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Li F, Boateng ID, Yang XM, Li Y, Liu W. Effects of processing methods on quality, antioxidant capacity, and cytotoxicity of Ginkgo biloba leaf tea product. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:4993-5003. [PMID: 36973882 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginkgo biloba leaves contain beneficial flavonoids, bilobalide (BB), and ginkgolides. However, the toxic ginkgolic acid (GA) limit its application. In this study, various traditional processing methods were used to prepare G. biloba leaf tea (GBLT), including white tea, black tea, dark tea, green tea, and freeze-dried as control, followed by investigations of their effects on quality, antioxidant capacity, bioactive components, and cytotoxicity of the tea products. RESULTS Results showed that different processing methods significantly impact the tea products' quality indexes and the principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) corroborated it. White tea had the highest total sugar (TS) and GA content and the most potent cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells. However, TS and GA content and the cytotoxicity of GBLT markedly decreased during fermentation and fixation. Moreover, white tea possessed higher total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and more vigorous antioxidant activities than green tea, black tea, and dark tea. Terpene trilactones value was stable, but different catechins contents fluctuated according to the manufacturing process of different GBLTs. Among the four GBLTs, dark tea combining fixation and fermentation had the lowest GA content and cytotoxicity, less bioactive components reduction, appropriate quality, and stronger flavor. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that fixation and fermentation help reduce GAs during the manufacturing of GBLT. However, their ability to retain bioactive substances needs further optimization in future studies. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengnan Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Isaac D Boateng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Zhenjiang Food and Drug Supervision and Inspection Center, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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2
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Li R, Xia Z, Tian Y, Guan M, Zheng Y, Bin L, Dong J, Jiang Q, Du L, Li M. Purification of total flavonoids from Ginkgo biloba flowers with resin column chromatography and evaluation of antioxidant activities in vitro. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:308-316. [PMID: 35670651 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2081861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Purification of total flavonoids from Ginkgo biloba flowers (GBF) extracts were studied using six resins. Adsorption-desorption experiments indicated that polyamide resin is the most suitable resin. The optimal purification process of total flavonoids of GBF was as follows: a loading concentration of 5.85 mg/mL, a loading volume of 1 bed volume (BV), a loading flow rate of 2 BV/h, a water volume of 2.67 BV, and a desorption solution of 40% ethanol. Under these conditions, the maximum purity of total flavonoids was 37.1 ± 1.1%. The antioxidant activity of purified flavonoids was further evaluated in vitro. It showed that the 40% ethanol purified fraction (Fr. B) group had the strongest antioxidant activity of the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC50, 145.4 ± 13.8 µg/mL) and ferric reducing ability (2.5 ± 0.2 mM FeSO4 equivalent mg-1 Fr. B). In addition, at the concentration of 160 µg/mL, the Fr. B strikingly increased the viability rate of hydrogen peroxide stimulated PC-12 cells to normal levels (***p < 0.001). This method provides a basis for the application and development of GBF resources. It indicated that the purified GBF flavonoids can be used as a source of potential antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ziming Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjia Guan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li Bin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Junxing Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lina Du
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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Chen YQ, Chen HY, Tang QQ, Li YF, Liu XS, Lu FH, Gu YY. Protective effect of quercetin on kidney diseases: From chemistry to herbal medicines. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:968226. [PMID: 36120321 PMCID: PMC9478191 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.968226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney injuries may trigger renal fibrosis and lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD), but effective therapeutic strategies are still limited. Quercetin is a natural flavonoid widely distributed in herbal medicines. A large number of studies have demonstrated that quercetin may protect kidneys by alleviating renal toxicity, apoptosis, fibrosis and inflammation in a variety of kidney diseases. Therefore, quercetin could be one of the promising drugs in the treatment of renal disorders. In the present study, we review the latest progress and highlight the beneficial role of quercetin in kidney diseases and its underlying mechanisms. The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of quercetin and its proportion in herbal medicine will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Yin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin-Qi Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Hua Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fu-Hua Lu, ; Yue-Yu Gu,
| | - Yue-Yu Gu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fu-Hua Lu, ; Yue-Yu Gu,
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Shahrajabian MH, Sun W, Cheng Q. Ginkgo Biloba: A Famous Living Fossil Tree and an Ancient Herbal
Traditional Chinese Medicine. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401317666210910120735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) is a living fossil and a deciduous tree, having
extracts with antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive, immunostimulating, hepatoprotective,
and antimicrobial activities, memory enhancement efficiency, and beneficial effects
against neurodegenerative disease.
Objective:
This study aimed at evaluating the medicinal values and natural benefits of Ginkgo.
