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Bendig S, Marín-García PJ, Lesta A, Ramos JJ, Ruvira G, Llobat L. Myostatin serum levels depends on age and diet in athletic and no athletic dogs. Vet J 2024; 307:106207. [PMID: 39053842 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Myostatin is a growth factor related to muscular mass atrophy via mTOR pathway inhibition. Mutations in this gene have been correlated with high muscular mass development in different species of mammals, including human and dogs. Different studies have shown that sport practice increases myostatin gene expression. Some of them were conducted in canine breeds selected for different sport practices, including mushing sports. In this study, body weight, muscular mass, and serum levels of myostatin were analysed in different canine breeds, selected, and not selected for sprint and middle-distance racing, and the effect on epidemiological factors was evaluated. Sex, reproductive status, and canine breed affects body weight and muscular mass, being higher in males, and in sled canine breed. Age has an effect in body weight and myostatin serum levels, being lower in elder dogs. Sport practice and type of diet had an effect in muscular mass development but not in myostatin serum levels. Results showed a high positive correlation between muscular mass and body weight but not with myostatin levels. These results suggest that independent-myostatin mechanisms of mTOR pathway regulation could be related to muscular mass development in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bendig
- Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Diseases (MMOPS) Research group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia 46113, Spain
| | - Pablo Jesús Marín-García
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia 46113, Spain
| | - Ana Lesta
- Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Diseases (MMOPS) Research group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia 46113, Spain
| | - Juan José Ramos
- Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Diseases (MMOPS) Research group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia 46113, Spain
| | - Guillem Ruvira
- Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Diseases (MMOPS) Research group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia 46113, Spain
| | - Lola Llobat
- Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Diseases (MMOPS) Research group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia 46113, Spain.
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2
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Söder J, Roman E, Berndtsson J, Lindroth K, Bergh A. Effects of a physical exercise programme on bodyweight, body condition score and chest, abdominal and thigh circumferences in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:299. [PMID: 38971722 PMCID: PMC11227157 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on the effects of physical exercise on canine body composition is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a physical exercise programme on bodyweight, body condition score (BCS) and chest, abdominal and thigh circumferences in dogs. Twenty-one healthy dogs of different breeds exercised together with their owners during an eight-week programme consisting of jogging and strength exercises. Standardised measurements were performed in triplicates with a measuring tape on standing dogs. Chest circumference was measured at three anatomical locations, abdomen at two and thigh at one. Data on bodyweight, BCS (9-point scale) and circumferences were analysed with mixed model repeated measures analyses to evaluate changes after the programme and effects of target distance. RESULTS Seven dog owners choose a target distance of 2 km and 14 owners choose 5-10 km. Mean BCS decreased (P = 0.007) after the programme (5.1 ± 0.9 vs. 4.7 ± 0.6) but there was no effect of target distance. Almost all chest and abdominal circumference measurements decreased (P ≤ 0.007) with the 2 km group driving the reduction in chest circumference and the 5-10 km group driving the reduction in abdominal circumference. In contrast, thigh circumference (28.8 ± 0.4 vs. 30.2 ± 0.4) increased (P = 0.007) while bodyweight was maintained. There were positive correlations between BCS and abdominal/chest ratios before and after the programme (Pearson correlation; R square ≤ 0.43, P ≤ 0.0012) but the mean ratio remained constant. CONCLUSIONS Results indicated a redistribution between total body fat and muscle mass in body composition of normal weight to slightly overweight dogs after the physical exercise programme. The use of bodyweight alone was not a reliable evaluation method to complement the BCS assessment. However, repeated measurements of chest, abdominal and thigh circumference might aid in the assessment of body composition in dogs performing physical exercise. Further research should include a control group and objective evaluations of total body fat and lean mass, in order to investigate the effectiveness of physical exercise as a freestanding method for decreasing BCS and increasing muscle mass in overweight dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Söder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden.
| | - Erika Roman
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7023, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 591, Uppsala, 75124, Sweden
| | - Johanna Berndtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
| | - Katrin Lindroth
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
| | - Anna Bergh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
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Mugnier A, Gaillard V, Chastant S. Impact of compensatory growth on survival in newborn kittens. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1419383. [PMID: 39021408 PMCID: PMC11252836 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1419383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In the feline species, the mortality of live-born kittens over the first 2 months of life is around 10%. Although some losses are inevitable, progress in veterinary medicine and improved knowledge of feline neonatalogy should make it possible to reduce them to a lower level. The objectives of this study were: (i) to describe early growth in kittens, and (ii) to assess whether low birth weight kittens develop compensatory growth during the first week of life and if so, whether compensatory growth is associated with increased chances of survival. Using data collected from 5,504 kittens born in 193 different French catteries, five growth rates were calculated to reflect the growth of kittens during the first week after birth. Low birth weight kittens had higher growth rates than normal birth weight kittens. In addition, low birth weight kittens whose early growth was in the lowest 25% had a significantly higher 0-2 months mortality rate than all the other groups. Weight loss (or lack of weight gain) between birth and Day 2 was identified as a risk factor for 0-2 months mortality whatever the birth weight category. Finally, critical early growth thresholds were determined separately for low and normal birth weight kittens. These figures could help caregivers to validate the adequacy or inadequacy of kitten early growth. They will be able to quickly identify and provide appropriate care for the kittens whose growth is deemed insufficient in order to improve their chances of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sylvie Chastant
- NeoCare, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
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4
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Woo SW, Kim M, Kang D, Choe YH, Oh SJ, You AS, Lee SL, Kim J. Genome-Wide Characterization of Somatic Mutation Patterns in Cloned Dogs Reveals Implications for Neuronal Function, Tumorigenesis, and Aging. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:801. [PMID: 38927737 PMCID: PMC11202621 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies on somatic mutations in cloned animals have revealed slight genetic variances between clones and their originals, but have yet to identify the precise effects of these differences within the organism. Somatic mutations contribute to aging and are implicated in tumor development and other age-related diseases. Thus, we compared whole genome sequencing data from an original dog with that of cloned dogs, identifying candidate somatic mutations that were disproportionately located within genes previously implicated in aging. The substitutional signature of cloning-specific somatic mutations mirrored the uniform distribution characteristic of the signature associated with human aging. Further analysis of genes revealed significant enrichment of traits associated with body size as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal function and tumorigenesis. Overall, the somatic mutations found in cloned dogs may indicate a conserved mechanism driving aging across species and a broad spectrum of pathway alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Wan Woo
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.-W.W.); (D.K.)
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
| | - Miju Kim
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dayeon Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.-W.W.); (D.K.)
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yong-ho Choe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.-h.C.); (S.-J.O.); (S.-L.L.)
| | - Seong-Ju Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.-h.C.); (S.-J.O.); (S.-L.L.)
| | - Are-Sun You
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sung-Lim Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.-h.C.); (S.-J.O.); (S.-L.L.)
| | - Jaemin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.-W.W.); (D.K.)
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
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5
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Cojocaru RG, Sicoe B, Gaspar C, Grigoreanu A, Orghici G, Tibru I, Lacatus R. Case report: Double adjacent ventral slot in two medium-sized breed dogs. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1346816. [PMID: 38828368 PMCID: PMC11141389 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1346816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Two medium-sized, 7-year-old dogs, with no previous history of pain, presented with acute neurologic symptoms consistent with intervertebral disk disease. Both cases had CT, where cervical pathology was identified. In one dog, the diagnosis was singular extensive cervical disk herniation with possible epidural hemorrhage and in the other, the diagnosis was multiple-site cervical disk herniation. The first dog, a Shar-Pei, underwent treatment with two standard adjacent ventral slots between the C4-C5 and C5-C6 intervertebral disk spaces and a fenestration between the C3 and C4 intervertebral disk spaces. The second case, a beagle, underwent a double adjacent standard ventral slot between the C5-C6 and C6-C7 intervertebral disk spaces. Both dogs recovered uneventfully after the surgery and showed no signs of recurrence during a 2-year follow-up period. This is the first detailed report of the use of a double adjacent ventral slot as a treatment for spinal decompression in medium-sized dogs with multiple-site spinal cord compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razvan Grigore Cojocaru
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I”, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Bogdan Sicoe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I”, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Gaspar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I”, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandra Grigoreanu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I”, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Gabriel Orghici
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I”, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Tibru
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I”, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Radu Lacatus
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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6
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Turcsán B, Kubinyi E. Differential behavioral aging trajectories according to body size, expected lifespan, and head shape in dogs. GeroScience 2024; 46:1731-1754. [PMID: 37740140 PMCID: PMC10828231 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00945-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The twofold life expectancy difference between dog breeds predicts differential behavioral and cognitive aging patterns between short- and long-lived dogs. To investigate this prediction, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis using survey data from over 15,000 dogs. We examined the effect of expected lifespan and three related factors (body size, head shape, and purebred status) on the age trajectory of various behavioral characteristics and the prevalence of canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD). Our findings reveal that, although age-related decline in most behavioral characteristics began around 10.5 years of age, the proportion of dogs considered "old" by their owners began to increase uniformly around 6 years of age. From the investigated factors, only body size had a systematic, although not gradual, impact on the aging trajectories of all behavioral characteristics. Dogs weighing over 30 kg exhibited an earlier onset of decline by 2-3 years and a slower rate of decline compared to smaller dogs, probably as a byproduct of their faster age-related physical decline. Larger sized dogs also showed a lower prevalence of CCD risk in their oldest age group, whereas smaller-sized dogs, dolichocephalic breeds, and purebreds had a higher CCD risk prevalence. The identification of differential behavioral and cognitive aging trajectories across dog groups, and the observed associations between body size and the onset, rate, and degree of cognitive decline in dogs have significant translational implications for human aging research, providing valuable insights into the interplay between morphology, physiological ageing, and cognitive decline, and unravelling the trade-off between longevity and relative healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borbála Turcsán
- MTA-ELTE Lendület "Momentum" Companion Animal Research Group, Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Senior Family Dog Project, Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Enikő Kubinyi
- MTA-ELTE Lendület "Momentum" Companion Animal Research Group, Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Senior Family Dog Project, Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- ELTE NAP Canine Brain Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Morel E, Malineau L, Venet C, Gaillard V, Péron F. Prioritization of Appearance over Health and Temperament Is Detrimental to the Welfare of Purebred Dogs and Cats. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1003. [PMID: 38612242 PMCID: PMC11011023 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Fashions in the appearance of purebred dogs and cats are encouraged by celebrity culture, social media, and online impulse buying. The popularity of characteristics perceived as cute, quirky, and anthropomorphic has driven increasingly exaggerated breed features appealing to aesthetics rather than health. 'Hypertypes' of some breeds have emerged that take a breed's distinctive appearance to extremes beyond the intended interpretation of breed standards. This has severe, direct and indirect health and welfare consequences. Extreme conformations are associated with chronic health conditions including brachycephalic obstructive airway disorder, ocular, dental, skin, and musculoskeletal disorders. Puppy and kitten farms and illegal traders that meet the demand for hypertypes are associated with poor husbandry that neglects the physical, behavioral, and mental health of parents and offspring. A multidimensional approach involving collaboration between breeders, geneticists, owners, veterinarians, kennel clubs, cat fanciers' associations, animal charities, the academic and research communities, commercial enterprises, and governments is needed to safeguard breeds and tackle these challenges. There are many ongoing initiatives by national kennel clubs and global partnerships to educate pet owners and support responsible pet ownership and sustainable breeding. The resounding message is that health, temperament, and well-being must be prioritized over appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Virginie Gaillard
- Royal Canin, 30470 Aimargues, France; (E.M.); (L.M.); (C.V.); (F.P.)
