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Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG ADVANCES 2024; 5:100305. [PMID: 38720459 PMCID: PMC11153255 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, genomic data have contributed to several insights on global human population histories. These studies have been met both with interest and critically, particularly by populations with oral histories that are records of their past and often reference their origins. While several studies have reported concordance between oral and genetic histories, there is potential for tension that may stem from genetic histories being prioritized or used to confirm community-based knowledge and ethnography, especially if they differ. To investigate the interplay between oral and genetic histories, we focused on the southwestern region of India and analyzed whole-genome sequence data from 156 individuals identifying as Bunt, Kodava, Nair, and Kapla. We supplemented limited anthropological records on these populations with oral history accounts from community members and historical literature, focusing on references to non-local origins such as the ancient Scythians in the case of Bunt, Kodava, and Nair, members of Alexander the Great's army for the Kodava, and an African-related source for Kapla. We found these populations to be genetically most similar to other Indian populations, with the Kapla more similar to South Indian tribal populations that maximize a genetic ancestry related to Ancient Ancestral South Indians. We did not find evidence of additional genetic sources in the study populations than those known to have contributed to many other present-day South Asian populations. Our results demonstrate that oral and genetic histories may not always provide consistent accounts of population origins and motivate further community-engaged, multi-disciplinary investigations of non-local origin stories in these communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Biddanda
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Esha Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Constanza de la Fuente Castro
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Witonsky
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Nagarjuna Pasupuleti
- Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Karnataka 574199, India
| | - Hannah M Moots
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures Museum, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Renée Fonseca
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Suzanne Freilich
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Jovan Stanisavic
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tabitha Willis
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anoushka Menon
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, UK
| | - Mohammed S Mustak
- Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Karnataka 574199, India
| | | | - Anjaparavanda P Naren
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Mithun Sikdar
- Anthropological Survey of India, Mysore, Karnataka 570026, India
| | - Niraj Rai
- Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007, India.
| | - Maanasa Raghavan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Genetic insights into the paternal admixture history of Chinese Mongolians via high-resolution customized Y-SNP SNaPshot panels. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2021; 54:102565. [PMID: 34332322 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Mongolian people, one of the Mongolic-speaking populations, are native to the Mongolian Plateau in North China and southern Siberia. Many ancient DNA studies recently reported extensive population transformations during the Paleolithic to historic periods in this region, while little is known about the paternal genetic legacy of modern geographically different Mongolians. Here, we genotyped 215 Y-chromosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNPs) and 37 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) among 679 Mongolian individuals from Hohhot, Hulunbuir, and Ordos in North China using the AGCU Y37 kit and our developed eight Y-SNP SNaPshot panels (including two panels first reported herein). The C-M130 Y-SNP SNaPshot panel defines 28 subhaplogroups, and the N/O/Q complementary Y-SNP SNaPshot panel defines 30 subhaplogroups of N1b-F2930, N1a1a1a1a3-B197, Q-M242, and O2a2b1a1a1a4a-CTS4658, which improved the resolution our developed Y-SNP SNaPshot panel set and could be applied for dissecting the finer-scale paternal lineages of Mongolic speakers. We found a strong association between Mongolian-prevailing haplogroups and some observed microvariants among the newly generated Y-STR haplotype data, suggesting the possibility of haplogroup prediction based on the distribution of Y-STR haplotypes. We identified three main ancestral sources of the observed Mongolian-dominant haplogroups, including the local lineage of C2*-M217 and incoming lineages from other regions of southern East Asia (O2*-M122, O1b*-P31, and N1*-CTS3750) and western Eurasia (R1*-M173). We also observed DE-M145, D1*-M174, C1*-F3393, G*-M201, I-M170, J*-M304, L-M20, O1a*-M119, and Q*-M242 at relatively low frequencies (< 5.00%), suggesting a complex admixture history between Mongolians and other incoming Eurasians from surrounding regions. Genetic clustering analyses indicated that the studied Mongolians showed close genetic affinities with other Altaic-speaking populations and Sinitic-speaking Hui people. The Y-SNP haplotype/haplogroup-based genetic legacy not only revealed that the stratification among geographically/linguistically/ethnically different Chinese populations was highly consistent with the geographical division and language classification, but also demonstrated that patrilineal genetic materials could provide fine-scale genetic structures among geographically different Mongolian people, suggesting that our developed high-resolution Y-SNP SNaPshot panels have the potential for forensic pedigree searches and biogeographical ancestry inference.
