Cesarean section on a rise-Does advanced maternal age explain the increase? A population register-based study

Surgical repair of post-cesarean vesicouterine fistula: A systematic review and a plea for prevention

BACKGROUND

Vesicouterine fistula (VUF) is a iatrogenic injury in the vast majority of cases. The worldwide increase of cesarean delivery rates is expected to lead to increased complications.

OBJECTIVES

To assess current evidence on VUF pathogenesis and surgical management.

SEARCH STRATEGY

Pubmed and Embase databases were searched from January 2000 to January 2023 using relevant key words.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Only original articles including either transabdominal or transvaginal surgical routes for post-cesarean VUF repair, in English language, were included.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two authors independently screened the references for eligibility, data extraction, and assessment of methodologic quality. All available surgical outcomes were recorded.

MAIN RESULTS

Of the 1160 studies retrieved, 67 were selected for analysis. Most of these were case reports, case series, or observational cohort studies including a total of 284 patients. The majority (78.6%) of patients had more than one cesarean section, and approximately 10% of them experienced an overt bladder injury and/or uterine rupture at the time of cesarean delivery. The supratrigonal part of the bladder was most commonly involved (92.5%). The majority of patients (88.8%) underwent delayed VUF repair through laparotomy. Length of stay and blood loss were significantly less in patients treated via a minimally invasive approach (P < 0.001 and P = 0.02, respectively). Most patients had double-layer bladder repair and single-layer uterine repair. The overall success rate was 100% on first attempt for each independent combination of different surgical approaches and techniques. Live birth following VUF repair was reported in 23 patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Paying close attention to surgical details is crucial to reduce the incidence of this complication and recurrence rates. Double-layer bladder closure and delayed timing of repair of VUF are recommended.

Maternal age and adverse pregnancy outcomes among Meitei women of Manipur, Northeast India: A cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

The study examines the outcomes of pregnancies conceived at advanced maternal age (AMA) and maternal complications after childbirth among Meitei women of Northeast India.

METHOD

A total of 760 women participants were included in this study and compared among women aged ≥35 years, with a reference group of women aged 20-34 years. Data on obstetric characteristics were collected after obtaining consent. The data were compared using chi-square analysis, and the results were adjusted using a logistic regression model. Decision trees were developed to predict the potential variables associated with preterm delivery and postpartum complication.

RESULTS

In the study, 18.95% of AMA women experienced one or more adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). Women with AMA are at significantly increased risk of placenta previa (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.78-8.57), induction of labor (AOR = 3.69, 95%CI: 2.48-5.50), and caesarean section (AOR = 3.42, 95%CI: 2.28-5.12). Moreover, AMA women have a 1.86-2.76 AOR for developing gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, urinary tract infections, preterm delivery, and postpartum complications. Decision tree analysis revealed that AMA and urban residence independently predict preterm delivery and postpartum complications.

CONCLUSION

The study's findings confirm the adverse impact of AMA on pregnancy outcomes and postpartum complications. Such issues should be addressed, and counseling on the risk of AMA should be provided, particularly for those in the high-risk group. Further prospective studies are needed to understand other potential risk factors of APOs and the impact of AMA complications to prevent the associated burden.

Prevalence of depression among pregnant women and its correlation with the choice of delivery method

Background

Caesarean section is usually limited to cases where natural vaginal delivery is not possible or poses a serious risk to the foetus and mother. Psychological health of mothers is likely to play an important role in the method of delivery. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of depression in pregnant women and its relationship with the choice of delivery method and other demographic parameters.

Methods

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 250 mothers referring to the hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, were selected, and their demographic information and level of depression was collected using a questionnaire. Statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate the correlation between depression, method of delivery and other associated parameters.

Results

Among 250 pregnant women, 225 (90%) had no depression, 25 (10%) had mild depression and no moderate or severe depression was reported in any pregnant mother. Also, 146 (58.4%) were willing to have a caesarean section and 104 (41.6%) wanted to have a normal delivery. The choice of delivery method was not significantly associated with depression. Analyzes showed that increasing maternal age is associated with a greater tendency to caesarean delivery. The incidence and higher depression scores of mothers showed a significant association with the history of previous abortions.

Conclusion

Although in this study no significant association was observed between depression in pregnant mothers and the choice delivery, due to the high prevalence of caesarean section in the country and its progression to higher percentages, it seems that the design and implementation of effective programs and interventions is required.

Impact of time interval from cesarean delivery to frozen embryo transfer on reproductive and neonatal outcomes

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate differences in reproductive and neonatal outcomes on the basis of the time interval from cesarean delivery to subsequent frozen embryo transfer (FET).

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort.

SETTING

Multicenter fertility practice.

PATIENTS

Women undergoing autologous elective single embryo transfer FET after prior cesarean delivery.

INTERVENTION

Time from prior cesarean delivery to subsequent FET.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

live birth (LB).

RESULTS

A total of 6,556 autologous elective single embryo transfer FET cycles were included. Frozen embryo transfer cycles were divided into eight groups on the basis of the time interval from prior cesarean delivery to subsequent FET in months. A secondary analysis was then performed with time as a continuous variable. The proportion of LBs did not differ significantly across all time interval groups and over continuous time (range: 40.0%-45.6%). The mean gestational age at the time of delivery did not significantly differ as the time between prior cesarean delivery and subsequent FET increased (range: 37.3-38.4). When time was evaluated continuously, the proportion of preterm births was higher with a shorter time between cesarean delivery and subsequent FET. The mean birth weight ranged from 3,181-3,470g, with a statistically significant increase over time. However, the proportions of extremely low birth weight, very low birth weight, and low birth weight did not significantly differ.

CONCLUSION

There were no significant differences in reproductive outcomes on the basis of the time interval from cesarean delivery to FET, including LB. The proportion of preterm deliveries decreased with a longer time between cesarean delivery and FET. Differences in mean neonatal birth weight were not clinically significant because the proportion of low birth weight neonates was not significantly different over time. Although large, this sample cannot address all outcomes associated with short interpregnancy intervals, particularly rarer outcomes such as uterine rupture. When counseling patients, the timing of FET after cesarean delivery must be balanced against the risks of increasing maternal age on reproductive and neonatal outcomes.

Efficacy of Bakri Intrauterine Balloon in Managing Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Comparative Analysis of Vaginal and Cesarean Deliveries with Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorders

BACKGROUND The incidence of placenta accreta spectrum disorder (PAS) has been increasing in past decades, and women with PAS are a high-risk maternal population. This study aimed to explore the performance of Bakri intrauterine balloon tamponade (IUBT) in the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), among those with and without PAS. MATERIAL AND METHODS The outcomes of 198 women who underwent treatment for PPH using IUBT were retrospectively analyzed. The demographics and maternal outcomes were analyzed for vaginal and cesarean births, with PAS and without PAS. RESULTS Compared to women with vaginal births (n=130), women who underwent cesarean births (n=68) showed a higher proportion of age ≥35 years (χ²=6.85, P=0.013), multiple births (χ²=13.60, P<0.001), preeclampsia (χ²=9.81, P=0.002), use of transabdominal IUBT (χ²=84.12, P<0.001) and pre-IUBT interventions (χ²=41.61, P<0.001), but had less infused volume of physiological saline (t=6.41, P<0.001). Women with PAS (n=105) showed a higher rate of pre-IUBT intervention (χ²=4.96, P=0.029) and transabdominal IUBT placement (χ²=9.37, P=0.002) than non-PAS women (n=93). The 36 women with PAS (n=36) showed a higher rate of preeclampsia (χ²=4.80, P=0.029), pre-IUBT intervention (χ²=5.90, P=0.015), and transabdominal IUBT placement (χ²=14.94, P<0.001) and a shorter duration from delivery to Bakri insertion (χ²=3.31, P=0.002), than non-PAS women (n=32). CONCLUSIONS PAS was a major cause of PPH at 198 vaginal and cesarean births. An accurate and timely pre-IUBT intervention and Bakri IUBT placement was critical for controlling PPH in cesarean births, especially in women with PAS.

Cesarean sections and sociodemographic disparities in Ecuador: A nationwide study from hospital registries between 2015 and 2022

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to analyze sociodemographic factors associated with cesarean sections (c-sections) in Ecuador.

METHODS

Data were extracted from the Ecuadorian National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC). Multivariate binary and multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to assess sociodemographic factors associated with c-sections overall and with each type of c-section (elective or emergency c-section).

RESULTS

This study included 1 118 842 in-hospital deliveries during 2015-2022 in Ecuador, of which 41.3% were c-sections. This exceeds the recommended levels of medical justified c-sections. Those who were older than 20-29 years showed a higher probability for c-sections overall. Regarding ethnicity, Montubios had 57% higher probability for c-sectioned with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.57 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.45-1.71; while indigenous, black, and white individuals exhibited 73%, 29%, and 21% lower probabilities, respectively. However, this varied according to specific type of c-sections: black individuals had 11% higher probability of elective c-section but 44% lower probability of emergency c-section. Deliveries in private healthcare facilities exhibited significantly higher probabilities of c-sections overall (aOR 15.38, 95% CI 15.20-15.56). Higher probability of emergency c-section was also observed during 2020-2022.