Methods:
This review investigated publication in MEDLINE/PubMed database and Google
Scholar. The keywords used for an electronic search were Ginkgo biloba, living fossil, bioactive
components, and traditional Chinese medicine.
Results:
The main active constituents of Ginkgo biloba are flavone glycosides such as
kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin, terpene lactones, alkylphenols, proanthocyanidins,
rhamnose, glucose, D-glucaric acid, ginkgolic acid, organic acids such as hydroxykinurenic,
kynurenic, protocatechic, shikimic, and vanillic. Ginkgo kernels have been used as medicine or
eaten as nuts in traditional medicinal science. The most notable pharmaceutical applications of
Ginkgo are observed in cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, impaired cerebral performance,
vascular insufficiency, antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction, premenstrual syndrome,
liver fibrosis, vascular disease, tinnitus, macular degeneration, memory, and vertigo.
Conclusion:
The development of modern drugs from Ginkgo by considering the importance of
traditional medicinal Asian science with further research works should be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenli Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Life
Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei-071000, China
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Liu Q, Chen L, Yin W, Nie Y, Zeng P, Yang X. Anti-tumor effect of ginkgetin on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines by inducing cell cycle arrest and promoting cell apoptosis. Cell Cycle 2021; 21:74-85. [PMID: 34878966 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1995684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the anti-tumor effect of ginkgetin, an extract from ginkgo biloba, on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and the underlying mechanisms. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Apoptotic cell morphology was observed under an inverted microscope after Hoechst 33,258 staining, and the ratio of apoptotic and necrotic cells was examined by flow cytometry after FITC/PI staining. Cell cycle changes were analyzed using flow cytometry. Cytochrome c release and caspase 3 and 8 activities were monitored using the relevant reagent kits. The levels of cell cycle-related proteins were detected by Western blot. MTT results indicated that ginkgetin significantly reduced HepG2 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Cellular morphology observation revealed that ginkgetin induced typical apoptotic morphological features of HepG2 cells, such as increased apoptotic bodies and cell shrinkage. Cell cycle analysis showed that ginkgetin increased the proportion of cells in the S phase. S-phase cell accumulation could be attributed to the decreased expression of cell cycle regulatory factors. Similarly, ginkgetin also induced the apoptosis and S phase cell accumulation of another human HCC cell line SK-HEP-1. Furthermore, ginkgetin treatment increased caspase-3 activity and cytochrome c release but not caspase-8 activity, implying that ginkgetin might mediate cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. In addition, the tumor formation experiment in nude mice showed that ginkgetin administration inhibited tumor growth. These results suggest that ginkgetin could be a cell apoptosis stimulator by affecting the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis, suggesting that ginkgetin might be suitable for human HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Lingying Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of blood transfusion, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjun Yin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuehua Nie
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Penghui Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Li R, Xia Z, Li B, Tian Y, Zhang G, Li M, Dong J. Advances in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Bioactive Substances from Different Parts of Ginkgo biloba L. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134011. [PMID: 34209219 PMCID: PMC8271647 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba L. has always been a popular area of research due to its various active ingredients and pharmacological effects. Ginkgo biloba is rich in ginkgo flavonoids, ginkgolides, and ginkgolic acid, with anti-inflammation, antioxidation, neuroprotection, anti-platelet agglutination, hypolipidemic effect, anti-cancer, and anti-radiation properties. There are many methods to extract and separate the active components of ginkgo. Among them, supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction (SFE-CO2) is known for its green, clean, and environment-friendly properties. In this paper, the pharmacological activities, the active components, and structures of different parts of ginkgo, the extraction methods of its effective ingredients, and the application of the SFE-CO2 method for the extraction and separation of active ingredients in Ginkgo biloba from leaves, seeds, pollen, and roots were reviewed, in order to make best use of ginkgo resources, and provide support and references for the development of SFE-CO2 of active components from Ginkgo biloba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (Z.X.); (B.L.); (Y.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Ziming Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (Z.X.); (B.L.); (Y.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (Z.X.); (B.L.); (Y.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (Z.X.); (B.L.); (Y.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guangjie Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (Z.X.); (B.L.); (Y.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (Z.X.); (B.L.); (Y.T.); (G.Z.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (J.D.); Tel.: +86-010-6693-2294 (M.L.); +86-010-6693-1314 (J.D.)
| | - Junxing Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (Z.X.); (B.L.); (Y.T.); (G.Z.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (J.D.); Tel.: +86-010-6693-2294 (M.L.); +86-010-6693-1314 (J.D.)
