Associations between PPARG polymorphisms and the risk of essential hypertension

Biomarker-Guided Dietary Supplementation: A Narrative Review of Precision in Personalized Nutrition

Background: Dietary supplements (DS) are widely used to address nutritional deficiencies and promote health, yet their indiscriminate use often leads to reduced efficacy, adverse effects, and safety concerns. Biomarker-driven approaches have emerged as a promising strategy to optimize DS prescriptions, ensuring precision and reducing risks associated with generic recommendations. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes findings from key studies on biomarker-guided dietary supplementation and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in biomarker analysis. Key biomarker categories-genomic, proteomic, metabolomic, lipidomic, microbiome, and immunological-were reviewed, alongside AI applications for interpreting these biomarkers and tailoring supplement prescriptions. Results: Biomarkers enable the identification of deficiencies, metabolic imbalances, and disease predispositions, supporting targeted and safe DS use. For example, genomic markers like MTHFR polymorphisms inform folate supplementation needs, while metabolomic markers such as glucose and insulin levels guide interventions in metabolic disorders. AI-driven tools streamline biomarker interpretation, optimize supplement selection, and enhance therapeutic outcomes by accounting for complex biomarker interactions and individual needs. Limitations: Despite these advancements, AI tools face significant challenges, including reliance on incomplete training datasets and a limited number of clinically validated algorithms. Additionally, most current research focuses on clinical populations, limiting generalizability to healthier populations. Long-term studies remain scarce, raising questions about the sustained efficacy and safety of biomarker-guided supplementation. Regulatory ambiguity further complicates the classification of supplements, especially when combinations exhibit pharmaceutical-like effects. Conclusions: Biomarker-guided DS prescription, augmented by AI, represents a cornerstone of personalized nutrition. While offering significant potential for precision and efficacy, advancing these strategies requires addressing challenges such as incomplete AI data, regulatory uncertainties, and the lack of long-term studies. By overcoming these obstacles, clinicians can better meet individual health needs, prevent diseases, and integrate precision nutrition into routine care.

In-silico identification and functional characterization of common genes associated with type 2 diabetes and hypertension

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension are global public health concerns and major metabolic disorders in humans. Experimental evidence indicates considerable hereditary influences on the etiology of T2D and hypertension, but the molecular basis of these diseases is still limited. Thus, the current study analyzed 185 (132 T2D and 53 hypertension) GWAS catalog datasets and identified 83 common genes linked to T2D and hypertension pathogenesis. These genes were further examined using various bioinformatics approaches to elucidate their molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of T2D and hypertension. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed the biological, cellular, and molecular functions of these genes, which were also linked to different T2D and hypertension pathways. Specifically, seven genes were found to be crucial for T2D, and nine were directly associated with hypertension. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis identified 28 candidate genes and seven hub genes through 11 topological methods. Among 231 miRNAs, seven were significant in interacting with the hub genes, and nine transcription factors (TFs) out of 36 were linked to these hub genes. Additionally, two of the seven hub genes were downregulated by 43 FDA-approved drugs. These findings elucidate the molecular processes underlying T2D and hypertension, suggesting that targeting these genes could lead to future drug development and therapeutic strategies to treat T2D and hypertension.

Undiagnosed Pediatric Elevated Blood Pressure Is Characterized by Induction of Proinflammatory and Cytotoxic Mediators

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory processes have been suggested as a culprit of vascular damage in pediatric hypertension. We aimed to investigate transcriptional changes of immune modulators and determine their association with office blood pressure in adolescents who were not diagnosed with hypertension at the time of the study visit.

METHODS

Office blood pressure measurements and blood samples were taken from adolescents of 2 German birth cohorts, GINIplus (The German Infant Study on the Influence of Nutrition Intervention Plus Air Pollution and Genetics on Allergy Development; discovery cohort, n=1219) and LISA (Influences of Lifestyle-related factors on the Immune System and the Development of Allergies in Childhood; validation cohort, n=809), during the 15-year follow-up visit and categorized based on the European Society of Hypertension Guideline. Hs-CRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) and expression of 51 genes encoding cytokines/receptors and transcription factors were analyzed.

