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Au CW, Manfield I, Webb ME, Paci E, Turnbull WB, Ross JF. The Mutagenic Plasticity of the Cholera Toxin B-Subunit Surface Residues: Stability and Affinity. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:133. [PMID: 38535799 PMCID: PMC10974167 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16030133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Mastering selective molecule trafficking across human cell membranes poses a formidable challenge in healthcare biotechnology while offering the prospect of breakthroughs in drug delivery, gene therapy, and diagnostic imaging. The cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB) has the potential to be a useful cargo transporter for these applications. CTB is a robust protein that is amenable to reengineering for diverse applications; however, protein redesign has mostly focused on modifications of the N- and C-termini of the protein. Exploiting the full power of rational redesign requires a detailed understanding of the contributions of the surface residues to protein stability and binding activity. Here, we employed Rosetta-based computational saturation scans on 58 surface residues of CTB, including the GM1 binding site, to analyze both ligand-bound and ligand-free structures to decipher mutational effects on protein stability and GM1 affinity. Complimentary experimental results from differential scanning fluorimetry and isothermal titration calorimetry provided melting temperatures and GM1 binding affinities for 40 alanine mutants among these positions. The results showed that CTB can accommodate diverse mutations while maintaining its stability and ligand binding affinity. These mutations could potentially allow modification of the oligosaccharide binding specificity to change its cellular targeting, alter the B-subunit intracellular routing, or impact its shelf-life and in vivo half-life through changes to protein stability. We anticipate that the mutational space maps presented here will serve as a cornerstone for future CTB redesigns, paving the way for the development of innovative biotechnological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk W. Au
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Iain Manfield
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Michael E. Webb
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Emanuele Paci
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi”, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - W. Bruce Turnbull
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - James F. Ross
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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2
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Kallogjerovic S, Velázquez-Quesada I, Hadap R, Gligorijevic B. Retrograde tracing of breast cancer-associated sensory neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.582088. [PMID: 38463981 PMCID: PMC10925213 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.582088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality among women. The tumor microenvironment, consisting of host cells and extracellular matrix, has been increasingly studied for its interplay with cancer cells, and the resulting effect on tumor progression. While the breast is one of the most innervated organs in the body, the role of neurons, and specifically sensory neurons, has been understudied, mostly for technical reasons. One of the reasons is the anatomy of sensory neurons: sensory neuron somas are located in the spine, and their axons can extend longer than a meter across the body to provide innervation in the breast. Next, neurons are challenging to culture, and there are no cell lines adequately representing the diversity of sensory neurons. Finally, sensory neurons are responsible for transporting several different types of signals to the brain, and there are many different subtypes of sensory neurons. The subtypes of sensory neurons which innervate and interact with breast tumors are unknown. To establish the tools for labeling and subtyping neurons that interact with breast cancer cells, we utilized two retrograde tracer's standards in neuroscience, wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) and cholera toxin subunit B (CTB). In vitro , we employed primary sensory neurons isolated from mouse dorsal root ganglia, cultured in a custom-built microfluidic device DACIT, that mimics the anatomical compartmentalization of the sensory neuron's soma and axons. In vivo , we utilized both syngeneic and transgenic mouse models of mammary carcinoma. We show that CTB and WGA trace different but overlapping sensory neuronal subpopulations: while WGA is more efficient in labeling CGRP+ neurons, CTB is superior in labeling the NF200+ neurons. Surprisingly, both tracers are also taken up by a significant population of breast cancer cells, both in vitro and in vivo . In summary, we have established methodologies for retrograde tracing of sensory neurons interacting with breast cancer cells. Our tools will be useful for future studies of breast tumor innervation, and development of therapies targeting breast cancer-associated neuron subpopulations of sensory neurons.