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Boateng ID, Soetanto DA, Yang X, Zhou C, Saalia FK, Li F. Effect of pulsed‐vacuum, hot‐air, infrared, and freeze‐drying on drying kinetics, energy efficiency, and physicochemical properties of
Ginkgo biloba
L. seed. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Duah Boateng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | | | - Xiao‐Ming Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Cunshan Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Firibu Kwesi Saalia
- Department of Food Processing Engineering College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana Legon Accra Ghana
| | - Fengnan Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
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The [DPPH●/DPPH-H]-HPLC-DAD Method on Tracking the Antioxidant Activity of Pure Antioxidants and Goutweed ( Aegopodium podagraria L.) Hydroalcoholic Extracts. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25246005. [PMID: 33353137 PMCID: PMC7766071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25246005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-reverse phase (RP)-HPLC-diode array detector (DAD) method was tested on standard antioxidants (AOs), i.e., reduced glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and alcoholic extracts of A. podagraria L. An elaborated HPLC procedure enabled the simultaneous measurement of the redox couple DPPH-R (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical)/DPPH-H (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine). Both forms were fully separated (Rs = 2.30, α = 1.65) on a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 column eluted with methanol–water (80:20, v/v) and detected at different wavelengths in the range of 200–600 nm. The absorbance increases of the DPPH-H as well as the DPPH-R peak inhibition were measured at different wavelengths in visible and UV ranges. The chromatographic method was optimized, according to reaction time (slow, fast kinetics), the linearity range of DPPH radical depending on the detection conditions as well as the kind of the investigated antioxidants (reference chemicals and the ground elder prepared from fresh and dry plants). The scavenging capacity was expressed by the use of percentage of peak inhibition and the IC50 parameters. The evaluated extracts displayed antioxidant activity, higher than 20% inhibition against 350 µM DPPH free radical. The results show that extract prepared from dry plants in the ultrasonic bath exhibits the highest antioxidant potential (IC50 = 64.74 ± 0.22 µL/mL).
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Mohammed NA, Abdou HM, Tass MA, Alfwuaires M, Abdel-Moneim AM, Essawy AE. Oral Supplements of <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> Extract Alleviate Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Impairments and Neurotoxicity in Rotenone-Induced Parkinsonian Rats. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1259-1268. [PMID: 32196446 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200320135849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) is known to contain several bioactive compounds and exhibits free radical scavenging activity. Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and is associated with oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptosis. OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of GbE in a rat model of PD induced by rotenone (ROT; a neurotoxin). METHODS Twenty-four male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups of six rats each: normal control, GbE treated, toxin control (ROT treated) and GbE+ROT group. RESULTS Oral administration of ROT (2.5 mg/kg b.w.) for 50 days caused an increased generation of lipid peroxidation products and significant depletion of reduced glutathione, total thiol content and activities of enzymatic antioxidants, i.e., superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the brains of treated rats. Furthermore, ROT caused an elevation in acetylcholinesterase, interleukin-1β, interleukin- 6 and tumor necrosis factor-α and a significant reduction in dopamine in the stratum and substantia nigra. Immunohistochemical results illustrated that ROT treatment reduced the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). GbE treatment (150 mg/kg b.w./day) significantly reduced the elevated oxidative stress markers and proinflammatory cytokines and restored the reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, DA level and TH expression. These results were confirmed by histological observations that clearly indicated a neuroprotective effect of GbE against ROT-induced PD. CONCLUSION GbE mitigated ROT-induced PD via the inhibition of free-radical production, scavenging of ROS, and antioxidant enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nema A Mohammed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Heba M Abdou
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mona A Tass
- Faculty of Art and Science- Badr, Al-Jabal Al-Gharbi University, Gherian, Libya
| | - Manal Alfwuaires
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf-31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Amina E Essawy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Delerue T, Fátima Barroso M, Dias-Teixeira M, Figueiredo-González M, Delerue-Matos C, Grosso C. Interactions between Ginkgo biloba L. and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi in multicomponent mixtures towards cholinesterase inhibition and ROS scavenging. Food Res Int 2020; 140:109857. [PMID: 33648175 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study gives new insights to understand the type of interactions between Ginkgo biloba L. and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, two Chinese medicinal plants with well documented neuroprotective effects, on three targets in Alzheimer's disease (AD): acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholnesterase (BuChE) inhibition and hydrogen peroxide scavenging. Individual samples, binary mixtures with different proportions of both plant species, and also a commercial multicomponent combination containing both plants together with unroasted Coffea arabica L. and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside were used to perform this in vitro evaluation. Sample phenolic profiles were also determined by HPLC-DAD, showing the presence of several flavonoid glycosides, phenolic acids and a methylxanthine. In order to investigate the possible synergism/antagonism interaction, data obtained were analyzed by CompuSyn software. The results showed that G. biloba and S. baicalensis alone display better activities than in mixtures, most of the interactions exhibiting different degrees of antagonism. A slight synergism interaction was only observed for the commercial multicomponent mixture tested against H2O2. Further analysis was carried out to understand which compounds could be responsible for the antagonistic interaction. Seventeen single pure compounds present in all extracts were tested against AChE inhibition, most of them displaying weak or no activity. Only caffeine had a remarkable activity. Five different binary and quaternary mixture compositions were design to deepen the interaction between these compounds, revealing mainly phenolic acid-flavonoid, flavonoid-flavonoid and methylxanthine-flavonoid-phenolic acid antagonistic interactions. These results clearly show that, for the targets evaluated, there is no potentiation of the neuroprotective effect by combining S. baicalensis and G. biloba extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Delerue
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Fátima Barroso
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Dias-Teixeira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; NICiTeS-Núcleo de Investigação em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Escola Superior de Saúde Ribeiro Sanches, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Figueiredo-González
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Clara Grosso
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal.
