Epidemiological and economic burden of potentially HPV-related cancers in France

Cost Analysis Related to Diagnosis, Treatment and Management of Cervical Cancer in Antigua and Barbuda: A Prevalence-Based Cost-of-Illness Study

Cervical cancer remains a significant public health issue globally. In Antigua and Barbuda, cervical cancer is ranked among the top five most common cancers in terms of incidence and mortality among females. There is no evidence that the costs of diagnosing, treating, and managing this cancer have been studied before in Antigua and Barbuda. From the providers' perspective, this study aimed to estimate costs associated with cervical cancer in Antigua and Barbuda. The prevalence-based cost-of-illness methodology was used to assess patient data abstracted from four study sites for the period 2017-2021, and to derive the annual prevalence. Top-down and bottom-up costing approaches were used to estimate direct medical costs. Costs were computed using the 2021 price level and converted to United States Dollars (USD). Total annual direct medical costs of cervical cancer were estimated at USD 0.24 million (ranging between USD 0.19 million and USD 0.30 million). Major cost drivers were treatment (USD 112,863.76), post-treatment side-effects care (USD 67,406.57), and the diagnostic process (USD 26,238.58). The overall direct medical unit costs for managing a case were estimated at USD 115,822.09. Our study reflects the current estimates for managing cervical cancer and provides evidence to complement cervical cancer prevention and cost containment measures in Antigua and Barbuda.

Interplay of miR-542, miR-126, miR-143 and miR-26b with PI3K-Akt is a Diagnostic Signal and Putative Regulatory Target in HPV-Positive Cervical Cancer

Human papillomavirus accounts for 99.7% of all cervical cancer cases worldwide. The viral oncoproteins alter normal cell signaling and gene expression, resulting in loss of cell cycle control and cancer development. Also, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to play a critical role in cervical carcinogenesis. Especially these are not only appropriate targets for therapeutic intervention in cervical cancer but also early diagnostic signals. The given study tries to improve the sparse knowledge on miRNAs and their role in this physiological context. Deregulated miRNAs were identified by analyzing the raw data of the well-founded GSE20592 dataset including 16 tumor/normal pairs of human cervical tissue samples. The dataset was quantified by a conservative strategy based on HTSeq and Salmon, followed by target prediction via TargetScan and miRDB. The comprehensive pathway analysis of all factors was performed using DAVID. The theoretical results were subject of a stringent experimental validation in a well-characterized clinical cohort of 30 tumor/normal pairs of cervical samples. The top 31 miRNAs and their 140 primary target genes were closely intertwined with the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. MiR-21-3p and miR-1-3p showed a prominent regulatory role while miR-542, miR-126, miR-143, and miR-26b are directly targeting both PI3K and AKT. This study provides insights into the regulation of PI3K-Akt signaling as an important inducer of cervical cancer and identified miR-542, miR-126, miR-143, and miR-26b as promising inhibitors of the PI3K-Akt action.

Knowledge and perceptions of French community pharmacists and pharmacy students about the papillomavirus vaccine

INTRODUCTION

In a French context of low vaccination coverage for human papillomavirus (HPV) disease, we conducted a study on pharmacy students and community pharmacists to assess their self-reported knowledge about HPV infection and vaccination and their perceptions of vaccination.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A prospective volunteered-based study was conducted in the French Franche-Comté region based on a questionnaire targeting pharmacy students (from the 2nd to 6th years) and community pharmacists.

RESULTS

All in all, 220 students and 55 pharmacists completed a questionnaire. Fewer than a third knew which HPV genotypes are considered to be high-risk (p-value = 0.11) and were aware of the diversified nature of HPV-induced cancers (p-value = 0.02). Their overall level of general knowledge about vaccination was estimated to be good by 62% of students and 85% of pharmacists (p-value = 10-3). More than 75% of students and pharmacists considered that HPV vaccination has a positive benefit-risk balance (p-value = 0.44) but that its low coverage is due to non-confirmed adverse events that were suggested in the past (p-value = 0.60). Pharmacists had a better perception of the safety of HPV vaccination (84% versus 64%, p-value = 6·10-3). More than 50% of students and pharmacists agreed with mandatory HPV vaccination for girls and boys (11-14 years).