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Su YJ, Yi PL, Chang FC. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Ameliorates Stress-Induced Sleep Disruption via Activating Infralimbic-Ventrolateral Preoptic Projections. Brain Sci 2024; 14:105. [PMID: 38275525 PMCID: PMC10813929 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is acknowledged for its non-invasive modulation of neuronal activity in psychiatric disorders. However, its application in insomnia research yields varied outcomes depending on different tDCS types and patient conditions. Our primary objective is to elucidate its efficiency and uncover the underlying mechanisms in insomnia treatment. We hypothesized that anodal prefrontal cortex stimulation activates glutamatergic projections from the infralimbic cortex (IL) to the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) to promote sleep. After administering 0.06 mA of electrical currents for 8 min, our results indicate significant non-rapid eye movement (NREM) enhancement in naïve mice within the initial 3 h post-stimulation, persisting up to 16-24 h. In the insomnia group, tDCS enhanced NREM sleep bout numbers during acute stress response and improved NREM and REM sleep duration in subsequent acute insomnia. Sleep quality, assessed through NREM delta powers, remains unaffected. Interference of the IL-VLPO pathway, utilizing designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) with the cre-DIO system, partially blocked tDCS's sleep improvement in stress-induced insomnia. This study elucidated that the activation of the IL-VLPO pathway mediates tDCS's effect on stress-induced insomnia. These findings support the understanding of tDCS effects on sleep disturbances, providing valuable insights for future research and clinical applications in sleep therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Su
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Lu Yi
- Department of Sport Management, College of Tourism, Leisure and Sports, Aletheia University, Taipei 251306, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chia Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan;
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City 404328, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City 404328, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan
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Soucy JR, Aguzzi EA, Cho J, Gilhooley MJ, Keuthan C, Luo Z, Monavarfeshani A, Saleem MA, Wang XW, Wohlschlegel J, Baranov P, Di Polo A, Fortune B, Gokoffski KK, Goldberg JL, Guido W, Kolodkin AL, Mason CA, Ou Y, Reh TA, Ross AG, Samuels BC, Welsbie D, Zack DJ, Johnson TV. Retinal ganglion cell repopulation for vision restoration in optic neuropathy: a roadmap from the RReSTORe Consortium. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:64. [PMID: 37735444 PMCID: PMC10514988 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00655-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death in glaucoma and other optic neuropathies results in irreversible vision loss due to the mammalian central nervous system's limited regenerative capacity. RGC repopulation is a promising therapeutic approach to reverse vision loss from optic neuropathies if the newly introduced neurons can reestablish functional retinal and thalamic circuits. In theory, RGCs might be repopulated through the transplantation of stem cell-derived neurons or via the induction of endogenous transdifferentiation. The RGC Repopulation, Stem Cell Transplantation, and Optic Nerve Regeneration (RReSTORe) Consortium was established to address the challenges associated with the therapeutic repair of the visual pathway in optic neuropathy. In 2022, the RReSTORe Consortium initiated ongoing international collaborative discussions to advance the RGC repopulation field and has identified five critical areas of focus: (1) RGC development and differentiation, (2) Transplantation methods and models, (3) RGC survival, maturation, and host interactions, (4) Inner retinal wiring, and (5) Eye-to-brain connectivity. Here, we discuss the most pertinent questions and challenges that exist on the path to clinical translation and suggest experimental directions to propel this work going forward. Using these five subtopic discussion groups (SDGs) as a framework, we suggest multidisciplinary approaches to restore the diseased visual pathway by leveraging groundbreaking insights from developmental neuroscience, stem cell biology, molecular biology, optical imaging, animal models of optic neuropathy, immunology & immunotolerance, neuropathology & neuroprotection, materials science & biomedical engineering, and regenerative neuroscience. While significant hurdles remain, the RReSTORe Consortium's efforts provide a comprehensive roadmap for advancing the RGC repopulation field and hold potential for transformative progress in restoring vision in patients suffering from optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Soucy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass. Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erika A Aguzzi
- The Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Julie Cho
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Michael James Gilhooley
- The Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, England, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Casey Keuthan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ziming Luo
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Aboozar Monavarfeshani
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meher A Saleem
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Health System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Xue-Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Petr Baranov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass. Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brad Fortune
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute and Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kimberly K Gokoffski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - William Guido
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- The Solomon H Snyder, Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carol A Mason
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neuroscience, and Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yvonne Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ahmara G Ross
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian C Samuels
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Callahan Eye Hospital, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Derek Welsbie
- Shiley Eye Institute and Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Donald J Zack
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287 MD, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience, Molecular Biology & Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas V Johnson
- Departments of Neuroscience, Molecular Biology & Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Cellular & Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287 MD, USA.