RESULTS

The prevalence of elevated systolic blood pressure (overweight/obese) was 14.0% (5.1%) and 16.4% (5.2%) in the discovery and validation cohorts, respectively. An enhanced cytotoxic (GZMB, PRF1, IL2RB) and proinflammatory (FOS, IL1B, hs-CRP) immune profile was observed in association with the hypertension class in both cohorts. Expression of hs-CRP and IL1B was driven by overweight with IL1B being identified as a mediator between body mass index and elevated systolic blood pressure (adj.β/95% CI, 0.01/0.0002-0.02). The association of GZMB (adjusted odds ratio/95% CI, 1.67/1.26-2.21; P=0.0004) and PRF1 (adjusted odds ratio/95% CI, 1.70/1.26-2.29; P=0.0005) in the hypertension class remained significant in normal-weight individuals without parental predisposition. These effects were confirmed in LISA.

CONCLUSIONS

Adolescent hypertension is not limited to known risk groups. As adolescents in the hypertension class show an inflammatory profile similar to that of established hypertension in adults, blood pressure monitoring at a young age is critical to ensure early intervention and prevention of adverse sequelae.

Banxia baizhu tianma decoction, a Chinese herbal formula, for hypertension: Integrating meta-analysis and network pharmacology

Hypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factor, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Banxia Baizhu Tianma Decoction (BXD) is a Chinese herbal formula that is widely used to treat hypertension in China. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and potential mechanism of BXD for hypertension by meta-analysis and network pharmacology. Meta-analysis was performed to explore the efficacy and safety of BXD combined with conventional treatment for hypertension. Network pharmacology was used to explore the molecular mechanism of BXD in antihypertension. A total of 23 studies involving 2,041 patients were included. Meta-analysis indicated that compared with conventional treatment, combined BXD treatment was beneficial to improve clinical efficacy rate, blood pressure, blood lipids, homocysteine, endothelial function, inflammation, and traditional Chinese medicine symptom score. In addition, meta-analysis indicated that BXD is safe and has no obvious adverse reactions. Network pharmacology showed that the antihypertensive targets of BXD may be AKT1, NOS3, ACE, and PPARG. The antihypertensive active ingredients of BXD may be naringenin, poricoic acid C, eburicoic acid, and licochalcone B. Due to the poor methodological quality of the Chinese studies and the small sample size of most, the analysis of this study may have been affected by bias. Therefore, the efficacy and safety of BXD for hypertension still need to be further verified by high-quality clinical studies. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022353666.

Crosstalk between adenosine receptors and CYP450-derived oxylipins in the modulation of cardiovascular, including coronary reactive hyperemic response

Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous nucleoside or autacoid that affects the cardiovascular system through the activation of four G-protein coupled receptors: adenosine A₁ receptor (A₁AR), adenosine A_2A receptor (A_2AAR), adenosine A_2B receptor (A_2BAR), and adenosine A₃ receptor (A₃AR). With the rapid generation of this nucleoside from cellular metabolism and the widespread distribution of its four G-protein coupled receptors in almost all organs and tissues of the body, this autacoid induces multiple physiological as well as pathological effects, not only regulating the cardiovascular system but also the central nervous system, peripheral vascular system, and immune system. Mounting evidence shows the role of CYP450-enzymes in cardiovascular physiology and pathology, and the genetic polymorphisms in CYP450s can increase susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). One of the most important physiological roles of CYP450-epoxygenases (CYP450-2C & CYP2J2) is the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA) into epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and epoxyoctadecaenoic acid (EpOMEs) which generally involve in vasodilation. Like an increase in coronary reactive hyperemia (CRH), an increase in anti-inflammation, and cardioprotective effects. Moreover, the genetic polymorphisms in CYP450-epoxygenases will change the beneficial cardiovascular effects of metabolites or oxylipins into detrimental effects. The soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is another crucial enzyme ubiquitously expressed in all living organisms and almost all organs and tissues. However, in contrast to CYP450-epoxygenases, sEH converts EETs into dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (DHETs), EpOMEs into dihydroxyoctadecaenoic acid (DiHOMEs), and others and reverses the beneficial effects of epoxy-fatty acids leading to vasoconstriction, reducing CRH, increase in pro-inflammation, increase in pro-thrombotic and become less cardioprotective. Therefore, polymorphisms in the sEH gene (Ephx2) cause the enzyme to become overactive, making it more vulnerable to CVDs, including hypertension. Besides the sEH, ω-hydroxylases (CYP450-4A11 & CYP450-4F2) derived metabolites from AA, ω terminal-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (19-, 20-HETE), lipoxygenase-derived mid-chain hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (5-, 11-, 12-, 15-HETEs), and the cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoids (prostaglandins: PGD₂, PGF_2α; thromboxane: Txs, oxylipins) are involved in vasoconstriction, hypertension, reduction in CRH, pro-inflammation and cardiac toxicity. Interestingly, the interactions of adenosine receptors (A_2AAR, A₁AR) with CYP450-epoxygenases, ω-hydroxylases, sEH, and their derived metabolites or oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs or oxylipins) is shown in the regulation of the cardiovascular functions. In addition, much evidence demonstrates polymorphisms in CYP450-epoxygenases, ω-hydroxylases, and sEH genes (Ephx2) and adenosine receptor genes (ADORA1 & ADORA2) in the human population with the susceptibility to CVDs, including hypertension. CVDs are the number one cause of death globally, coronary artery disease (CAD) was the leading cause of death in the US in 2019, and hypertension is one of the most potent causes of CVDs. This review summarizes the articles related to the crosstalk between adenosine receptors and CYP450-derived oxylipins in vascular, including the CRH response in regular salt-diet fed and high salt-diet fed mice with the correlation of heart perfusate/plasma oxylipins. By using A_2AAR^-/-, A₁AR^-/-, eNOS^-/-, sEH^-/- or Ephx2^-/-, vascular sEH-overexpressed (Tie2-sEH Tr), vascular CYP2J2-overexpressed (Tie2-CYP2J2 Tr), and wild-type (WT) mice. This review article also summarizes the role of pro-and anti-inflammatory oxylipins in cardiovascular function/dysfunction in mice and humans. Therefore, more studies are needed better to understand the crosstalk between the adenosine receptors and eicosanoids to develop diagnostic and therapeutic tools by using plasma oxylipins profiles in CVDs, including hypertensive cases in the future.