CONCLUSION

This study allowed us to assess the knowledge of students and community pharmacists and their more or less favorable perceptions of HPV vaccination. It helped us to suggest their needs in terms of practical training. Future changes should include pharmacists in the implementation of public health policies and to improve vaccination coverage.

Screening for precancerous anal lesions linked to human papillomaviruses: French recommendations for clinical practice

In France, about 2000 new cases of anal cancer are diagnosed annually. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological type, mostly occurring secondary to persistent HPV16 infection. Invasive cancer is preceded by precancerous lesions. In addition to patients with a personal history of precancerous lesions and anal cancer, three groups are at very high risk of anal cancer: (i) men who have sex with men and are living with HIV, (ii) women with a history of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) or vulvar HPV cancer, and (iii) women who received a solid organ transplant more than 10 years ago. The purpose of screening is to detect HSILs so that they can be treated, thereby reducing the risk of progression to cancer. All patients with symptoms should undergo a proctological examination including standard anoscopy. For asymptomatic patients at risk, an initial HPV16 test makes it possible to target patients at risk of HSILs likely to progress to cancer. Anal cytology is a sensitive test for HSIL detection. Its sensitivity is greater than 80% and exceeds that of proctological examination with standard anoscopy. It is indicated in the event of a positive HPV16 test. In the presence of cytological abnormalities and/or lesions and a suspicion of dysplasia on clinical examination, high-resolution anoscopy is indicated. Performance is superior to that of proctological examination with standard anoscopy. However, this technique is not widely available, which limits its use. If high-resolution anoscopy is not possible, screening by a standard proctological examination is an alternative. There is a need to develop high-resolution anoscopy and triage tests and to evaluate screening strategies.

Cause of Death in Patients with Oropharyngeal Carcinoma by Human Papillomavirus Status: Comparative Data Analysis

BACKGROUND

The incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC) has increased in recent decades, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of OPSCC. The data regarding causes of death (CODs) are vitally important in informing follow-up strategies and revising treatment strategies to deal with any possible preventable treatment-related COD. However, limited studies have assessed the competing COD by HPV status in patients with OPSCC.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to analyze the distribution of the competing COD according to HPV status in OPSCC.

METHODS

We retrospectively included stage I-IVB patients with OPSCC from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database between 2010 and 2015. The association between HPV status and head and neck cancer-specific mortality (HNCSM), second primary cancer mortality (SPCM), and noncancer-caused mortality (NCCM) were analyzed. The chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and Fine and Gray model were used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

We included 5852 patients in this study and 73.2% (n=4283) of them had HPV-related tumors. A total of 1537 (26.3%) patients died, including 789 (51.3%), 333 (21.7%), and 415 (27%) patients who died from head and neck cancer, second cancer, and noncancer causes, respectively. The 5-year HNCSM, SPCM, NCCM, and overall mortality were 14.7%, 6.5%, 7.7%, and 26.4%, respectively. Those with HPV-positive disease had a lower cumulative incidence of HNCSM (subdistribution hazard ratio [sHR] 0.362, 95% CI 0.315-0.417; P<.001), SPCM (sHR 0.400, 95% CI 0.321-0.496; P<.001), and NCCM (sHR 0.460, 95% CI 0.378-0.560; P<.001) than those with HPV-negative disease. The 5-year risk of HNCSM was 26.9% and 10.7% in those with HPV-negative and HPV-positive disease, respectively (P<.001). The 5-year risk of SPCM was 12.4% and 4.6% in those with HPV-negative and HPV-positive disease, respectively (P<.001). The 5-year risk of NCCM of death was 13.7% and 5.8% in those with HPV-negative and HPV-positive disease, respectively (P<.001). Using the Fine and Gray competing-risks model, our results show that those with HPV-negative tumors had a significantly higher risk of HNCSM (P<.001), SPCM (P<.001), and NCCM (P<.001) than those with HPV-negative tumors.