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8
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Wallis C, Ivanova A, Holcombe LJ. Persistent deciduous teeth: Association of prevalence with breed, breed size and body weight in pure-bred client-owned dogs in the United States. Res Vet Sci 2024; 169:105161. [PMID: 38309195 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Dogs use their teeth for a multitude of tasks and, as such, it is vital for their health and wellbeing that their oral health is maintained. Persistent deciduous teeth (PDT), those that fail to fall out at the appropriate time, are associated with malocclusion (misaligned bite), soft tissue trauma and increased risk of periodontal disease. The objective of the current study was to perform a retrospective analysis of veterinary medical data to understand the effect of dog breed size, dog breed and body weight on prevalence of PDT. Medical records collected from almost 3 million dogs visiting a chain of veterinary hospitals across the United States over a 5-year period showed an overall prevalence of 7% for PDT, the data represented 60 breeds with extra-small breeds (<6.5 kg) showing significantly higher prevalence (15%) than all other breed sizes (P < 0.001). Statistical modelling of extra-small, small and medium-small breed sizes showed that those on Wellness Plans or that had not received a dental prophylaxis for at least two years had significantly increased odds of PDT being detected (Odds ratio 2.72-3.2 and 2.17-3.36 respectively, P < 0.0001). Dogs with a below ideal body condition score had a decreased odds of PDT (Odds ratio 0.57-0.89, P < 0.0001) whereas those above ideal had an increased odds (Odds ratio 1.11-1.60, P < 0.0001). The findings from this extensive dataset highlight the importance of regular veterinarian examinations to identify and remove PDT, helping to avoid increasing the risk of associated issues such as periodontal disease and malocclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wallis
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK.
| | - A Ivanova
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - L J Holcombe
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
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9
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Phansangiemjit A, Kasemjiwat K, Patchanee K, Panninvong Y, Sunisarud A, Choisunirachon N, Thanaboonnipat C. The Differences in Radiographic Vertebral Size in Dogs with Different Chest and Skull Types. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:470. [PMID: 38338115 PMCID: PMC10854823 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to elucidate the differences in vertebral length, vertebral height, and vertebral length/height ratio of the fourth thoracic vertebra (T4), the second lumbar vertebra (L2), the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5) and the seventh lumbar vertebra (L7) based on radiographs in dogs with various body sizes, skull types, and thoracic conformations and to determine the relationships of these parameters with age and sex. A total of 258 dogs were included in this study and classified by three criteria-BW (Criterion 1), skull type (Criterion 2), and thoracic conformation (Criterion 3). Age had weak negative correlations with vertebral length and height. Sex did not affect the vertebral size parameters. BW had strong positive correlations with vertebral length and height, but there was no influence of BW on vertebral length/height ratio. Regarding the different body sizes and conformations, large breeds had vertebrae with significantly greater length and height than small and medium breeds (p < 0.001). In Criterion 2, the vertebrae of the mesocephalic dogs had significantly greater length and height than those of the brachycephalic and dolichocephalic dogs (p < 0.05). In Criterion 3, both deep-chest and round-chest dogs had vertebrae with significantly greater length and height than the barrel-chest dogs (p < 0.0001). Only vertebral length/height ratios of T4 were not influenced by age, sex, BW, skull type, and thoracic conformation. Age, differences in body size, skull type, and thoracic conformation could affect the vertebral size in dogs. Therefore, using breed-specific vertebral lengths and/or heights is a better approach for comparative radiographic analysis with vertebral measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amonsiri Phansangiemjit
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (A.P.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (Y.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Kamolphatra Kasemjiwat
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (A.P.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (Y.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Krit Patchanee
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (A.P.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (Y.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Yossapat Panninvong
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (A.P.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (Y.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Ana Sunisarud
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (A.P.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (Y.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Nan Choisunirachon
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Chutimon Thanaboonnipat
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
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10
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Alexander JE, Filler S, Bergman PJ, Bowring CE, Carvell-Miller L, Fulcher B, Haydock R, Lightfoot T, Logan DW, McKee TS, Mills T, Morrison J, Watson P, Woodruff C. The MARS PETCARE BIOBANK protocol: establishing a longitudinal study of health and disease in dogs and cats. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:125. [PMID: 37592253 PMCID: PMC10433631 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The veterinary care of cats and dogs is increasingly embracing innovations first applied to human health, including an increased emphasis on preventative care and precision medicine. Large scale human population biobanks have advanced research in these areas; however, few have been established in veterinary medicine. The MARS PETCARE BIOBANK™ (MPB) is a prospective study that aims to build a longitudinal bank of biological samples, with paired medical and lifestyle data, from 20,000 initially healthy cats and dogs (10,000 / species), recruited through veterinary hospitals over a ten-year period. Here, we describe the MPB protocol and discuss its potential as a platform to increase understanding of why and how diseases develop and how to advance personalised veterinary healthcare. METHODS At regular intervals, extensive diet, health and lifestyle information, electronic medical records, clinicopathology and activity data are collected, genotypes, whole genome sequences and faecal metagenomes analysed, and blood, plasma, serum, and faecal samples stored for future research. DISCUSSION Proposed areas for research include the early detection and progression of age-related disease, risk factors for common conditions, the influence of the microbiome on health and disease and, through genome wide association studies, the identification of candidate loci for disease associated genetic variants. Genomic data will be open access and research proposals for access to data and samples will be considered. Over the coming years, the MPB will provide the longitudinal data and systematically collected biological samples required to generate important insights into companion animal health, identifying biomarkers of disease, supporting earlier identification of risk, and enabling individually tailored interventions to manage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Alexander
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham On the Wolds, Leicestershire, UK.