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Gabriel E, Albanna W, Pasquini G, Ramani A, Josipovic N, Mariappan A, Riparbelli MG, Callaini G, Karch CM, Goureau O, Papantonis A, Busskamp V, Schneider T, Gopalakrishnan J. Generation of iPSC-derived human forebrain organoids assembling bilateral eye primordia. Nat Protoc 2023:10.1038/s41596-023-00814-x. [PMID: 37198320 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00814-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids enable the developmental complexities of the human brain to be deconstructed. During embryogenesis, optic vesicles (OVs), the eye primordium attached to the forebrain, develop from diencephalon. However, most 3D culturing methods generate either brain or retinal organoids individually. Here we describe a protocol to generate organoids with both forebrain entities, which we call OV-containing brain organoids (OVB organoids). In this protocol, we first induce neural differentiation (days 0-5) and collect neurospheres, which we culture in a neurosphere medium to initiate their patterning and further self-assembly (days 5-10). Then, upon transfer to spinner flasks containing OVB medium (days 10-30), neurospheres develop into forebrain organoids with one or two pigmented dots restricted to one pole, displaying forebrain entities of ventral and dorsal cortical progenitors and preoptic areas. Further long-term culture results in photosensitive OVB organoids constituting complementary cell types of OVs, including primitive corneal epithelial and lens-like cells, retinal pigment epithelia, retinal progenitor cells, axon-like projections and electrically active neuronal networks. OVB organoids provide a system to help dissect interorgan interactions between the OVs as sensory organs and the brain as a processing unit, and can help model early eye patterning defects, including congenital retinal dystrophy. To conduct the protocol, experience in sterile cell culture and maintenance of human induced pluripotent stem cells is essential; theoretical knowledge of brain development is advantageous. Furthermore, specialized expertise in 3D organoid culture and imaging for the analysis is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Gabriel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Walid Albanna
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Giovanni Pasquini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anand Ramani
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Natasa Josipovic
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Aruljothi Mariappan
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Giuliano Callaini
- Department of Life Sciences and Medical Biotechnology University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Olivier Goureau
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Argyris Papantonis
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Volker Busskamp
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Toni Schneider
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Farid H, Gelford WB, Goss LL, Garrett TL, Elbasiouny SM. Fast Blue and Cholera Toxin-B Survival Guide for Alpha-Motoneurons Labeling: Less Is Better in Young B6SJL Mice, but More Is Better in Aged C57Bl/J Mice. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:141. [PMID: 36829635 PMCID: PMC9952226 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast Blue (FB) and Cholera Toxin-B (CTB) are two retrograde tracers extensively used to label alpha-motoneurons (α-MNs). The overall goals of the present study were to (1) assess the effectiveness of different FB and CTB protocols in labeling α-MNs, (2) compare the labeling quality of these tracers at standard concentrations reported in the literature (FB 2% and CTB 0.1%) versus lower concentrations to overcome tracer leakage, and (3) determine an optimal protocol for labeling α-MNs in young B6SJL and aged C57Bl/J mice (when axonal transport is disrupted by aging). Hindlimb muscles of young B6SJL and aged C57Bl/J mice were intramuscularly injected with different FB or CTB concentrations and then euthanized at either 3 or 5 days after injection. Measurements were performed to assess labeling quality via seven different parameters. Our results show that tracer protocols of lower concentration and shorter labeling durations were generally better in labeling young α-MNs, whereas tracer protocols of higher tracer concentration and longer labeling durations were generally better in labeling aged α-MNs. A 0.2%, 3-day FB protocol provided optimal labeling of young α-MNs without tracer leakage, whereas a 2%, 5-day FB protocol or 0.1% CTB protocol provided optimal labeling of aged α-MNs. These results inform future studies on the selection of optimal FB and CTB protocols for α-MNs labeling in normal, aging, and neurodegenerative disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Farid
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Weston B. Gelford
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial, and Human Factors Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Lori L. Goss
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Teresa L. Garrett
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Sherif M. Elbasiouny
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial, and Human Factors Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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7