CONCLUSIONS

HPV-positive OPSCC has a lower NCSM, SPCM, and NCCM as compared to those with HPV-negative OPSCC. HPV positivity is a favorable prognostic factor in the context of overcoming cancer as well as in terms of reducing the risk of other CODs in OPSCC. Our finding supports the need to tailor patient follow-up based on the HPV status of patients with OPSCC.

Vaccine hesitancy about the HPV vaccine among French young women and their parents: a telephone survey

BACKGROUND

The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine reduces the burden of cervical and other cancers. In numerous countries, a slow uptakeof this vaccine persists, calling for a better understanding of the structural factors leading to vaccine acceptation. We aimed to assess the attitudes toward HPV vaccination among its intended public to explore its specific characteristics.

METHODS

A random cross-sectional telephone survey of the French general population provided data from a sample of 2426 respondents of the target public: the parents of young women and the young women aged 15-25 themselves. We applied cluster analysis to identify contrasting attitudinal profiles, and logistic regressions with a model averaging method to investigate and rank the factors associated with these profiles.

RESULTS

A third of the respondents had never heard of HPV. However, most of the respondents who had heard of it agreed that it is a severe (93.8%) and frequent (65.1%) infection. Overall, 72.3% of them considered the HPV vaccine to be effective, but 54% had concerns about its side effects. We identified four contrasting profiles based on their perceptions of this vaccine: informed supporters, objectors, uninformed supporters, and those who were uncertain. In multivariate analysis, these attitudinal clusters were the strongest predictors of HPV vaccine uptake, followed by attitudes toward vaccination in general.

CONCLUSIONS

Tailored information campaigns and programs should address the specific and contrasted concerns about HPV vaccination of both young women and of their parents.

Does Biosimilar Bevacizumab Offer Affordable Treatment Options for Cancer Patients in the USA? A Budget Impact Analysis from US Commercial and Medicare Payer Perspectives

BACKGROUND

Bevacizumab remains the most widely used and most thoroughly characterized angiogenesis inhibitor for a range of advanced cancers. Bevacizumab-bvzr (Zirabev®), a biosimilar of bevacizumab, was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which provides a less costly option. This study aimed to evaluate the financial impact of introducing bevacizumab-bvzr from US commercial and Medicare payer perspectives.

METHODS

A Microsoft Excel-based budget impact model was developed over a 5-year time horizon. Target population was patients to be treated with bevacizumab for FDA-approved indications. Drug costs (2020 US$) were based on average sales price and wholesale acquisition cost, accounting for payer-specific reimbursement models and provider settings. Drug dosing and duration were based on prescribing information and pivotal trial publications.

RESULTS

In a hypothetical 10-million-member health plan, 503 and 723 patients were estimated to be treated with bevacizumab in year 1 and year 5, respectively. Assuming an annual market shift of 1.7%, 3.6%, 6.7%, 9.4%, and 11.9% to bevacizumab-bvzr, an annual cost saving of $313,363 ($0.003 per member per month [PMPM]) was estimated for a commercial payer and $92,880 ($0.001 PMPM) for Medicare in year 1. Cumulative 5-year cost savings were $7,030,924 ($0.012 PMPM) for a commercial payer and $4,059,257 ($0.007 PMPM) for Medicare. More than half of the cost savings was attributed to patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

The introduction of biosimilar bevacizumab-bvzr was estimated to provide substantial cost savings for US payers, which would allow additional patients access to bevacizumab treatment.

Incidence, cost and gender differences of oropharyngeal and noncervical anogenital cancers in South Korea

Background

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with a significant public health burden, yet few studies have been conducted in Asia, especially on noncervical cancers. We estimated the incidence and cost of oropharyngeal and noncervical anogenital (anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile) cancer in Korea.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study using Korea’s National Health Insurance (NHI) claim database from 2013 to 2016. The main outcome measures were the number of respective cancer incidences during the study period and the annual costs per patient in the first year after diagnosis, which was adjusted by relevant variables based on the regression analysis.