| | - Serina Filler
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham On the Wolds, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Philip J Bergman
- VCA Clinical Studies, 12401 West Olympic Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Claire E Bowring
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham On the Wolds, Leicestershire, UK
| | | | | | - Richard Haydock
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham On the Wolds, Leicestershire, UK
| | | | - Darren W Logan
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham On the Wolds, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Talon S McKee
- VCA Clinical Studies, 12401 West Olympic Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tracy Mills
- VCA Clinical Studies, 12401 West Olympic Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - JoAnn Morrison
- Banfield Pet Hospital, 18101 SE 6Th Way, Vancouver, WA, USA
| | - Phillip Watson
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham On the Wolds, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Colby Woodruff
- Antech Diagnostics, 17620 Mount Herrmann St, Fountain Valley, CA, USA
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11
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Molina RA, Villar MD, Miranda MH, Maldonado NC, Vignolo GM, Nader-Macías MEF. A multi-strain probiotic promoted recovery of puppies from gastroenteritis in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2023; 64:666-673. [PMID: 37397694 PMCID: PMC10286135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective and animals Acute diarrhea is among the most common causes of veterinary consultations for dogs. A double-blind, placebocontrolled intervention trial was done with 120 puppies with gastroenteritis. These dogs were 1 to 4 mo old, male and female, of various breeds and sizes. Procedure Dogs were randomly allocated into 2 groups: Those in the treated group (TG) received a multi-strain probiotic with Lactobacillus johnsonii CRL1693, Ligilactobacillus murinus CRL1695, Limosilactobacillus mucosae CRL1696, and Ligilactobacillus salivarius CRL1702 (1 × 109 CFU/mL) daily for 7 d, whereas those in the control group (CG) received a placebo. All puppies received intravenous fluids, an antiparasitic, amoxicillin PO, and enrofloxacin SC. Results At the start of the trial, the 2 groups were similar. Probiotic administration for 7 d normalized fecal consistency, with 69, 50, and 80% of small, medium, and large puppies in the TG achieving a fecal score of 1 (separate hard lumps) at 7 d, significantly better than puppies in the CG. After 7 d of treatment, most puppies (70%) in the TG had an excellent recovery, whereas in the CG, recoveries were 35.7% "bad" and 30.4% "fair." Therefore, treatment with probiotics hastened recovery (P < 0.0001). At the end of the trial, there was a significant increase of cultivable lactobacilli in the feces of TG puppies, but no significant differences between the 2 groups in numbers of total mesophylls, enterobacteria, or Gram-positive cocci. Total mortality was 5.8%, including 4 puppies from the CG and 3 from the TG. Conclusion In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, puppies with gastroenteritis symptoms receiving a multi-strain probiotic had rapid improvement, implying beneficial effects on the microbiota and its functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A Molina
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA), CONICET, Chacabuco 145, (T4000) Tucumán, Argentina (Molina, Miranda, Maldonado, Vignolo, Nader-Macías); Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia (Molina) and Cátedra de Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina (D'Urso Villar), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), (T4000) Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Marcela D'Urso Villar
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA), CONICET, Chacabuco 145, (T4000) Tucumán, Argentina (Molina, Miranda, Maldonado, Vignolo, Nader-Macías); Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia (Molina) and Cátedra de Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina (D'Urso Villar), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), (T4000) Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María H Miranda
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA), CONICET, Chacabuco 145, (T4000) Tucumán, Argentina (Molina, Miranda, Maldonado, Vignolo, Nader-Macías); Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia (Molina) and Cátedra de Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina (D'Urso Villar), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), (T4000) Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Natalia C Maldonado
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA), CONICET, Chacabuco 145, (T4000) Tucumán, Argentina (Molina, Miranda, Maldonado, Vignolo, Nader-Macías); Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia (Molina) and Cátedra de Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina (D'Urso Villar), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), (T4000) Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Graciela M Vignolo
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA), CONICET, Chacabuco 145, (T4000) Tucumán, Argentina (Molina, Miranda, Maldonado, Vignolo, Nader-Macías); Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia (Molina) and Cátedra de Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina (D'Urso Villar), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), (T4000) Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María E F Nader-Macías
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA), CONICET, Chacabuco 145, (T4000) Tucumán, Argentina (Molina, Miranda, Maldonado, Vignolo, Nader-Macías); Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia (Molina) and Cátedra de Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina (D'Urso Villar), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), (T4000) Tucumán, Argentina
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12
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Sones J, Balogh O. Body Condition and Fertility in Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023:S0195-5616(23)00067-0. [PMID: 37211441 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ideal body condition and nutritional status in dogs is essential for quality of life, including reproductive health. Herein, we review the implications body condition, particularly fat, has on puberty, fertility, pregnancy, and parturition in dogs. Ideal body condition at puberty is necessary for dogs to achieve sexual maturity and reproduce. Moreover, over and under conditioned female dogs have increased risk of adverse pregnancy, parturition, and neonatal outcomes. Less is known about body condition and male dog fertility but some evidence is provided in this article. Finally, recommendations for maintaining an ideal body condition in intact adult dogs for optimal fertility are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Sones
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Orsolya Balogh
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 215 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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13
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Van den Broeck M, Chen Y, Cornillie P. Age estimation of puppies based on the radiographically assessed development of ossification centres in the carpal and metacarpal regions. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2582. [PMID: 36691858 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The need for proper age determination in puppies has increased enormously due to the growing illegal trade in puppies that are too young to be removed from the litter or too young to have been properly vaccinated against rabies. METHODS Dorsopalmar and mediolateral radiographs of the (meta)carpal region, either taken from puppy cadavers or from the Faculty's patient database, were studied in a cross-sectional study of 252 puppies of various sizes, aged 6-212 days. The appearance and development of ossification centres as a function of age in five regions of interest in the (meta)carpal region were scored using a two- to six-step scoring system based on shape and delineation. RESULTS A positive correlation with age was found for all investigated regions. Intra- and interrater agreement between two observers was excellent, except for the distal epiphyses of the metacarpal bones. Postnatal ossification started after the second week of life with the carpal bones, closely followed by the radial trochlea. All ossification centres were present in all puppies from 84 days, except for the sesamoid bone in the tendon of the long abductor muscle of the first digit. Timing of appearance differed significantly between different sized breeds. There were no significant differences between the sexes. LIMITATIONS Age distribution was not balanced for all breed size classes. CONCLUSIONS The radiographic timing of the appearance and development of ossification centres in the carpal region is a promising method for age estimation in puppies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Cornillie
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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14
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Moxon R, Freeman SL, Payne R, Godfrey-Hunt J, Corr S, England GCW. A Prospective Cohort Study Investigating the Impact of Neutering Bitches Prepubertally or Post-Pubertally on Physical Development. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091431. [PMID: 37174468 PMCID: PMC10177277 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
No previous large prospective cohort studies have been identified that have investigated the impact of the surgical neutering of bitches before or after known puberty on their growth and physical development. This study was designed to examine the data on physical development, vulval size, and conformation for bitches neutered by ovariohysterectomy before puberty (PPN, n = 155) or after puberty (control, n = 151) using a prospective cohort study design. Data were gathered at six- and 17-months of age using bespoke physical assessment forms and digital images of the vulva. PPN bitches had greater changes in height measurements (mean difference = 2.039, SEM = 0.334, 91% CI = 1.471 to 2.608, p < 0.001) and smaller changes in the measurements of vulval length (mean difference = -0.377, SEM = 0.079, 91% CI = -0.511 to -0.243, p < 0.001) and width (mean difference = -0.221, SEM = 0.063, 91% CI = -0.328 to -0.113, p < 0.001) between six- and 17-months of age than for the control bitches. Although not significant, the PPN bitches were taller (mean 58.5 vs. 56.6 cm) and heavier (mean 28.3 vs. 27.3 kg) with smaller vulval size measurements (mean vulval length 2.8 vs. 3.2 cm, mean vulval width 1.7 vs. 2.1 cm) at 17-months of age. At 17-months of age, significantly more PPN bitches had vulvas that appeared juvenile (Yates' Chi-square = 14.834, D.F. = 1, p < 0.001) and recessed (Yates' Chi-square = 7.792, D.F. = 1, p = 0.005) at the physical assessment, and significantly more PPN bitches had vulvas that appeared 'recessed/inverted' on the examination of digital images (Chi-square = 9.902, D.F. = 1, p = 0.002). The results from this study suggest no contraindications to prepubertal ovariohysterectomy for large breed bitches. However, any longer-term health implications of these differences in physical development need to be investigated and better understood prior to recommendations being made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Moxon
- Canine Science, Guide Dogs National Centre, Banbury Road, Leamington Spa CV33 9WF, UK
| | - Sarah L Freeman
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Richard Payne
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jasmine Godfrey-Hunt
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Sandra Corr
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Gary C W England
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
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15
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Dănilă G, Simioniuc V, Duduman ML. Research on the Ethology and Diet of the Stray Dog Population in the Areas Bordering the Municipality of Suceava, Romania. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10030188. [PMID: 36977227 PMCID: PMC10057478 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper analyses aspects of the ethology and feeding of stray dogs in the areas bordering the city of Suceava and the nearby towns. The study area is located in the hunting grounds (HG), which are managed by the “Ștefan cel Mare” University in Suceava. Between October 2017 and April 2022, the behaviour and the types of food consumed by stray dogs captured in the outskirts of the localities in the study area were analysed. A sample of 183 stray dogs were used for the study, and the analysis established the distribution and density of the dogs in the free-range area compared to the density of the wild animals of hunting interest. The tracks and travel routes of the stray dogs were highlighted. Areas where packs of feral dogs camp were also identified. Observations were made of the individual and social behaviours of the dogs, their gregariousness and the way in which they hunt. The types of food consumed were analysed for each specimen. Through the collected and analysed data, the opportunistic predatory behaviour of the stray dogs was highlighted. Thus, stray dogs revert to the typical wild canid ways of behaving. As for food, our results showed the dogs’ predilection for meat, both wild and domestic. On the other hand, the diet of roaming dogs is much more varied compared to that of wild canids. This is due to the fact that the way in which domestic dogs feed has changed over thousands of years as a result of living alongside humans.
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16
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Leeb T, Bannasch D, Schoenebeck JJ. Identification of Genetic Risk Factors for Monogenic and Complex Canine Diseases. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2023; 11:183-205. [PMID: 36322969 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-050622-055534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Advances in DNA sequencing and other technologies have greatly facilitated the identification of genetic risk factors for inherited diseases in dogs. We review recent technological developments based on selected examples from canine disease genetics. The identification of disease-causing variants in dogs with monogenic diseases may become a widely employed diagnostic approach in clinical veterinary medicine in the not-too-distant future. Diseases with complex modes of inheritance continue to pose challenges to researchers but have also become much more tangible than in the past. In addition to strategies for identifying genetic risk factors, we provide some thoughts on the interpretation of sequence variants that are largely inspired by developments in human clinical genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Danika Bannasch
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
| | - Jeffrey J Schoenebeck
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School for Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom;
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17
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Exploration of body weight in 115 000 young adult dogs of 72 breeds. Sci Rep 2023; 13:443. [PMID: 36624169 PMCID: PMC9829868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
High body weight (BW), due to large size or excess body fat, has been associated with developmental and metabolic alterations, and degenerative diseases in dogs. Study objectives were to determine mean BW in young adult dogs of different breeds, including changes over a 10-year period. Body weight data from the official Swedish hip dysplasia screening program were used, including data from dogs screened at 1-2.5 years of age, in breeds with ≥ 15 individual observations/year during 2007-2016. Mean BW per breed and sex was established from 114 568 dogs representing 72 breeds. Estimates of breed BW showed significant change in 33 (45%) breeds over the 10-year period. Body weight increased in five breeds (2-14% change) and decreased in 26 breeds (1-8% change). In two breeds, BW increased in male and decreased in female dogs. This observational study provides extensive breed BW data on young adult dogs. The change in breed BW, noted in almost half of the breeds, could be due to changes either in size or in body fat mass. In certain breeds, the change in BW over time might have an impact on overall health. Studies with simultaneous evaluation of BW and body condition over time are warranted.