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Zhang H, Liu R, Lu Q. Separation and Characterization of Phenolamines and Flavonoids from Rape Bee Pollen, and Comparison of Their Antioxidant Activities and Protective Effects Against Oxidative Stress. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061264. [PMID: 32168811 PMCID: PMC7144025 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenolamines and flavonoids are two important components in bee pollen. There are many reports on the bioactivity of flavonoids in bee pollen, but few on phenolamines. This study aims to separate and characterize the flavonoids and phenolamines from rape bee pollen, and compare their antioxidant activities and protective effects against oxidative stress. The rape bee pollen was separated to obtain 35% and 50% fractions, which were characterized by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. The results showed that the compounds in 35% fraction were quercetin and kaempferol glycosides, while the compounds in 50% fraction were phenolamines, including di-p-coumaroyl spermidine, p-coumaroyl caffeoyl hydroxyferuloyl spermine, di-p-coumaroyl hydroxyferuloyl spermine, and tri-p-coumaroyl spermidine. The antioxidant activities of phenolamines and flavonoids were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. It was found that the antioxidant activity of phenolamines was significantly higher than that of flavonoids. Moreover, phenolamines showed better protective effects than flavonoids on HepG2 cells injured by AAPH. Furthermore, phenolamines could significantly reduce the reactive oxygen species (ROS), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, and increase the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels. This study lays a foundation for the further understanding of phenolamines in rape bee pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Z.); (R.L.)
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Z.); (R.L.)
- Wuhan Engineering Research Center of Bee Products on Quality and Safety Control, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qun Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Z.); (R.L.)
- Wuhan Engineering Research Center of Bee Products on Quality and Safety Control, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-87288373; Fax: +86-27-87282111
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Yang Y, Liu M, Wang K, Yang Y, Su N, Huang W, Wu Y. Chemical and cytological evaluation of honeybee pollen antioxidant ability. J Food Sci 2020; 85:824-833. [PMID: 32078757 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The crude flavonoid extract of pollen (CFP) of four species of honeybee pollens were extracted with ethanol, and the total flavonoid contents ranged from 3.4 to 14.5 mg rutin/g dry weight. The antioxidant activities of the CFPs were evaluated from both chemical and cytological aspects. Comprehensive antioxidant scores were determined based on these two evaluation systems. The results showed that canola CFP had the highest antioxidant capacity among the four CFPs. A cytotoxicity assay was conducted to assess the safety threshold of the CFPs, and canola CFP was proved to be the least toxic to vascular endothelial cell. Of the four tested CFPs, this research suggests that canola CFP is the most promising natural antioxidant. In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis detected seven flavonoid glycosides in the hydrolysates of the four CFPs. Among them, quercetin and kaempferol were present in all four honeybee pollen extracts, but there were significant differences between their contents. A correlation analysis revealed a strong correlation between the content of quercetin in the pollen extract and the extract's antioxidant activity. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Many varieties of honeybee pollen are commercially available. The results of this study help guide consumers to choose honeybee pollens that have a better antioxidant effect. This report can also provide guidance and data in support of the development of honeybee pollen health products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No.11, Ronghua South Street, Yizhuang Economic Zone, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Mingchang Liu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No.11, Ronghua South Street, Yizhuang Economic Zone, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Inst. of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.1 Beigou Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yange Yang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No.11, Ronghua South Street, Yizhuang Economic Zone, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Ning Su
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No.11, Ronghua South Street, Yizhuang Economic Zone, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Wensheng Huang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No.11, Ronghua South Street, Yizhuang Economic Zone, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yajun Wu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No.11, Ronghua South Street, Yizhuang Economic Zone, Beijing, 100176, China
