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Tebbett SB, Schlaefer JA, Bowden CL, Collins WP, Hemingson CR, Ling SD, Morais J, Morais RA, Siqueira AC, Streit RP, Swan S, Bellwood DR. Bio-physical determinants of sediment accumulation on an offshore coral reef: A snapshot study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165188. [PMID: 37385494 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Sediments are found on all coral reefs around the globe. However, the amount of sediment in different reservoirs, and the rates at which sediments move between reservoirs, can shape the biological functioning of coral reefs. Unfortunately, relatively few studies have examined reef sediment dynamics, and associated bio-physical drivers, simultaneously over matching spatial and temporal scales. This has led to a partial understanding of how sediments and living reef systems are connected, especially on clear-water offshore reefs. To address this problem, four sediment reservoirs/sedimentary processes and three bio-physical drivers were quantified across seven different reef habitats/depths at Lizard Island, an exposed mid-shelf reef on the Great Barrier Reef. Even in this clear-water reef location a substantial load of suspended sediment passed over the reef; a load theoretically capable of replacing the entire standing stock of on-reef turf sediments in just 8 h. However, quantification of actual sediment deposition suggested that just 2 % of this passing sediment settled on the reef. The data also revealed marked spatial incongruence in sediment deposition (sediment trap data) and accumulation (TurfPod data) across the reef profile, with the flat and back reef emerging as key areas of both deposition and accumulation. By contrast, the shallow windward reef crest was an area of deposition but had a limited capacity for sediment accumulation. These cross-reef patterns related to wave energy and reef geomorphology, with low sediment accumulation on the ecologically important reef crest aligning with substantial wave energy. These findings reveal a disconnect between patterns of sediment deposition and accumulation on the benthos, with the 'post-settlement' fate of sediments dependent on local hydrodynamic conditions. From an ecological perspective, the data suggests key contextual constraints (wave energy and reef geomorphology) may predispose some reefs or reef areas to high-load turf sediment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sterling B Tebbett
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.
| | - Jodie A Schlaefer
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Environment, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Casey L Bowden
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - William P Collins
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Christopher R Hemingson
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; Department of Marine Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX, USA
| | - Scott D Ling
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Juliano Morais
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Renato A Morais
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; Paris Sciences et Lettres Université, École Pratique des Hautes Études, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, University of Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Alexandre C Siqueira
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Robert P Streit
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Sam Swan
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - David R Bellwood
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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Page CA, Giuliano C, Bay LK, Randall CJ. High survival following bleaching underscores the resilience of a frequently disturbed region of the Great Barrier Reef. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cathie A. Page
- Australian Institute of Marine Science Townsville Queensland Australia
| | | | - Line K. Bay
- Australian Institute of Marine Science Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Carly J. Randall
- Australian Institute of Marine Science Townsville Queensland Australia
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Doropoulos C, Gómez-Lemos LA, Salee K, McLaughlin MJ, Tebben J, Van Koningsveld M, Feng M, Babcock RC. Limitations to coral recovery along an environmental stress gradient. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2558. [PMID: 35112758 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Positive feedbacks driving habitat-forming species recovery and population growth are often lost as ecosystems degrade. For such systems, identifying mechanisms that limit the re-establishment of critical positive feedbacks is key to facilitating recovery. Theory predicts the primary drivers limiting system recovery shift from biological to physical as abiotic stress increases, but recent work has demonstrated that this seldom happens. We combined field and laboratory experiments to identify variation in limitations to coral recovery along an environmental stress gradient at Ningaloo Reef and Exmouth Gulf in northwest Australia. Many reefs in the region are coral depauperate due to recent cyclones and thermal stress. In general, recovery trajectories are prolonged due to limited coral recruitment. Consistent with theory, clearer water reefs under low thermal stress appear limited by biological interactions: competition with turf algae caused high mortality of newly settled corals and upright macroalgal stands drove mortality in transplanted juvenile corals. Laboratory experiments showed a positive relationship between crustose coralline algae cover and coral settlement, but only in the absence of sedimentation. Contrary to expectation, coral recovery does not appear limited by the survival or growth of recruits on turbid reefs under higher thermal stress, but to exceptionally low larval supply. Laboratory experiments showed that larval survival and settlement are unaffected by seawater quality across the study region. Rather, connectivity models predicted that many of the more turbid reefs in the Gulf are predominantly self seeded, receiving limited supply under degraded reef states. Overall, we find that the influence of oceanography can overwhelm the influences of physical and biological interactions on recovery potential at locations where environmental stressors are high, whereas populations in relatively benign physical conditions are predominantly structured by local ecological drivers. Such context-dependent information can help guide expectations and assist managers in optimizing strategies for spatial conservation planning for system recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis A Gómez-Lemos
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede de La Paz - Escuela de Pregrados, La Paz, Colombia
| | - Kinam Salee
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Jan Tebben
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Mark Van Koningsveld
- Van Oord Dredging and Marine Contractors B.V., Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Ports and Waterways, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ming Feng