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18
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Comparison of growth in neutered Domestic Shorthair kittens with growth in sexually-intact cats. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283016. [PMID: 36920976 PMCID: PMC10016642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The first aim of these studies was to compare growth patterns of healthy kittens neutered during growth with growth standards created for sexually-intact kittens. A second aim was to clarify the impact of neutering in kittens on body composition and body shape. Study 1 was a retrospective observational study comparing median growth trajectories of healthy, client-owned domestic shorthair (DSH) kittens in optimal body condition and neutered at different ages, with previously-created growth standards from a similar, sexually-intact, population. The neuter groups contained between 3.0k and 9.3k cats. For all neuter groups in both sexes, the median growth trajectory inclined upwards after the procedure, with this being more marked in female than in male kittens. This upwards inclination was less marked for kittens neutered later during growth in both sexes, with the effect being least in kittens neutered after 28-29 weeks. Study 2 was an analysis of new body composition and zoometric data from a previously-published randomised study, comparing growth-related measures between 11 pairs of sexually-intact and neutered (at 19 weeks age) female DSH cats in a research population. Before neutering, the growth pattern in neutered kittens and sexually-intact kittens was similar, but neutered kittens were heavier by 52 weeks (mean difference in fold change vs. 10 weeks 1.34, 95-CI: 1.07-1.72), had a greater fat mass (mean difference in fold change vs. 10 weeks 1.91, 95-CI 1.09-3.21) and greater lean mass (mean difference in fold change vs. 10 weeks 1.23, 95-CI: 1.03-1.48). Abdominal girth (mean difference in fold change vs. 10 weeks 1.20, 95-CI: 1.04-1.39) and rib cage length (mean difference in fold change vs. 10 weeks 1.18, 95-CI: 1.02-1.36) were also greater, but there were no differences in other zoometric measurements. Veterinarians should consider the potential impact that neutering has on gain of adipose tissue, especially early neutering in female kittens. Bodyweight should be monitored closely during growth and especially after neutering to prevent inappropriate weight gain.
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19
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Gaillard V, Chastant S, England G, Forman O, German AJ, Suchodolski JS, Villaverde C, Chavatte-Palmer P, Péron F. Environmental risk factors in puppies and kittens for developing chronic disorders in adulthood: A call for research on developmental programming. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:944821. [PMID: 36619947 PMCID: PMC9816871 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.944821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many dogs and cats are affected by chronic diseases that significantly impact their health and welfare and relationships with humans. Some of these diseases can be challenging to treat, and a better understanding of early-life risk factors for diseases occurring in adulthood is key to improving preventive veterinary care and husbandry practices. This article reviews early-life risk factors for obesity and chronic enteropathy, and for chronic behavioral problems, which can also be intractable with life-changing consequences. Aspects of early life in puppies and kittens that can impact the risk of adult disorders include maternal nutrition, establishment of the gut microbiome, maternal behavior, weaning, nutrition during growth, growth rate, socialization with conspecifics and humans, rehoming and neutering. Despite evidence in some species that the disorders reviewed here reflect the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD), developmental programming has rarely been studied in dogs and cats. Priorities and strategies to increase knowledge of early-life risk factors and DOHaD in dogs and cats are discussed. Critical windows of development are proposed: preconception, gestation, the suckling period, early growth pre-neutering or pre-puberty, and growth post-neutering or post-puberty to adult size, the durations of which depend upon species and breed. Challenges to DOHaD research in these species include a large number of breeds with wide genetic and phenotypic variability, and the existence of many mixed-breed individuals. Moreover, difficulties in conducting prospective lifelong cohort studies are exacerbated by discontinuity in pet husbandry between breeders and subsequent owners, and by the dispersed nature of pet ownership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Gaillard
- Research and Development Center, Royal Canin, Aimargues, France,*Correspondence: Virginie Gaillard ✉
| | - Sylvie Chastant
- NeoCare, Université de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Toulouse, France
| | - Gary England
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Forman
- Wisdom Panel, Kinship, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. German
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences of Small Animal Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | | | - Pascale Chavatte-Palmer
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut National de Recherche Pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Biologie de la Reproduction, Environnement, Epigénétique et Développement (BREED), Jouy-en-Josas, France,Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Franck Péron
- Research and Development Center, Royal Canin, Aimargues, France
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20
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Grosjean D, De Bakker E, Mugnier A, Forterre F, Saunders J, Van Ryssen B, Samoy YCA. Effect of dog-related parameters on the flexion test outcome: A large cohort retrospective study on physiological and orthopedic pathological-related factors. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1064795. [PMID: 36590796 PMCID: PMC9797715 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1064795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This retrospective study evaluates the dog-related factors of variation influencing the outcome of the flexion test (FT), when performed to localize pain to a joint area, on a large group of canine orthopedic patients. Materials and methods The selection criteria for this retrospective study were dogs undergoing a FT in a referral orthopedic clinic between 2009 and 2020 with a complete medical record. The canine FT, described in a previously published protocol, was performed on dogs presented with an orthopedic problem. In summary, a dog's joint, identified as suspected of an orthopedic problem according to the clinical examination, was flexed for 1 min before walking 15 m on a hard and even surface. The FT was considered positive if the lameness increased after the application of the FT and negative when it remained unchanged. Statistical analysis was performed to determine which of the following criteria could influence the outcome of the flexion test: age, gender, neutered status, weight category, tested joint and initial lameness score. Results Over 1,161 patients' files were collected and analyzed for this research. The FT showed 82.8% (95%IC: 80.5-84.9) of true positives and 17.2% of false negatives. None of the patient's intrinsic characteristics influenced the outcome of the test (age, gender, neutered status, and weight category). The orthopedic parameters, such as the initial lameness score and the tested joint, showed to have a statistically significant influence on the outcome of the test. Clinical relevance The FT is an easy-to-perform technique presenting reliable results on most joints. This test presents an interest when performed in addition to a complete orthopedic examination to localize pain to a joint area. Only the orthopedic pathological-related parameters such as the lameness score and the tested joint seem to influence the outcome of the FT. The FT is not influenced by the physiological-related characteristic of the patient (age, weight category, sex, and neutered status).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Grosjean
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium,*Correspondence: Diane Grosjean
| | - Evelien De Bakker
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Amélie Mugnier
- Département NeoCare, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Toulouse, France
| | | | - Jimmy Saunders
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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21
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Salt C, German AJ, Henzel KS, Butterwick RF. Growth standard charts for monitoring bodyweight in intact domestic shorthair kittens from the USA. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277531. [PMID: 36409712 PMCID: PMC9678321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimal growth of domesticated cats has not yet been well defined. This study first aimed to create evidence-based growth standards for healthy pet domestic shorthair (DSH) kittens, and then compare the pattern of growth curves depicted by the standards with growth patterns in other healthy DSH kittens and those with abnormal body condition. Data were derived from the clinical records of the BANFIELD® Pet Hospital (BANFIELD) network in the USA and from a research population in the UK (Waltham Petcare Science Institute, UK). A 'modelling' dataset was first created from the BANFIELD records, comprising bodyweight data from immature client-owned DSH cats that had remained healthy and in ideal body condition within the first 2.5y of life. This was used to construct growth centile curves for male and female kittens, covering the age range 8 to 78 weeks, using Generalised Additive Models for Location, Shape and Scale. Growth patterns depicted by the centile curves were compared with the growth patterns of healthy DSH kittens from both research colonies and kittens attending BANFIELD that were classified as overweight or underweight. Overall, there was a broad agreement to the growth standards with approximately half of the research population (206/507, 49%) staying within 2 centile lines of their starting centile, and upward and downward movements outside this range being roughly equally distributed. Compared with the growth standards, the 122 overweight BANFIELD kittens were heavier on average at the start of monitoring and subsequently grew more quickly with 63 (52%) crossing at least 2 standard centile lines upwards. Only 4 underweight DSH kittens were available in the BANFIELD database; compared with the standards, there was a marked initial dip in growth followed by subsequent catch-up growth and 2/4 kittens crossed 2 or more centile lines downwards at some point. Evidence-based growth standards are developed here for male and female sexually-intact DSH kittens. Crossing centiles in an upwards and downwards direction is associated with cats becoming overweight or underweight by early adulthood, respectively. Further work is required to determine whether the clinical use of these growth standards will improve the health and wellbeing of pet cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Salt
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Mars Petcare, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexander J. German
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard F. Butterwick
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Mars Petcare, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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22
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Growth charts for small sample sizes using unsupervised clustering: Application to canine early growth. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:693-706. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBreed-specific growth curves (GCs) are needed for neonatal puppies, but breed-specific data may be insufficient. We investigated an unsupervised clustering methodology for modeling GCs by augmenting breed-specific data with data from breeds having similar growth profiles. Puppy breeds were grouped by median growth profiles (bodyweights between birth and Day 20) using hierarchical clustering on principal components. Median bodyweights for breeds in a cluster were centered to that cluster’s median and used to model cluster GCs by Generalized Additive Models for Location, Shape and Scale. These were centered back to breed growth profiles to produce cluster-scale breed GCs. The accuracy of breed-scale GCs modeled with breed-specific data only and cluster-scale breed GCs were compared when modeled from diminishing sample sizes. A complete dataset of Labrador Retriever bodyweights (birth to Day 20) was split into training (410 puppies) and test (460 puppies) datasets. Cluster-scale breed and breed-scale GCs were modelled from defined sample sizes from the training dataset. Quality criteria were the percentages of observed data in the test dataset outside the target growth centiles of simulations. Accuracy of cluster-scale breed GCs remained consistently high down to sampling sizes of three. They slightly overestimated breed variability, but centile curves were smooth and consistent with breed-scale GCs modeled from the complete Labrador Retriever dataset. At sampling sizes ≤ 20, the quality of breed-scale GCs reduced notably. In conclusion, GCs for neonatal puppies generated using a breed-cluster hybrid methodology can be more satisfactory than GCs at purely the breed level when sample sizes are small.
