaccharide, which are associated with infection and immunity. Our data provide evidence for a persistent effect of metritis on the transcriptome of granulosa cells in ovarian follicles after the resolution of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Piersanti
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Anthony D Horlock
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - Jeremy Block
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - José E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - I Martin Sheldon
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - John J Bromfield
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Meira EBS, Ellington-Lawrence RD, Silva JCC, Higgins CH, Linwood R, Rodrigues MX, Bringhenti L, Korzec H, Yang Y, Zinicola M, Bicalho RC. Recombinant protein subunit vaccine reduces puerperal metritis incidence and modulates the genital tract microbiome. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7364-7376. [PMID: 32505392 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 3 vaccine formulations containing proteins (FimH, leukotoxin, and pyolysin), inactivated whole cells (Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Trueperella pyogenes), or both, in the prevention of postpartum uterine diseases. A randomized clinical trial was conducted at a commercial dairy farm; 800 heifers were assigned into 1 of 4 different treatment groups: control, vaccine 1 (bacterin and subunit proteins), vaccine 2 (bacterin), and vaccine 3 (recombinant subunit proteins), and each heifer received a subcutaneous injection of its respective treatment at 240 ± 3 and 270 ± 3 d of gestation. Vaccination significantly reduced the incidence of puerperal metritis when compared with control (9.1% vs. 14.9%, respectively; odds ratio 0.51). Additionally, vaccine 3 was found to reduce the incidence of puerperal metritis when compared with the control (8.0% vs. 14.9%, respectively; odds ratio 0.46). Reproduction was improved for metritic cows that were vaccinated, and the effect was stronger for cows that were treated with vaccine 3. In general, vaccination decreased the total vaginal bacterial load and decreased the vaginal load of F. necrophorum by 9 d in milk. Vaccination reduced the prevalence of puerperal metritis in the first lactation of dairy cows, leading to less metritic disease and improved reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E B S Meira
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - R D Ellington-Lawrence
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - J C C Silva
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - C H Higgins
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - R Linwood
- Merck Animal Health, De Soto, KS 66018
| | - M X Rodrigues
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - L Bringhenti
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - H Korzec
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - M Zinicola
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - R C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sheldon IM, Molinari PCC, Ormsby TJR, Bromfield JJ. Preventing postpartum uterine disease in dairy cattle depends on avoiding, tolerating and resisting pathogenic bacteria. Theriogenology 2020; 150:158-165. [PMID: 31973964 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Up to forty percent of dairy cows develop metritis or endometritis when pathogenic bacteria infect the uterus after parturition. However, resilient cows remain healthy even when exposed to the same pathogens. Here, we provide a perspective on the mechanisms that dairy cows use to prevent postpartum uterine disease. We suggest that resilient cows prevent the development of uterine disease using the three complementary defensive strategies of avoiding, tolerating and resisting infection with pathogenic bacteria. Avoidance maintains health by limiting the exposure to pathogens. Avoidance mechanisms include intrinsic behaviors to reduce the risk of infection by avoiding pathogens or infected animals, perhaps signaled by the fetid odor of uterine disease. Tolerance improves health by limiting the tissue damage caused by the pathogens. Tolerance mechanisms include neutralizing bacterial toxins, protecting cells against damage, enhancing tissue repair, and reprogramming metabolism. Resistance improves health by limiting the pathogen burden. Resistance mechanisms include inflammation driven by innate immunity and adaptive immunity, with the aim of killing and eliminating pathogenic bacteria. Farmers can also help cows prevent the development of postpartum uterine disease by avoiding trauma to the genital tract, reducing stress, and feeding animals appropriately during the transition period. Understanding the mechanisms of avoidance, tolerance and resistance to pathogens will inform strategies to generate resilient animals and prevent uterine disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Martin Sheldon
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom.
| | - Paula C C Molinari
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0910, United States
| | - Thomas J R Ormsby
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - John J Bromfield
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0910, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Alhussien MN, Dang AK. Potential roles of neutrophils in maintaining the health and productivity of dairy cows during various physiological and physiopathological conditions: a review. Immunol Res 2019; 67:21-38. [PMID: 30644032 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-019-9064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils represent the first line of innate immunity and are the most prominent line of cellular defence against invading microorganisms. On stimulation, they can quickly move through the walls of veins and into the tissues of the body to immediately attack or monitor the foreign antigens. Neutrophils are highly versatile and sophisticated cells which are endowed with highly sensitive receptor-based perception systems. They were traditionally classified as short-lived phagocytes actively involved during infection and inflammation, but recently, it has been seen that neutrophils are capable of detecting the presence of sperms during insemination as well as an implanting embryo in the female reproductive tract. These specialised phagocytes play a major role in tissue remodelling and wound healing, and maintain homeostasis during parturition, expulsion of placenta, folliculogenesis, corpus luteum formation and luteolysis. Here, we review the role played by neutrophils in maintaining homeostasis during normal and inflammatory conditions of dairy cattle. We have summarised the alteration in the expression of some cell adhesion molecules and cytokines on bovine neutrophils during different physiological and physiopathological conditions. Some emerging issues in the field of neutrophil biology and the possible strategies to strengthen their activity during the period of immunosuppression have also been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohanned Naif Alhussien
- Animal Production Division, Agricultural College, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic. .,Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132 001, India.
