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Lee JM, Park J, Lee H, Lee J, Mallonee J. The Impact of Cyberbullying Victimization on Academic Satisfaction among Sexual Minority College Students: The Indirect Effect of Flourishing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6248. [PMID: 37444096 PMCID: PMC10341117 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20136248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the association between cyberbullying victimization and academic satisfaction through flourishing (psychological well-being) among 188 LGBTQ college students utilizing the lens of general strain theory and positive psychology. Results indicate that flourishing as a mediator explains the association between cyberbullying victimization and academic satisfaction among LGBTQ college students. For these students, flourishing can serve as a protective factor for their academic satisfaction. This finding highlights the need for college counselors, faculty, and administrators to foster psychological well-being among cyberbullied LGBTQ college students. Practice implications will guide the development of a campus-wide cyberbullying intervention for these students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeoung Min Lee
- School of Social Work, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Jinhee Park
- College of Education, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Heekyung Lee
- College of Education, California State University, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - Jaegoo Lee
- School of Social Work, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Jason Mallonee
- College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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Lin CY, Tsai CS, Fan CW, Griffiths MD, Chang CC, Yen CF, Pakpour AH. Psychometric Evaluation of Three Versions of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Full, Eight-Item, and Three-Item Versions) among Sexual Minority Men in Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138095. [PMID: 35805754 PMCID: PMC9265606 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The UCLA Loneliness Scale, with different short versions, is widely used to assess levels of loneliness. However, whether the scale is valid in assessing loneliness among sexual-minority men is unknown. Additionally, it is unclear whether the 8-item and 3-item short versions are comparable to the full 20-item version. The present study compared the validity of the three versions of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (i.e., 20-item, 8-item, and 3-item versions) among gay and bisexual men in Taiwan. The participants comprised 400 gay and bisexual men in Taiwan who completed a cross-sectional online survey, which included the UCLA Loneliness Scale, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate factorial validity. Convergent validity was examined between the three versions of the UCLA Loneliness Scale and the CES-D and STAI. Known-group validity was investigated with participants’ sexual orientation and educational levels. The unidimensional construct was supported in all three versions of the UCLA Loneliness Scale tested in the present study. Convergent validity was supported as the level of loneliness was correlated with the level of depression and anxiety for all three versions. There were no significant differences between gay and bisexual men, although significant differences were found across different educational levels. The study confirmed that all three versions of the UCLA Loneliness Scale were comparable with satisfactory reliability and validity in Taiwanese sexual-minority men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shu Tsai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Fan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, AdventHealth University, Orlando, FL 32803, USA;
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK;
| | - Chih-Cheng Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 70246, Taiwan
- Department of Health Psychology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.C.); (C.-F.Y.); Tel.: +886-6-2228116 (ext. 58604) (C.-C.C.); +886-7-3121101 (ext. 6822) (C.-F.Y.)
| | - Cheng-Fang Yen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- College of Professional Studies, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.C.); (C.-F.Y.); Tel.: +886-6-2228116 (ext. 58604) (C.-C.C.); +886-7-3121101 (ext. 6822) (C.-F.Y.)
| | - Amir H. Pakpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, SE-551 11 Jönköping, Sweden;
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Lin HC, Chang CC, Chang YP, Chen YL, Yen CF. Associations among Perceived Sexual Stigma from Family and Peers, Internalized Homonegativity, Loneliness, Depression, and Anxiety among Gay and Bisexual Men in Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106225. [PMID: 35627760 PMCID: PMC9141414 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the moderating factors of the association between perceived sexual stigma from family and peers and internalized homonegativity, as well as to compare the effects of perceived sexual stigma from family and peers and internalized homonegativity on loneliness, depression, and anxiety in gay and bisexual men. In total, 400 gay and bisexual men participated in this study. The experiences of perceived sexual stigma from family and peers on the Homosexuality subscale of the HIV and Homosexuality Related Stigma Scale, internalized homonegativity on the Measure of Internalized Sexual Stigma for Lesbians and Gay Men, loneliness on the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3), depression on the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, and anxiety on the State subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were collected. The results indicated that perceived sexual stigma from family and peers was significantly associated with internalized homonegativity in both gay and bisexual men, and that sexual orientation moderated the association. Moreover, the association between internalized homonegativity and loneliness was significantly greater than that between perceived sexual stigma from family and peers and loneliness, although no significant differences were observed in their associations with depression and anxiety. Intervention programs that promote changes in the attitudes toward gay and bisexual men among the general population are needed to help prevent the development of internalized homonegativity and further loneliness, depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Chi Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 70246, Taiwan;
- Department of Health Psychology, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Chang
- School of Nursing, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, New York, NY 14214-3079, USA;
| | - Yi-Lung Chen
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-L.C.); (C.-F.Y.); Tel.: +886-4-23323456 (ext. 20106) (Y.-L.C.); +886-7-3121101 (ext. 6822) (C.-F.Y.)
| | - Cheng-Fang Yen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- College of Professional Studies, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-L.C.); (C.-F.Y.); Tel.: +886-4-23323456 (ext. 20106) (Y.-L.C.); +886-7-3121101 (ext. 6822) (C.-F.Y.)