Results

During the study period, 8022 patients with these cancers were identified, and oropharyngeal cancer comprised 46% of them. The crude incidence rate for male oropharyngeal cancer was significantly higher than that of females (3.1 vs. 0.7 per 100,000 as of 2016, respectively). Additionally, the crude incidence of male oropharyngeal cancer increased from 2.7 in 2013 to 3.1 in 2016, whereas that of female and other cancers was stable during the study period. The mean annual incidence-based cost per patient in 2016 was highest for oropharyngeal cancers (21,870 USD), and it was significantly higher in males than in females based on then regression analysis (p < .001).

Conclusions

Oropharyngeal cancer comprises the highest number of HPV-associated noncervical cancer incidences in Korea, and the incidence and cost of oropharyngeal cancer was significantly higher among males than females. More aggressive public health policy toward males may decrease gender gap of oropharyngeal cancer.

Public health impact and cost-effectiveness of a nine-valent gender-neutral HPV vaccination program in France

OBJECTIVES

In France, 9-valent HPV vaccination is recommended routinely for 11-14-years-old girls and as catch-up for 15-19-years-old girls. Recently, recommendation for gender-neutral vaccination (GNV) has been approved. The objectives of the study were to assess the public health impact and cost-effectiveness of a 9-valent GNV compared with girls-only vaccination program (GOV).

METHODS

A published HPV disease transmission dynamic model accounting for herd protection effects with a 100-year time horizon was adapted and calibrated to French data. Epidemiological and economic outcomes included disease cases averted and quality-adjusted life years (QALY). Costs and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) were measured in 2018 Euros (€). A coverage rate of 26.2% among girls and boys was assumed for the GNV program based on the current female coverage rate in France. The base case included genital warts, cervical, vulvar, vaginal, and anal cancers. Scenario analyses included all HPV-related diseases and considered higher vaccination coverage rate (60%). Deterministic sensitivity analyses on key inputs were performed.

RESULTS

Over 100 years, GNV resulted in an additional reduction of 9,519 and 3,037 cervical cancer cases and deaths; 6,901 and 1,166 additional anal cancer cases and deaths; and a reduction of additional 1,284,077 genital warts compared with current GOV and an ICER of 24,763€/QALY. When including all HPV-related diseases, the ICER was 15,184€/QALY. At a higher coverage rate (60%), GNV would prevent 17,430 and 4,334 additional anogenital cancer cases and deaths and over two million genital warts compared with GOV with an ICER of 40,401€/QALY. Results were sensitive to a higher discount rate (6% versus 4%) and a shorter duration of protection (20 years versus lifetime).

CONCLUSIONS

In France, GNV has a significant impact in terms of public health benefits and may be considered cost-effective compared with GOV at low and high coverage rates.

Impact of tobacco smoking on the patient's outcome after (chemo)radiotherapy for anal cancer

PURPOSE

Anal squamous cell carcinoma is associated with multiple risk factors, including infection with human papillomavirus and human immunodeficiency virus, immunosuppression, multiple sex partners, receptive anal sex and tobacco smoking. The aim of our study was to identify prognostic factors associated with poor outcomes after radiotherapy for anal cancer.

METHODS

We analysed retrospectively the medical records of 171 patients treated by (chemo)radiotherapy for non-metastatic anal cancer in our institution from 2000 to 2015. Patients and tumour characteristics, treatments (chemotherapy, radiotherapy [RT] and surgery) and outcomes were reported. Colostomy-free survival (CRF), disease-free survival and overall survival (OS) at 5 years were studied. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed by logistic regression to determine factors associated with poor progression-free survival (PFS).