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Van den Broeck M, De Bels L, Duchateau L, Cornillie P. Time and sequence of emergence of the deciduous dentition in dogs and its applicability for age estimation. Anat Histol Embryol 2022; 51:640-657. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Lobke De Bels
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Pieter Cornillie
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Ghent Belgium
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Janke N, Coe JB, Bernardo TM, Dewey CE, Stone EA. Use of health parameter trends to communicate pet health information in companion animal practice: A mixed methods analysis. Vet Rec 2022; 190:e1378. [PMID: 35092715 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reviewing patient health parameter trends can strengthen veterinarian-client-patient relationships. The objective of this study is to identify characteristics associated with veterinarians' communication of health parameter trends to companion animal clients. METHODS Using a sequential exploratory mixed methods design, independent pet owner (n = 27) and veterinarian (n = 24) focus groups were conducted and analysed via content analysis to assess perceptions of how health parameter trends are communicated by veterinarians. Subsequently, a quantitative assessment of video recorded veterinary appointments (n = 917) compared characteristics identified in focus groups with health parameter trend discussions in practice. A mixed logistic model was used to assess characteristics associated with the occurrence of weight trend discussions. RESULTS Fifteen characteristics relating to veterinarians' use of health parameter trends were identified across focus groups. Veterinarians discussed 77 health parameter trends in relation to bodyweight (57/77), blood work (15/77) and other health parameters (5/77), within 73 (73/917) appointments. The odds of a weight trend discussion were higher if the veterinarian identified the pet as overweight or obese compared to an ideal bodyweight (odds ratio (OR) = 2.17; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.15-4.09; p = 0.016). CONCLUSION Mention of a health parameter trend was uncommon and rarely included use of visual aids. Health parameter trends related to bodyweight were discussed reactively, rather than proactively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Janke
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason B Coe
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theresa M Bernardo
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cate E Dewey
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Stone
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Reicher V, Bunford N, Kis A, Carreiro C, Csibra B, Kratz L, Gácsi M. Developmental features of sleep electrophysiology in family dogs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22760. [PMID: 34815446 PMCID: PMC8611005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related differences in dog sleep and the age at which dogs reach adulthood as indexed by sleep electrophysiology are unknown. We assessed, in (1) a Juvenile sample (n = 60) of 2-14-month-old dogs (weight range: 4-68 kg), associations between age, sleep macrostructure, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) EEG power spectrum, whether weight moderates associations, and (2) an extended sample (n = 91) of 2-30-months-old dogs, when sleep parameters stabilise. In Juvenile dogs, age was positively associated with time in drowsiness between 2 and 8 months, and negatively with time in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep between 2 and 6 months. Age was negatively associated with delta and positively with theta and alpha power activity, between 8 and 14 months. Older dogs exhibited greater sigma and beta power activity. Larger, > 8-month-old dogs had less delta and more alpha and beta activity. In extended sample, descriptive data suggest age-related power spectrum differences do not stabilise by 14 months. Drowsiness, REM, and delta power findings are consistent with prior results. Sleep electrophysiology is a promising index of dog neurodevelopment; some parameters stabilise in adolescence and some later than one year. Determination of the effect of weight and timing of power spectrum stabilisation needs further inquiry. The dog central nervous system is not fully mature by 12 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Reicher
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Nóra Bunford
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Developmental and Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Kis
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cecília Carreiro
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Barbara Csibra
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Lorraine Kratz
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Márta Gácsi
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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26
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Hecht EE, Zapata I, Alvarez CE, Gutman DA, Preuss TM, Kent M, Serpell JA. Neurodevelopmental scaling is a major driver of brain-behavior differences in temperament across dog breeds. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2725-2739. [PMID: 34455497 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral traits like aggression, anxiety, and trainability differ significantly across dog breeds and are highly heritable. However, the neural bases of these differences are unknown. Here we analyzed structural MRI scans of 62 dogs in relation to breed-average scores for the 14 major dimensions in the Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire, a well-validated measure of canine temperament. Several behavior categories showed significant relationships with morphologically covarying gray matter networks and regional volume changes. Networks involved in social processing and the flight-or-fight response were associated with stranger-directed fear and aggression, putatively the main behaviors under selection pressure during wolf-to-dog domestication. Trainability was significantly associated with expansion in broad regions of cortex, while fear, aggression, and other "problem" behaviors were associated with expansion in distributed subcortical regions. These results closely overlapped with regional volume changes with total brain size, in striking correspondence with models of developmental constraint on brain evolution. This suggests that the established link between dog body size and behavior is due at least in part to disproportionate enlargement of later-developing regions in larger brained dogs. We discuss how this may explain the known correlation of increasing reactivity with decreasing body size in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Hecht
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - I Zapata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO, 80134, USA
| | - C E Alvarez
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - D A Gutman
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30029, USA
| | - T M Preuss
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30029, USA
| | - M Kent
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia at Athens, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - J A Serpell
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Roccaro M, Diana A, Linta N, Rinnovati R, Freo M, Peli A. Limb development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs: A radiographic study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254788. [PMID: 34297750 PMCID: PMC8301671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the extreme morphological variability of the canine species, data on limb development are limited and the time windows for the appearance of the limb ossification centres (OCs) reported in veterinary textbooks, considered universally valid for all dogs, are based on dated studies. The aim of this study was to acquire up-to-date information regarding the arm, forearm and leg bone development in skeletally-immature large-sized dogs from 6 weeks to 16 weeks of age. Nine litters of 5 large-sized breeds (Boxer, German Shepherd, Labrador Retriever, Saarloos Wolfdog, White Swiss Shepherd Dog) were included, for a total of 54 dogs, which were subject to radiographic examination on a bi-weekly basis. The appearance of 18 limb OCs was recorded and 14 radiographic measurements were performed; their relationship with age and body weight was investigated and any breed differences were analysed using different statistical non-parametric tests. The number of OCs present was significantly different at 6 and 8 weeks of age between the investigated breeds. The appearance of the OCs occurred earlier in the Saarloos Wolfdog, while the Labrador Retriever was the later breed. In Boxers and Labrador Retrievers, various OCs showed a delayed appearance compared to the data reported in the literature. The number of OCs was strongly and positively correlated to body weight. Breed differences were also observed in the relative increase of the measured OCs and were not limited to dogs of different morphotypes. Statistically significant differences were most frequently observed between Saarloos Wolfdogs and the other breeds. The OCs that showed a greater variability in their development were the olecranon tuber, the patella and the tibial tuberosity. Their increase was more strongly correlated with the dog’s age and body weight. Our data strongly suggest that differences in limb development exist in dog breeds of similar size and morphotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Roccaro
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail: (MR); (AD)
| | - Alessia Diana
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail: (MR); (AD)
| | - Nikolina Linta
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rinnovati
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marzia Freo
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angelo Peli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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28
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Wallis C, Saito EK, Salt C, Holcombe LJ, Desforges NG. Association of periodontal disease with breed size, breed, weight, and age in pure-bred client-owned dogs in the United States. Vet J 2021; 275:105717. [PMID: 34293444 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite periodontal disease (PD) being amongst the most common diagnoses in primary-care practice, the disease is generally underdiagnosed. However, the millions of clinical records generated by pet hospitals each year provide unique opportunities to generate insights about disease risk across large numbers of dogs. The objective of this study was to undertake a retrospective analysis of medical records to ascertain which sizes and breeds of dog are most frequently diagnosed with PD. Although data collection regarding PD was not consistent, it was assumed that the same inconsistencies in recording periodontal abnormalities were present across the range of bodyweight, breed categories and breeds. Over 3 million medical records across 60 breeds of dogs visiting a chain of veterinary hospitals in the United States collected over a 5-year period were analysed. Statistical analysis of a subset of these records found that extra-small (<6.5 kg) breeds of dog were up to five times more likely to be diagnosed with PD than giant breeds (>25 kg) (P <0.0001). The majority of breeds most frequently diagnosed with PD were in the extra-small, small (6.5-9 kg) and medium-small (9-15 kg) breed size categories. Additional risk factors for PD diagnosis included age, being overweight and time since last scale and polish. Veterinarians should consider targeting client education about dental health, and diagnostic efforts, towards canine patients of the small-breed size categories and those with a higher risk of developing PD (e.g. overweight).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wallis
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK.
| | - E K Saito
- Banfield Pet Hospital, Portland, OR, USA
| | - C Salt
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - L J Holcombe
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - N G Desforges
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
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29
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Cline MG, Burns KM, Coe JB, Downing R, Durzi T, Murphy M, Parker V. 2021 AAHA Nutrition and Weight Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2021; 57:153-178. [PMID: 34228790 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The guidelines discuss the components of a systematic approach to nutritional management of dogs and cats. A nutritional assessment, including a body condition score and muscle condition score, is a screening evaluation that should ideally be performed at every examination. Individualized nutritional recommendations, based on the nutritional assessment, should be designed to achieve and maintain an appropriate body weight and meet nutritional requirements. Communicating nutritional recommendations to clients is a challenging aspect of nutritional management because pet owners may interpret the practice team's guidance as advocacy for a particular pet food brand or a judgment of the client's ability to properly care for the pet or of the owner's own nutritional status. The guidelines discuss approaches for effective, nonjudgmental communication of dietary recommendations to clients and strategies to increase acceptance of and adherence to veterinary nutrition recommendations. Other pet nutrition topics of current interest include recommendations for particular pet life stages, breeds, and disease conditions; risk factors for nutritional deficiencies and obesity; and considerations for home-prepared diets.