CONCLUSION

Cesarean sections in Ecuador still exceed the recommended levels of medically justified c-sections, highlighting the importance of adopting an approach to childbirth that reduces unnecessary interventions. These results suggest an important role of sociodemographic factors, which aligns with the reported need for multicomponent and locally tailored strategies for addressing c-section overuse. The increase in c-sections during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2022) might suggest the influence of external health crises on maternal healthcare.

Impact of advanced maternal age on perinatal outcomes in Tanzania: Insights from Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center Birth Registry

The increasing prevalence of advanced maternal age (AMA) births necessitates the exploration of associated pregnancy outcomes within the healthcare-limited context of northern Tanzania to elucidate potential region-specific risks and implications. This study explored the influence of AMA on pregnancy outcomes in northern Tanzania, where healthcare resources and infrastructure are constrained in comparison to developed countries. This cross-sectional hospital-based study utilized maternally linked data from the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center (KCMC) Medical Registry and included 32,798 women who delivered single infants between 2004 and 2013. Multiple logistic regression models were used to determine adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for AMA-associated adverse pregnancy outcomes. A total of 16 % of mothers belonged to AMA with increased odds of undergoing a cesarean section (aOR: 1.32; 95%CI [1.24-1.41]; P < 0.001), gestational diabetes (aOR: 13.16; 95%CI [3.28-52.86]; P < 0.001) or pregestational diabetes (aOR: 3.15; 95%CI [1.87-5.31]; P < 0.000), and developing pre-eclampsia (aOR: 1.63; 95%CI [1.41-1.89]; P < 0.000). More women with AMA reported alcohol use during pregnancy and had preexisting conditions before conception than did younger women. Maternal education level, employment status, urban residency, and Christianity were statistically significant. This study establishes a connection between AMA and higher odds of cesarean section, gestational diabetes, pregestational diabetes, and pre-eclampsia. Women with AMA were more inclined to consume alcohol during pregnancy and exhibited preexisting conditions before conception. Moreover, AMA was linked to increased odds of low birth weight, stillbirths, and NICU transfers.

A Higher Maternal Education Level Could Be a Critical Factor in the Exceeded Cesarean Section Delivery in Indonesia

Background

Cesarean section (CS) could be life-saving with medically indicated, but without it, both women and children could be at risk. The maximum rate for CS is 15%, but it tends to exceed globally.

Objective

We aimed to analyze the education level's role in the delivery of CS in Indonesia.

Methods

We used the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey data. The study sampled 15,357 women who delivered in five last years. Besides delivery mode and education level, the study also used nine control variables: residence, age, marital, employment, parity, wealth, insurance, antenatal care, and birth type. The study employed a binary logistics regression.

Results

The results show women with secondary education (16.5% CS) are 2.174 times (AOR 2.174; 95% CI 1.095-4.316), and higher education (33% CS) are 3.241 (AOR 3.241; 95% CI 1.624-6.469) times more likely to deliver by CS than no-school education (4.4% CS). There was no significant difference between primary (9.1%) and no-education women. Apart from education, primiparous women, age 34-34 yr, attending antenatal care ≥4 times, non-poorest, having insurance, living in the city, and being unemployed also related to higher risk of CS.

Conclusion

Exceeded CS in Indonesia occurs mostly in higher education women. Higher education women were more likely to access more information and technology, therefore health promotion on healthy normal birth on social media or m-Health (mobile device-based health promotion) and involving health authorities at every level were suitable to reduce the overuse of the CS.

Secular trends of socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics among delivering women in Arctic Russia, 1973-2017

The aim of this study was to describe temporal trends in socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics among delivering women in two Northern provinces of Russia from 1973 to 2017. Totally 161,730 births were registered in three birth registries. Changes in the distribution of maternal age, education, marital status, smoking during pregnancy were studied using Pearson's chi-squared tests and one-way ANOVA. The logistic regression models were used to assess factors, contributing to the variations in the prevalence of maternal smoking. The mean age of primiparous mothers increased from 22.1 years in 1973-1980 to 25.4 years in 2012-2017 (p < 0.001). The proportion of primiparous mothers with higher education increased from 26.2% in 2006 to 38.3% in 2017 (p < 0.001). The proportion of cohabiting primiparous women increased from 5.0% to 15.2% over the study period (p < 0.001). The proportion of mothers smoking during pregnancy decreased from 18.9% in 2006-2011 to 14.8% in 2012-2017 (p < 0.001). Downward in the prevalence of smoking was revealed in 2012-2017 compared to 2006-2011 (OR = 137.76; 95%CI:71.62-264.96, OR = 183.74; 95%CI:95.52-353.41, respectively). Over the past decades, women postpone childbearing until receiving higher education, continue living in cohabitation during pregnancy and smoke less.

The Role of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Gestation and Pregnancy Outcomes

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances widely disseminated both in the environment and in daily-life products which can interfere with the regulation and function of the endocrine system. These substances have gradually entered the food chain, being frequently found in human blood and urine samples. This becomes a particularly serious issue when they reach vulnerable populations such as pregnant women, whose hormones are more unstable and vulnerable to EDCs. The proper formation and activity of the placenta, and therefore embryonic development, may get seriously affected by the presence of these chemicals, augmenting the risk of several pregnancy complications, including intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes mellitus, among others. Additionally, some of them also exert a detrimental impact on fertility, thus hindering the reproductive process from the beginning. In several cases, EDCs even induce cross-generational effects, inherited by future generations through epigenetic mechanisms. These are the reasons why a proper understanding of the reproductive and gestational alterations derived from these substances is needed, along with efforts to establish regulations and preventive measures in order to avoid exposition (especially during this particular stage of life).

Variations in the prevalence of caesarean section deliveries in India between 2016 and 2021 - an analysis of Tamil Nadu and Chhattisgarh

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of C-sections in India increased from 17.2% to 2006 to 21.5% in 2021. This study examines the variations in C-section prevalence and the factors correlating to these variations in Tamil Nadu (TN) and Chhattisgarh (CG).

METHODS

Delivery by C-section as the outcome variable and several demographic, socio-economic, and clinical variables were considered as explanatory variables to draw inferences from unit-level data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4; 2015-16 and NFHS-5; 2019-21). Descriptive statistics, bivariate percentage distribution, Pearson's Chi-square test, and multivariate binary logistic regression models were employed. The Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and the Concentration Index (CIX) were used to analyse absolute and relative inequality in C-section rates across wealth quintiles in public- and private-sector institutions.

RESULTS

The prevalence of C-sections increased across India, TN and CG despite a decrease in pregnancy complications among the study participants. The odds of caesarean deliveries among overweight women were twice (OR = 2.11; 95% CI 1.95-2.29; NFHS-5) those for underweight women. Women aged 35-49 were also twice (OR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.92-2.29; NFHS-5) as likely as those aged 15-24 to have C-sections. In India, women delivering in private health facilities had nearly four times higher odds (OR = 3.90; 95% CI 3.74-4.06; NFHS-5) of having a C-section; in CG, the odds were nearly ten-fold (OR = 9.57; 95% CI:7.51,12.20; NFHS-5); and in TN, nearly three-fold (OR = 2.65; 95% CI-2.27-3.10; NFHS-5) compared to those delivering in public facilities. In public facilities, absolute inequality by wealth quintile in C-section prevalence across India and in CG increased in the five years until 2021, indicating that the rich increasingly delivered via C-sections. In private facilities, the gap in C-section prevalence between the poor (the bottom two quintiles) and the non-poor narrowed across India. In TN, the pattern was inverted in 2021, with an alarming 73% of the poor delivering via C-sections compared to 64% of those classified as non-poor.

CONCLUSION

The type of health facility (public or private) had the most impact on whether delivery was by C-section. In India and CG, the rich are more likely to have C-sections, both in the private and in the public sector. In TN, a state with good health indicators overall, the poor are surprisingly more likely to have C-sections in the private sector. While the reasons for this inversion are not immediately evident, the implications are worrisome and pose public health policy challenges.

Factors associated with caesarean sections among pregnant women admitted to a private academic hospital in Ongwediva, Oshana region, Namibia

Background

Caesarean section rates are increasing worldwide in both developed and developing countries becoming an issue of grave concern.

Objective

The aim of the study was to determine the factors associated with caesarean sections performed on pregnant women admitted to a private academic hospital in Ongwediva, Oshana region, Namibia.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective data approach was conducted on 200 patients' files using a self-administered checklist at a private academic hospital. A total of 200 records of mothers who underwent caesarean sections were systematically reviewed from January 2020 to December 2020 at a private academic hospital in Ongwediva, Namibia. A pretested structured checklist was used to record the data.

Results

The study revealed that 95.5% of women who had caesarean sections (C-section) were performed. A previous C-section was the most frequent indication, while 0.5% were performed due to patient requests. The p-value for the chi-square statistic was smaller than the standard alpha value (P<0.05), i.e., there is a relationship between the demographic characteristics and factors associated with caesarean sections, as well as between socioeconomic factors and factors associated with caesarean sections.

Conclusions

This study shows that 95.5% of C-sections are done as a necessity with clear indications, while only 0.5% are done due to patient requests. This study's findings can be used to develop strategies and targeted interventions geared towards reducing the increasing rates of cesarean section considering maternal age, the number of indications of primary cesarean delivery, and following standard operating procedures that might improve the quality of prenatal and delivery care.