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Xia M, Zhang E, Yao F, Xia Z, Zhou M, Ran X, Xia X. Regional differences of the sclera in the ocular hypertensive rat model induced by circumlimbal suture. EYE AND VISION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 10:2. [PMID: 36597143 PMCID: PMC9811703 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-022-00319-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the regional differences of the sclera in ocular hypertension (OHT) models with the inappropriate extension of the ocular axis. METHODS To discover the regional differences of the sclera at the early stage, OHT models were established using circumlimbal suture (CS) or sclerosant injection (SI). Axial length (AL) was measured by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. The glaucoma-associated distinction was determined by intraocular pressure (IOP) and retrograde tracing of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The central thickness of the ganglion cell complex (GCC) was measured by optical coherence tomography. RGCs and collagen fibrils were detected using a transmission electron microscope, furthermore, anti-alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) was determined in the early stage after the operation. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the eyes in OHT models showed an increased IOP (P < 0.001 in the CS group, P = 0.001 in the SI group), growing AL (P = 0.026 in the CS group, P = 0.043 in the SI group), reduction of central RGCs (P < 0.001 in the CS group, P = 0.017 in the SI group), thinning central GCC (P < 0.001 in the CS group), and a distinctive expression of αSMA in the central sclera in the early 4-week stage after the operation (P = 0.002 in the CS group). Compared with the SI group, the eye in the CS group showed a significantly increased AL (7.1 ± 0.4 mm, P = 0.031), reduction of central RGCs (2121.1 ± 87.2 cells/mm2, P = 0.001), thinning central GCC (71.4 ± 0.8 pixels, P = 0.015), and a distinctive expression of αSMA (P = 0.005). Additionally, ultrastructural changes in RGCs, scleral collagen fibers, and collagen crimp were observed in the different regions. Increased collagen volume fraction in the posterior segment of the eyeball wall (30.2 ± 3.1%, P = 0.022) was observed by MASSON staining in the CS group. CONCLUSION Regional differences of the sclera in the ocular hypertensive rat model induced by CS may provide a reference for further treatment of scleral-related eye disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfang Xia
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China ,grid.469519.60000 0004 1758 070XDepartment of Ophthalmology, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China
| | - Endong Zhang
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Fei Yao
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Zhaohua Xia
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Mingmin Zhou
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Xufang Ran
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
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Pathologically high intraocular pressure disturbs normal iron homeostasis and leads to retinal ganglion cell ferroptosis in glaucoma. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:69-81. [PMID: 35933500 PMCID: PMC9883496 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma can result in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and permanently damaged vision. Pathologically high intraocular pressure (ph-IOP) is the leading cause of damaged vision during glaucoma; however, controlling ph-IOP alone does not entirely prevent the loss of glaucomatous RGCs, and the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we reported an increase in ferric iron in patients with acute primary angle-closure glaucoma (the most typical glaucoma with ph-IOP damage) compared with the average population by analyzing free iron levels in peripheral serum. Thus, iron metabolism might be involved in regulating the injury of RGCs under ph-IOP. In vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that ph-IOP led to abnormal accumulation of ferrous iron in cells and retinas at 1-8 h post-injury and elevation of ferric iron in serum at 8 h post-injury. Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4)-mediated degradation of ferritin heavy polypeptide 1(FTH1) is essential to disrupt iron metabolism in the retina after ph-IOP injury. Furthermore, knockdown of Ncoa4 in vivo inhibited FTH1 degradation and reduced the retinal ferrous iron level. Elevated ferrous iron induced by ph-IOP led to a marked accumulation of pro-ferroptotic factors (lipid peroxidation and acyl CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4) and a depletion of anti-ferroptotic factors (glutathione, glutathione peroxidase 4, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). These biochemical changes resulted in RGC ferroptosis. Deferiprone can pass through the blood-retinal barrier after oral administration and chelated abnormally elevated ferrous iron in the retina after ph-IOP injury, thus inhibiting RGC ferroptosis and protecting visual function. In conclusion, this study revealed the role of NCOA4-FTH1-mediated disturbance of iron metabolism and ferroptosis in RGCs during glaucoma. We demonstrate the protective effect of Deferiprone on RGCs via inhibition of ferroptosis, providing a research direction to understand and treat glaucoma via the iron homeostasis and ferroptosis pathways.