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Mawan A, Prakhun N, Muisuk K, Srithawong S, Srikummool M, Kampuansai J, Shoocongdej R, Inta A, Ruangchai S, Kutanan W. Autosomal Microsatellite Investigation Reveals Multiple Genetic Components of the Highlanders from Thailand. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:383. [PMID: 33800398 PMCID: PMC8000784 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hill tribes of northern Thailand comprise nine officially recognized groups: the Austroasiatic-speaking (AA) Khmu, Htin and Lawa; the Hmong-Mien-speaking (HM) IuMien and Hmong; and the Sino-Tibetan-speaking (ST) Akha, Karen, Lahu and Lisu. Except the Lawa, the rest of the hill tribes migrated into their present habitats only very recently. The Thai hill tribes were of much interest to research groups focusing on study of cultural and genetic variation because of their unique languages and cultures. So far, there have been several genetic studies of the Thai hill tribes. However, complete forensic microsatellite database of the Thai hill tribes is still lacking. To construct such database, we newly generated 654 genotypes of 15 microsatellites commonly used in forensic investigation that belong to all the nine hill tribes and also non-hill tribe highlanders from northern Thailand. We also combined 329 genotypes from previous studies of northern Thai populations bringing to a total of 983 genotypes, which were then subjected to genetic structure and population relationships analyses. Our overall results indicated homogenous genetic structure within the HM- and Tai-Kadai (TK)-speaking groups, large genetic divergence of the HM-speaking Hmong but not IuMien from the other Thai groups, and genetic heterogeneity within the ST- and AA-speaking groups, reflecting different population interactions and admixtures. In addition to establishing genetic relationships within and among these populations, our finding, which provides a more complete picture of the forensic microsatellite database of the multiple Thai highland dwellers, would not only serve to expand and strengthen forensic investigation in Thailand, but would also benefit its neighboring countries of Laos and Myanmar, from which many of the Thai hill tribes originated and where large populations of these ethnic groups still reside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aornpriya Mawan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (A.M.); (N.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Nonglak Prakhun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (A.M.); (N.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Kanha Muisuk
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Suparat Srithawong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (A.M.); (N.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Metawee Srikummool
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
| | - Jatupol Kampuansai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50202, Thailand; (J.K.); (A.I.)
- Research Center in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50202, Thailand
| | - Rasmi Shoocongdej
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Archaeology, Silpakorn University, Bangkok 10200, Thailand;
| | - Angkhana Inta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50202, Thailand; (J.K.); (A.I.)
- Research Center in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50202, Thailand
| | - Sukhum Ruangchai
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Wibhu Kutanan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (A.M.); (N.P.); (S.S.)