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Harper LM, Huebner LK, O’Cain ED, Ruzicka R, Gleason DF, Fogarty ND. Methodological recommendations for assessing scleractinian and octocoral recruitment to settlement tiles. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12549. [PMID: 35003917 PMCID: PMC8686733 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying recruitment of corals is important for evaluating their capacity to recover after disturbances through natural processes, yet measuring recruitment rates in situ is challenging due to the minute size of the study organism and the complexity of benthic communities. Settlement tiles are widely used in studies of coral recruitment because they can be viewed under a microscope to enhance accuracy, but methodological choices such as the rugosity of tiles used and when and how to scan tiles for recruits post-collection may cause inconsistencies in measured recruitment rates. We deployed 2,880 tiles with matching rugosity on top and bottom surfaces to 30 sites along the Florida Reef Tract for year-long saturations during a three year study. We scanned the top and bottom surfaces of the same tiles for scleractinian recruits before (live scans) and after treating tiles with sodium hypochlorite (corallite scans). Recruit counts were higher in corallite than live scans, indicating that scleractinian recruitment rates should not be directly compared between studies using live scans and those scanning tiles which have been processed to remove fouling material. Recruit counts also were higher on tile tops in general, but the proportion of settlement to the top and bottom surfaces varied significantly by scleractinian family. Thus, biases may be introduced in recruitment datasets by differences in tile rugosity or by only scanning a subset of tile surfaces. Finally, we quantified octocoral recruitment during live scans and found they preferentially settled to tile tops. We recommend that recruitment tile studies include corallite scans for scleractinian skeletons, deploy tiles with matching rugosity on top and bottom surfaces, and scan all tile surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M. Harper
- Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL, United States of America
- Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network, MarineGEO, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, United States of America
| | - Lindsay K. Huebner
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Saint Petersburg, FL, United States of America
| | - Elijah D. O’Cain
- James H. Oliver, Jr., Institute for Coastal Plain Science, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, United States of America
- Coastal Resources Division, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Brunswick, GA, United States of America
| | - Rob Ruzicka
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Saint Petersburg, FL, United States of America
| | - Daniel F. Gleason
- James H. Oliver, Jr., Institute for Coastal Plain Science, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, United States of America
| | - Nicole D. Fogarty
- Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL, United States of America
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States of America
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Ricardo GF, Harper CE, Negri AP, Luter HM, Abdul Wahab MA, Jones RJ. Impacts of water quality on Acropora coral settlement: The relative importance of substrate quality and light. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:146079. [PMID: 33684747 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coral larval settlement patterns are influenced by a vast array of factors; however, the relative roles of individual factors are rarely tested in isolation, leading to confusion about which are most crucial for settlement. For example, direct effects of the light environment are often cited as a major factor influencing settlement patterns, yet this has not been demonstrated under environmentally realistic lighting regimes in the absence of confounding factors. Here we apply programmable multispectral lights to create realistic light spectra, while removing correlating (but not obvious) factors that are common in laboratory settlement experiments. Using two common species of Acropora - key framework builders of the Great Barrier Reef - we find little evidence that light intensity or changes in the spectral profile play a substantial role in larval settlement under most environmentally realistic settings but can under more extreme or artificial settings. We alternatively hypothesise and provide evidence that chronic light conditions and recent sediment exposures that impact benthic substrates (e.g., crustose coralline algae) have a greater impact on settlement success. Under these conditions, there was a decrease of up to 74% settlement success. Management of water quality conditions that impact the quality of benthic-settlement substrates therefore should present a priority area of focus for improving coral recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard F Ricardo
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 4810, Queensland, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Charlotte E Harper
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 4810, Queensland, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia; University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Andrew P Negri
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 4810, Queensland, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Heidi M Luter
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 4810, Queensland, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Muhammad Azmi Abdul Wahab
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 4810, Queensland, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ross J Jones
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 4810, Queensland, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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Sims CA, Sampayo EM, Mayfield MM, Staples TL, Dalton SJ, Gutierrez‐Isaza N, Pandolfi JM. Janzen–Connell effects partially supported in reef‐building corals: adult presence interacts with settler density to limit establishment. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A. Sims
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Univ. of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Eugenia M. Sampayo
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Univ. of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Margaret M. Mayfield
- School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Timothy L. Staples
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Univ. of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Steven J. Dalton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Univ. of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross Univ. Bay Drive Coffs Harbour New South Wales Australia
| | - Nataly Gutierrez‐Isaza
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Univ. of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - John M. Pandolfi
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Univ. of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