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Kovalenko IM, Klymenko GO, Melnik TI, Yaroshchuk RA, Zherdetska SV, Su Y, Lykholat OA. Morphogenesis and vitality of seedlings of Ginkgo biloba in outdoor conditions. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.15421/022003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba L. is a relic tree that is preserved in natural conditions only in China. In the North-East Ukraine ginkgo is only in the process of introduction, but in certain places ginkgo trees are grown for decorative purposes which show high vitality. Therefore a relevant and promising task is the creation of industrial plantations of ginkgo for collection of its leaves. The objective of the study was morphological peculiarities of ginkgo plants and their vital condition depending on the calendar age of the seedlings at the stage when they were transplanted into the soil. For growing ginkgo, in our studies, a combined two-stage system was approbated, according to which seedlings were grown in greenhouses during 2–3 years, and then moved into soil outdoors. In our study, as planting material we used seedlings of ginkgo from a plant nursery (greenhouse) of Sumy National Agrarian University planted in 2014 and 2015. Seedlings were planted in the soil in early spring. Seedlings for growth completion were planted in rows with inter-row distance of 0.8 m and distance between the plants measuring 2.5–3.0 m. We studied the condition of the seedlings in two variants: variant 1 – three-year old seedlings obtained in the greenhouse were transplanted in spring 2018; variant 2 – two-year old seedlings obtained in greenhouse were transplanted in spring 2017. Comparative morphometric analysis and evaluation of vitality of these plants was performed in August 2019. Both groups of seedlings were five years old at the time of survey. For evaluation of morphometric structure of the ginkgo seedlings and their vital condition we used randomized selections of specimens in amount of up to 30 from plantations of variants 1 and 2. Analysis of the plants was conducted during the end of the vegetative period of 2019, when active growth of the plants stopped. Four main parameters of the plants were recorded: height, value of annual increment, diameter of the stem near the root neck and the number of leaves. Vital condition of the seedlings was evaluated on the basis of algorithm of vital analysis. Vitality of each seedling was evaluated by the coefficient of Q vitality, value of which was in interval from 0 to 1.0. Depending on the value of Q the seedlings were divided into five classes of vitality: 0–0.2 – cc (specimens of the lowest vitality), 0.2–0.4 – c (low vitality), 0.4–0.6 – b (average vitality), 0.6–0.8 – a (high vitality), 0.8–1.0 – aa (specimens with highest vitality). Comparative analysis of morphological peculiarities of the ginkgo seedlings revealed that two-year plants transplanted outdoors from the greenhouse had higher annual increment of the main stem, diameter of stem and number of leaves. Vital condition of such seedlings was the highest and was evaluated using Q index, which ranges between vitality of classes b to aa. This allows recommending a two-stage scheme of growing seedlings of ginkgo in North-East Ukraine. The optimum age for transplanting seedlings from greenhouses to open soil is two years.
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Aldose Reductase, Protein Glycation Inhibitory and Antioxidant of Peruvian Medicinal Plants: the Case of Tanacetum parthenium L. and Its Constituents. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24102010. [PMID: 31130646 PMCID: PMC6571560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24102010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes complications, including peripheral neuropathy, cataracts, impaired wound healing, vascular damage, arterial wall stiffening and retinopathy diseases, are among the most predominant health problems facing the world’s population today. The 22 Peruvian plant extracts were screened for their potential inhibitory activity against rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR) and DPPH radical scavenging. Among them, we have found that Tanacetum parthenium L. (TP) has the RLAR, AGEs and DPPH radical scavenging activities. We used for screening of active components in TP against RLAR and DPPH for the first time by ultrafiltration (UF) and DPPH. Compounds in TP were isolated by Sephadex column chromatography and their structures were established by MS and NMR spectroscopic analyses. Among the isolated compounds, ferulic acid, apigenin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin, chrysosplenol, and kaempferol showed potent inhibition with IC50 values of 1.11–3.20 and 6.44–16.23 μM for RLAR and DPPH radical scavenging. Furthermore, these compounds suppressed sorbitol accumulation in rat lenses and ferulic acid, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, and luteolin have AGEs inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 3.43–6.73 μM. In summary, our study provides interesting plants for further study with respect to the treatment and prevention of diabetic complication of Peruvian plant and can provide the scientific base of the traditional uses.
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