Socioeconomic, demographic, and cultural determinants of delivery by caesarian section in Ethiopia: Evidence from Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey 2019

Delivery by cesarean section is a surgical procedure of delivery to a newborn baby, and the process is applied when vaginal delivery is unsafe. This study aims to identify the socioeconomic, demographic, and cultural factors that significantly impact the delivery by caesarean section. The 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey (2019 EMDHS) data were used to conduct this research, and this study considered 2872 ever-married women all over the country who delivered in the clinical setting. Firstly, a frequency distribution table has been constructed to understand the characteristics of the selected explanatory and study variables. Then Chi-square test identifies the association between various socioeconomic and demographic factors and delivery by the caesarian section. Finally, the Binary Logistic Regression was used to determine the factors that substantially impact the caesarian section among women in Ethiopia. The Chi-square test of association showed that mother's age, type of residence, highest education level, religion, socioeconomic status, total children ever born, use of contraception, age of mothers at first birth, and preceding birth interval were significantly associated with the caesarian section. The multivariate binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the mother's current age (Age Group: 31-40; Odds Ratio: 2.487, p<0.05) and religion (Muslim; Odds Ratio: 0.599, p<0.05) substantially influenced the study feature. Moreover, the highest educational level (Secondary and higher; Odds Ratio: 1.581, p<0.05), and the preceding birth interval (>40 months; Odds Ratio: 0.682, p<0.05) were also found to have considerable impacts on the caesarian section. Furthermore, the total number of children ever born (>5; Odds Ratio: 0.498, p<0.05) significantly impacts the delivery by caesarean section in Ethiopia. This study's results would be useful to policymakers to take necessary steps to reduce unnecessary delivery by caesarian section and ensure a safer newborn delivery process.

Review of socioeconomic risk factors for cesarean births: a population-based study

OBJECTIVES

The reasons for increased cesarean section (CS) rates are complex and multifactorial. The goal of this study was to look at different social and economic factors that might be causing more cases of CS in the population.

STUDY DESIGN

A retrospective population-based cohort study. Data was taken from the Perinatal Neonatal Outcomes Research study in the Arabian Gulf (PEARL study) registry. Data from 60,728 live births ≥ 24 weeks of gestation were analyzed. In this study, various socioeconomic factors, such as maternal nationality, religion, educational level, employment status, parental income, consanguinity, housing, preterm birth, and tall stature, were examined for women undergoing cesarean section (CS) and their economic outcomes. Women who underwent vaginal delivery (VD) were compared. There are risks associated with pregnancy, smoking, assisted conception, and prenatal care.

RESULTS

60,728 births ≥ 24 weeks gestation were included in the analysis. 17,535 women delivered by CS (28.9%). Women with university-level -education and above were more likely to deliver by CS (61%), as compared to illiterate women or women with basic education at elementary or secondary levels (OR 0.73, CI 95%: P: <0.0001). Working women were more likely to deliver by CS (OR 1.40, CI 95%, P value <0.0001). Women living in rented houses were less likely to achieve a normal delivery (71.8%) (OR 1.40, CI 95%; P: <0.0001) as compared to women living in owned houses (74.7%). Women over 20 years old tended to achieve more VD compared to women less than 20 years old. P value <0.0001. Smoking was associated with lower chances of VD, with 42.4% of smokers delivered by CS compared to 28.3% of non-smokers (OR 1.87, CI 95%; P: <0.0001). Assisted conception was associated with higher CS rates as compared to spontaneous conceptions (OR 0.39; P: <0.0001). We found no statistically significant differences in how babies were born based on the mother's nationality, the father's job, or the mother's income.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher education, employed mothers, smoking, and living in rented houses were socioeconomic factors associated with a higher rate of CS in our population. Furthermore, women who had regular antenatal care were more at risk for delivery by cesarean section, which could be related to other comorbidities increasing the likelihood of cesarean birth rather than antenatal care itself. In our population, assisted reproduction was associated with a higher probability of cesarean delivery.

The Biomedical Subjectification of Women of Advanced Maternal Age: Reproductive Risk, Privilege, and the Illusion of Control

The United States is experiencing a demographic transition toward older motherhood. Biomedicine classifies pregnancies among all women of advanced maternal age (AMA) as high-risk; paradoxically, women having first births at AMA are typically economically and racially privileged, which can reduce the risk of risks. This article examines the implications of the biomedicalization of AMA for first-time mothers, age 35 and older, using qualitative interviews. We find participants had substantial cultural health capital, which informed their critiques of AMA and the medical model of birth. When they found themselves subjected to biomedical protocols and concerned about reproductive risk as their pregnancies progressed, their subsequent biomedical subjectification compelled most to accept biomedical interventions. Consequently, some participants had traumatic birth experiences. Our findings illustrate that while first-time mothers of AMA anticipated that they would have more control over the birth process because of their advantages, ultimately, most did not.

Maternal factors associated with labor dystocia in low-risk nulliparous women. A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To identify maternal factors associated with labor dystocia in low-risk nulliparous women.

METHODS

MEDLINE, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane, and CINAHL were searched for intervention studies and observational studies published from January 2000 to January 2022. Low-risk was defined as nulliparous women with a singleton, cephalic birth in spontaneous labor at term. Labor dystocia was defined by national or international criteria or treatment. Countries were restricted to OECD members. Two authors independently screened 11,374 titles and abstracts, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results were presented narratively and by meta-analysis when compatible.

RESULTS

Seven cohort studies were included. Overall, the certainty of the evidence was moderate. Three studies found that higher maternal age was associated with an increased frequency of labor dystocia (relative risk 1.68; 95% CI 1.43-1.98). Further three studies found that higher maternal BMI was associated with increased frequency of labor dystocia (relative risk 1.20; 95% CI 1.01-1.43). Maternal short stature, fear of childbirth, and high caffeine intake were also associated with an increased frequency of labor dystocia, while maternal physical activity was associated with a decreased frequency.

CONCLUSION

Maternal factors associated with an increased frequency of labor dystocia were mainly maternal age, physical characteristics, and fear of childbirth. Maternal physical activity was associated with a decreased frequency. Intervention studies targeting these maternal factors would need to be initiated before or early in pregnancy to test the causality of the identified factors and labor dystocia.

Prevalence and determinants of caesarean section deliveries in the Kintampo Districts of Ghana

BACKGROUND

Globally, the increasing rate of caesarean section (CS) delivery has become a major public health concern due to its cost, maternal, neonatal, and perinatal risks. In Ghana, the Family Health Division of the Ghana Health Service in 2016 opted to initiate a program to prevent the abuse of CS and identify the factors contributing to its increase in the country. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors influencing CS deliveries in the Kintampo Districts of Ghana.

METHODS

The current study used secondary data from the Every Newborn-International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations and their Health (EN-INDEPTH) project in Kintampo, Ghana. The outcome variable for this study is CS delivery. The predictor variables were socio-demographic and obstetric factors.

RESULTS

The prevalence of CS delivery in the study area was 14.6%. Women with secondary education were 2.6 times more likely to give birth by CS than those with primary education. Unmarried women were about 2.5 times more likely to deliver by CS compared to those who were married. There was an increasing order of CS delivery among women in the wealthy quintiles from poorer to richest. The likelihood of women with gestational ages from 37 to 40 weeks to give birth by CS was about 58% less compared to those with less than 37 gestational weeks. Women who had 4-7 and 8 or more antenatal care (ANC) visits were 1.95 and 3.5 times more likely to deliver by CS compared to those who had less than 4 ANC visits. The odds of women who have had pregnancy loss before to deliver by CS was 68% higher compared to women who have not lost pregnancy before.

CONCLUSIONS

Caesarean section delivery prevalence in the study population was within the Ghana Health Service and World Health Organization ranges. In addition to known socio-demographic and obstetric factors, this study observed that a history of pregnancy loss increased the chances of a woman undergoing a CS. Policies should aim at addressing identified modifiable factors to stem the rise in CS deliveries.

The trend of normal vaginal delivery and cesarean sections before and after implementing the health system transformation plan based on ICD-10 in the northeast of Iran: A cross-sectional study

Background and Aims

Concerning the growing rate of cesarean sections (CSs) worldwide, encouraging normal vaginal deliveries (NVDs) and mitigating CS rates is a necessity. This study investigated the status of delivery in hospitals affiliated with the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS) before and after implementing health system transformation plan (HSTP).

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017 in the obstetrics and gynecology ward in four MUMS teaching hospitals. Data were extracted from hospital information systems (HISs) based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and analyzed in SPSS VE10 software.

Results

The results revealed a significant difference between the rate of NVDs and CSs before and after HSTP, such that implementing this plan in MUMS hospitals has raised the rate of NVDs by 4%. Except for the age groups of less than 15 and 36-40 years, the difference between NVD and CS was significant in different age groups before and after HSTP. The rate of NVD significantly increased within 2 months after implementing HSTP. Furthermore, the difference in the rate of previous CS before and after implementing HSTP was significant (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The results of this study show the positive impact of the implementation of the HSTP on CS reduction and NVD increase in the studied hospitals. Since the studied hospitals were teaching and concerning the different costs of NVD and CS between the public and private hospitals, it is recommended to study all hospitals with the obstetrics and gynecology ward to precisely assess the success of HSTP in encouraging NVD.