The Pathogenesis and Influencing Factors of Adult Hypertension Based on Structural Equation Scanning

Explore the pathogenesis and influencing factors of adult hypertension based on structural equation scanning. Using a multistage random sampling method, randomly select 2 community health service centers in each administrative area of a certain city and conduct a sample survey of residents in the community. According to the predetermined sample size n, multiply by 1.3 (1.3n) to draw a sample. Community doctors and medical students who have been uniformly trained form an investigation team draw up a questionnaire by consulting the literature, seek expert opinions, and then make changes based on the questions in the preinvestigation. Experiment result shows that the average systolic blood pressure of the experimental subjects was 126.13 + 15.36 mmHg and the average diastolic blood pressure was 79.52 + 8.81 mmHg; males are higher than females and increase with age. The prevalence rate of hyperemia is 26.3%, and the prevalence rate of prehypertension among the survey subjects is 55.4%; that of males (62.6%) is higher than that of females (49.2%). The prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension was 7.5%, and that of men (6.9%) was lower than that of women (7.9%). The awareness rate of hypertension was 66.5%, and the treatment rate of hypertension was 62.7%; the control rate of hypertension was 13.2%, and the control rate of hypertension treatment was 25.7%; all the abovementioned rates are higher for women than for men, and they all tend to increase with age which proved that being overweight is a risk factor for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Hypertension, dyslipidemia, and family history of hypertension are risk factors for hypertension. There is a positive correlation between hypertension and dyslipidemia.

PPARγ Gene Polymorphisms, Metabolic Disorders, and Coronary Artery Disease

Being activated by endogenous and exogenous ligands, nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) enhances insulin sensitivity, promotes adipocyte differentiation, stimulates adipogenesis, and has the properties of anti-atherosclerosis, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation. The Human PPARγ gene (PPARG) contains thousands of polymorphic loci, among them two polymorphisms (rs10865710 and rs7649970) in the promoter region and two polymorphisms (rs1801282 and rs3856806) in the exonic region were widely reported to be significantly associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). Mechanistically, PPARG polymorphisms lead to abnormal expression of PPARG gene and/or dysfunction of PPARγ protein, causing metabolic disorders such as hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and thereby increasing susceptibility to CAD.

Interference With ACSL1 Gene in Bovine Adipocytes: Transcriptome Profiling of mRNA and lncRNA Related to Unsaturated Fatty Acid Synthesis

The enzyme long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1) is essential for lipid metabolism. The ACSL1 gene controls unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) synthesis as well as the formation of lipid droplets in bovine adipocytes. Here, we used RNA-Seq to determine lncRNA and mRNA that regulate UFA synthesis in bovine adipocytes using RNA interference and non-interference with ACSL1. The corresponding target genes of differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs and the DE mRNAs were found to be enriched in lipid and FA metabolism-related pathways, according to GO and KEGG analyses. The differentially expressed lncRNA- differentially expressed mRNA (DEL-DEM) interaction network indicated that some DELs, such as TCONS_00069661, TCONS_00040771, TCONS_ 00035606, TCONS_00048301, TCONS_001309018, and TCONS_00122946, were critical for UFA synthesis. These findings assist our understanding of the regulation of UFA synthesis by lncRNAs and mRNAs in bovine adipocytes.