| | - Ajay Kumar Dang
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132 001, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gomez DE, Galvão KN, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Costa MC. The Cattle Microbiota and the Immune System: An Evolving Field. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2019; 35:485-505. [PMID: 31590899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New insights into the host-microbiota relationship have recently emerged with the advancement of molecular technologies such as next-generation sequencing. This article presents the current knowledge regarding the interaction between bacteria and the immune system of the gut, the uterus, and the mammary gland of cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego E Gomez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Klibs N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Juan C Rodriguez-Lecompte
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Marcio C Costa
- Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Galvão KN, Bicalho RC, Jeon SJ. Symposium review: The uterine microbiome associated with the development of uterine disease in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11786-11797. [PMID: 31587913 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Until 2010, our knowledge of the uterine microbiome in cows that developed uterine disease relied almost exclusively on culture-dependent studies and mostly included cows with clinical endometritis (i.e., with purulent uterine discharge). Those studies consistently found a strong positive correlation between Trueperella pyogenes and clinical endometritis, whereas other pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Prevotella melaninogenica, and Bacteroides spp. were also commonly cocultured. In contrast, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Bacillus spp. were usually isolated from healthy cows. Starting in 2010, culture-independent studies using PCR explored the microbiome of cows with metritis and clinical endometritis, and observed that E. coli was a pioneer pathogen that predisposed cows to infection with F. necrophorum, which was strongly associated with metritis, and to infection with T. pyogenes, which was strongly associated with clinical endometritis. Starting in 2011, culture-independent studies using metagenomic sequencing expanded our knowledge of the uterine microbiome. It has been shown that cows have bacteria in the uterus even before calving, they have an established uterine microbiome within 20 min of calving, and that the microbiome structure is identical between cows that develop metritis and healthy cows until 2 d postpartum, after which the bacterial structure of cows that developed metritis deviates in favor of greater relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria and lesser relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Tenericutes. The shift in the uterine microbiome in cows that develop metritis is characterized by a loss of heterogeneity and a decrease in bacterial richness. At the genus level, Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium have the strongest association with metritis. At the species level, we observed that Bacteroides pyogenes, Porphyromonas levii, and Helcococcus ovis were potential emerging uterine pathogens. Finally, we have shown that the hematogenous route is a viable route of uterine infection with uterine pathogens. Herein, we propose that metritis is associated with a dysbiosis of the uterine microbiota characterized by decreased richness, and an increase in Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria, particularly Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klibs N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610.
| | - Rodrigo C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Soo Jin Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Galvão KN, Higgins CH, Zinicola M, Jeon SJ, Korzec H, Bicalho RC. Effect of pegbovigrastim administration on the microbiome found in the vagina of cows postpartum. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3439-3451. [PMID: 30799104 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pegbovigrastim (PEG) treatment of peripartum Holstein cows on the microbiome found in the vagina postpartum using sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. A subset of cows was randomly sampled from a larger study where cows had been randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: pegbovigrastim (PEG) or untreated control (CTR). The PEG-treated cows received a subcutaneous injection containing 15 mg of pegbovigrastim 7 d before expected calving and a second injection within 24 h of calving. Vaginal samples from 97 PEG-treated and 98 CTR cows were collected at calving, 7 ± 3, and 35 ± 3 d in milk (0, 7, and 35 DIM). Metritis was diagnosed at 7 ± 3 DIM and purulent vaginal discharge (PVD) at 35 ± 3 DIM. The PEG treatment did not alter the vaginal microbiome. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed that metritic cows had a dissimilar vaginal microbiome compared with cows that did not develop metritis, particularly at 7 but also at 35 DIM. This difference was characterized by higher relative abundance of Porphyromonas and Bacteroides and a lower relative abundance of Ureaplasma, Ruminococcaceae, and Clostridiales at 7 DIM, and a higher relative abundance of Ureaplasma and a lower relative abundance of Pasteurellaceae at 35 DIM. Based on PCoA, we observed that cows that developed PVD had a dissimilar vaginal microbiome compared with cows that did not develop PVD, particularly at 35 DIM but also at 7 DIM. This difference was characterized by a higher relative abundance of Bacteroides at 7 DIM and higher relative abundance of Fusobacterium and Bacteroides at 35 DIM. Cows that developed metritis and PVD also had higher relative abundance of Fusobacterium and Bacteroides at 0 DIM. Furthermore, the Chao1 and Shannon indices were decreased in metritic cows at 7 DIM and in PVD cows at 7 and 35 DIM. In summary, PEG treatment had no effect on the vaginal microbiome, and uterine disease was associated with major changes in the microbiome found in the vagina postpartum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - C H Higgins
