1
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Zeng P, Wang H, Zhang P, Leung SSY. Unearthing naturally-occurring cyclic antibacterial peptides and their structural optimization strategies. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 73:108371. [PMID: 38704105 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Natural products with antibacterial activity are highly desired globally to combat against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Antibacterial peptide (ABP), especially cyclic ABP (CABP), is one of the abundant classes. Most of them were isolated from microbes, demonstrating excellent bactericidal effects. With the improved proteolytic stability, CABPs are normally considered to have better druggability than linear peptides. However, most clinically-used CABP-based antibiotics, such as colistin, also face the challenges of drug resistance soon after they reached the market, urgently requiring the development of next-generation succedaneums. We present here a detail review on the novel naturally-occurring CABPs discovered in the past decade and some of them are under clinical trials, exhibiting anticipated application potential. According to their chemical structures, they were broadly classified into five groups, including (i) lactam/lactone-based CABPs, (ii) cyclic lipopeptides, (iii) glycopeptides, (iv) cyclic sulfur-rich peptides and (v) multiple-modified CABPs. Their chemical structures, antibacterial spectrums and proposed mechanisms are discussed. Moreover, engineered analogs of these novel CABPs are also summarized to preliminarily analyze their structure-activity relationship. This review aims to provide a global perspective on research and development of novel CABPs to highlight the effectiveness of derivatives design in identifying promising antibacterial agents. Further research efforts in this area are believed to play important roles in fighting against the multidrug-resistance crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Honglan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Sharon Shui Yee Leung
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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2
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Boshoff HI, Malhotra N, Barry CE, Oh S. The Antitubercular Activities of Natural Products with Fused-Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:211. [PMID: 38399426 PMCID: PMC10892018 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is notorious as the leading cause of death worldwide due to a single infectious entity and its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), has been able to evolve resistance to all existing drugs in the treatment arsenal complicating disease management programs. In drug discovery efforts, natural products are important starting points in generating novel scaffolds that have evolved to specifically bind to vulnerable targets not only in pathogens such as Mtb, but also in mammalian targets associated with human diseases. Structural diversity is one of the most attractive features of natural products. This review provides a summary of fused-nitrogen-containing heterocycles found in the natural products reported in the literature that are known to have antitubercular activities. The structurally targeted natural products discussed in this review could provide a revealing insight into novel chemical aspects with novel biological functions for TB drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sangmi Oh
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (H.I.B.); (N.M.); (C.E.B.III)
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3
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Rollo RF, Mori G, Hill TA, Hillemann D, Niemann S, Homolka S, Fairlie DP, Blumenthal A. Wollamide Cyclic Hexapeptides Synergize with Established and New Tuberculosis Antibiotics in Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0046523. [PMID: 37289062 PMCID: PMC10433873 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00465-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Shorter and more effective treatment regimens as well as new drugs are urgent priorities for reducing the immense global burden of tuberculosis (TB). As treatment of TB currently requires multiple antibiotics with diverse mechanisms of action, any new drug lead requires assessment of potential interactions with existing TB antibiotics. We previously described the discovery of wollamides, a new class of Streptomyces-derived cyclic hexapeptides with antimycobacterial activity. To further assess the value of the wollamide pharmacophore as an antimycobacterial lead, we determined wollamide interactions with first- and second-line TB antibiotics by determining fractional inhibitory combination index and zero interaction potency scores. In vitro two-way and multiway interaction analyses revealed that wollamide B1 synergizes with ethambutol, pretomanid, delamanid, and para-aminosalicylic acid in inhibiting the replication and promoting the killing of phylogenetically diverse clinical and reference strains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Wollamide B1 antimycobacterial activity was not compromised in multi- and extensively drug-resistant MTBC strains. Moreover, growth-inhibitory antimycobacterial activity of the combination of bedaquiline/pretomanid/linezolid was further enhanced by wollamide B1, and wollamide B1 did not compromise the antimycobacterial activity of the isoniazid/rifampicin/ethambutol combination. Collectively, these findings add new dimensions to the desirable characteristics of the wollamide pharmacophore as an antimycobacterial lead compound. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that affects millions of people globally, with 1.6 million deaths annually. TB treatment requires combinations of multiple different antibiotics for many months, and toxic side effects can occur. Therefore, shorter, safer, more effective TB therapies are required, and these should ideally also be effective against drug-resistant strains of the bacteria that cause TB. This study shows that wollamide B1, a chemically optimized member of a new class of antibacterial compounds, inhibits the growth of drug-sensitive as well as multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from TB patients. In combination with TB antibiotics, wollamide B1 synergistically enhances the activity of several antibiotics, including complex drug combinations that are currently used for TB treatment. These new insights expand the catalogue of the desirable characteristics of wollamide B1 as an antimycobacterial lead compound that might inspire the development of improved TB treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F. Rollo
