1
|
Wang B, He Z, Zhang M, Zhang R, Song Z, Li A, Hao T. Transcriptional Regulatory Network of the Embryonic Diapause Termination Process in Artemia. Genes (Basel) 2025; 16:175. [PMID: 40004504 PMCID: PMC11855619 DOI: 10.3390/genes16020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2025] [Accepted: 01/27/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Artemia is a typical animal used for the study of the diapause mechanism. The research on the regulation mechanism of diapause mainly focuses on the occurrence and maintenance of diapause. There are few studies on the mechanism of embryonic pause termination (EDT), especially for its transcriptional regulation mechanism. This study integrated transcriptional regulatory data from ATAC-seq and gene expression data from RNA-seq to explore the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms involved in the EDT process. Through integrated analysis, four important transcription factors (TFs), SVP, MYC, RXR, and SMAD6, were found to play a role in the EDT process, in which SVP, MYC, and RXR were upregulated, while SMAD6 was downregulated in the EDT stage. Through co-expression analysis, a transcription regulatory network for these four TFs was constructed and the functions of the TFs were analyzed. The expression of the TFs was further verified by RT-qPCR. Through functional analysis, SVP was found to be predominantly involved in cell adhesion and signal transduction. MYC probably played a role in protein binding. RXR may function in the process of RNA binding and the transfer of phosphorus-containing groups. Smad6 regulated the signal transduction, cell adhesion, and oxidation-reduction processes. The expression of the key TFs was verified by RT-qPCR. The results of this work provide important clues for the mechanism of transcriptional regulation in the EDT process of Artemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Zhen He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Ruiqi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Zhentao Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Anqi Li
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, Fisheries College, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Tong Hao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li A, Song Z, Zhang M, Duan H, Sui L, Wang B, Hao T. Integrating ATAC-Seq and RNA-Seq Reveals the Signal Regulation Involved in the Artemia Embryonic Reactivation Process. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:1083. [PMID: 39202442 PMCID: PMC11353689 DOI: 10.3390/genes15081083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Embryonic diapause is a common evolutionary adaptation observed across a wide range of organisms. Artemia is one of the classic animal models for diapause research. The current studies of Artemia diapause mainly focus on the induction and maintenance of the embryonic diapause, with little research on the molecular regulatory mechanism of Artemia embryonic reactivation. The first 5 h after embryonic diapause breaking has been proved to be most important for embryonic reactivation in Artemia. In this work, two high-throughput sequencing methods, ATAC-seq and RNA-seq, were integrated to study the signal regulation process in embryonic reactivation of Artemia at 5 h after diapause breaking. Through the GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of the high-throughput datasets, it was showed that after 5 h of diapause breaking, the metabolism and regulation of Artemia cyst were quite active. Several signal transduction pathways were identified in the embryonic reactivation process, such as G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway, cell surface receptor signaling pathway, hormone-mediated signaling pathway, Wnt, Notch, mTOR signaling pathways, etc. It indicates that embryonic reactivation is a complex process regulated by multiple signaling pathways. With the further protein structure analysis and RT-qPCR verification, 11 GPCR genes were identified, in which 5 genes function in the embryonic reactivation stage and the other 6 genes contribute to the diapause stage. The results of this work reveal the signal transduction pathways and GPCRs involved in the embryonic reactivation process of Artemia cysts. These findings offer significant clues for in-depth research on the signal regulatory mechanisms of the embryonic reactivation process and valuable insights into the mechanism of animal embryonic diapause.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Li
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, Fisheries College, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China;
| | - Zhentao Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (Z.S.); (M.Z.); (B.W.)
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (Z.S.); (M.Z.); (B.W.)
| | - Hu Duan
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300222, China; (H.D.); (L.S.)
| | - Liying Sui
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300222, China; (H.D.); (L.S.)
| | - Bin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (Z.S.); (M.Z.); (B.W.)