RESULTS

Patients' characteristics were as follows: median age, 62 years (range = 36-89); gender, 45 men (26%) and 126 women (74%); HIV serology, positive: 21 patients (12%); tobacco smoking, 86 patients (50%), among whom 28 patients and 58 patients were current and former smokers, respectively. Tumours were classified as locally limited (T1-2, N0, M0) for 86 patients (50%) and locally advanced (T3-4 or N+, M0) for 85 patients (50%). The median total dose was 64.4 Gy (range = 54-76.6), and 146 patients were treated by concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Factors associated with poor PFS in univariate analysis were as follows: tumour size >4 cm, lymph node involvement, tobacco smoking, no initial surgical excision and anal warts at diagnosis. In multivariate analysis, only tobacco smoking status was significantly associated with poor PFS (hazard ratio = 2.85, 95% confidence interval [1.25-6.50], p = 0.013). Five-year PFS for non-smokers, former smokers and current smokers was 88.1%, 76.7% and 73.8%, respectively (p = 0.038). Tobacco smoking was also associated with poor overall survival (p = 0.03), locoregional relapse-free survival (LRFS; p = 0.05) and CFS (p = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

Tobacco smoking status is associated with poor OS, LRFS, PFS and CFS in patients treated for anal cancer by high RT dose ± chemotherapy.

The costs of treating vaginal and vulval cancer in England (2009-2015)

BACKGROUND

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a pre-requisite for cervical cancer, which represents the third most common cancer among women worldwide. A causal relationship also exists between HPV and cancer in other areas of the female reproductive system including the vagina and vulva. Whilst the incidence of vaginal cancer in the UK has remained relatively stable over the past 25 years, vulval cancer rates are increasing. A body of literature exists on the epidemiology and aetiology of vaginal and vulval cancer, but little is known about the economic burden. The objective of this study was to quantify the costs of treating these cancers on the National Health Service (NHS) in England.

METHODS

Inpatient and outpatient episodes were derived from Hospital Episode Statistics (HES). Health Resource Group (HRG) tariffs and National Reference Costs were used to estimate the cost of treating pre-cancerous and invasive vaginal and vulval lesions in England.

RESULTS

The study showed that for the 5 years from 2009/2010 to 2014/2015 the total cost associated with pre-cancerous and invasive vaginal and vulval lesions was over £14 million per year on average (95% of which was attributed to inpatient costs). Vulval cancer accounted for the largest proportion; an estimated 60% of the total cost (£8.82 million). On average 4316 patients per year in England were admitted to hospital and 912 patients attended outpatient settings for pre-cancerous and invasive disease of the vagina and vulva.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that vaginal and vulval cancer cost the English health care system over £14 million per year. Given the causal role of HPV in a proportion of these cancers, preventative measures such as the national HPV immunisation programme have the potential to reduce the economic burden. To ensure optimal use of NHS resources, it is important that future economic evaluations of such preventative measures consider the full burden of HPV related disease.

Cervical cancer screening coverage, management of squamous intraepithelial lesions and related costs in France

Until 2018, cervical cancer screening in France was an unorganized individual screening, with the exception of some pilot programs in some territories. We aimed to assess, before the implementation of organized cervical cancer screening and human papillomavirus (HPV) nonavalent vaccine introduction in the vaccination schedule in 2018, (i) the individual cervical cancer screening coverage, (ii) the management of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) and (iii) the related costs. We used the Système National des Données de Santé (SNDS) (Echantillon Généraliste de Bénéficiaires [EGB] and Programme de Médicalisation des systèmes d'information [PMSI]) to assess the cervical screening coverage rate in France between January 1st, 2012 and December 31st, 2014, and to describe diagnostic investigations and therapeutic management of SIL in 2013. After extrapolation to the general population, a total of 10,847,814 women underwent at least one smear test over the 3-year study period, corresponding to a coverage rate of 52.4% of the women aged 25 to 64 included. In 2013, 126,095 women underwent HPV test, 327,444 women underwent colposcopy, and 9,653 underwent endocervical curettage; 31,863 had conization and 12,162 had laser ablation. Besides, 34,067 women experienced hospital stays related to management of SIL; 25,368 (74.5%) had high-grade lesions (HSIL) and 7,388 (21.7%) low-grade lesions (LSIL). Conization was the most frequent in-hospital therapeutic procedure: 89.5% (22,704) of women with an in-hospital procedure for HSIL and 64.7% (4,781) for LSIL. Mean cost of smear test, colposcopy and HPV tests were around 50€. Total cost for hospital stays in 2013 was estimated at M41€, or a mean cost of 1,211€ per woman; 76% were due to stays with HSIL. This study highlights the low coverage rate of individual cervical cancer screening and a high burden related to SIL management.