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - M Zinicola
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - S J Jeon
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - H Korzec
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - R C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jeon SJ, Galvão KN. An Advanced Understanding of Uterine Microbial Ecology Associated with Metritis in Dairy Cows. Genomics Inform 2018; 16:e21. [PMID: 30602082 PMCID: PMC6440669 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2018.16.4.e21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metritis, the inflammation of the uterus caused by polymicrobial infections, is a prevalent and costly disease to the dairy industry as it decreases milk yield, survival, and the welfare of dairy cows. Although affected cows are treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics such as ceftiofur, endometrial and ovarian function are not fully recovered, which results in subfertility and infertility. According to culture-dependent studies, uterine pathogens include Escherichia coli, Trueperella pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Prevotella melaninogenica. Recent studies using high-throughput sequencing observed very low relative abundance of Escherichia coli, Trueperella pyogenes, and Prevotella melaninogenica in cows with metritis. Herein, we propose that metritis is associated with a dysbiosis of the uterine microbiota, which is characterized by high abundance of Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jin Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548, USA
| | - Klibs N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sicsic R, Goshen T, Dutta R, Kedem-Vaanunu N, Kaplan-Shabtai V, Pasternak Z, Gottlieb Y, Shpigel NY, Raz T. Microbial communities and inflammatory response in the endometrium differ between normal and metritic dairy cows at 5-10 days post-partum. Vet Res 2018; 49:77. [PMID: 30068391 PMCID: PMC6071394 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0570-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-partum metritis is among the most prevalent disease in dairy cows affecting animal welfare and inflicting considerable economic loses. While post-partum contamination of the uterus is rife in dairy cows, only a fraction of these animals will develop metritis. Our main objective was to compare the bacterial communities and the inflammatory response in the endometrium of healthy and metritic dairy cows. Holstein-Friesian cows (n = 35) were sampled immediately following clinical classification as healthy (n = 21), suffering from metritis (n = 13) or septic metritis (n = 1), based on veterinary examination at 5-10 days post-partum. Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) percentage in endometrial cytology was significantly higher in cows with metritis. Full-thickness uterine biopsy analysis revealed that the luminal epithelium in inter-caruncle areas was preserved in healthy cows, but in metritis it was compromised, with marked PMN infiltration particularly in the apical endometrium. Gram staining revealed that bacterial load and spatial distribution was associated with disease severity. 16S-rDNA bacterial community analysis revealed unique endometrial bacterial community composition in metritic cows, as compared to more diverse communities among healthy cows. The most abundant phyla in healthy cows were Proteobacteria (31.8 ± 9.3%), Firmicutes (27.9 ± 8.4%) and Bacteroidetes (19.7 ± 7.2%), while Bacteroidetes (60.3 ± 10.3%), Fusobacteria (13.4 ± 5.9%) and Firmicutes (10.5 ± 3.3%) were most abundant in the endometrial mucosa of metritic cows. Relative abundance of Bacteroidetes (19.7 ± 7.2% vs. 60.3 ± 10.3%), Fusobacteria (7.5 ± 5.2% vs. 13.4 ± 5.9%) and Proteobacteria (31.8 ± 9.3% vs. 7.3 ± 5.6%) phyla differed significantly between healthy and metritic cows. In summary, endometrial PMN abundance, spatial distribution and bacterial communities differed between healthy and metritic dairy cows at early post-partum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ron Sicsic
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamir Goshen
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- Hachaklait, Mutual Society for Veterinary Services, Caesarea Industrial Park, Caesarea, Israel
| | - Rahul Dutta
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Kedem-Vaanunu
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Veronica Kaplan-Shabtai
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zohar Pasternak
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yuval Gottlieb
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nahum Y. Shpigel
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tal Raz