C1431T Variant of PPARγ Is Associated with Preeclampsia in Pregnant Women

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is essential for placental development, whose SNPs have shown increased susceptibility to pregnancy-related diseases, such as preeclampsia. Our aim was to investigate the association between preeclampsia and three PPARγ SNPs (Pro12Ala, C1431T, and C681G), which together with nine clinical factors were used to build a pragmatic model for preeclampsia prediction. Data were collected from 1648 women from the EDEN cohort, of which 35 women had preeclamptic pregnancies, and the remaining 1613 women had normal pregnancies. Univariate analysis comparing preeclamptic patients to the control resulted in the SNP C1431T being the only factor significantly associated with preeclampsia (p < 0.05), with a confidence interval of 95% and odds ratio ranging from 4.90 to 8.75. On the other hand, three methods of multivariate feature selection highlighted seven features that could be potential predictors of preeclampsia: maternal C1431T and C681G variants, obesity, body mass index, number of pregnancies, primiparity, cigarette use, and education. These seven features were further used as input into eight different machine-learning algorithms to create predictive models, whose performances were evaluated based on metrics of accuracy and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The boost tree-based model performed the best, with respective accuracy and AUC values of 0.971 ± 0.002 and 0.991 ± 0.001 in the training set and 0.951 and 0.701 in the testing set. A flowchart based on the boost tree model was constructed to depict the procedure for preeclampsia prediction. This final decision tree showed that the C1431T variant of PPARγ is significantly associated with susceptibility to preeclampsia. We believe that this final decision tree could be applied in the clinical prediction of preeclampsia in the very early stages of pregnancy.

Different expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in Shandong black cattle and Luxi cattle based on transcriptome analysis

To provide new ideas for improving meat quality and generating new breeds of cattle, the important candidate genes affecting fat deposition in two kinds of cattle were identified. Eighteen months Shandong black cattle (n = 3) and Luxi cattle (n = 3) were randomly assigned into two environmental. The longissimus dorsi muscles of Shandong Black Cattle and Luxi Cattle were collected and analyzed by fatty acid determination, high-throughput sequencing transcriptomics, qRT-PCR expression profile and western blot. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids was 1.37:1 and 1.24:1 in the muscle tissues of Shandong black cattle and Luxi cattle, respectively. The results of RNA-Seq analysis revealed 1320 DEGs between the longissimus dorsi of Shandong black cattle and Luxi cattle. A total of 867 genes were upregulated, and the other 453 genes were downregulated. With GO enrichment analysis, it was found that the identified DEGs were significantly enriched in regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway, negative regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway, cAMP metabolic process, fat cell differentiation and among other functions. We found that regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes was the significant enrichment pathway of upregulated genes and downregulated genes, PPAR signaling pathway and AMPK signaling pathway are highly representative pathways of lipid metabolism in Shandong black cattle. Network analysis showed that PPARGC1A, ADCY4, ANKRD6, COL1A1, FABP4, ADIPOQ, PLIN1, PLIN2, and LIPE genes were correlated with key loci genes in multiple metabolic pathways. Meanwhile we found that FABP4 and ADIPOQ had 7 common regulatory factors in different genes, which were PLIN1, PLIN2, PPARGC1A, RXRA, PCK1, LEPR, LEP. These genes were involved in regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, adipocytokine signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway. FABP4 and ADIPOQ were selected as important candidate marker genes for fat deposition based on the results.

Gene variants and haplotypes of Vitamin D biosynthesis, transport, and function in preeclampsia

Objective: To find whether the gene variants and haplotypes of cytochrome (CYP) 27B1 (1α-hydroxylase), group-specific component (GC) that is a vitamin D binding protein, vitamin D receptor (VDR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and retinoid-X receptor (RXR) affect the risk of preeclampsia. Methods: In a case-control study 100 women with preeclampsia and 100 healthy pregnant women were investigated for gene variants and haplotypes of vitamin D biosynthesis, transport, and function using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results: The frequency of gene variants of PPARγ Pro12Ala and RXR -α (A/G, rs749759) were not significantly different comparing patients and controls. The TT genotype of CYP 27B1 (G > T) was associated with 2.2-fold (95% CI 1.04-4.7, p = 0.039) increased risk of early-onset preeclampsia. Also, the TT genotype of GC rs7041 (T > G) increased the risk of preeclampsia [OR = 2.13 (95% CI 1.09-4.17, p = 0.027)]. The VDR ApaI GT genotype elevated susceptibility to preeclampsia (OR = 2.55, p = 0.04). Further, the presence of VDR ApaI GT+TT genotype was associated with higher levels of body mass index, and systolic blood pressure, and lower level of 25 (OH)-D3. In the presence of haplotype CYP T, VDR T, and RXR A (TTA) compared to haplotype GTG the risk of preeclampsia was 6.71-fold (p = 0.044). Conclusions: The present study indicated an association between the CYP 27B1, GC, and VDR ApaI variants with the risk of preeclampsia. Also, the variants of the latter polymorphism influenced BMI, blood pressure, and vitamin D levels.