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Relationships of Homophobic Bullying Victimization during Childhood with Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms in Early Adulthood among Gay and Bisexual Men: Mediating Effect of Depressive Symptoms and Moderating Effect of Family Support. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084789. [PMID: 35457655 PMCID: PMC9027503 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated (1) the associations of homophobic bullying victimization in childhood with borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms in early adulthood among gay and bisexual men; (2) the mediating effect of depressive symptoms on the association between homophobic bullying victimization and BPD symptoms, and (3) the moderating effects of perceived family support on the association between homophobic bullying victimization and BPD symptoms. A total of 500 gay or bisexual men aged between 20 and 25 years were recruited into this study. The experiences of physical, verbal and social relationship bullying victimization during childhood were evaluated using the Mandarin Chinese version of the School Bullying Experience Questionnaire. The experiences of cyberbullying victimization during childhood were evaluated using the Cyberbullying Experiences Questionnaire. BPD symptoms were assessed using the Borderline Symptom List. Depressive symptoms were examined using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Perceived family support was evaluated using the Family Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection, and Resolve index. The results of mediation analyses demonstrated that all the types of homophobic bullying victimization in childhood were directly associated with BDP symptoms in young adulthood as well as indirectly associated with BPD symptoms through the mediation of depressive symptoms. The results of moderation analyses demonstrated that the association between homophobic bullying victimization and BPD symptoms decreased when the individuals had more family support. Intervention programs to reduce homophobic bullying victimization and enhance family support for gay and bisexual men and their families are necessary. Interventions to improve depressive and BPD symptoms among gay and bisexual men are also necessary, especially for those who experienced homophobic bullying victimization during childhood.
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Chou WP, Lin CH, Yang YH, Chen SL, Yen CF. Effects of harassment on psychological inflexibility/experiential avoidance among Taiwanese emergent adult gay and bisexual men. J Formos Med Assoc 2021; 121:1302-1309. [PMID: 34607750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Gay and bisexual men are at a higher risk of mental and physical health problems than heterosexual men, reporting higher frequencies of harassment and discrimination in both housing and employment domains. Psychological inflexibility/experiential avoidance (PI/EA) refers to behaviors that are rigidly guided by psychological reactions rather than direct contingencies or personal values; PI/EA referring to a key psychopathology behavior related to greater mental illness. The objective of the study was to examine the association of various types of harassment with PI/EA and the effects of multiple types and site harassment on PI/EA among Taiwanese emergent adult gay and bisexual men. METHODS A total of 305 gay and bisexual men aged between 20 and 25 years were recruited into this study. The level of PI/EA and types of harassment were evaluated and further analysis the effect of harassment on PI/EA. RESULTS Findings indicated that various types of harassment exerted significant effects on PI/EA in emergent adult gay and bisexual men; furthermore, the effect was cumulative. The result also revealed that victims of verbal ridicule and relational exclusion, victims of physical aggression and theft of belongings, and victims of cyber harassment had significantly higher PI/EA. CONCLUSION Harassment experiences appeared to be significantly associated with PI/EA, and the effects could be cumulative. It would be beneficial to construct a friendly world for emergent adult gay and bisexual men. Evaluation and intervention with PI/EA improvement should be considered for emergent adult gay and bisexual men with traditional and cyber harassment experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Po Chou
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ho Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Chimei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Lan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; M.Sc. Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fang Yen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Wang YC, Chang SR, Miao NF. Health Status and Quality of Life of Middle-Aged and Older Taiwanese Sexual and Gender Minorities. J Nurs Scholarsh 2021; 53:369-377. [PMID: 33675160 DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the health status and quality of life of middle-aged and older sexual and gender minority adults in Taiwan. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between May and December 2019. A total of 535 self-identified lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) men and women ≥40 years of age were included in the final sample. An online questionnaire, which included the following three sections, was used to collect data in this study: (a) demographics, (b) the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief Taiwan version, and (c) physical and psychological health status. RESULTS Middle-aged and older Taiwanese LGBT adults who were single, were unemployed, and earned monthly incomes of <20,000 New Taiwan Dollars reported poorer quality of life. Participants with one or more physical or psychological health problems also reported poorer quality of life than those who had no health problems. In addition, singlehood, unemployment, and poor quality of life and health were positively associated with mental health issues. CONCLUSIONS It is important to attenuate health disparities and mitigate discrimination within Taiwanese society to enhance the quality of life and mental health of middle-aged and older Taiwanese LGBT adults. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Healthcare providers should be attuned to and knowledgeable about the health issues and specific healthcare needs of middle-aged and older LGBT adults, and they should also provide culturally competent care to reduce health disparities of the LGBT adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ching Wang
- Assistant Professor, School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Ru Chang
- Professor, School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nae-Fang Miao
- Associate Professor, Post-Baccalaureate Program in Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Minority stress, resilience, and health in Italian and Taiwanese LGB+ people: A cross-cultural comparison. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present study, using a moderated mediational model, explored levels of distal/proximal stressors, rumination, resilience, and health in a group of Italian and Taiwanese LGB+ people. The study also examined the role of internalized sexual stigma (ISS) and rumination as mediators between discrimination and health, and resilience as a moderator of the relationship between discrimination and ISS, rumination, and health, respectively. An online survey was administered to 508 LGB+ participants (270 Italian and 238 Taiwanese) whose age ranged from 18 to 70 years (M = 37.93, SD = 13.53). The moderated mediation model was tested through a series of path analyses stratified by group nationality. Italian participants reported higher discrimination and resilience, but lower ISS, rumination, and health problems compared to their Taiwanese counterparts. The only common path between groups was the direct effect of discrimination on health problems. The mediating role of ISS and rumination in the relationship between discrimination and health, as well as the moderating role of resilience, were partly significant only for the Italian group. Conclusions: The findings suggest that mediators and moderators used to evaluate the effects of minority stress on health may differ between groups; further culturally sensitive research in the field of LGB+ health is needed.