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Giorgia Mori
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Timothy A. Hill
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Doris Hillemann
- National and WHO Supranational Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Stefan Niemann
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Borstel, Germany
| | - Susanne Homolka
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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4
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Kumar G, C A. Natural products and their analogues acting against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A recent update. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:779-804. [PMID: 37086027 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). It is responsible for significant causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. M.tb possesses robust defense mechanisms against most antibiotic drugs and host responses due to their complex cell membranes with unique lipid molecules. Thus, the efficacy of existing front-line drugs is diminishing, and new and recurring cases of TB arising from multidrug-resistant M.tb are increasing. TB begs the scientific community to explore novel therapeutic avenues. A precise knowledge of the compounds with their mode of action could aid in developing new anti-TB agents that can kill latent and actively multiplying M.tb. This can help in the shortening of the anti-TB regimen and can improve the outcome of treatment strategies. Natural products have contributed several antibiotics for TB treatment. The sources of anti-TB drugs/inhibitors discussed in this work are target-based identification/cell-based and phenotypic screening from natural products. Some of the recently identified natural products derived leads have reached clinical stages of TB drug development, which include rifapentine, CPZEN-45, spectinamide-1599 and 1810. We believe these anti-TB agents could emerge as superior therapeutic compounds to treat TB over known Food and Drug Administration drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Amrutha C
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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5
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Wang X, Yang X, Wang Q, Meng D. Unnatural amino acids: promising implications for the development of new antimicrobial peptides. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:231-255. [PMID: 35254957 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2047008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The increasing incidence and rapid spread of bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics are a serious global threat to public health, highlighting the need to develop new antimicrobial alternatives. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a class of promising natural antibiotic candidates due to their broad-spectrum activity and low tendency to induce resistance. However, the development of AMPs for medical use is hampered by several obstacles, such as moderate activity, lability to proteolytic degradation, and low bioavailability. To date, many researchers have focussed on the optimization or design of novel artificial AMPs with desired properties. Unnatural amino acids (UAAs) are valuable building blocks in the manufacture of a variety of pharmaceuticals, and have been used to develop artificial AMPs with specific structural and physicochemical properties. Rational incorporation of UAAs has become a very promising approach to endow AMPs with strong and long-lasting activity but no toxicity. This review aims to summarize key approaches that have been used to incorporate UAAs to develop novel AMPs with improved properties and better performance. It is anticipated that this review will guide future design considerations for UAA-based antimicrobial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic, China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Demei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Gasin-DH Preservation Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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6
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Inocentes CRV, Salvador-Reyes LA, Villaraza AJL. Total Synthesis and Bioactivity Evaluation of Hydrophobic Microcionamide-Inspired Peptides. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200832. [PMID: 36524278 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we describe the facile synthesis of four microcionamide-inspired peptides where the atypical 2-phenylethylenamine (2-PEA) functional group in the marine natural product, microcionamide A, was replaced with a similarly-aromatic but more easily incorporated tryptophan (Trp) residue. Compounds 1-4 were synthesized using a standard Fmoc-based solid-phase synthesis strategy followed by iodine-mediated on-resin cyclization for disulfide-bridged compounds 1-3. Compound 1 showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 9.1 μM and 15 μM, respectively. The inactivity of alanine analogs 2-4 against these pathogens suggests that the N-terminal Val, the cyclic scaffold, the contiguous Ile residues, and consequently, the hydrophobicity of compound 1 are essential for antibacterial activity. Compound 1 also favorably exhibited minimal cytotoxicity against normal mammalian cell lines. In summary, we have synthesized an analog of microcionamide A where replacement of the 2-PEA moiety with a Trp residue retained the antibacterial activity and with favorably low cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Rogel V Inocentes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman, Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - Lilibeth A Salvador-Reyes
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - Aaron Joseph L Villaraza
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman, Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
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7