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cunha F, Jeon SJ, Daetz R, Vieira-Neto A, Laporta J, Jeong KC, Barbet AF, Risco CA, Galvão KN. Quantifying known and emerging uterine pathogens, and evaluating their association with metritis and fever in dairy cows. Theriogenology 2018; 114:25-33. [PMID: 29574306 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metritis is caused by polymicrobial infection; however, recent metagenomic work challenges the importance of known pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes while identifying potential new pathogens such as Bacteroides pyogenes, Porphyromonas levii and Helcococcus ovis. This study aims to quantify known and emerging uterine pathogens, and to evaluate their association with metritis and fever in dairy cows. Metritis was diagnosed at 6 ± 2 days postpartum, a uterine swab was collected and rectal temperature was measured. 39 cows were classified into three groups: Healthy (n = 14), Metritis without fever (MNoFever; n = 12), and Metritis with fever (MFever; n = 13). Absolute copy number was determined for total bacteria and for 8 potentially pathogenic bacteria using droplet digital PCR. Both MNoFever and MFever cows had higher copy number of total bacteria, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Prevotella melaninogenica, Bacteroides pyogenes, Porphyromonas levii, and Helcococcus ovis than Healthy cows. MNoFever and MFever groups were similar. There was no difference among groups in copy number of Escherichia coli, Trueperella pyogenes, and Bacteroides heparinolyticus, and they all had low copy numbers. Our work confirms the importance of some bacteria identified by culture-based studies in the pathogenesis of metritis such as Fusobacterium necrophorum and Prevotella melaninogenica; however, it challenges the importance of others such as Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes at the time of metritis diagnosis. Additionally, Bacteroides pyogenes, Porphyromonas levii, and Helcococcus ovis were recognized as emerging pathogens involved in the etiology of metritis. Furthermore, fever was not associated with the total bacterial load or specific bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cunha
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Soo Jin Jeon
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rodolfo Daetz
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Achilles Vieira-Neto
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jimena Laporta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - K Casey Jeong
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anthony F Barbet
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carlos A Risco
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Klibs N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jeon SJ, Lima FS, Vieira-Neto A, Machado VS, Lima SF, Bicalho RC, Santos JEP, Galvão KN. Shift of uterine microbiota associated with antibiotic treatment and cure of metritis in dairy cows. Vet Microbiol 2018; 214:132-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
39
|
Neves R, Leno B, Curler M, Thomas M, Overton T, McArt J. Association of immediate postpartum plasma calcium concentration with early-lactation clinical diseases, culling, reproduction, and milk production in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:547-555. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
40
|
Jeon SJ, Cunha F, Vieira-Neto A, Bicalho RC, Lima S, Bicalho ML, Galvão KN. Blood as a route of transmission of uterine pathogens from the gut to the uterus in cows. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:109. [PMID: 28841911 PMCID: PMC5574159 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metritis is an inflammatory disease of the uterus caused by bacterial infection, particularly Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium. Bacteria from the environment, feces, or vagina are believed to be the only sources of uterine contamination. Blood seeps into the uterus after calving; therefore, we hypothesized that blood could also be a seeding source of uterine bacteria. Herein, we compared bacterial communities from blood, feces, and uterine samples from the same cows at 0 and 2 days postpartum using deep sequencing and qPCR. The vaginal microbiome 7 days before calving was also compared. RESULTS There was a unique structure of bacterial communities by sample type. Principal coordinate analysis revealed two distinct clusters for blood and feces, whereas vaginal and uterine bacterial communities were more scattered, indicating greater variability. Cluster analysis indicated that uterine bacterial communities were more similar to fecal bacterial communities than vaginal and blood bacterial communities. Nonetheless, there were core genera shared by all blood, feces, vaginal, and uterine samples. Major uterine pathogens such as Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium were part of the core genera in blood, feces, and vagina. Other uterine pathogens such as Prevotella and Helcococcus were not part of the core genera in vaginal samples. In addition, uterine pathogens showed a strong and significant interaction with each other in the network of blood microbiota, but not in feces or vagina. These microbial interactions in blood may be an important component of disease etiology. The copy number of total bacteria in blood and uterus was correlated; the same did not occur in other sites. Bacteroides heparinolyticus was more abundant in the uterus on day 0, and both B. heparinolyticus and Fusobacterium necrophorum were more abundant in the uterus than in the blood and feces on day 2. This indicates that B. heparinolyticus has a tropism for the uterus, whereas both pathogens thrive in the uterine environment early postpartum. CONCLUSIONS Blood harbored a unique microbiome that contained the main uterine pathogens such as Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium. The presence of these pathogens in blood shortly after calving shows the feasibility of hematogenous spread of uterine pathogens in cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jin Jeon
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Federico Cunha
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Achilles Vieira-Neto
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Rodrigo C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Svetlana Lima
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Marcela L Bicalho
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Klibs N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Genís S, Bach À, Arís A. Effects of intravaginal lactic acid bacteria on bovine endometrium: Implications in uterine health. Vet Microbiol 2017; 204:174-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|