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9
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Nanjappa R, Dilbeck MD, Economides JR, Horton JC. Fundus imaging of retinal ganglion cells transduced by retrograde transport of rAAV2-retro. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109084. [PMID: 35460667 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Access of adeno-associated virus (AAV) to ganglion cells following intravitreal injection for gene therapy is impeded by the internal limiting membrane of the retina. As an alternative, one could transduce ganglion cells via retrograde transport after virus injection into a retinal target nucleus. It is unknown if recombinant AAV2-retro (rAAV2-retro), a variant of AAV2 developed specifically for retrograde transport, is capable of transducing retinal ganglion cells. To address this issue, equal volumes of rAAV2-retro-hSyn-EGFP and rAAV2-retro-hSyn-mCherry were mixed in a micropipette and injected into the rat superior colliculus. The time-course of viral transduction was tracked by performing serial in vivo fundus imaging. Cells that were labeled by the fluorophores within the first week remained consistent in distribution and relative signal strength on follow-up imaging. Most transduced cells were double-labeled, but some were labeled by only EGFP or mCherry. Fundus images were later aligned with retinal wholemounts. Ganglion cells in the wholemounts matched precisely the cells imaged by fundus photography. As seen in the fundus images, ganglion cells in wholemounts were sometimes labeled by only EGFP or mCherry. Overall, there was detectable label in 32-41% of ganglion cells. Analysis of the number of cells labeled by 0, 1, or 2 fluorophores, based on Poisson statistics, yielded an average of 0.66 virions transducing each ganglion cell. Although this represents a low number relative to the quantity of virus injected into the superior colliculus, the ganglion cells showed sustained and robust fluorescent labeling. In the primate, injection of rAAV2-retro into the lateral geniculate nucleus might provide a viable approach for the transduction of ganglion cells, bypassing the obstacles that have prevented effective gene delivery via intravitreal injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Nanjappa
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Mikayla D Dilbeck
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - John R Economides
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Jonathan C Horton
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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10
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Yao F, Zhang X, Yao X, Ren X, Xia X, Jiang J, Ding L. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Activation Protects Retinal Ganglion Cells in Ischemia-Reperfusion Retinas. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:788663. [PMID: 35004756 PMCID: PMC8732875 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.788663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) leads to massive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and characterizes several blind-causing ophthalmic diseases. However, the mechanism related to retinal IR is controversial, and a drug that could prevent the RGC loss caused by IR is still lacking. This study aimed to investigate the role of endogenous retinal peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α and the therapeutic effect of its agonist, fenofibric acid (FA), in IR-related retinopathy. Materials and Methods: Fenofibric acid treatment was applied to the Sprague-Dawley rats with IR and retinal cell line 28 cells with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) (an in vitro model of IR). Western blotting, real-time PCR, and immunofluorescence were used to examine the expression levels of PPARα, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2). Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, propidium iodide (PI) staining, retrograde tracing, and flash visual-evoked potential (FVEP) were applied to assess RGC injury and visual function. Results: Retinal IR down-regulated PPARα expression in vitro and in vivo. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α activation by FA promoted survival of RGCs, mitigated thinning of the ganglion cell complex, and decreased the latency of positive waves of FVEPs after IR injury. Further, FA treatment enhanced the expression of endogenous PPARα and suppressed the expression of GFAP and COX2 significantly. Conclusion: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α activation by FA is protective against RGC loss in retinal IR condition, which may occur by restoring PPARα expression, inhibiting activation of glial cells, and suppressing retinal inflammation. All these findings indicate the translational potential of FA in treating IR-related retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yao
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xueyan Yao
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohua Ren
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China.,Department of Human Resource, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China.,Department of Human Resource, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Lexi Ding
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
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11
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Balmforth MR, Haigh J, Kumar V, Dai W, Tiede C, Tomlinson DC, Deuchars J, Webb ME, Turnbull WB. Piggybacking on the Cholera Toxin: Identification of a CTB-Binding Protein as an Approach for Targeted Delivery of Proteins to Motor Neurons. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:2205-2212. [PMID: 34565149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A significant unmet need exists for the delivery of biologic drugs such as polypeptides or nucleic acids to the central nervous system for the treatment and understanding of neurodegenerative diseases. Naturally occurring bacterial toxins have been considered as tools to meet this need. However, due to the complexity of tethering macromolecular drugs to toxins and the inherent dangers of working with large quantities of recombinant toxins, no such route has been successfully exploited. Developing a method where a bacterial toxin's nontoxic targeting subunit can be assembled with a drug immediately prior to in vivo administration has the potential to circumvent some of these issues. Using a phage-display screen, we identified two antibody mimetics, anticholera toxin Affimer (ACTA)-A2 and ACTA-C6 that noncovalently associate with the nonbinding face of the cholera toxin B-subunit. In a first step toward the development of a nonviral motor neuron drug-delivery vehicle, we show that Affimers can be selectively delivered to motor neurons in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Balmforth
- School of Chemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Jessica Haigh
- School of Chemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Vajinder Kumar