Pregnancy outcomes at maternal age over 45 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to identify trends in pregnancy outcomes, especially delivery mode, among pregnant patients older than 45 years.

DATA SOURCES

A literature search was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for studies published between January 1, 2010, and June 30, 2022.

STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

The primary outcomes were cesarean delivery and assisted delivery. The secondary outcomes were preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, placenta previa, placental abruption, postpartum hemorrhage, and preterm birth. The inclusion criteria were studies examining the relationship between older age pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes, studies that compared pregnancy outcomes at maternal age ≥45 years and <45 years, and at least one of the primary and secondary pregnancy outcomes were included.

METHODS

Study screening was performed after duplicates were identified and removed. The quality of each study and publication bias were assessed. Forest plots and I² statistics were calculated for each study outcome for each group. The main analysis was a random-effects analysis. The inverse variance method was used to integrate the results if studies had an adjusted analysis.

RESULTS

Among 4209 studies initially retrieved, 24 were included in this review. All studies were retrospective, observational studies. Pregnant patients aged ≥45 years had a significantly higher cesarean delivery rate (odds ratio, 2.87; 95% confidence interval, 2.50-3.30; I²=97%) than those aged <45 years. However, the emergency cesarean delivery rate was lower in older pregnant patients (odds ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.47-0.79; I²=79%). Pregnancy in older individuals was associated with a lower assisted delivery rate than pregnancy in younger individuals (odds ratio, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-0.97; I²=48%). Preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, placenta previa, placental abruption, postpartum hemorrhage, and preterm birth were more likely to occur in pregnant patients aged ≥45 years than in those aged <45 years. Adjusted pooled analyses showed trends similar to those in the unadjusted pooled analyses.

CONCLUSION

Adverse pregnancy outcomes, typically cesarean delivery, were more likely to occur in older (≥45 years) pregnant patients than in younger pregnant patients. However, the assisted delivery rate was lower in older pregnant patients.

Epidemiology of Caesarean section on maternal request in Australia: A population-based study

OBJECTIVE

To explore the trends, determinants, and short-term maternal and neonatal health outcomes of Caesarean section on maternal request (CSMR).

DESIGN

Population-based record linkage study.

SETTING

Birth registry data for all births in Queensland, Australia, from 2008 to 2017.

PARTICIPANTS

Pregnancies resulting in live or intrapartum stillbirth with >=20 gestational weeks and/or >=400 gm birth weight were the study population. The analytic sample was restricted to low-risk pregnancies by excluding preterm, non-cephalic pregnancies with medical risk factors.

MEASUREMENTS

CSMR was defined as a first-time C-section in singleton, term pregnancies with an ICD-10-AM code of O-82/O-47. CSMR trend was reported in age-standardised rate using a join-point regression model. The determinants and perinatal outcomes of CSMR were tested against Spontaneous vaginal births (VBs) and planned VBs including assisted VBs and emergency C-sections in this group. The generalised estimating equation technique was used for regression analysis and reported in the odds ratio (OR) at a 95% Confidence Interval (CI).

FINDINGS

Of total C-sections (n = 204,863), the average annual change in CSMR rate was 4.4% (95% CI: 2.1-6.7%, p<0.01) for the total pregnancies (N=613,375) Of the analytic sample (N=365568), nulliparous women with age ≥35 years (OR: 2.32,95% CI: 2.09-2.57), delivered at private hospitals (OR:4.90; 95% CI: 4.65-5.18); with mood disorders (OR: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.88-2.43) were positive and midwives birth attendant (OR 0.28; 95% CI: 0.26 to 0.30) was negative influencing factors for CSMR. In a propensity score matched sample; CSMR observed an increasedrisk of anaesthetic complications (OR: 8.00; 95% CI:1.95-32.82) and slightly reduced odds of birth asphyxia (OR:0.20;95%CI:0.06-0.60)against planned VBs while the overall incidence of birth-asphyxia was low (1.29%) However, neonatal morbidities (OR:1.61; 95% CI:1-2.59) and special care admission (OR:2.15; 95% CI:1.03-4.5) were higher after CSMR in comparison to SVBs CONCLUSION: Despite being linked with adverse perinatal health outcomes, the incidence of CSMR increased 1.75-fold during the past 10 years. Maternal educational interventions to provide adequate information, including the long-term risks and benefits of C-sections, can help reduce the growing rates of CSMR.

Trend and associated factors of cesarean section rate in Ethiopia: Evidence from 2000-2019 Ethiopia demographic and health survey data

BACKGROUND

The world health organization considers cesarean section (CS) prevalence of less than 5% suggests an unmet need. On the other hand, a prevalence of more than 15% may pose to risk to mother and child, however, access to CS in a resource-limited country like Ethiopia was much lower than the aforementioned level, Therefore, this was the first study to determine the trend of CS, and factors that influence it.

METHODS

This was done based on the five Ethiopia Demographic and Health Surveys. Trend analysis was done separately for rural and urban. The significance of the trend was assessed using the Extended Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test. The factors on CS delivery were identified based on DHS 2016 data. A multi-level logistic regression analysis technique was used to identify the factors associated with cesarean section delivery. The analysis was adjusted for the different individual- and community-level factors affecting cesarean section delivery. Data analysis was conducted using STATA 14.1 software.

RESULT

The rate of cesarean section increased from 5.1% in 1995 to 16% in 2019 in an urban area and 0.001 in 1995 to 3% in a rural area, the overall increment of CS rate was 0.7% in 1995 to 2019 at 6%. The odds of cesarean section were higher among 25-34 years (AOR = 2.79; 95% CI: 1.92, 4.07) and 34-49 years (AOR = 5.23;95% CI: 2.85,9.59), among those educated at primary school level (AOR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.23,3.11), secondary education (AOR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.17, 3.56) and higher education (AOR = 4.12; 95% CI: 2.33-7.29)with multiple pregnancies (AOR = 11.12; 95% CI: 5.37, 23.), with obesity (AOR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.22, 2.45), living in an urban area (AOR = 2.28; /95% CI: 1.35-3.88), and increased with the number of ANC visit of 1-3 and 4th(AOR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.12, 4.58), (AOR = 3.34; 95% CI: 1.12, 4.58), respectively. The odds of cesarean section are lower among parity of 2-4 children (AOR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0 .37, 0.80) and greater than four birth order (AOR = 0.42;95% CI: 0.21,0.84).

CONCLUSION

In Ethiopia, the CS rate is below the WHO recommended level in both urban and rural areas, thus, intervention efforts need to be prioritized for women living in a rural area, empowering women's education, encouraging co-services such as ANC usage could all help to address the current problem.

Does advanced maternal age explain the longer hospitalisation of mothers after childbirth?

BACKGROUND

Fertility postponement, which has comprised the most significant reproductive trend in developed countries over the last few decades, involves a number of social, personal and health consequences. The length of stay (LOS) in hospital following childbirth varies considerably between countries. Czechia, where the fertility postponement process has been particularly dynamic, has one of the longest mean LOS of the OECD member countries.

OBJECTIVE

We analyse the influence of the age of mothers on the LOS in hospital associated with childbirth.

DATA AND METHODS

We employed anonymised individual data provided by the General Health Insurance Company of the Czech Republic on women who gave birth in 2014. Kaplan-Meier survival plots and binary logistic regression were employed to identify factors associated with long stays (> = 7 days for vaginal births, > = 9 days for CS births).

RESULTS

The impact of the maternal age on the LOS is U-shaped. A higher risk of a longer hospitalisation period for young mothers was identified for both types of birth (OR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.33-1.87, p˂0.001 for age less than 20, OR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.20-1.44, p˂0.001 for age 20-24 compared to 30-34). The risk of a longer stay in hospital increases with the increasing age of the mother (OR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.13-1.35, p˂0.001 for age 35-39, OR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.73-2.44, p˂0.001 for age 40+ compared to 30-34), especially with concern to vaginal births.

CONCLUSION

The probability of a long LOS increases significantly after the age of 35, especially in the case of vaginal births. Thus, the fertility postponement process with the significant change in the age structure of mothers contributes to the increase in health care costs associated with post-birth hospitalisation.

Guideline No. 432a: Cervical Ripening and Induction of Labour - General Information

OBJECTIVE

This guideline presents evidence and recommendations for cervical ripening and induction of labour. It aims to provide information to birth attendants and pregnant individuals on optimal perinatal care while avoiding unnecessary obstetrical intervention.

TARGET POPULATION

All pregnant patients.

BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS

Consistent interprofessional use of the guideline, appropriate equipment, and trained professional staff enhance safe intrapartum care. Pregnant individuals and their support person(s) should be informed of the benefits and risks of induction of labour.

EVIDENCE

Literature published to March 2022 was reviewed. PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library were used to search for systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, and observational studies on cervical ripening and induction of labour. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified by searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies.

VALIDATION METHODS

The authors rated the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. See online Appendix A (Tables A1 for definitions and A2 for interpretations of strong and conditional [weak] recommendations).

INTENDED AUDIENCE

All providers of obstetrical care.