| | - Tong Hao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; (Z.S.); (M.Z.); (B.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The role of Atg16 in autophagy, anthocyanin biosynthesis, and programmed cell death in leaves of the lace plant (Aponogeton madagascariensis). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281668. [PMID: 36795694 PMCID: PMC9934333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aponogeton madagascariensis, commonly known as the lace plant, produces leaves that form perforations by programmed cell death (PCD). Leaf development is divided into several stages beginning with "pre-perforation" furled leaves enriched with red pigmentation from anthocyanins. The leaf blade is characterized by a series of grids known as areoles bounded by veins. As leaves develop into the "window stage", anthocyanins recede from the center of the areole towards the vasculature creating a gradient of pigmentation and cell death. Cells in the middle of the areole that lack anthocyanins undergo PCD (PCD cells), while cells that retain anthocyanins (non-PCD cells) maintain homeostasis and persist in the mature leaf. Autophagy has reported roles in survival or PCD promotion across different plant cell types. However, the direct involvement of autophagy in PCD and anthocyanin levels during lace plant leaf development has not been determined. Previous RNA sequencing analysis revealed the upregulation of autophagy-related gene Atg16 transcripts in pre-perforation and window stage leaves, but how Atg16 affects PCD in lace plant leaf development is unknown. In this study, we investigated the levels of Atg16 in lace plant PCD by treating whole plants with either an autophagy promoter rapamycin or inhibitors concanamycin A (ConA) or wortmannin. Following treatments, window and mature stage leaves were harvested and analyzed using microscopy, spectrophotometry, and western blotting. Western blotting showed significantly higher Atg16 levels in rapamycin-treated window leaves, coupled with lower anthocyanin levels. Wortmannin-treated leaves had significantly lower Atg16 protein and higher anthocyanin levels compared to the control. Mature leaves from rapamycin-treated plants generated significantly fewer perforations compared to control, while wortmannin had the opposite effect. However, ConA treatment did not significantly change Atg16 levels, nor the number of perforations compared to the control, but anthocyanin levels did increase significantly in window leaves. We propose autophagy plays a dual role in promoting cell survival in NPCD cells by maintaining optimal anthocyanin levels and mediating a timely cell death in PCD cells in developing lace plant leaves. How autophagy specifically affects anthocyanin levels remained unexplained.
Collapse
|
4
|
Li L, Zhou X, Chen Z, Cao Y, Zhao G. The group 3 LEA protein of Artemia franciscana for cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2022; 106:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
5
|
Pinto AAG, Nagai MYDO, Coimbra EN, Mohammad SN, Silva JS, Von Ancken A, Pinto SAG, Aguiar MS, Dutra-Correa M, Hortellani MA, Miranda A, Sarkis JEDS, Suffredini IB, Peres GB, Bernardi MM, Cartwright SJ, Bonamin LV. Bioresilience to Mercury Chloride of the Brine Shrimp Artemia Salina after Treatment with Homeopathic Mercurius Corrosivus. HOMEOPATHY 2021; 110:244-255. [PMID: 34474498 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Finding solutions to mitigate the impact of pollution on living systems is a matter of great interest. Homeopathic preparations of toxic substances have been described in the literature as attenuation factors for intoxication. Herein, an experimental study using Artemia salina and mercury chloride was developed as a model to identify aspects related to bioresilience. AIMS The aim of the study was to describe the effects of homeopathic Mercurius corrosivus (MC) on Artemia salina cysts hatching and on mercury bioavailability. METHODS Artemia salina cysts were exposed to 5.0 µg/mL of mercury chloride during the hatching phase. MC potencies (6cH, 30cH, and 200cH) were prepared in sterile purified water and poured into artificial sea water. Different controls were used (non-challenged cysts and challenged cysts treated with water, succussed water, and Ethilicum 1cH). Four series of nine experiments were performed to evaluate the percentage of cyst hatching. Soluble total mercury (THg) levels and precipitated mercury content were also evaluated. Solvatochromic dyes were used to check for eventual physicochemical markers of MC biological activity. RESULTS Significant delay (p < 0.0001) in cyst hatching was observed only after treatment with MC 30cH, compared with controls. This result was associated with an increase of THg concentration in water (p = 0.0018) and of chlorine/oxygen ratio (p < 0.0001) in suspended micraggregates, suggesting changes in mercury bioavailability. A specific interaction of MC 30cH with the solvatochromic dye ET33 (p = 0.0017) was found. CONCLUSION Changes in hatching rate and possible changes in Hg bioavailability are postulated as protective effects of MC 30cH on Artemia salina, by improving its natural bioresilience processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Adelaide G Pinto
- Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian Y de Oliveira Nagai
- Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ednar Nascimento Coimbra
- Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jefferson Souza Silva
- Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Von Ancken
- Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Augusta G Pinto
- Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle Sanchez Aguiar
- Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maristela Dutra-Correa
- Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Miranda
- IPEN-Institute of Energy and Nuclear Research, São Paulo, Brazil, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ivana Barbosa Suffredini
- Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovani Bravin Peres
- Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Martha Bernardi
- Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Leoni Villano Bonamin
- Graduation Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen B, Chu TW, Chiu K, Hong MC, Wu TM, Ma JW, Liang CM, Wang WK. Transcriptomic analysis elucidates the molecular processes associated with hydrogen peroxide-induced diapause termination in Artemia-encysted embryos. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247160. [PMID: 33606769 PMCID: PMC7894940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) raises the hatching rate through the development and diapause termination of Artemia cysts. To comprehend the upstream genetic regulation of diapause termination activated by exterior H2O2 elements, an Illumina RNA-seq analysis was performed to recognize and assess comparative transcript amounts to explore the genetic regulation of H2O2 in starting the diapause termination of cysts in Artemia salina. We examined three groupings treated with no H2O2 (control), 180 μM H2O2 (low) and 1800 μM H2O2 (high). The results showed a total of 114,057 unigenes were identified, 41.22% of which were functionally annotated in at least one particular database. When compared to control group, 34 and 98 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated in 180 μM and 1800 μM H2O2 treatments, respectively. On the other hand, 162 and 30 DEGs were downregulated in the 180 μM and 1800 μM H2O2 treatments, respectively. Cluster analysis of DEGs demonstrated significant patterns among these types of 3 groups. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed the DEGs involved in the regulation of blood coagulation (GO: 0030193; GO: 0050818), regulation of wound healing (GO:0061041), regulation of hemostasis (GO: 1900046), antigen processing and presentation (KO04612), the Hippo signaling pathway (KO04391), as well as the MAPK signaling pathway (KO04010). This research helped to define the diapause-related transcriptomes of Artemia cysts using RNA-seq technology, which might fill up a gap in the prevailing body of knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bonien Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tah-Wei Chu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuohsun Chiu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Hong
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Meng Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Wen Ma
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Liang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kuang Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Doğan C, Hänniger S, Heckel DG, Coutu C, Hegedus DD, Crubaugh L, Groves RL, Bayram Ş, Toprak U. Two calcium-binding chaperones from the fat body of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) involved in diapause. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 106:e21755. [PMID: 33118236 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are crucial for the correct folding of newly synthesized polypeptides, in particular, under stress conditions. Various studies have revealed the involvement of molecular chaperones, such as heat shock proteins, in diapause maintenance and starvation; however, the role of other chaperones in diapause and starvation relatively is unknown. In the current study, we identified two lectin-type chaperones with calcium affinity, a calreticulin (LdCrT) and a calnexin (LdCnX), that were present in the fat body of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) during diapause. Both proteins possessed an N-globular domain, a P-arm domain, and a highly charged C-terminal domain, while an additional transmembrane domain was present in LdCnX. Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinction at the order level. Both genes were expressed in multiple tissues in larval and adult stages, and constitutively throughout development, though a starvation response was detected only for LdCrT. In females, diapause-related expression analysis in the whole body revealed an upregulation of both genes by post-diapause, but a downregulation by diapause only for LdCrT. By contrast, males revealed no alteration in their diapause-related expression pattern in the entire body for both genes. Fat body-specific expression analysis of both genes in relation to diapause revealed the same expression pattern with no alteration in females and downregulation in males by post-diapause. This study suggests that calcium-binding chaperones play similar and possibly gender-specific roles during diapause.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Doğan
- Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sabine Hänniger
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Cathy Coutu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Linda Crubaugh
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Russell L Groves
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Şerife Bayram
- Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umut Toprak
- Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gbotsyo YA, Rowarth NM, Weir LK, MacRae TH. Short-term cold stress and heat shock proteins in the crustacean Artemia franciscana. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:1083-1097. [PMID: 32794096 PMCID: PMC7591681 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In their role as molecular chaperones, heat shock proteins (Hsps) mediate protein folding thereby mitigating cellular damage caused by physiological and environmental stress. Nauplii of the crustacean Artemia franciscana respond to heat shock by producing Hsps; however, the effects of cold shock on Hsp levels in A. franciscana have not been investigated previously. The effect of cold shock at 1 °C followed by recovery at 27 °C on the amounts of ArHsp90, Hsp70, ArHsp40, and ArHsp40-2 mRNA and their respective proteins in A. franciscana nauplii was examined by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunoprobing of western blots. The same Hsp mRNAs and proteins were also quantified during incubation of nauplii at their optimal growth temperature of 27 °C. qPCR analyses indicated that the abundance of ArHsp90, Hsp70, and ArHsp40 mRNA remained relatively constant during both cold shock and recovery and was not significantly different compared with levels at optimal temperature. Western blotting revealed that ArHsp90, ArHsp40, and ArHsp40-2 were generally below baseline, but at detectable levels during the 6 h of cold shock, and persisted in early recovery stages before declining. Hsp70 was the only protein that remained constant in quantity throughout cold shock and recovery. By contrast, all Hsps declined rapidly during 6 h when nauplii were incubated continuously at 27 °C optimal temperature. Generally, the amounts of ArHsp90, ArHsp40, and ArHsp40-2 were higher during cold shock/recovery than those during continuous incubation at 27 °C. Our data support the conclusion that low temperature preserves Hsp levels, making them available to assist in protein repair and recovery after cold shock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yayra A Gbotsyo
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N. S., B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Nathan M Rowarth
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N. S., B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Laura K Weir
- Biology Department, Saint Mary's University Halifax, Halifax, N. S., B3H 3C3, Canada.
| | - Thomas H MacRae
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N. S., B3H 4R2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hibshman JD, Clegg JS, Goldstein B. Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance: Themes and Variations in Brine Shrimp, Roundworms, and Tardigrades. Front Physiol 2020; 11:592016. [PMID: 33192606 PMCID: PMC7649794 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.592016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Water is critical for the survival of most cells and organisms. Remarkably, a small number of multicellular animals are able to survive nearly complete drying. The phenomenon of anhydrobiosis, or life without water, has been of interest to researchers for over 300 years. In this review we discuss advances in our understanding of protectants and mechanisms of desiccation tolerance that have emerged from research in three anhydrobiotic invertebrates: brine shrimp (Artemia), roundworms (nematodes), and tardigrades (water bears). Discovery of molecular protectants that allow each of these three animals to survive drying diversifies our understanding of desiccation tolerance, and convergent themes suggest mechanisms that may offer a general model for engineering desiccation tolerance in other contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Hibshman
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - James S. Clegg
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bob Goldstein
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rowarth NM, MacRae TH. ArHsp40 and ArHsp40-2 contribute to stress tolerance and longevity in Artemia franciscana, but only ArHsp40 influences diapause entry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.189001. [PMID: 30158133 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.189001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Embryos of the crustacean Artemia franciscana develop either ovoviviparously or oviparously, yielding swimming larvae (nauplii) or encysted gastrulae (cysts), respectively. Nauplii moult several times and become adults whereas cysts enter diapause, a state of dormancy characterized by exceptionally low metabolism and high stress tolerance. Synthesis of molecular chaperones such as the J-domain proteins ArHsp40 and ArHsp40-2 occurs during embryo development and post-diapause growth of A. franciscana and they influence development and stress tolerance. To further investigate J-domain protein function, ArHsp40 and ArHsp40-2 were each knocked down by RNA interference. Reductions in ArHsp40 and ArHsp40-2 had no effect on adult survival, time to release of cysts and nauplii from females and first-brood size. However, knockdown of both A. franciscana J-domain proteins reduced the longevity and heat tolerance of nauplii, with the loss of ArHsp40 having a greater effect. The knockdown of ArHsp40, but not of ArHsp40-2, caused approximately 50% of cysts to abort diapause entry and hatch without exposure to an exogenous signal such as low temperature and/or desiccation. Cysts lacking ArHsp40 that entered diapause exhibited decreased stress tolerance as did cysts with reduced ArHsp40-2, the latter to a lesser degree. The longevity of nauplii hatching prematurely from cysts was less than for nauplii arising by other means. The results expand our understanding of Hsp40 function in A. franciscana stress tolerance and development, especially during diapause, and they provide the first example of a molecular chaperone that influences diapause entry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Rowarth
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Thomas H MacRae
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2 Canada
| |
Collapse
|