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Akal University, Talwandi Sabo, Punjab 151302, India
| | - Wenyue Dai
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Christian Tiede
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Darren C Tomlinson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Jim Deuchars
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Michael E Webb
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - W Bruce Turnbull
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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12
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Aronowitz JV, Kirn JR, Pytte CL, Aaron GB. DARPP-32 distinguishes a subset of adult-born neurons in zebra finch HVC. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:792-803. [PMID: 34545948 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Adult male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) continually incorporate adult-born neurons into HVC, a telencephalic brain region necessary for the production of learned song. These neurons express activity-dependent immediate early genes (e.g., zenk and c-fos) following song production, suggesting that these neurons are active during song production. Half of these adult-born HVC neurons (HVC NNs) can be backfilled from the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) and are a part of the vocal motor pathway underlying learned song production, but the other half do not backfill from RA, and they remain to be characterized. Here, we used cell birth-dating, retrograde tract tracing, and immunofluorescence to demonstrate that half of all HVC NNs express the phosphoprotein DARPP-32, a protein associated with dopamine receptor expression. We also demonstrate that DARPP-32+ HVC NNs are contacted by tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers, suggesting that they receive catecholaminergic input, have transiently larger nuclei than DARPP-32-neg HVC NNs, and do not backfill from RA. Taken together, these findings help characterize a group of HVC NNs that have no apparent projections to RA and so far have eluded positive identification other than HVC NN status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake V Aronowitz
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA
| | - John R Kirn
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA.,Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carolyn L Pytte
- Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, Flushing, New York, USA
| | - Gloster B Aaron
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA.,Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA
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13
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Detecting retinal cell stress and apoptosis with DARC: Progression from lab to clinic. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 86:100976. [PMID: 34102318 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DARC (Detection of Apoptosing Retinal Cells) is a retinal imaging technology that has been developed within the last 2 decades from basic laboratory science to Phase 2 clinical trials. It uses ANX776 (fluorescently labelled Annexin A5) to identify stressed and apoptotic cells in the living eye. During its development, DARC has undergone biochemistry optimisation, scale-up and GMP manufacture and extensive preclinical evaluation. Initially tested in preclinical glaucoma and optic neuropathy models, it has also been investigated in Alzheimer, Parkinson's and Diabetic models, and used to assess efficacy of therapies. Progression to clinical trials has not been speedy. Intravenous ANX776 has to date been found to be safe and well-tolerated in 129 patients, including 16 from Phase 1 and 113 from Phase 2. Results on glaucoma and AMD patients have been recently published, and suggest DARC with an AI-aided algorithm can be used to predict disease activity. New analyses of DARC in GA prediction are reported here. Although further studies are needed to validate these findings, it appears there is potential of the technology to be used as a biomarker. Much larger clinical studies will be needed before it can be considered as a diagnostic, although the relatively non-invasive nature of the nasal as opposed to intravenous administration would widen its acceptability in the future as a screening tool. This review describes DARC development and its progression into Phase 2 clinical trials from lab-based research. It discusses hypotheses, potential challenges, and regulatory hurdles in translating technology.
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14
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Astragalus membranaceus Injection Protects Retinal Ganglion Cells by Regulating the Nerve Growth Factor Signaling Pathway in Experimental Rat Traumatic Optic Neuropathy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2020:2429843. [PMID: 33381196 PMCID: PMC7762646 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2429843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling pathway is a potential method of treatment for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss due to traumatic optic neuropathy (TON). The present study aimed to explore the biological effects of injecting Astragalus membranaceus (A. mem) on RGCs in an experimental TON model. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operated (SL), model (ML), and A. mem injection (AL). The left eyes of the rats were considered the experimental eyes, and the right eyes served as the controls. AL rats received daily intraperitoneal injections of A. mem (3 mL/kg), whereas ML and SL rats were administered the same volume of normal saline. The TON rat model was induced by optic nerve (ON) transverse quantitative traction. After two-week administration, the number of RGCs was determined using retrograde labeling with Fluoro-Gold. The protein levels of NGF, tyrosine kinase receptor A (TrkA), c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), JNK phosphorylation (p-JNK), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) were assessed using western blotting. The levels of p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and NF-κB DNA binding were examined using real-time PCR and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. In addition, the concentrations of JNK and p-JNK were assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. The number of RGCs in ML was found to be significantly decreased (P < 0.01) relative to both AL and SL, together with the downregulation of NGF (P < 0.01), TrkA (P < 0.05), and NF-κB (P < 0.01); upregulation of p75NTR mRNA (P < 0.01); and increased protein levels of JNK (P < 0.05) and p-JNK (P < 0.05). Treatment using A. mem injection significantly preserved the density of RGCs in rats with experimental TON and markedly upregulated the proteins of NGF (P < 0.01), TrkA (P < 0.05), and NF-κB (P < 0.01) and downregulated the mRNA level of p75NTR(P < 0.01), as well as the proteins of JNK (P < 0.05) and p-JNK (P < 0.01). Thus, A. mem injection could reduce RGC death in TON induced by ON transverse quantitative traction by stimulating the NGF signaling pathway.