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Srithawong S, Muisuk K, Srikummool M, Mahasirikul N, Triyarach S, Sriprasert K, Kutanan W. Genetic structure of the ethnic Lao groups from mainland Southeast Asia revealed by forensic microsatellites. Ann Hum Genet 2020; 84:357-369. [PMID: 32115685 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Laotians and Lao Isan are widely spread Lao groups who live in Laos and northeastern Thailand, respectively. We explored the genetic structure between them and other ethnic groups from Thailand to clarify historical patterns of admixture between Tai-Kadai and Austroasiatic speakers, and to expand the forensic reference database for the region. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We combined new genetic data for 554 individuals from 12 populations, typed for 15 autosomal short tandem repeats, with available data from 14 populations from Thailand, for a total of 1,153 raw genotypes belonging to 26 populations. We calculated forensic parameters and performed various analyses on genetic diversity, genetic structure, genetic admixture, and genetic relationships among the studied populations. RESULTS Forensic estimators suggest a good power of discrimination with the combined power of exclusion ranging from 0.993628 to 0.999991 and a combined power of discrimination value greater than 0.99999999. Generally, the two Laotian groups were genetically similar, but the central Laotians from Vientiane have a closer genetic relationship to the Lao Isan than the northern Laotians from Luang Prabang. The Lao genetic ancestry forms the majority of the Lao Isan genetic makeup, while Austroasiatic ancestry is present at ∼10%-50%. CONCLUSIONS Lao Isan populations show signs of Lao ancestry and admixture with local Austroasiatic ancestry, which reflect historical migrations from Laos to Thailand. Lao speakers are genetically more homogeneous than Austroasiatic speakers, suggesting differential historical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suparat Srithawong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kanha Muisuk
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Metawee Srikummool
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | | | - Saksuriya Triyarach
- Faculty of Business Administration and Accountancy, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kamnikone Sriprasert
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, National University of Laos, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Wibhu Kutanan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Kutanan W, Kampuansai J, Srikummool M, Brunelli A, Ghirotto S, Arias L, Macholdt E, Hübner A, Schröder R, Stoneking M. Contrasting Paternal and Maternal Genetic Histories of Thai and Lao Populations. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 36:1490-1506. [PMID: 30980085 PMCID: PMC6573475 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human demographic history of Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) has not been well studied; in particular, there have been very few sequence-based studies of variation in the male-specific portions of the Y chromosome (MSY). Here, we report new MSY sequences of ∼2.3 mB from 914 males and combine these with previous data for a total of 928 MSY sequences belonging to 59 populations from Thailand and Laos who speak languages belonging to three major Mainland Southeast Asia families: Austroasiatic, Tai-Kadai, and Sino-Tibetan. Among the 92 MSY haplogroups, two main MSY lineages (O1b1a1a* [O-M95*] and O2a* [O-M324*]) contribute substantially to the paternal genetic makeup of Thailand and Laos. We also analyze complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequences published previously from the same groups and find contrasting pattern of male and female genetic variation and demographic expansions, especially for the hill tribes, Mon, and some major Thai groups. In particular, we detect an effect of postmarital residence pattern on genetic diversity in patrilocal versus matrilocal groups. Additionally, both male and female demographic expansions were observed during the early Mesolithic (∼10 ka), with two later major male-specific expansions during the Neolithic period (∼4–5 ka) and the Bronze/Iron Age (∼2.0–2.5 ka). These two later expansions are characteristic of the modern Austroasiatic and Tai-Kadai groups, respectively, consistent with recent ancient DNA studies. We simulate MSY data based on three demographic models (continuous migration, demic diffusion, and cultural diffusion) of major Thai groups and find different results from mitochondrial DNA simulations, supporting contrasting male and female genetic histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wibhu Kutanan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jatupol Kampuansai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Metawee Srikummool
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Andrea Brunelli
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Ghirotto
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Leonardo Arias
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Enrico Macholdt
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Hübner
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Schröder
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mark Stoneking
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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Kampuansai J, Kutanan W, Dudás E, Vágó-Zalán A, Galambos A, Pamjav H. Paternal genetic history of the Yong population in northern Thailand revealed by Y-chromosomal haplotypes and haplogroups. Mol Genet Genomics 2020; 295:579-589. [PMID: 31932897 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-019-01644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have determined the distribution of Y-chromosomal haplotypes and haplogroups in the Yong population, one of the largest and well-known ethnic groups that began migrating southward from China to Thailand centuries ago. Their unique mass migration pattern provided great opportunities for researchers to study the genetic links of the transboundary migration movements among the peoples of China, Myanmar and Thailand. We analysed relevant male-specific markers, such as Y-STRs and Y-SNPs, and the distribution of 23 Y-STRs of 111 Yong individuals and 