RECOMMANDATIONS

Directive clinique no 432a : Maturation cervicale et déclenchement artificiel du travail - Information générale

OBJECTIF

Présenter des données probantes et des recommandations sur la maturation cervicale et le déclenchement artificiel du travail. Fournir de l'information aux professionnels accoucheurs et aux personnes enceintes sur les soins périnataux optimaux et la prévention des interventions obstétricales inutiles.

POPULATION CIBLE

Toutes les patientes enceintes. BéNéFICES, RISQUES ET COûTS: La mise en application interprofessionnelle et cohérente de la présente directive, l'équipement adéquat et le personnel compétent améliorent la sécurité des soins per partum. Les personnes enceintes et leurs personnes de soutien doivent être informées des risques et bénéfices du déclenchement artificiel du travail. DONNéES PROBANTES: La littérature publiée jusqu'en mars 2022 a été passée en revue. Une recherche a été effectuée dans les bases de données PubMed, CINAHL et Cochrane Library pour répertorier des revues systématiques, des essais cliniques randomisés et des études observationnelles sur la maturation cervicale et le déclenchement artificiel du travail. La littérature grise (non publiée) a été obtenue à l'aide de recherches menées dans des sites Web d'organismes s'intéressant à l'évaluation des technologies dans le domaine de la santé et d'organismes connexes, dans des collections de directives cliniques, des registres d'essais cliniques et des sites Web de sociétés de spécialité médicale nationales et internationales. MéTHODES DE VALIDATION: Les auteurs ont évalué la qualité des données probantes et la force des recommandations en utilisant le cadre méthodologique GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation). Voir l'annexe A en ligne (tableau A1 pour les définitions et tableau A2 pour l'interprétation des recommandations fortes et conditionnelles [faibles]). PROFESSIONNELS CONCERNéS: Tous les fournisseurs de soins obstétricaux.

RECOMMANDATIONS

Does Advanced Maternal Age Comprise an Independent Risk Factor for Caesarean Section? A Population-Wide Study

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association between a mother's age and the risk of caesarean section (CS) when controlling for health factors and selected sociodemographic characteristics.

METHODS

Binary logistic regression models for all women who gave birth in Czechia in 2018 (N = 111,749 mothers who gave birth to 113,234 children).

RESULTS

An increase in the age of a mother significantly increases the odds of a CS birth according to all of the models; depending on the model, OR: 1.62 (95% CI 1.54-1.71) to 1.84 (95% CI 1.70-1.99) for age group 35-39 and OR: 2.83 (95% CI 2.60-3.08) to 3.71 (95% CI 3.23-4.27) for age group 40+ compared to age group 25-29. This strong association between the age of a mother and the risk of CS is further reinforced for primiparas (probability of a CS: 11% for age category ≤ 19, 23% for age category 35-39, and 38% for age category 40+). However, the increasing educational attainment of young women appears to have weakened the influence of increasing maternal age on the overall share of CS births; depending on the model, OR: 0.86 (95% CI 0.80-0.91) to 0.87 (95% CI 0.83-0.91) for tertiary-educated compared to secondary-educated women.

CONCLUSIONS

The age of a mother comprises an independent risk factor for a CS birth when the influence of health, socioeconomic, and demographic characteristics is considered.

Factors associated with cesarean birth in nulliparous women: A multicenter prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

There is widespread concern around the rising rates of cesarean births (CBs), especially among first-time mothers, despite evidence suggesting increased morbidities after birth by cesarean. There are uncertainties around factors associated with rising rates of CBs among first-time mothers in Ireland, and insight into these is essential for understanding the rising trend in CBs. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the factors associated with CBs in nulliparous women.

METHODS

A prospective cohort study was conducted in three maternity hospitals in the Republic of Ireland between 2012 and 2017. Data were collected from 3047 nulliparous women using self-administered surveys antenatally and at 3 months postpartum and from consenting women's hospital records (n = 2755) and analyzed using the Poisson regression to assess associations between demographic and clinical factors and the main outcome measures, planned and unplanned CBs.

RESULTS

Common risk factors for planned and unplanned CBs were being aged ≥40 years, being in private care, multiple pregnancy, and fetus in breech or other malpresentations. An unplanned CB occurred for 22.43% (n = 377/1681) of women who did not have induction of labor (IOL) or who had IOL with no epidural, but the risk was about twice as high for women who had IOL and epidural.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings confirm multifactorial reasons for CB and the challenge of reversing the increasing CB rate if maternal age, overweight/obesity, infertility treatment, multiple pregnancy, and preexisting hypertension in Ireland continue to increase. There is a need to address prelabor interventions, especially IOL combined with epidural analgesia with respect to unplanned CB.

Women's assessment of the quality of hospital-based perinatal care by mode of birth in Romania during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from the IMAgiNE EURO study

OBJECTIVE

To assess women's perceptions of the quality of maternal and newborn care (QMNC) received in hospitals in Romania during the COVID-19 pandemic by mode of birth.

METHODS

A validated anonymous online questionnaire based on WHO quality measures. Subgroup analysis of spontaneous vaginal birth (SVB), emergency cesarean, and elective cesarean and multivariate analyses were performed, and QMNC indexes were calculated. Maternal age, educational level, year of birth, mother born in Romania, parity, type of hospital, and type of professionals assisting the birth were used for multivariate analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 620 women completed the survey. Overall, several quality measures suggested gaps in QMNC in Romania, with the lowest QMNC indexes reported for provision of care and availability of resources. Women who had either elective or emergency cesarean compared with those who had SVB more frequently lacked early breastfeeding (OR 2.04 and 2.13, respectively), skin-to-skin contact (OR 1.73 and 1.75, respectively), rooming-in (OR 2.07 and 1.96, respectively), and exclusive breastfeeding at discharge (OR 2.27 and 1.64, respectively). Compared with elective cesarean, emergency cesarean had higher odds of ineffective communication by healthcare providers (OR 1.65), lack of involvement in choices (OR 1.58), insufficient emotional support (OR 2.07), and no privacy (OR 2.06). Compared with other modes of birth, a trend for lower QMNC indexes for emergency cesarean was observed for all domains, while for elective cesarean the QMNC index for provision of care was significantly lower.

CONCLUSION

Quality indicators of perinatal care remain behind targets in Romania, with births by cesarean the most affected.

CLINICALTRIALS

GOV IDENTIFIER

NCT04847336.

Advancing understanding of maternal age: correlating epigenetic clocks in blood and myometrium

Background:

Advanced maternal age is currently a term defined by chronological age. However, a group of biomarkers known as epigenetic clocks, which can predict morbidity and mortality, has been used to estimate measures of biological aging. Uterine myometrial function during the process of parturition may be influenced by aging, as labor dystocia, unplanned intrapartum cesarean birth, and postpartum hemorrhage are more common in older individuals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of epigenetic clocks in maternal myometrium and blood for predicting age and to evaluate the correlation of epigenetic age between the tissues.

Results:

We compared epigenetic age in blood and myometrial samples provided by women undergoing planned cesarean birth at term gestation. Chronological age ranged from 20 to 50 with a median (IQR) age of 35.5(8) years. The MethylationEPIC BeadChip was used to obtain DNA methylation data, and then epigenetic age was calculated using the Horvath, Hannum, GrimAge, and PhenoAge clocks. Spearman correlations of epigenetic age with chronological age were calculated. We tested the relationship of epigenetic age in maternal blood to epigenetic age in myometrium. Age acceleration, for each clock, was also correlated between tissues. Twenty-seven participants provided samples, and 21 matched specimens were included in the final analysis after quality control. Spearman correlation between maternal chronological age and epigenetic age were significant in three of the four clocks (pan-tissue Horvath, Hannum, and GrimAge), for both myometrium and blood samples. Correlations between blood epigenetic age and maternal age ranged from 0.72 to 0.87 (all p < 0.001). Correlations between myometrial epigenetic age and maternal age were also significant (0.62–0.70, p = 0.002), though lower than correlations seen in blood. Maternal blood epigenetic age also correlated with epigenetic age in myometrium with each of these three clocks 0.60 (p = 0.004, Horvath), 0.63 (p = 0.003, Hannum), and 0.80 (p < 0.001, GrimAge). GrimAge age acceleration had the highest correlation between tissues among the clocks (0.49, p = 0.02).

Conclusions:

Given the limited sample, this study provides insight into the potential use of epigenetic age derived from blood as a proxy for myometrial epigenetic age, which may be a useful biomarker in estimating myometrial biological age in relationship to myometrial dysfunction. GrimAge outperformed the other tested clocks in terms of concordance of epigenetic age and age acceleration between tissues; however, the Horvath and Hannum clocks may be useful depending on the outcome of interest in pregnancy.

Artificial neural networks reveal sex differences in gene methylation, and connections between maternal risk factors and symptom severity in autism spectrum disorder

Aim and methods: Artificial neural networks were used to unravel connections among blood gene methylation levels, sex, maternal risk factors and symptom severity evaluated using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule 2 (ADOS-2) score in 58 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Results: Methylation levels of MECP2, HTR1A and OXTR genes were connected to females, and those of EN2, BCL2 and RELN genes to males. High gestational weight gain, lack of folic acid supplements, advanced maternal age, preterm birth, low birthweight and living in rural context were the best predictors of a high ADOS-2 score. Conclusion: Artificial neural networks revealed links among ASD maternal risk factors, symptom severity, gene methylation levels and sex differences in methylation that warrant further investigation in ASD.