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15
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Wenwen W, Qiongbo WU, Chao Z, Mengya W, Huanhuan Z. [Neural pathway between the nucleus accumbens and the rostral ventrolateral medulla in a rat model of anorexia nervosa]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:609-615. [PMID: 32897201 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.05.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential neural pathway connecting the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and whether the pathway participates in the regulation of cardiovascular function in a model rat of anorexia nervosa (AN). METHODS Rat models of AN were established by allowing voluntary activity in a running wheel with restricted feeding, with the rats having free access to normal chow without exercise as the control group. FluoroGold (FG) retrograde tracing method and multi-channel simultaneous recording technique were used to explore the possible pathway between the NAc and the RVLM. RESULTS The rats in AN group exhibited significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) with significantly increased discharge frequency of RVLM neurons in comparison with the control rats. After the injection of FG into the RVLM, retrograde labeled neurons were observed in the NAc of the rats in both the normal control and AN groups. In both groups, SBP and HR were significantly decreased in response to 400 μA electrical stimulation of the NAc accompanied by an obvious increase in the discharge frequency of the RVLM neurons; the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and MAP were significantly lower in AN model rats than in the normal rats in response to the stimulation. CONCLUSIONS We successfully established a rat model of AN via hyperactivity and restricted feeding and confirm the presence of a neural pathway connecting the NAc and the RVLM. This pathway might participate in the regulation of cardiovascular function in AN model rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wenwen
- Psychophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China.,Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - W U Qiongbo
- Psychophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China.,Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Zheng Chao
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Wang Mengya
- Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Zhang Huanhuan
- Psychophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
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16
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Lanciego JL, Wouterlood FG. Neuroanatomical tract-tracing techniques that did go viral. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1193-1224. [PMID: 32062721 PMCID: PMC7271020 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroanatomical tracing methods remain fundamental for elucidating the complexity of brain circuits. During the past decades, the technical arsenal at our disposal has been greatly enriched, with a steady supply of fresh arrivals. This paper provides a landscape view of classical and modern tools for tract-tracing purposes. Focus is placed on methods that have gone viral, i.e., became most widespread used and fully reliable. To keep an historical perspective, we start by reviewing one-dimensional, standalone transport-tracing tools; these including today’s two most favorite anterograde neuroanatomical tracers such as Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin and biotinylated dextran amine. Next, emphasis is placed on several classical tools widely used for retrograde neuroanatomical tracing purposes, where Fluoro-Gold in our opinion represents the best example. Furthermore, it is worth noting that multi-dimensional paradigms can be designed by combining different tracers or by applying a given tracer together with detecting one or more neurochemical substances, as illustrated here with several examples. Finally, it is without any doubt that we are currently witnessing the unstoppable and spectacular rise of modern molecular-genetic techniques based on the use of modified viruses as delivery vehicles for genetic material, therefore, pushing the tract-tracing field forward into a new era. In summary, here, we aim to provide neuroscientists with the advice and background required when facing a choice on which neuroanatomical tracer—or combination thereof—might be best suited for addressing a given experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Lanciego
- Neurosciences Department, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pio XII Avenue 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Pamplona, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Floris G Wouterlood
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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Jung Y, Kim D. Nonviral Fluorescent Retrograde Tracers. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Jung
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate SchoolKyung Hee University Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate SchoolKyung Hee University Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of MedicineKyung Hee University Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
- Center for Converging HumanitiesKyung Hee University Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science InstituteKyung Hee University Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
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18
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