MicroRNA-26a Protects the Heart Against Hypertension-Induced Myocardial Fibrosis

Background Hypertensive myocardial fibrosis (MF) is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and cardiac fibroblast proliferation, which can lead to heart failure, malignant arrhythmia, and sudden death. In recent years, with the deepening of research, microRNAs have been found to have an important role in blood pressure control and maintaining normal ventricular structure and function. Methods and Results In this study, we first documented the downregulation of microRNA-26a (miR-26a) in the plasma and myocardium of spontaneously hypertensive rats; more importantly, miR-26a-deficient mice showed MF, whereas overexpression of miR-26a significantly prevented elevated blood pressure and inhibited MF in vivo and angiotensin II-induced fibrogenesis in cardiac fibroblasts by directly targeting connective tissue growth factor and Smad4. miR-26a inhibited cardiac fibroblast proliferation by the enhancer of zeste homolog 2/p21 pathway. Conclusions Our study identified a novel role for miR-26a in blood pressure control and hypertensive MF and provides a possible treatment strategy for miR-26a to alleviate and reverse hypertensive MF.

Association between PPARγrs1801282 polymorphism with diabetic nephropathy and type-2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility in south India and a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is a major complication of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) with high morbidity rates worldwide.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the association of PPARγ rs1801282 polymorphism in T2DM and DN in south Indian population.

METHODS

We have conducted a case-control study to test the association of rs1801282 polymorphism with T2DM and DN in 424 subjects (DN=128; T2DM=148 and controls=148) belonging to the south Indian population using ARMS-PCR and Sanger sequencing method. Further, a meta-analysis was performed for rs1801282 polymorphism from the published literature retrieved from various electronic databases to determine the susceptibility among T2DM and DN across various ethnic populations under five genetic models.

RESULTS

The genotyping of rs1801282 polymorphism showed significant (p-value<0.05) association with DN and T2DM compared to controls. In the meta-analysis, no significant association (p-value>0.05) was noticed for rs1801282 with DN vs. controls in homozygote, heterozygote, allelic, recessive and dominant genetic models. However, a significant association was observed between rs1801282 SNP and T2DM under heterozygote (Jj vs JJ) genetic model with OR=0.56, (95%CI [0.43-0.74]), p≤0.0001 of Asian and Caucasian populations.

CONCLUSION

Overall analysis suggests that the rs1801282 polymorphism might be associated with DN and T2DM. More case-control studies on the PPARγ gene with a larger sample size including all the confounding factors are required to corroborate the findings from this meta-analysis.

Association between PPARγrs1801282 polymorphism with diabetic nephropathy and type-2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility in south India and a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is a major complication of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) with high morbidity rates worldwide.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the association of PPARγ rs1801282 polymorphism in T2DM and DN in south Indian population.

METHODS

We have conducted a case-control study to test the association of rs1801282 polymorphism with T2DM and DN in 424 subjects (DN=128; T2DM=148 and controls=148) belonging to the south Indian population using ARMS-PCR and Sanger sequencing method. Further, a meta-analysis was performed for rs1801282 polymorphism from the published literature retrieved from various electronic databases to determine the susceptibility among T2DM and DN across various ethnic populations under five genetic models.

RESULTS

The genotyping of rs1801282 polymorphism showed significant (p-value<0.05) association with DN and T2DM compared to controls. In the meta-analysis, no significant association (p-value>0.05) was noticed for rs1801282 with DN vs. controls in homozygote, heterozygote, allelic, recessive and dominant genetic models. However, a significant association was observed between rs1801282 SNP and T2DM under heterozygote (Jj vs JJ) genetic model with OR=0.56, (95%CI [0.43-0.74]), p≤0.0001 of Asian and Caucasian populations.

CONCLUSION

Overall analysis suggests that the rs1801282 polymorphism might be associated with DN and T2DM. More case-control studies on the PPARγ gene with a larger sample size including all the confounding factors are required to corroborate the findings from this meta-analysis.