Cervicovaginal Microbiome and Urine Metabolome Paired Analysis Reveals Niche Partitioning of the Microbiota in Patients with Human Papilloma Virus Infections

In this study, we evaluate the association between vaginal and cervical human papillomavirus infections high-risk types (HPV+H), negative controls (HPV-), the bacterial biota, and urinary metabolites via integration of metagenomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics analysis. We recently proposed that testing urine as a biofluid could be a non-invasive method for the detection of cervical HPV+H infections by evaluating the association between cervical HPV types and a total of 24 urinary metabolites identified in the samples. As a follow-up study, we expanded the analysis by pairing the urine metabolome data with vaginal and cervical microbiota in selected samples from 19 Puerto Rican women diagnosed with HPV+H infections and HPV- controls, using a novel comprehensive framework, Model-based Integration of Metabolite Observations and Species Abundances 2 (MIMOSA2). This approach enabled us to estimate the functional activities of the cervicovaginal microbiome associated with HPV+H infections. Our results suggest that HPV+H infections could induce changes in physicochemical properties of the genital tract through which niche partitioning may occur. As a result, Lactobacillus sp. enrichment coincided with the depletion of L. iners and Shuttleworthia, which dominate under normal physiological conditions. Changes in the diversity of microbial species in HPV+H groups influence the capacity of new community members to produce or consume metabolites. In particular, the functionalities of four metabolic enzymes were predicted to be associated with the microbiota, including acylphosphatase, prolyl aminopeptidase, prolyl-tRNA synthetase, and threonyl-tRNA synthetase. Such metabolic changes may influence systemic health effects in women at risk of developing cervical cancer. Overall, even assuming the limitation of the power due to the small sample number, our study adds to current knowledge by suggesting how microbial taxonomic and metabolic shifts induced by HPV infections may influence the maintenance of microbial homeostasis and indicate that HPV+H infections may alter the ecological balance of the cervicovaginal microbiota, resulting in higher bacterial diversity.

Investigation of human papillomavirus prevalence in married women and molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the virus

Objective

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are among the agents responsible for infection and cancer of the skin and mucous membranes in the human body. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and type distribution of HPVs in married female patients with gynecological complaints, who had visited the Maternity Hospital in Erzurum, Turkey.

Methods

In this study, 263 cervical swab samples were taken from married women using the Pap smear method and were investigated for positive reactivity against HPV. The L1 gene region of HPV was investigated using molecular methods. For this purpose, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and sequence analysis of positive samples were performed. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using a bioinformatics approach after sequencing.

Results

HPV-DNA was detected in 17 (6.5%) samples. Highest positive reactivity to HPV-DNA was found in the 35–44 age group at 9.2%. Fourteen out of seventeen positive samples were included in the phylogenetic analysis. All isolates clustered in the Alphapapillomavirus genus. Six samples were found to be HPV 70 positive, four were HPV 16 positive, and the rest were HPV 54, 72, 81, and 114 positive. When genotyping data were evaluated according to the risk group, we found that 28.6% of the 14 samples were found to be high risk-HPV, and 71.4% were low risk-HPV.

Conclusions

As per our knowledge, this is the first report on the phylogenetic analysis of HPV genotypes isolated from women in Turkey. The prevalence of low- and-high risk HPV was determined in married women in Erzurum, and these results contribute to the epidemiological data on the distribution of HPV types for this region.