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30
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Grant CE, Dodd S, Abood SK, Verbrugghe A. Commercial diet recommendations and follow-up for a large breed puppy with an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2021; 62:598-604. [PMID: 34219766 PMCID: PMC8118183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A 6-month-old, intact male Great Dane dog fed a veterinary therapeutic liver diet was evaluated after diagnosis of an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and hind limb angular limb deformity to determine appropriateness of diet. Evaluation of the current diet revealed it to be inadequate to meet the nutrient requirements of a large breed puppy. The dog clinically improved following a change in diet. There was no longer any angular limb deformity and no reported neurological signs. This report highlights the importance of appropriate feeding management during growth and demonstrates that although veterinary therapeutic diets may appear to be an appropriate choice initially, they may not be ideal for growing puppies as a long-term feeding option. Key clinical message: An individual approach is key for nutritional management of complicated canine veterinary medical cases and includes consideration of the patient's life stage requirements when modifying nutrient intake to manage clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Grant
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Sarah Dodd
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Sarah K Abood
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
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31
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Bradley S, Alexander J, Haydock R, Bakke AM, Watson P. Energy Requirements for Growth in the Norfolk Terrier. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051380. [PMID: 34066292 PMCID: PMC8152034 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An appropriate energy intake for healthy growth can reduce the risk of obesity and co-morbidities, such as orthopaedic diseases. The 2006 National Research Council (NRC) universal equation calculates the energy requirement of growing dogs based on predicted adult body weight, but evidence suggests a revision may be required. This study investigates the energy requirements of seventeen Norfolk terrier puppies over their first year (10 to 52 weeks). Puppies were individually fed complete and balanced diets in amounts to maintain an optimal body condition score (BCS), recording intake daily and body weight and BCS weekly. To monitor health a veterinary examination, haematology and plasma biochemistry and serum measures of bone turnover were undertaken every 12 weeks. Skeletal development was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (26 and 52 weeks). Puppies were clinically healthy with normal skeletal development and healthy growth throughout. The energy intake to achieve this was significantly lower than that predicted by the NRC (2006) equation at all time points, with largest mean difference of 285 kJ/kg0.75 per day at 10 weeks. If fed according to the NRC 2006 equation, dogs would have been in positive energy balance, possibly leading to obesity. These data support a revision to the NRC (2006) equation.
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32
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Van den Broeck M, Stock E, Duchateau L, Cornillie P. The sesamoid bone in the long abductor muscle tendon of the first digit in the dog. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:37-51. [PMID: 33943018 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The sesamoid bone in the tendon of the m. abductor digiti primi longus is considered present in most dog breeds and is described to be radiologically detectable at the level of the carpus from the age of 4 months. However, an extensive investigation of this sesamoid bone has not been conducted before. The aim of this study was therefore to determine its prevalence in different dog breeds, to describe its histological development, and to determine the age at which it becomes radiologically visible. The prevalence of the sesamoid bone was assessed on radiographic images of the carpus or by dissection of the carpal region in 743 adult dogs of 115 breeds. Its development was studied by dissection and histological analysis in 45 puppies and its timing of radiological appearance was evaluated in 209 puppies. At least one sesamoid bone was present in all adult dogs, except for 14 dogs of six breeds of predominantly the small breed category. The lowest prevalence rate of 38.46% was exhibited in the French bulldog. The histological development could be divided into five stages. The first radiographic appearance corresponded to the coalescence of smaller ossification centers into one big nucleus (stage 4). The mean time of radiographic appearance was 108.4 days. This study provides extensive data on the prevalence and timing of the radiographic appearance of a sesamoid at the carpus of the dog. The data on radiographic appearance may be helpful in the age estimation of puppies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Emmelie Stock
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Pieter Cornillie
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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33
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Alberghina D, Gioè M, Quartuccio M, Majolino G, Liotta L. Puppy growth rate during early periods of labrador retriever development: role of litter size and photoperiod of birth. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1863869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Alberghina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mauro Gioè
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Sistema Nervoso e del Comportamento, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Quartuccio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Majolino
- Centro Veterinario Riproduzione Piccoli Animali (CVRPA), Lainate, Italy
| | - Luigi Liotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
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34
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Liotta L, Bionda A, Cortellari M, Negro A, Crepaldi P. From phenotypical to genomic characterisation of the mannara dog: an italian shepherd canine resource. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1972852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Liotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Arianna Bionda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali – Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Cortellari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali – Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessio Negro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali – Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Crepaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali – Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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35
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Stilwell C, Bazelle J, Walker D, Stanzani G, Florey J. Detrusor urethral dyssynergy in dogs: 35 cases (2007-2019). J Small Anim Pract 2020; 62:468-477. [PMID: 33345305 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of dogs diagnosed with detrusor urethral dyssynergy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multicentre (n = 3 UK referral clinics), retrospective, observational study. Database searches were performed (2007 to 2019) to identify dogs with detrusor urethral dyssynergy. Dogs with structural abnormalities or detectable neurological disorders affecting micturition were excluded. Clinical presentation, diagnostic procedures, treatment and outcome were evaluated. RESULTS Thirty-five dogs were included. Middle-aged, large-breed, male neutered dogs were most frequently documented. Four female dogs were included. Fifteen breeds, including Labrador retrievers (8/35; 22.9%), golden retrievers (5/35;14.3%) and cross-breeds (5/35; 14.3%) were identified. Median duration of clinical signs was 152 days (range 0 to 1095). All dogs were dysuric at presentation with 17/35 (48.6%) reported to have an altered stream of urine and 17/35 (48.6%) to be stranguric. Follow-up data were available for 34 dogs (median 136 days, range 4 to 2188). Response was classified as good (20/34; 58.8%), partial (7/34; 20.5%) or poor (7/34; 20.5%). Overall time to response was known for 21 of 34 dogs (partial n = 6, good n = 15) with a median of 11 days (range 1 to 155). Four dogs had surgical intervention (castration n = 4, cystostomy tube n = 2). Three dogs were euthanased due to partial (n = 1) or poor (n = 2) response. Medications were discontinued in 11 of 20 (55.0%) dogs with a good response to therapy, two of these relapsed. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Detrusor urethral dyssynergy is an uncommon micturition disorder in dogs, in particular females. Medical therapy with or without surgery resulted in a favourable prognosis in the majority of dogs, although many require long-term medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stilwell
- Dick White Referrals, Cambridge, CB8 0UH, UK
| | - J Bazelle
- Davies Vet Specialists, Hitchin, SG5 3HR, UK
| | - D Walker
- Anderson Moores, Winchester, SO21 2LL, UK
| | - G Stanzani
- Dick White Referrals, Cambridge, CB8 0UH, UK
| | - J Florey
- Dick White Referrals, Cambridge, CB8 0UH, UK
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Comparison of growth patterns in healthy dogs and dogs in abnormal body condition using growth standards. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238521. [PMID: 32966286 PMCID: PMC7510995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In dogs, optimal growth is critical for future health and wellbeing. Recently, a series of evidence-based growth standards, based on bodyweight, were developed for male and female dogs across 5 different size categories. The aim of the current study was to compare growth curves depicted by the standards with patterns of growth in dogs that were either healthy, had abnormal body condition, or had various diseases with the potential to affect growth. The data came from 2 research colonies in Europe (France and UK), and a large corporate network of primary care veterinary hospitals across the USA. Age and bodyweight data were used to model growth in healthy dogs, in dogs that became overweight or underweight by 3 years of age, and in dogs with diseases associated with altered growth. Centile line crossing during the growth phase was uncommon in healthy dogs, with <5% of dogs crossing >2 centile lines. In contrast, centile line crossing was more frequent in dogs with abnormal growth patterns or abnormal body condition. Dogs that developed obesity by 3 years grew faster than the growth standards predicted, and 68% crossed ≥2 centile lines in an upwards direction. Dogs with conditions associated with accelerated growth also grew faster than expected, and 54% crossed ≥2 centile lines. In contrast dogs that became underweight by 3 years gained weight slower than expected, and 49% crossed ≥2 centile lines in a downwards direction. These results suggest that the growth standards are useful for monitoring healthy growth in dogs. Prospective studies are now required to confirm these findings and to determine whether early intervention can prevent the development of diseases.