Factors associated with the very high caesarean section rate in urban areas of Vietnam

Background

Caesarean section and associated factors require detailed investigation globally. This study aims to determine the rate and associated factors of caesarean deliveries in urban areas of Vietnam.

Methods

A cross-sectional study using questionnaire answered by women who had infants aged under 30 months was conducted from March to May 2021. Data were collected in 18 commune health centres in two cities during the day of routine immunization. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess factors associated with caesarean section.

Results

The overall caesarean section rate was 49.6%. The caesarean section rate in private hospitals (57.8%) were significantly higher than in public hospitals (49.1%). Caesarean section rate in first-time mothers (47.1%) were as high as this rate among mothers who had given birth before (50.6%). Factors associated with higher rate of caesarean section include increasing in women’s age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and infant’s birth weight; first-time mothers; mothers living in urban areas; and mothers giving birth in private hospitals.

Conclusions

This study revealed a high rate of caesarean deliveries in urban areas of Vietnam. Comprehensive investigations of both medical and non-medical reasons for caesarean deliveries in Vietnam are urgent needs to shape the prioritized interventions.

Mode of Birth Is Not Associated With Food Allergy Risk in Infants

BACKGROUND

The association between mode of delivery and the risk of food allergy remains unclear due to the absence of studies with both challenge-proven food allergy outcomes and detailed information on the type of caesarean delivery.

OBJECTIVE

We assessed whether emergency or elective caesarean, or caesarean delivery in the presence or absence of labor initiation, is associated with the risk of food allergy.

METHODS

The HealthNuts study recruited 5276 12-month-old infants who underwent skin prick testing and oral food challenge to ascertain food allergy status, and linked the child's study data to additional birth data from the Victorian Perinatal Data Collection.

RESULTS

Parents of 3006 children consented to data linkage, and birth data were obtained on 2045. In this subgroup, 30% were born by caesarean and 13% had food allergy. Caesarean delivery, compared with vaginal birth, was not associated with the risk of food allergy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.70, 1.30). Neither caesarean delivery before the onset of labor, nor after the onset of labor, was associated with the risk of food allergy (aOR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.55-1.23 and aOR: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.75-1.72, respectively). Delivery by elective or emergency caesarean, compared with vaginal delivery, was not associated with risk of food allergy (aOR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.71-1.55 and aOR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.56-1.31). There was no evidence of effect modification by breastfeeding, older siblings, pet dog ownership, or maternal allergy.

CONCLUSION

Caesarean delivery, either with or without labor, or elective or emergency, was not associated with the risk of food allergy in a population-based cohort of 12-month-old infants.

Has the cesarean epidemic in Czechia been reversed despite fertility postponement?

Background

Although the percentage of cesarean sections (CS) in Czechia is below the average of that of other developed countries (23.6%), it still exceeds WHO recommendations (15%). The first aim of the study is to examine the association between a CS birth and the main health factors and sociodemographic characteristics involved, while the second aim is to examine recent trends in the CS rate in Czechia. 

Methods

Anonymized data on all mothers in Czechia for 2018 taken from the National Register of Expectant Mothers was employed. The risk of cesarean delivery for the observed factors was tested via the construction of a binary logistic regression model that allowed for adjustments for all the other covariates in the model.

Results

Despite all the covariates being found to be statistically significant, it was determined that health factors represented a higher risk of a CS than sociodemographic characteristics. A previous CS was found to increase the risk of its recurrence by 33 times (OR = 32.96, 95% CI 30.95–35.11, p<0.001). The breech position increased the risk of CS by 31 times (OR = 31.03, 95% CI 28.14–34.29, p<0.001). A multiple pregnancy increased the odds of CS six-fold and the use of ART 1.8-fold. Mothers who suffered from diabetes before pregnancy were found to be twice as likely to give birth via CS (OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.76–2.60, p<0.001), while mothers with gestational diabetes had just 23% higher odds of a CS birth (OR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.16–1.31, p<0.001). Mothers who suffered from hypertension gave birth via CS twice as often as did mothers without such complications (OR = 2.01, 95% CI 1.86–2.21, p<0.001).

Conclusions

The increasing age of mothers, a significant risk factor for a CS, was found to be independent of other health factors. Accordingly, delayed childbearing is thought to be associated with the increase in the CS rate in Czechia. However, since other factors come into play, further research is needed to assess whether the recent slight decline in the CS rate is not merely a temporal trend.

Cesarean delivery in Norwegian nulliparous women with singleton cephalic term births, 1967-2020: a population-based study

Background

Nulliparous women contribute to increasing cesarean delivery in the Nordic countries and advanced maternal age has been suggested as responsible for rise in cesarean delivery rates in many developed countries. The aim was to describe changes in cesarean delivery rates among nulliparous women with singleton, cephalic, term births by change in sociodemographic factors across 50 years in Norway.

Methods

We used data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway and included 1 067 356 women delivering their first, singleton, cephalic, term birth between 1967 and 2020. Cesarean delivery was described by maternal age (5-year groups), onset of labor (spontaneous, induced and pre-labor CD), and time periods: 1967–1982, 1983–1998 and 1999–2020. We combined women’s age, onset of labor and time period into a compound variable, using women of 20–24 years, with spontaneous labor onset during 1967–1982 as reference. Multivariable regression models were used to estimate adjusted relative risk (ARR) of cesarean delivery with 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

Overall cesarean delivery increased both in women with and without spontaneous onset of labor, with a slight decline in recent years. The increase was mainly found among women < 35 years while it was stable or decreased in women >  = 35 years. In women with spontaneous onset of labor, the ARR of CD in women >  = 40 years decreased from 14.2 (95% CI 12.4–16.3) in 1967–82 to 6.7 (95% CI 6.2–7.4) in 1999–2020 and from 7.0 (95% CI 6.4–7.8) to 5.0 (95% CI 4.7–5.2) in women aged 35–39 years, compared to the reference population. Despite the rise in induced onset of labor over time, the ARR of CD declined in induced women >  = 40 years from 17.6 (95% CI 14.4–21.4) to 13.4 (95% CI 12.5–14.3) while it was stable in women 35–39 years.

Conclusion

Despite growing number of Norwegian women having their first birth at a higher age, the increase in cesarean delivery was found among women < 35 years, while it was stable or decreased in older women. The increase in cesarean delivery cannot be solely explained by the shift to an older population of first-time mothers.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-022-04755-3.

The role of maternal age on the risk of preterm birth among singletons and multiples: a retrospective cohort study in Lombardy, Norther Italy

Background

All over the world, especially in the developed countries, maternal age at birth is rising. This study aimed to assess the role of maternal age on the occurrence of preterm birth (PTB) in a large birth cohort of Lombardy Region, Northern Italy.

Methods

This population-based study used data from regional healthcare utilization databases of Lombardy to identify women who delivered between 2007 and 2017. PTBs were defined as births before 37 completed weeks of gestation and considered according to the gestational age (two categories: < 32 weeks and 32 to 36 weeks). Six maternal age groups were defined (< 20, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35–39, ≥40 years). Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the crude and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for PTB among different maternal age groups. Analyses were separately performed according to type of pregnancy (singletons and multiples). Reference group was the age group with the lowest frequency of PTB.

Results

Overall, 49,759 (6.6%) PTBs were observed, of which 41,807 were singletons and 7952 were multiples. Rates of PTB were lowest in the women aged 25–29 years among singletons and in the 30–34 years old group among multiples. Our results described a U-shaped association between maternal age and risk of PTB. In particular, the risk of a singleton PTB between 32 and 36 weeks was significantly higher for women aged less than 20 years (aOR = 1.16, CI 95%: 1.04–1.30) and more than 40 years (aOR = 1.62 CI 95%: 1.54–1.70). The highest risk of a multiple delivery between 32 and 36 weeks was observed among women aged less than 25 years and more than 40 years (aOR = 1.79, CI 95%: 1.01–3.17, aOR = 1.47, CI 95%: 1.16–1.85 and aOR = 1.36, CI 95%: 1.19–1.55 respectively for < 20, 20–24 and > 40 age categories). PTB before 32 completed weeks occurred more frequently in the same age categories, except that among multiples no association with advanced maternal age emerged.

Conclusion

Our study suggested that, after adjustment for potential confounders, both advance and young maternal age were associated with an increased risk of PTB.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-022-04552-y.

Maternal and perinatal complications according to maternal age: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the risk levels for maternal and perinatal complications at >=40, >=45, >50 years old compared to younger controls METHODS: Electronic databases were searched from their inception until March 2021. We included studies reporting pregnancy outcome in pregnant women 40, 45 and 50 years or older compared with controls at the time of delivery. Case reports, and case series were excluded. The primary outcome was the incidence of stillbirth. Meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model of DerSimonian and Laird, to produce summary treatment effects in terms of either a relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was measured using I-squared (Higgins I² ). Subgroup analyses in women older than 45 years and in those older than 50 years were performed.