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Chowdhury A, Bandyopadhyay A. Compelling Cyclic Peptide Scaffolds for Antitubercular Action: An Account (2011-21) of the Natural Source. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2022; 23:823-836. [PMID: 36200246 DOI: 10.2174/1389203723666220930111259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Natural cyclic peptide scaffolds are indispensable in medicinal chemistry, chemical biology, and drug discovery platforms due to their chemical diversity, structural integrity, proteolytic stability and biocompatibility. Historically, their isolation and profound understanding of target engagement have been identified as lead pharmacophore discovery. Natural cyclic peptides are the largest class of pharmacologically active scaffold, in which most show activity against drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Nevertheless, eight recently discovered cyclic peptide scaffolds exhibit promising antitubercular activity among numerous naturally occurring antitubercular peptides, and they are amenable scaffolds to drug development. We examined their biological origin, scaffolds, isolations, chemical synthesis, and reasons for biological actions against Mtb. Understanding these peptide scaffold details will further allow synthetic and medicinal chemists to develop novel peptide therapeutics against tuberculosis-infected deadly diseases. This review emphasizes these cyclic peptides' in vitro and in vivo activity profiles, including their structural and chemical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Chowdhury
- Biomimetic Peptide Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Punjab- 140001, India
| | - Anupam Bandyopadhyay
- Biomimetic Peptide Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Punjab- 140001, India
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8
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Roubert C, Fontaine E, Upton AM. “Upcycling” known molecules and targets for drug-resistant TB. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1029044. [PMID: 36275029 PMCID: PMC9582839 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1029044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite reinvigorated efforts in Tuberculosis (TB) drug discovery over the past 20 years, relatively few new drugs and candidates have emerged with clear utility against drug resistant TB. Over the same period, significant technological advances and learnings around target value have taken place. This has offered opportunities to re-assess the potential for optimization of previously discovered chemical matter against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) and for reconsideration of clinically validated targets encumbered by drug resistance. A re-assessment of discarded compounds and programs from the “golden age of antibiotics” has yielded new scaffolds and targets against TB and uncovered classes, for example beta-lactams, with previously unappreciated utility for TB. Leveraging validated classes and targets has also met with success: booster technologies and efforts to thwart efflux have improved the potential of ethionamide and spectinomycin classes. Multiple programs to rescue high value targets while avoiding cross-resistance are making progress. These attempts to make the most of known classes, drugs and targets complement efforts to discover new chemical matter against novel targets, enhancing the chances of success of discovering effective novel regimens against drug-resistant TB.
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9
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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10
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Martin A, Bland MJ, Rodriguez-Villalobos H, Gala JL, Gabant P. Promising Antimicrobial Activity and Synergy of Bacteriocins Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microb Drug Resist 2022; 29:165-174. [PMID: 35852864 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the potential of bacteriocins and their in vitro synergistic effects in combination with anti-tuberculosis drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We evaluated the in vitro activity of chemically synthesized bacteriocins in combination with rifampicin (RIF), ofloxacin, and moxifloxacin against the reference M. tuberculosis H37Rv and a clinical-resistant strain. We first screened the bacteriocin PARAGEN collection and found active bacteriocins. We then determined their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration, and their fractional inhibitory index by the checkerboard microdilution assay. Remarkably, we identified four bacteriocins with interesting antimycobacterial activity alone and in combinations with RIF, ofloxacin, and moxifloxacin, with significant reduction of the MIC that showed impressive synergistic effects against the susceptible and resistant clinical strains. In conclusion, our preliminary results show promising bacteriocins candidate used in a synergistic combination with anti-tuberculosis drugs and emphasize the need for combined therapy as a new strategy to enhance the activity of existing drugs, which may confer very promising therapeutic benefits against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hector Rodriguez-Villalobos
- Microbiology Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Gala
- Center for Applied Molecular Technologies (CTMA), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Veena K, Raghu M, Yogesh Kumar K, Pradeep Kumar C, Alharti FA, Prashanth M, Jeon BH. Design and synthesis of novel benzimidazole linked thiazole derivatives as promising inhibitors of drug-resistant tuberculosis. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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12
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Booth TJ, Bozhüyük KAJ, Liston JD, Batey SFD, Lacey E, Wilkinson B. Bifurcation drives the evolution of assembly-line biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3498. [PMID: 35715397 PMCID: PMC9205934 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30950-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming biosynthetic assembly-lines is a topic of intense interest. This is unsurprising as the scaffolds of most antibiotics in current clinical use are produced by such pathways. The modular nature of assembly-lines provides a direct relationship between the sequence of enzymatic domains and the chemical structure of the product, but rational reprogramming efforts have been met with limited success. To gain greater insight into the design process, we wanted to examine how Nature creates assembly-lines and searched for biosynthetic pathways that might represent evolutionary transitions. By examining the biosynthesis of the anti-tubercular wollamides, we uncover how whole gene duplication and neofunctionalization can result in pathway bifurcation. We show that, in the case of the wollamide biosynthesis, neofunctionalization is initiated by intragenomic recombination. This pathway bifurcation leads to redundancy, providing the genetic robustness required to enable large structural changes during the evolution of antibiotic structures. Should the new product be non-functional, gene loss can restore the original genotype. However, if the new product confers an advantage, depreciation and eventual loss of the original gene creates a new linear pathway. This provides the blind watchmaker equivalent to the design, build, test cycle of synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Booth