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Menchetti L, Padalino B, Brasileiro Fernandes F, Nanni Costa L. Comparison of nonlinear growth models and factors affecting body weight at different ages in Toy Poodles. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1799724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Menchetti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Padalino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Nanni Costa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Alves I. A model of puppy growth during the first three weeks. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:946-957. [PMID: 32618440 PMCID: PMC7738731 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal mortality in puppies is highly variable, with large scale surveys still reporting average values around 10% –15%. Weight measurement is the simplest way to monitor the development of the puppies, and a weight loss during the first 48 hr has been recognized as one of the factors that puts puppies at a higher risk of neonatal mortality. However, little is known about what constitutes optimum growth up to 3 weeks. In this study, a mathematical formula with the form P = P0 exp (0.13084 x ‐ 0.001616 x2), where P is weight on Day x and P0 is weight on Day 0, obtained by multiple linear regression, is presented and validated with data from 345 puppies belonging to 60 litters of 19 different breeds, from toy to giant size, showing that it appropriately describes maximum puppy growth rate during the neonatal period for all breeds. This formula is in agreement with previous studies and generic recommendations that can be found in the literature on puppy growth from birth to 21 days regarding relative daily weight gain. It can be easily introduced in a spreadsheet or used to build growth charts that can help the breeder or the veterinarian in monitoring and evaluating puppy growth during the neonatal period. Although deviations from the maximum growth rate can now be quantified, there is still a need to determine the limits beyond which supplementary feeding is advised/required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Alves
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, LISBOA, Portugal
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Bannasch DL, Baes CF, Leeb T. Genetic Variants Affecting Skeletal Morphology in Domestic Dogs. Trends Genet 2020; 36:598-609. [PMID: 32487495 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purebred dog breeds provide a powerful resource for the discovery of genetic variants affecting skeletal morphology. Domesticated and subsequently purebred dogs have undergone strong artificial selection for a broad range of skeletal variation, which include both the size and shapes of their bones. While the phenotypic variation between breeds is high, within-breed morphological variation is typically low. Approaches for defining genetic variants associated with canine morphology include quantitative within-breed analyses, as well as across-breed analyses, using breed standards as proxies for individual measurements. The ability to identify variants across the genomes of individual dogs can now be paired with precise measures of morphological variation to define the genetic interactions and the phenotypic effect of variants on skeletal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danika L Bannasch
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Christine F Baes
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Is it time to stop sweeping data cleaning under the carpet? A novel algorithm for outlier management in growth data. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228154. [PMID: 31978151 PMCID: PMC6980495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
All data are prone to error and require data cleaning prior to analysis. An important example is longitudinal growth data, for which there are no universally agreed standard methods for identifying and removing implausible values and many existing methods have limitations that restrict their usage across different domains. A decision-making algorithm that modified or deleted growth measurements based on a combination of pre-defined cut-offs and logic rules was designed. Five data cleaning methods for growth were tested with and without the addition of the algorithm and applied to five different longitudinal growth datasets: four uncleaned canine weight or height datasets and one pre-cleaned human weight dataset with randomly simulated errors. Prior to the addition of the algorithm, data cleaning based on non-linear mixed effects models was the most effective in all datasets and had on average a minimum of 26.00% higher sensitivity and 0.12% higher specificity than other methods. Data cleaning methods using the algorithm had improved data preservation and were capable of correcting simulated errors according to the gold standard; returning a value to its original state prior to error simulation. The algorithm improved the performance of all data cleaning methods and increased the average sensitivity and specificity of the non-linear mixed effects model method by 7.68% and 0.42% respectively. Using non-linear mixed effects models combined with the algorithm to clean data allows individual growth trajectories to vary from the population by using repeated longitudinal measurements, identifies consecutive errors or those within the first data entry, avoids the requirement for a minimum number of data entries, preserves data where possible by correcting errors rather than deleting them and removes duplications intelligently. This algorithm is broadly applicable to data cleaning anthropometric data in different mammalian species and could be adapted for use in a range of other domains.
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Schrank M, Mollo A, Contiero B, Romagnoli S. Bodyweight at Birth and Growth Rate during the Neonatal Period in Three Canine Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2019; 10:ani10010008. [PMID: 31861520 PMCID: PMC7022297 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The 349 recognized canine breeds differ greatly in bodyweight and, therefore, in birthweight and neonatal growth. The weight and growth of puppies are easily measurable, and are possible early indicators of problems. Low birthweight has been linked to neonatal mortality based on results obtained by grouping breeds according to their adult bodyweight. Breed-specific ranges of birthweight and growth would allow for the identification of puppies at risk. Our aim was to evaluate the birthweight and early growth of healthy puppies of three breeds in a breed-specific manner. Birthweight, expressed as percentage of mothers’ bodyweight, showed that puppies of a large breed are born smaller than puppies of a small breed. Puppies of a large breed gain weight slower than puppies of a small breed. Sex has no impact on birthweight, whereas litter size influences birthweight and weight gain. Based on our procedure, we considered 29 of 213 puppies to be of a low birthweight, whereas 160 of 213 might have been considered of a low birthweight if using the classical criteria (based on breed groups). This shows the importance of breed-specific evaluations of birthweight. Further research is needed on the importance of breed-specific evaluations for early growth. Abstract Weight at birth (bBW) and early weight gain have been linked to the risk of neonatal mortality. Pups are described to be of low bBW if weighing less than one standard deviation (SD) below the mean. Most studies classified breeds according to their expected adult bodyweight. Our aim was to evaluate the breed specificity of these parameters. We assessed the bBW of 213 puppies of Bernese Mountain Dog (BMD), Tibetan Terrier (TT), and Lhasa Apso (LA) breeds, as well as the neonatal growth rate of 133 puppies of BMD and TT. BMD puppies were born relatively smaller than puppies of TT and LA (p ≤ 0.0001) and gained less weight than TT puppies during the first 14 days (p ≤ 0.05). Litter size had a significant impact on bBW and daily gain until the onset of the third week for BMD (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0005, respectively) and TT (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0064, respectively). When using bBW means and SD specifically assessed according to breed, 29 out of the 213 neonates of our study were judged as being of low bBW, whereas, when using the classical criteria (based on breed groups), the number of low bBW pups was 160 of 213. These results suggest that evaluations of bBW and neonatal growth should be performed in a breed-specific manner.
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42
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Giordanella A, Gerstner K, Gimmel A, Liesegang A. Nutrition consultation for an overweight growing Bernese Mountain Dog-A case report. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 105 Suppl 2:124-128. [PMID: 31782571 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In growing dogs, overweight is assimilated and attributed to a fast growth rate. Proper nutrition plays a very important role during growth as mistakes in feeding may lead to severe disease. This case report is an example for excessive weight gain during growth that, particularly in large breed dogs, may lead to skeletal disorders such as improper alignments of the limbs. If body weight gain exceeds the ideal range of the individual growth curve (by initially 4 kg in this case), fast growth may lead to growth disturbances and associated chronic diseases. These cases require a dietary adaption. However, the success in the nutritional management of the body weight relies largely on the owner's compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Giordanella
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Gerstner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Gimmel
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Liesegang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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43
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Klein C, Thes M, Böswald LF, Kienzle E. Metabolisable energy intake and growth of privately owned growing dogs in comparison with official recommendations on the growth curve and energy supply. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1952-1958. [PMID: 31529724 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The correct assumption of metabolisable energy (ME) requirement is essential for the nutrition consultation and diet formulation. In young dogs, too high energy supply can accelerate growth and thus lead to developmental orthopaedic diseases. The aim of the present study was to collect the data on ME intake and body weight (BW) development in privately owned growing dogs in order to compare these data with the current recommendations. Our hypothesis was that the actual ME intake of healthy young dogs would be lower than the actual recommendation. The data of 493 privately owned puppies (median age at first consultation 21 weeks, the median expected mature BW 30 kg) on ME intake, actual and expected mature BW were collected and compared with recommendations of the Society of Nutrition Physiology (GfE, Meyer and Zentek and NRC). In 243 dogs, there was a follow-up. The actual BW did not deviate systematically from the calculated expected BW (R2 = .929). The ME intake significantly decreased with age (p < .05) and significantly increased with expected mature BW (p < .05). There was no significant interaction between these two parameters (p > .05). Sex had no effect on the ME intake (p > .05). The ME intake of young dogs with a history of skeletal problems or of food allergy did not differ systematically from healthy dogs of similar age and expected mature BW. The ME intake was considerably below NRC recommendations, especially in younger puppies (>8-17 weeks: 78%, >17-26 weeks: 83% of NRC recommendation). A predictive linear equation for ME intake was developed: ME intake (MJ) = (1.063 - 0.565 × [actual BW/expected mature BW]) × actual BW0.75 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Klein
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Melanie Thes
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Linda F Böswald
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Ellen Kienzle