RESULTS

27 studies, including 31,090,631, were included in the meta-analysis. The overall quality of the included studies was moderate to high. The vast majority of the included studies were retrospective cohort studies (21/27), four were population-based studies, and two were cross sectional studies. Women ≥ 40 years had significantly higher risk of stillbirth (RR 2.16, 95% CI 1.86 to 2.51), perinatal mortality, IUGR, neonatal death, admission to NICU, preeclampsia, preterm delivery, cesarean delivery, and maternal mortality compared to <40 yo women (RR 3.18, 95% CI 1.68 to 5.98). The increased risk for maternal mortality was 42.76 and 11.60 for women older than 50 years and for those older than 45 years, respectively, while those for stillbirth was 3.72 and 2.32. The risk of stillbirth and cesarean delivery was significantly higher in women >45 years compared to those aged 40-45, and in those >50 years compared to those aged 45-50. The risk of maternal mortality was significantly higher in women >50 years compared to those aged 40-45 (RR 60.40, 95% CI 13.28 to 274.74).

CONCLUSIONS

The risk of stillbirth, cesarean delivery, and maternal mortality increases with advancing maternal age. The risk ratio for maternal mortality was 3.18, 11.60, and 42.76 in women older than 40, older than 45, and older than 50 years, respectively. These data should be used when women with advanced maternal age are counselled regarding their risk in pregnancy.

Identification of Hypoxia-Ischemia by chemometrics considering systemic changes of the physiology

Perinatal asphyxia represents a major medical disorder and is related to around a fourth of all neonatal deaths worldwide. Specific thresholds for lactate or pH levels define the gold standard for detecting hypoxic-ischemic events as physiological abnormalities. In contrast to current gold standard, we analyze the systemic picture, represented by the whole set of biochemical parameters from blood gas analysis, by multiparametric machine learning algorithms. In a swine model with 22 objects, we investigate the impact of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy on 18 individual physiological parameters. In a first approach, we study the statistical significance of individual parameters by univariate analysis methods. In a second approach, we take the most relevant parameters as input for the development of predictive models by different hybrid and non hybrid classification algorithms. The predictive power of our multiparametric models outperforms by far the limited performance of pH and lactate as reliable indicators, despite strong correlation with hypoxic-ischemic events. We have been able to detect hypoxic-ischemic events even one hour after the episode, with accuracies close to 100% in contrast to pH or lactate-based diagnosis with 62% and 78%, respectively. By all machine learning algorithms, lactate is recognized as the main contributor due to its longer-term evidence of hypoxia-ischemia episodes. However, substantial improvement of the diagnosis is achieved by predictions based on a systemic picture of different physiological parameters. Our results prove the potential applicability of our method as a support tool for decision-making that will allow obstetricians to identify hypoxic ischemic episodes more accurately during labor.

Prevalence and Factors Associated With Caesarean Delivery in Nepal: Evidence From a Nationally Representative Sample

Background Caesarian sections (CS) are life-saving management for a pregnant mother and fetus subject to obstetric complications. The World Health Organization (WHO) expected CS rates not to exceed 10 to 15 per 100 live births in any country. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of CS and its associated factors from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), building on previous studies mentioned in detail in the latter part of the paper. Methods This study analyzed the secondary data from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), conducted from June 19, 2016, to January 31, 2017. The survey is undertaken every five years; consequently, the data capture the information in the previous five years from the data collection period. We used the 2016 NDHS, which is implemented by the new Enumeration Area (EA) under the support of the Ministry of Health (MOH) and funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). In the rural areas, the sample is stratified and selected in two stages. In the first stage, wards are selected as the primary sampling units (PSU), with households subsequently chosen from the PSUs. In the urban areas, the sample is nominated in three stages. In the first stage, wards are selected as PSUs; in the second stage, one EA is chosen from each PSU, and finally, households are selected from the EAs. Then data were collected from the women in the reproductive age group within the selected households. Results The prevalence of CS in Nepal conforms to the WHO standard with 7.8, 7.5, and 8.1 per 100 deliveries, or 9.8, 8.9, and 9.1 per women's last births in the previous one, three, and five years, respectively. Older mothers of 30 years old or more, having high incomes, being overweight and obese, using the internet, ante-natal care (ANC) visits of more than four times, ANC by doctors, twin delivery, and having babies of 4 kg or more, had higher odds for a CS while having two or more children seemed to be protective towards CS. Conclusion These findings can be used to update health policies surrounding CS delivery to limit unnecessary CS and ensure better health as CS is not without complications.

Composite non-clinical interventions for a safe cesarean section rate reduction: results of a pre-post interventional study

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the impact on cesarean section (CS) rate with of a program of multiple non-clinical interventions targeted at health-care professional within a hospital maternity ward.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Retrospective quasi-experimental pre-post intervention study with an historical control group conducted in a second-level teaching hospital. All women who gave birth in the period 2014 to 2018 were included. A series of multiple non-clinical interventions including a dedicated team of obstetricians for delivery room and antenatal counseling, monthly internal audits and physician education by local opinion leader were prospectively introduced from September 2016. The primary outcome of the study was the CS rate. The incidences of operative vaginal delivery, 3rd-/4th-degree perineal tears and further maternal and neonatal complications were considered as secondary outcomes.

RESULTS

The CS rate dropped from 33.05 to 26.06% after starting the interventions (p < 0.01); in particular, the cumulative rate of CS performed during labor decreased significantly from 19.46 to 14.11% (p < 0.01). CS reduction was still statistically significant after multivariate correction (OR = 0.66, CI.95 = 0.57-0.76, p < 0.01). Results further showed an increased prevalence of 3rd-degree perineal tears (0.97% versus 2.24%, p < 0.01), present also after correcting for possible confounding factors (OR = 2.36, CI.95 = 1.48-3.76, p < 0.01). No differences were found in the rate of vaginal-operative births and further maternal complications, while the composite neonatal outcome was found to be improved (OR = 0.73, CI.95 = 0.57-0.93, p = 0.010).

CONCLUSIONS

The introduction of multiple non-clinical interventions can significantly reduce the CS rate. However, beside an improvement in neonatal composite outcome, a potential increase in high-degree perineal tears should be taken in account.

Predictors of a successful vaginal delivery in women with type 1 diabetes: a retrospective analysis of 20 years

Purpose

To evaluate the independent factors associated with the success of a trial of vaginal birth (TVB) in women with type 1 diabetes. Despite all therapeutic efforts and technological innovations, rates of caesarean sections (CS) in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes remain unchanged above 60%. Our aim was to point out influencing factors to improve the quality of antepartum counseling.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study of 195 pregnancies with type 1 diabetes treated between 2000 and 2019. After exclusions, 118 women with near-term singleton pregnancies intended vaginal birth (TVB). Group differences between CS and successful vaginal delivery were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was performed by including clinical and metabolic variables to determine the independent effects on a successful vaginal delivery. Subgroup analysis for nulliparous women.

Results

Of 118 women with TVB, 67 (56.8%) were delivered vaginally. History of previous vaginal delivery (OR 10.29; CI 2.39; 44.30), HbA1c changes during pregnancy (per % increase; OR 0.59; CI 0.36; 0.96) and gestational weight gain (per kg; OR 0.87; CI 0.80; 0.96) were independent predictors for a successful vaginal delivery. In nulliparous women, the duration of diabetes was independently and negatively associated with vaginal delivery.

Conclusion

Provided data can help to improve antepartum counseling in type 1 diabetic patients. It seems that women with type 1 diabetes should avoid postponing pregnancy and childbirth.

Changes in maternal risk factors and their association with changes in cesarean sections in Norway between 1999 and 2016: A descriptive population-based registry study

BACKGROUND

Increases in the proportion of the population with increased likelihood of cesarean section (CS) have been postulated as a driving force behind the rise in CS rates worldwide. The aim of the study was to assess if changes in selected maternal risk factors for CS are associated with changes in CS births from 1999 to 2016 in Norway.

METHODS AND FINDINGS

This national population-based registry study utilizes data from 1,055,006 births registered in the Norwegian Medical Birth Registry from 1999 to 2016. The following maternal risk factors for CS were included: nulliparous/≥35 years, multiparous/≥35 years, pregestational diabetes, gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, previous CS, assisted reproductive technology, and multiple births. The proportion of CS births in 1999 was used to predict the number of CS births in 2016. The observed and predicted numbers of CS births were compared to determine the number of excess CS births, before and after considering the selected risk factors, for all births, and for births stratified by 0, 1, or >1 of the selected risk factors. The proportion of CS births increased from 12.9% to 16.1% (+24.8%) during the study period. The proportion of births with 1 selected risk factor increased from 21.3% to 26.3% (+23.5%), while the proportion with >1 risk factor increased from 4.5% to 8.8% (+95.6%). Stratification by the presence of selected risk factors reduced the number of excess CS births observed in 2016 compared to 1999 by 67.9%. Study limitations include lack of access to other important maternal risk factors and only comparing the first and the last year of the study period.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, we observed that after an initial increase, proportions of CS births remained stable from 2005 to 2016. Instead, both the size of the risk population and the mean number of risk factors per birth continued to increase. We observed a possible association between the increase in size of risk population and the additional CS births observed in 2016 compared to 1999. The increase in size of risk population and the stable CS rate from 2005 and onward may indicate consistent adherence to obstetric evidence-based practice in Norway.