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Thomson DP, Babcock RC, Evans RD, Feng M, Moustaka M, Orr M, Slawinski D, Wilson SK, Hoey AS. Coral larval recruitment in north-western Australia predicted by regional and local conditions. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 168:105318. [PMID: 33853011 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding ecological processes that shape contemporary and future communities facilitates knowledge-based environmental management. In marine ecosystems, one of the most important processes is the supply of new recruits into a population. Here, we investigated spatiotemporal variability in coral recruitment at 15 reefs throughout the Dampier Archipelago, north-western Australia between 2015 and 2017 and identified the best environmental predictors for coral recruitment patterns over this period. Large differences in recruitment were observed among years with the average density of recruits increasing by 375% from 0.017 recruits cm-2 in 2015 to 0.059 recruits cm-2 in 2017. Despite differences in recruitment among years, the rank order of coral recruit density among reefs remained similar among years, suggesting that spatial variation in recruitment within the Dampier Archipelago is partly deterministic and predictable. The density of coral recruits was best explained by percent cover of live corals at both local (within 5 m) and meso-scales (within 15 km), water turbidity and an oceanographic model that predicted larval dispersal. The highest density of coral recruits (~0.13 recruits cm-2 or 37 recruits per tile) occurred on reefs within sub-regions (15 km) with greater than 35% coral cover, low to moderate turbidity (KD490 < 0.2) and moderate to high modelled predictions of larval dispersal. Our results demonstrate that broad-scale larval dispersal models, when combined with local metrics of percent hard coral cover and water turbidity, can reliably predict the relative abundance of coral recruits over large geographical areas and thus can identify hotspots of recruit abundance and potential recovery following environmental disturbances; information that is essential for effective management of coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian P Thomson
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, M097, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
| | - Russell C Babcock
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia
| | - Richard D Evans
- Marine Science Program, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, W.A, 6151, Australia; Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ming Feng
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, M097, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Molly Moustaka
- Marine Science Program, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, W.A, 6151, Australia
| | - Melanie Orr
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, M097, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Dirk Slawinski
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, M097, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Shaun K Wilson
- Marine Science Program, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, W.A, 6151, Australia; Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Andrew S Hoey
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
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Evans RD, Wilson SK, Fisher R, Ryan NM, Babcock R, Blakeway D, Bond T, Dorji P, Dufois F, Fearns P, Lowe RJ, Stoddart J, Thomson DP. Early recovery dynamics of turbid coral reefs after recurring bleaching events. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 268:110666. [PMID: 32510431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The worlds' coral reefs are declining due to the combined effects of natural disturbances and anthropogenic pressures including thermal coral bleaching associated with global climate change. Nearshore corals are receiving increased anthropogenic stress from coastal development and nutrient run-off. Considering forecast increases in global temperatures, greater understanding of drivers of recovery on nearshore coral reefs following widespread bleaching events is required to inform management of local stressors. The west Pilbara coral reefs, with cross-shelf turbidity gradients coupled with a large nearby dredging program and recent history of repeated coral bleaching due to heat stress, represent an opportune location to study recovery from multiple disturbances. Mean coral cover at west Pilbara reefs was monitored from 2009 to 2018 and declined from 45% in 2009 to 5% in 2014 following three heat waves. Recruitment and juvenile abundance of corals were monitored from 2014 to 2018 and were combined with biological and physical data to identify which variables enhanced or hindered early-stage coral recovery of all hard corals and separately for the acroporids, the genera principally responsible for recovery in the short-term (<7 years). From 2014 to 2018, coral cover increased from 5 to 10% but recovery varied widely among sites (0-13%). Hard coral cover typically recovered most at shallower sites that had higher abundance of herbivorous fish, less macroalgae, and lower turbidity. Similarly, acroporid corals recovered most at sites with lower turbidity and macroalgal cover. Juvenile acroporid densities were a good indicator of recovery at least two years after they were recorded. However, recruitment to settlement tiles was not a good predictor of total coral or acroporid recovery. This study shows that coral recovery can be slower in areas of high turbidity and the rate may be reduced by local pressures, such as dredging. Management should focus on improving or maintaining local water quality to increase the likelihood of coral recovery under climate stress. Further, in turbid environments, juvenile coral density predicts early coral recovery better than recruits on tiles and may be a more cost-effective technique for monitoring recovery potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Evans
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, W.A, 6151, Australia; Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Shaun K Wilson
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, W.A, 6151, Australia; Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Rebecca Fisher
- Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Nicole M Ryan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Russ Babcock
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | | | - Todd Bond
- Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; School of Biological Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Passang Dorji
- Remote Sensing and Satellite Research Group, Department of Imaging and Applied Physics, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Francois Dufois
- IFREMER, DYNECO/DHYSED, ZI Pointe du Diable, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Peter Fearns
- Remote Sensing and Satellite Research Group, Department of Imaging and Applied Physics, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Ryan J Lowe
- School of Biological Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jim Stoddart
- Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; MScience Pty Ltd, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Damian P Thomson
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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