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Kenan A J Bozhüyük
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jonathon D Liston
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sibyl F D Batey
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ernest Lacey
- Microbial Screening Technologies, Smithfield, NSW, 2164, Australia
| | - Barrie Wilkinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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13
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Oriola AO, Oyedeji AO. Plant-Derived Natural Products as Lead Agents against Common Respiratory Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:3054. [PMID: 35630531 PMCID: PMC9144277 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Never has the world been more challenged by respiratory diseases (RDs) than it has witnessed in the last few decades. This is evident in the plethora of acute and chronic respiratory conditions, ranging from asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, pneumonia, influenza, and more recently, the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) disease. Unfortunately, the emergence of drug-resistant strains of pathogens, drug toxicity and side effects are drawbacks to effective chemotherapeutic management of RDs; hence, our focus on natural sources because of their unique chemical diversities and novel therapeutic applications. This review provides a summary on some common RDs, their management strategies, and the prospect of plant-derived natural products in the search for new drugs against common respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji Oluwabunmi Oriola
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Nelson Mandela Drive, P/Bag X1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa;
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Screening of diverse marine invertebrate extracts identified Lissoclinotoxin F, Discodermin B, and other anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis active compounds. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2022; 75:213-225. [DOI: 10.1038/s41429-022-00507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Recent advancements and developments in search of anti-tuberculosis agents: A quinquennial update and future directions. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Solid-Phase Synthesis of Wollamide Cyclohexapeptide Analogs. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31879925 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0227-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial pathogen that causes a potentially serious infectious disease called tuberculosis (TB). Cyclohexapeptide wollamides A and B were recently isolated from Streptomyces nov. sp. (MST-115088) and subsequently reported to show excellent in vitro antituberculosis activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.56 μg/mL against Mtb (H37Rv) and favorable selectivity profile. This chapter describes the detailed synthesis of antitubercular wollamide analogs using solid-phase synthesis of linear hexapeptide precursors, followed by solution-phase HBTU-mediated macrocyclization and global side chain deprotection.
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18
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Torres MD, Sothiselvam S, Lu TK, de la Fuente-Nunez C. Peptide Design Principles for Antimicrobial Applications. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:3547-3567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Impact of the ΔPhe configuration on the Boc-Gly-ΔPhe-NHMe conformation: experiment and theory. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01387-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Itoh H, Inoue M. Comprehensive Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of Macrocyclic Natural Products Enabled by Their Total Syntheses. Chem Rev 2019; 119:10002-10031. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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21
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Structure-Activity Relationships of Wollamide Cyclic Hexapeptides with Activity against Drug-Resistant and Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01773-18. [PMID: 30602509 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01773-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wollamides are cyclic hexapeptides, recently isolated from an Australian soil Streptomyces isolate, that exhibit promising in vitro antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette Guérin without displaying cytotoxicity against a panel of mammalian cells. Here, we report the synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of 36 new synthetic wollamides, collated with all known synthetic and natural wollamides, to reveal structure characteristics responsible for in vitro growth-inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv, H37Ra, CDC1551, HN878, and HN353). The most potent antimycobacterial wollamides were those where residue VI d-Orn (wollamide B) was replaced by d-Arg (wollamide B1) or d-Lys (wollamide B2), with all activity being lost when residue VI was replaced by Gly, l-Arg, or l-Lys (wollamide B3). Substitution of other amino acid residues mainly reduced or ablated antimycobacterial activity. Significantly, whereas wollamide B2 was the most potent in restricting M. tuberculosis in vitro, wollamide B1 restricted M. tuberculosis intracellular burden in infected macrophages. Wollamide B1 synergized with pretomanid (PA-824) in inhibiting M. tuberculosis in vitro growth but did not antagonize prominent first- and second-line tuberculosis antibiotics. Furthermore, wollamide B1 exerted bactericidal activity against nonreplicating M. tuberculosis and impaired growth of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant clinical isolates. In vivo pharmacokinetic profiles for wollamide B1 in rats and mice encourage further optimization of the wollamide pharmacophore for in vivo bioavailability. Collectively, these observations highlight the potential of the wollamide antimycobacterial pharmacophore.