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Motomura M, Shimokawa F, Kobayashi T, Yamashita Y, Mizoguchi I, Sato Y, Murakami Y, Shimizu I, Matsui T, Murakami M, Funaba M. Relationships between expression levels of genes related to adipogenesis and adipocyte function in dogs. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4771-4777. [PMID: 31407244 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04923-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There are three kinds of adipocytes; white adipocytes accumulate excess energy as fat, whereas brown/beige adipocytes dissipate energy through expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Obesity, a feature of excess accumulation of white adipocytes in a body, is one of the risk factors for onset of various diseases in dogs. As the first step to explore adipose genes related to dog obesity, we examined relationships among mRNA levels of putative molecules related to adipogenesis and function of adipocytes in fat of hospitalized dogs. Gonadal adipose tissues were collected from a total of 29 dogs, and the gene expression levels were examined by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. The multicollinearity analysis revealed that body condition score (BCS), which reflects adiposity, did not correlate with expression levels of any genes but correlated with age of dog. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway stimulates not only commitment of mesenchymal stem cells to white adipocyte-lineage cells but also brown/beige adipogenesis. Some relationships between expression levels of BMP receptors were significant; especially, expression levels of activin receptor-like kinase (Alk) 3 (a BMP type I receptor) positively related to those of Alk2 (another BMP type I receptor), activin receptor type II (ActRII) A (a type II receptor to transmit BMP signal), ActRIIB (another type II receptor to transmit BMP signal) and BMP receptor type 2 (Bmpr2). PR domain containing 16 (Prdm16) expression levels strongly correlated with expression levels of ActRIIB. Although PRDM16 is known to stimulate brown/beige adipogenesis, expression levels of Ucp1 did not correlate with those of Prdm16. On the other hand, expression levels of Ucp1 correlated with those of Alk6. The present study suggests close relationships among adipose expressions of BMP signal components, and the relationships of expression levels of BMP receptor and those of Prdm16 or Ucp1 in dogs. Further studies using more dogs with various BCS potentially lead to identification of adipose factors to relate with adiposity in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Motomura
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Fumie Shimokawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, 252-5201, Japan.,Kobayashi Animal Hospital, Nagano, 380-0816, Japan
| | | | | | - Yutaka Sato
- Sato Animal Hospital, Kyoto, 605-0971, Japan
| | | | - Itoyo Shimizu
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tohru Matsui
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masaru Murakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, 252-5201, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Funaba
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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45
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The utility of point-of-care ultrasound right-sided cardiac markers as a screening test for moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension in dogs. Vet J 2019; 250:6-13. [PMID: 31383421 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dogs with respiratory disease can develop pulmonary hypertension (PH), a comorbid condition that can impact therapy and prognosis. Without confirmation using the criterion standard of echocardiography, this complication may be missed. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a simple, non-invasive screening test that may suggest PH. It was hypothesized that in dogs POCUS right-sided cardiac markers (R-SCM) at the subxiphoid view would predict moderate to severe PH confirmed by echocardiography. Forty-three client-owned dogs that underwent respiratory evaluation with POCUS and echocardiography were included. POCUS R-SCM evaluated in the subxiphoid view included subjective caudal vena cava distention (CVCsx), CVCsx >1cm, gallbladder wall edema and ascites. PH was defined by tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient (TRPG) as mild (30-49.9mmHg), moderate (50-74.9mmHg) or severe (>75mmHg). POCUS subxiphoid views were blindly evaluated post hoc and compared to echocardiography. Chi square test and one-way ANOVA were used to evaluate correlations between POCUS R-SCM and echocardiographic diagnosis of moderate to severe PH. Twenty-six dogs with PH, and 17 dogs without PH, were enrolled. There was no significant difference in the presence or absence of any R-SCM between dogs with and without PH. When dogs with no PH and mild PH were grouped and compared to dogs with moderate to severe PH (i.e., dogs for which treatment for PH would be recommended), no significant differences in R-SCM were noted. POCUS R-SCM using the CVCsx view was not a sensitive screening test to identify dogs with PH in this study population.
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Dodd S, Barry M, Grant C, Verbrugghe A. Abnormal bone mineralization in a puppy fed an imbalanced raw meat homemade diet diagnosed and monitored using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 105 Suppl 2:29-36. [PMID: 31144390 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 4-month-old male Old English Sheepdog was presented for evaluation of a raw meat-based homemade diet after a 1-month history of progressive lameness. Marked dietary deficiencies were detected, which included calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D. Hypovitaminosis D and hypocalcaemia were diagnosed by serum analysis. Evidence of severe diffuse osteopenia was noted on survey radiographs. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to quantify bone mineral content and density and compare to published reference ranges. The puppy's initial bone mineralization was markedly subnormal, with bone mineral density 66% lower than expected, and bone mineral content 40% lower than expected. Subsequent DEXA scans were performed at intervals during the puppy's recovery to document the rate of bone re-mineralization and guide therapeutic recommendations. Marked improvement was achieved within 4 months through exercise control and feeding of a diet appropriately formulated for large breed puppy growth and development. This report reinforces the necessity of thorough dietary history and highlights the potential for malnutrition in pets fed homemade and raw meat-based diets. Use of DEXA has rarely been reported in clinical cases, yet can be a valuable tool for diagnosing and monitoring cases with abnormal bone mineralization. Further studies using DEXA to track bone mineralization in healthy puppies are encouraged to develop a more robust reference range of bone mineralization in growing dogs of varying sizes, weights and ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dodd
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maureen Barry
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caitlin Grant
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Luethcke KR, Ekena J, Chun R, Trepanier LA. Glutathione S-transferase theta genotypes and environmental exposures in the risk of canine transitional cell carcinoma. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1414-1422. [PMID: 31008543 PMCID: PMC6524089 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in humans is associated with environmental exposures and variants in glutathione S‐transferase (GST) genes. Scottish Terriers have a high breed risk for TCC, but the relationship between genetic and environmental risk in dogs is not fully understood. Hypotheses Scottish Terriers have a higher frequency of GST‐theta variants compared to lower risk breeds. Dogs with TCC of any breed have a higher frequency of GST‐theta variants along with higher environmental exposures, compared to controls. Animals One hundred and five Scottish Terriers and 68 controls from lower risk breeds; 69 dogs of various breeds with TCC, and 72 breed‐ and sex‐matched unaffected geriatric dogs. Methods In this prospective case‐control study, dogs were genotyped for 3 canine GST‐theta variants: GSTT1 I2+28 G>A, a GSTT1 3′UTR haplotype, and GSTT5 Asp129_Gln130del. Owners of dogs with TCC and unaffected geriatric controls completed a household environmental questionnaire. Results The GSTT1 3′UTR haplotype and GSTT5 Asp129_Gln130del variants were significantly underrepresented in Scottish Terriers (minor allele frequency [MAF] = 0.000 for both), compared to dogs from lower risk breeds (MAF = 0.108 and 0.100; P ≤ .0002). Dogs with TCC did not differ from unaffected geriatric controls across the 3 investigated loci. Transitional cell carcinoma was associated with household insecticide use (odds ratio [OR] = 4.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.44‐12.33, P = .02), and was negatively associated with proximity to a farm (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.25‐0.99, P = .04). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Low‐activity GST‐theta loci are unlikely contributors to TCC risk in dogs. Increased risk is associated with household insecticide use, and possibly with less rural households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Luethcke
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Joanne Ekena
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ruthanne Chun
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lauren A Trepanier
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Salt C, Morris PJ, Wilson D, Lund EM, German AJ. Association between life span and body condition in neutered client-owned dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:89-99. [PMID: 30548336 PMCID: PMC6335446 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is an association between overweight status and life span in kenneled dogs, but a similar association has not been reported for pet dogs. Objectives To examine the effects of being overweight in middle age on the life span of neutered client‐owned dogs. Animals Fifty‐thousand seven‐hundred eighty seven middle‐aged neutered client‐owned dogs attending a network of approximately 900 veterinary hospitals across North America. Methods Retrospective case‐control study. For each of 12 breeds, groups of dogs aged between 6.5 and 8.5 years were identified as being in “overweight” or “normal” body condition. Within each breed and sex, differences in life span between dogs in normal body condition and overweight body condition in the 2 groups were then analyzed by Cox proportional hazards models. Results For all breeds, instantaneous risk of death for dogs in overweight body condition was greater than those in normal body condition throughout the age range studied, with hazard ratios ranging from 1.35 (99.79% confidence interval [CI] 1.05‐1.73) for German Shepherd dog to 2.86 (99.79% CI 2.14‐3.83) for Yorkshire Terrier. In all breeds, median life span was shorter in overweight compared with normal weight dogs, with the difference being greatest in Yorkshire Terriers (overweight: 13.7 years, 99.79% CI 13.3‐14.2; normal: 16.2 years, 99.79% CI 15.7‐16.5) and least in German Shepherd dogs (overweight: 12.1 years, 99.79% CI 11.8‐12.4; normal: 12.5 years, 99.79% CI 12.2‐12.9). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Veterinary professionals should consider promoting healthy body condition for dogs, particularly from midlife onward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Salt
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, United Kingdom
| | | | - Derek Wilson
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexander J German
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, United Kingdom
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49
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Kipperman BS, German AJ. The Responsibility of Veterinarians to Address Companion Animal Obesity. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:E143. [PMID: 30134516 PMCID: PMC6162666 DOI: 10.3390/ani8090143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a modern-day epidemic in both people and companion animals. A summary of the current research on the causes, risk factors, consequences, and implications of overweight and obesity, and the compliance of small-animal practitioners in recognizing and addressing pet obesity, is provided. Ethical and animal welfare concerns are raised regarding these findings. We argue that a patient advocacy posture compels the veterinary profession to confront this issue more reliably. Evidence is presented to support obesity as a One-Health problem, and discrete and practical recommendations for preventing and addressing companion animal obesity are proposed. The One-Health perspective encourages coordinated action by veterinary healthcare professionals in order to address overweight and obesity in companion animals as a public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry S Kipperman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Alexander J German
- Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Neston CH60 5SZ, UK.
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston CH60 5SZ, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J German
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - Georgiana R T Woods
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE
| | - Shelley L Holden
- Crown Pet Foods, Oak Tree Meadow, Blackworthy Road, Castle Cary, Somerset BA7 7PH
| | - Louise Brennan
- Crown Pet Foods, Oak Tree Meadow, Blackworthy Road, Castle Cary, Somerset BA7 7PH
| | - Caroline Burke
- Crown Pet Foods, Oak Tree Meadow, Blackworthy Road, Castle Cary, Somerset BA7 7PH
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