116 nearby ethnic groups including the Shan, Northern Thai, Lawa, Lua, Skaw, Pwo and Padong groups. We found that the general haplogroup distribution values were similar among different populations; however, the haplogroups O1b-M268 and O2-M112 constituted the vast majority of these values. In contrast with previous maternal lineage studies, the paternal lineage of the Yong did not relate to the Xishuangbanna Dai people, who represent their historically documented ancestors. However, they did display a close genetic affinity to other prehistoric Tai-Kadai speaking groups in China such as the Zhuang and Bouyei. Low degrees of genetic admixture within the populations who belonged to the Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan linguistic families were observed in the gene pool of the Yong populations. Resettlement in northern Thailand in the early part of the nineteenth century AD, by way of mass migration trend, was able to preserve the Yong's ancestral genetic background in terms of the way they had previously lived in China and Myanmar. Our study has revealed similar genetic structures among ethnic populations in northern Thailand and southern China, and has identified and emphasized an ancient Tai-Kadai patrilineal ancestry line in the Yong ethnic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatupol Kampuansai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Wibhu Kutanan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Eszter Dudás
- Department of Reference Sample Analysis, Institute of Forensic Genetics, Hungarian Institute for Forensic Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Vágó-Zalán
- Department of Reference Sample Analysis, Institute of Forensic Genetics, Hungarian Institute for Forensic Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anikó Galambos
- Department of Reference Sample Analysis, Institute of Forensic Genetics, Hungarian Institute for Forensic Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Horolma Pamjav
- Department of Reference Sample Analysis, Institute of Forensic Genetics, Hungarian Institute for Forensic Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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Palittapongarnpim P, Ajawatanawong P, Viratyosin W, Smittipat N, Disratthakit A, Mahasirimongkol S, Yanai H, Yamada N, Nedsuwan S, Imasanguan W, Kantipong P, Chaiyasirinroje B, Wongyai J, Toyo-Oka L, Phelan J, Parkhill J, Clark TG, Hibberd ML, Ruengchai W, Palittapongarnpim P, Juthayothin T, Tongsima S, Tokunaga K. Evidence for Host-Bacterial Co-evolution via Genome Sequence Analysis of 480 Thai Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lineage 1 Isolates. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11597. [PMID: 30072734 PMCID: PMC6072702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis presents a global health challenge. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is divided into several lineages, each with a different geographical distribution. M. tuberculosis lineage 1 (L1) is common in the high-burden areas in East Africa and Southeast Asia. Although the founder effect contributes significantly to the phylogeographic profile, co-evolution between the host and M. tuberculosis may also play a role. Here, we reported the genomic analysis of 480 L1 isolates from patients in northern Thailand. The studied bacterial population was genetically diverse, allowing the identification of a total of 18 sublineages distributed into three major clades. The majority of isolates belonged to L1.1 followed by L1.2.1 and L1.2.2. Comparison of the single nucleotide variant (SNV) phylogenetic tree and the clades defined by spoligotyping revealed some monophyletic clades representing EAI2_MNL, EAI2_NTM and EAI6_BGD1 spoligotypes. Our work demonstrates that ambiguity in spoligotype assignment could be partially resolved if the entire DR region is investigated. Using the information to map L1 diversity across Southeast Asia highlighted differences in the dominant strain-types in each individual country, despite extensive interactions between populations over time. This finding supported the hypothesis that there is co-evolution between the bacteria and the host, and have implications for tuberculosis disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasit Palittapongarnpim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, Thailand.
- National Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Phahonyothin Road, Pathumthani, Thailand.
| | - Pravech Ajawatanawong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wasna Viratyosin
- National Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Phahonyothin Road, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Nat Smittipat
- National Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Phahonyothin Road, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Areeya Disratthakit
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Tiwanon Road, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Hideki Yanai
- TB-HIV Research Foundation, Chiangrai, Thailand
- Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-tuberculosis Association (JATA), Kiyose, Japan
| | - Norio Yamada
- Research Institute of Tuberculosis, JATA, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Supalert Nedsuwan
- Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital, Ministry of Public Health, Chiangrai, Thailand
| | - Worarat Imasanguan
- Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital, Ministry of Public Health, Chiangrai, Thailand
| | - Pacharee Kantipong
- Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital, Ministry of Public Health, Chiangrai, Thailand
| | | | | | - Licht Toyo-Oka
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jody Phelan
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Taane G Clark
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Wuthiwat Ruengchai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Tada Juthayothin
- National Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Phahonyothin Road, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Sissades Tongsima
- National Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Phahonyothin Road, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Katsushi Tokunaga
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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