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22
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Abdel Monaim SAH, Somboro AM, El-Faham A, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. Bacteria Hunt Bacteria through an Intriguing Cyclic Peptide. ChemMedChem 2018; 14:24-51. [PMID: 30394699 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, peptides have been victorious over small molecules as therapeutics due to their broad range of applications, high biological activity, and high specificity. However, the main challenges to overcome if peptides are to become effective drugs is their low oral bioavailability and instability under physiological conditions. Cyclic peptides play a vital role in this context because they show higher stability under physiological conditions, higher membrane permeability, and greater oral bioavailability than that of their corresponding linear analogues. In this regard, cyclic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have gained considerable attention in the field of novel antibiotic development. Bacterial strains produce cyclic AMPs through two pathways: ribosomal and nonribosomal. This review provides an overview of the chemical classification of cyclic AMPs isolated from bacteria, and provides a description of their biological activity and mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa A H Abdel Monaim
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.,Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Anou M Somboro
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria, 12321, Egypt
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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23
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Dahiya R, Kumar S, Khokra SL, Gupta SV, Sutariya VB, Bhatia D, Sharma A, Singh S, Maharaj S. Toward the Synthesis and Improved Biopotential of an N-methylated Analog of a Proline-Rich Cyclic Tetrapeptide from Marine Bacteria. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E305. [PMID: 30200225 PMCID: PMC6163976 DOI: 10.3390/md16090305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An N-methylated analog of a marine bacteria-derived natural proline-rich tetracyclopeptide was synthesized by coupling the deprotected dipeptide fragments Boc-l-prolyl-l-N-methylleucine-OH and l-prolyl-l-N-methylphenylalanine-OMe. A coupling reaction was accomplished utilizing N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodidimde (DCC) and 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC·HCl) as coupling agents and Triethylamine (TEA) or N-methylmorpholine (NMM) as the base in the presence of the racemization suppressing agent. This was followed by the cyclization of the linear tetrapeptide fragment under alkaline conditions. The structure of the synthesized cyclooligopeptide was confirmed using quantitative elemental analysis, FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), ¹H NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy), 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. From the bioactivity results, it was clear that the newly synthesized proline-rich tetracyclopeptide exhibited better anthelmintic potential against Megascoplex konkanensis, Pontoscotex corethruses, and Eudrilus eugeniae at a concentration of 2 mg/mL as well as improved antifungal activity against pathogenic dermatophytes Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum audouinii at a concentration of 6 μg/mL, as compared to non-methylated tetracyclopeptide. Moreover, N-methylated tetracyclopeptide displayed significant activity against pathogenic Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Dahiya
- Laboratory of Peptide Research and Development, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India.
| | - Sukhbir Lal Khokra
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India.
| | - Sheeba Varghese Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USF College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612-4749, USA.
| | - Vijaykumar B Sutariya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USF College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612-4749, USA.
| | - Deepak Bhatia
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, ICPH Fairfax Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy, Shenandoah University, Fairfax, VA 22031, USA.
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gwalior 474020, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Shamjeet Singh
- Laboratory of Peptide Research and Development, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Sandeep Maharaj
- Laboratory of Peptide Research and Development, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
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24
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Asfaw H, Wetzlar T, Martinez-Martinez MS, Imming P. An efficient synthetic route for preparation of antimycobacterial wollamides and evaluation of their in vitro and in vivo efficacy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2899-2905. [PMID: 30031620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A convenient solid phase peptide synthetic (SPPS) route is reported for the preparation of antimycobacterial wollamides. The method is based on on-resin head-to-tail cyclization and is fast, efficient and amenable to automation. The in vitro antimycobacterial activities of the newly synthesized wollamides were evaluated against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (Mtb H37Rv). To assess their drug-likeness, in vitro pharmacokinetic (ADME) profiling was also performed. For wollamides with potent extracellular potency, intracellular activities and in vivo efficacy were determined. The results disclose the potent antimycobacterial (MICMtb H37Rv = 1.1 µM) and suitable drug-like properties of wollamide A (4b). Out of the synthesized wollamides, four compounds (4b-e) exhibited potent intracellular activities against Mtb H37Rv infected human macrophages (IC50 = 0.2-1.3 µM). Results of in vivo blood exposure and efficacy assays for 4d and 4e are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henok Asfaw
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas Wetzlar
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | | | - Peter Imming
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany.