Appraisals of Childbirth Experience in Hungary

The main focus of our research is to identify the factors that impact childbirth experience positively and negatively, with special attention to the case of caesarean sections. Drawing on a telephone survey conducted over four years between 2021 and 2018, we use data on 2000 Hungarian mothers and assessed a total of 4266 births. According to the regression analysis, there is a significant association between childbirth experience and settlement type, marital status, financial situation and factors measuring social support, as well as between high-risk pregnancy and informal patient payments. Significant results relating to caesarean sections indicate that the proportion of this mode of birth is higher among women who are older, completed a higher level of education and who live in settlements of a larger type. Based on regression analysis, we can conclude that the likelihood of opting for a caesarean section increases with the mother having a degree or diploma, giving birth with support from an obstetrician of her own choice, experiencing high-risk pregnancy or being older.

Management of Pregnancy in Women of Advanced Maternal Age: Improving Outcomes for Mother and Baby

Pregnancy at advanced maternal age (age >35 years old) is considered a risk factor for adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Yet, pregnancies of advanced maternal age have become more prevalent over the last few decades. Possible maternal complications of pregnancy at age 35 or older include increased risk of spontaneous miscarriage, preterm labor, gestational diabetes mellitus, pre-eclampsia, stillbirth, chromosomal abnormalities, and cesarean delivery. Possible adverse fetal outcomes include infants small for gestational age and intrauterine growth restrictions, low Apgar score, admission to neonatal intensive care units, and an autism spectrum disorder. This paper aims to present an up-to-date review of the literature, summarizing the most current studies and implications for the management of pregnancy of advanced maternal age.

The effect of adolescent and advanced-age pregnancies on maternal and early neonatal clinical data

BACKGROUND

This study compared early post-natal clinical data of adolescent and advanced maternal-age mothers and their infants and early post-natal clinical data of mothers 20-34 years old who delivered and their infants.

METHODS

This retrospective study included 1676 newborns who were born at or after 25 gestational weeks and 1638 puerperal women who gave birth at the Health Sciences University Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Health Practice and Research Center Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic between January 2017 and January 2018. Maternal demographic and clinical data and neonatal demographic, anthropometric, and early delivery room clinical data of the study group patients were transcribed from clinical file records to electronic records.

RESULTS

We found that the intensive care admission/2nd- or 3rd-level intensive care referral rates of newborns of advanced-age and adolescent mothers were significantly higher than those of the control group. No significant differences were found between intensive care admission and referral rates among age groups when only healthy pregnancies were considered. Cesarean sections, abortion and smoking rates of mothers with advanced maternal age; LGA rates of newborns of women in this age group; macrosomic rates; and free-flow oxygen requirements were significantly higher than in the other age groups. In advanced-age healthy pregnancies, abortion rates were the same as those in the control group, and there was no significant difference in the LGA rate or free-flow oxygen requirement of newborns in this group. Additionally, the 1-min APGAR scores of the newborns of advanced-age mothers were significantly lower than those of the control newborns, and the pCO₂ values measured in the cord or blood gases obtained within the first hour were significantly higher. In healthy pregnancies, no significant differences in APGAR scores or pCO₂ values were found between age groups. The cord or blood gas lactate values of newborns who were born from adolescent pregnancies taken within the first hour were significantly higher than those of newborns born in other age groups; considering only healthy adolescent pregnancies, the results did not change. Newborns born from healthy adolescent pregnancies had significantly lower resuscitation needs than those born from other age groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Newborns who are born from adolescent and advanced-age pregnancies are more likely to have risky early post-natal clinical findings than are newborns who were born from mothers 20-34 years of age. The early period clinical approach and follow-up of newborns born from adolescent and advanced-age maternal pregnancies are very important for pediatric management.

Association of body mass index and maternal age with first stage duration of labour

To evaluate associations between early-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and active first stage labour duration, accounting for possible interaction with maternal age, we conducted a cohort study of women with spontaneous onset of labour allocated to Robson group 1. Quantile regression analysis was performed to estimate first stage labour duration between BMI categories in two maternal age subgroups (more and less than 30 years). Results show that obesity (BMI > 30) among younger women (< 30 years) increased the median labour duration of first stage by 30 min compared with normal weight women (BMI < 25), and time difference estimated at the 90th quantile was more than 1 h. Active first stage labour time differences between obese and normal weight women was modified by maternal age. In conclusion: (a) obesity is associated with longer duration of first stage of labour, and (b) maternal age is an effect modifier for this association. This novel finding of an effect modification between BMI and maternal age contributes to the body of evidence that supports a more individualized approach when describing labour duration.

Factors Associated with Delayed Initiation and Cessation of Breastfeeding Among Working Mothers in Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates

INTRODUCTION

Despite the enormous benefits of breastfeeding, working mothers face more challenges to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations regarding successful breastfeeding practices. Little research has been done to understand the breastfeeding practices among working mothers in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with delayed initiation and cessation of breastfeeding among working mothers with children under the age of two years in Abu Dhabi, the UAE.

METHODS

A cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted from March to September 2017. The study included both Emirati and non-Emirati mothers of children below the age of two years. The data were collected from seven government health care centers in Abu Dhabi as well as from the community. Mothers with young children attending the centers during the study days were approached by trained research assistants, who provided oral and written information about the study.

RESULTS

Among the 1610 mother-child pairs with complete data who were included in this study, 606 were working mothers giving an employment rate of 37.6%. The mean (standard deviation) of maternal age and children's age were 30.9 (5.1) years and 8.6 (6.1) months, respectively. Of the 606 mothers, 217 (35.8%) delayed initiation of breastfeeding, and 359 (59.2%) ceased breastfeeding. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, factors associated with delayed breastfeeding initiation among working mothers were older mother age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]1.01, 1.08), being of non-Arab nationality (AOR 2.24, 95% CI 1.53, 3.27), caesarean section (AOR 2.70, 95% CI 1.84, 3.96), non-rooming-in (AOR 3.85, 95% CI 1.56, 9.51) and mothers with low birth weight children (AOR 2.47, 95% CI 1.23, 4.94). The main factors associated with cessation of breastfeeding were being of non-Arab nationality (AOR 1.59, 95% CI 1.09, 2.31) and mother with high-income rating (AOR 2.79, 95% CI 1.36, 5.75).

CONCLUSION

The study highlighted the need for urgent actions to improve the working mothers' conditions in order to promote optimal breastfeeding practices, including both early initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among all mothers in the UAE regardless of employment status. Policies to improve EBF rates among professional working mothers should include maternity leave extension to enable mothers to continue breastfeeding.

A cascade of interventions: A classification tree analysis of the determinants of primary cesareans in Australian public hospitals

BACKGROUND

Both globally and in Australia, there has been a sharp rise in cesarean births (CB). Commonly, this rise has been attributed to the changing epidemiology of women giving birth. A significant body of knowledge exists on the risk factors associated with a greater need for cesarean. Yet, we have little information on the reasons recorded by clinicians as to why cesareans are provided. This study aimed to explore the drivers of primary cesareans in Australian public hospitals.

METHODS

Using a linked administrative data set, the frequency and percent of mothers' characteristics were compared between those who had a cesarean birth and those who had a vaginal birth (n = 98 967) with no history of previous cesareans in Queensland public hospitals between July 1, 2012, and June 30, 2015. The top 10 reasons recorded by clinicians for a primary cesarean were reported. Using a machine-learning algorithm, two decision trees were built to determine factors driving primary cesarean birth.

RESULTS

"Labour and delivery complicated by fetal heart rate anomaly" (23%) and "primary inadequate contractions" (22.8%) were the top two reasons for a primary cesarean birth. The most common characteristics among mothers who had fetal heart rate anomalies were as follows: artificial rupture of membranes (39%), oxytocin (32%), no obstruction of labor (42%), and epidural (52%). For women who had primary inadequate contractions, the most common characteristics were as follows: epidural (33%), oxytocin (49%), artificial rupture of membranes (45%), and fetal stress (56%).

CONCLUSIONS

Efforts should be made by health practitioners during the antenatal period to maximize the use of preventative measures that minimize the need for medical interventions.

Using Social Media for Qualitative Health Research in Danish Women of Reproductive Age: Online Focus Group Study on Facebook

BACKGROUND

Social media platforms provide new possibilities within health research. With Facebook being the largest social network in the world, it constitutes a potential platform for recruitment and data collection from women of reproductive age. Women in Denmark and in other Western countries postpone motherhood and risk infertility due to their advanced age when they try to conceive. To date, no study has explored Danish women's reflections on the timing of motherhood within a social media setting.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to explore the challenges and opportunities of using Facebook as a platform for qualitative health research in Danish women of reproductive age.

METHODS

This study was a qualitative study based on 3 online focus groups on Facebook with 26 Danish women of reproductive age discussing the timing of motherhood in January 2020.

RESULTS

Conducting online focus groups on Facebook was successful in this study as the web-based approach was found suitable for developing qualitative data with women of reproductive age and made recruitment easy and free of charge. All participants found participating in an online focus group to be a positive experience. More than half of the women participating in the online focus groups found it advantageous to meet on Facebook instead of meeting face-to-face.

CONCLUSIONS

Conducting online focus groups on Facebook is a suitable method to access qualitative data from women of reproductive age. Participants were positive toward being a part of an online focus group. Online focus groups on social media have the potential to give women of reproductive age a voice in the debate of motherhood.