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25
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Prior AM, Hori T, Fishman A, Sun D. Recent Reports of Solid-Phase Cyclohexapeptide Synthesis and Applications. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061475. [PMID: 29912160 PMCID: PMC6100019 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic peptides are privileged scaffolds for drug development and constitute a significant portion of macrocyclic drugs on the market today in fields spanning from infectious disease to oncology. Developing orally bioavailable peptide-based drugs remains a challenging task; however, macrocyclization of linear peptides can be an effective strategy to improve membrane permeability, proteolytic stability, oral bioavailability, and overall drug-like characteristics for this class. Significant advances in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) have enabled the efficient construction of macrocyclic peptide and peptidomimetic libraries with macrolactamization being performed on-resin or in solution phase. The primary goal of this review is to summarize solid-phase cyclohexapeptide synthesis using the on-resin and solution-phase macrocyclization methodologies published since 2013. We also highlight their broad applications ranging from natural product total synthesis, synthetic methodology development, and medicinal chemistry, to drug development and analyses of conformational and physiochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan M Prior
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, Hawaii, HI 96720, USA.
| | - Taylor Hori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, Hawaii, HI 96720, USA.
| | - Ashriel Fishman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, Hawaii, HI 96720, USA.
| | - Dianqing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, Hawaii, HI 96720, USA.
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26
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Tsutsumi LS, Elmore JM, Dang UT, Wallace MJ, Marreddy R, Lee RB, Tan GT, Hurdle JG, Lee RE, Sun D. Solid-Phase Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Cyclohexapeptide Wollamide B Analogs. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2018; 20:172-185. [PMID: 29431987 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.7b00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the antibacterial structure-activity relationships of cyclic hexapeptide wollamide analogs derived from solid-phase library synthesis. Wollamide B, a cyclic hexapeptide natural product, has been previously found to have activity against Mycobacterium bovis. To further evaluate its antimycobacterial/antibacterial potential, 27 peptides including wollamides A/B, and desotamide B, were synthesized and subsequently tested against a panel of clinically significant bacterial pathogens. Biological evaluation revealed that the cyclic scaffold, amide functionality in position I, tryptophan residue in position V, and the original stereochemistry pattern of the core scaffold were key for antituberculosis and/or antibacterial activity. In addition, against M. tuberculosis and Gram-positive bacteria, residues in position II and/or VI greatly impacted antibacterial activity and selectivity. Wollamides A (3) and B (2) along with their corresponding II (l-Leu) analog 10 retained the most promising antituberculosis activity, with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv (MIC = 1.56 μg/mL), as well as desirable selectivity indices (>100). Importantly, the antimicrobial activities of wollamides A and B do not result from disruption of the bacterial membrane, warranting further investigation into their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissa S. Tsutsumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
| | - John M. Elmore
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS#1000, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Uyen T. Dang
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 West Holcombe Blvd, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Miranda J. Wallace
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS#1000, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Ravikanthreddy Marreddy
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 West Holcombe Blvd, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Robin B. Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS#1000, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Ghee T. Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
| | - Julian G. Hurdle
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 West Holcombe Blvd, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Richard E. Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS#1000, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Dianqing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
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27
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Tsutsumi LS, Tan GT, Sun D. Solid-phase synthesis of cyclic hexapeptides wollamides A, B and desotamide B. Tetrahedron Lett 2017; 58:2675-2680. [PMID: 29129945 PMCID: PMC5678967 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase synthesis of antibacterial cyclohexapeptides including wollamides A, B and desotamide B has been developed. Briefly, the protected linear hexapeptides were assembled on 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin using standard Fmoc chemistry and diisopropylcarbodiimide/hydroxybenzotriazole coupling reagents, cleaved off-resin with hexafluoroisopropanol/dichloromethane to keep side-chain protecting groups intact, and cyclized in solution. Final global removal of all protecting groups using a cocktail of trifluoroacetic acid/triisopropylsilane/dichloromethane afforded the desired cyclic hexapeptides, which were characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, and HRMS. Subsequent investigation of macrocyclization parameters such as terminal residues, coupling reagents, and cyclization concentration revealed the optimized conditions for the synthesis of this class of cyclic hexapeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissa S Tsutsumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Ghee T Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Dianqing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
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