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Ko NY, Lu WH, Chen YL, Li DJ, Chang YP, Wang PW, Yen CF. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Constructs of COVID-19 Health Beliefs: A Comparison Between Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Individuals in Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124282. [PMID: 32549345 PMCID: PMC7345535 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This online survey study aimed to compare the cognitive, affective, and behavioral constructs of health beliefs related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) between sexual minority and heterosexual individuals in Taiwan. In total, 533 sexual minority and 1421 heterosexual participants were recruited through a Facebook advertisement. The constructs pertaining to cognition (perceived relative susceptibility to COVID-19, perceived COVID-19 severity, having sufficient knowledge and information on COVID-19, and confidence in coping with COVID-19), affect (worry toward COVID-19), and behavior (adoption of health-protective behaviors) in relation to health beliefs about COVID-19 were compared between sexual minority and heterosexual participants. The results indicated that sexual minority participants had lower perceived susceptibility to COVID-19, greater self-confidence in coping with COVID-19, and lower worry about COVID-19 and were less likely to maintain good indoor ventilation and disinfect their household than heterosexual individuals. Sexual orientation is the modifying factor for the Health Belief Model in the COVID-19 pandemic and should be taken into consideration when medical professionals establish prevention programs for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Ying Ko
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Hsin Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi City 60002, Taiwan;
- Department of Senior Citizen Service Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lung Chen
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Dian-Jeng Li
- Department of Addiction Science, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung 80276, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Chang
- School of Nursing, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, New York, NY 14214-3079, USA;
| | - Peng-Wei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (P.-W.W.); (C.-F.Y.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 6822) (C.-F.Y.)
| | - Cheng-Fang Yen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (P.-W.W.); (C.-F.Y.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 6822) (C.-F.Y.)
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Li DJ, Chang YP, Chen YL, Yen CF. Mediating Effects of Emotional Symptoms on the Association between Homophobic Bullying Victimization and Problematic Internet/Smartphone Use among Gay and Bisexual Men in Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103386. [PMID: 32414014 PMCID: PMC7277160 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Problematic internet/smartphone use (PI/SU) and homophobic bullying has become a new type of mental health problem among sexual minorities. However, few studies have investigated the mediators of the association between these factors. We aimed to develop a model to estimate the mediating effect of emotional symptoms, including depression and anxiety, on this association among gay and bisexual men in Taiwan. In total, 500 gay or bisexual men in early adulthood were recruited, and their histories of homophobic bullying victimization during childhood and adolescence, current severity of PI/SU, and current emotional symptoms were evaluated using self-administered questionnaires. A mediation model was developed to test the mediating effect of emotional symptoms on the association between homophobic bullying victimization and PI/SU. In total, 190 (38%) and 201 (40.2%) of the participants had experiences of traditional and cyber homophobic bullying victimization, respectively. A higher level of homophobic bullying victimization was significantly associated with a more severe level of PI/SU, and this was mediated by a higher severity of emotional symptoms. There was a significant effect of emotional symptoms on the association between homophobic bullying victimization and PI/SU. Timely interventions for emotional symptoms are necessary for gay and bisexual men, especially for those who are victims of homophobic bullying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Jeng Li
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Addiction Science, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung 80276, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Chang
- School of Nursing, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214-3079, USA;
| | - Yi-Lung Chen
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-L.C.); (C.-F.Y.); Tel.: +886-4-2332-3456 (ext. 20106) (Y.-L.C.); +886-7-3121101 (ext. 6822) (C.-F.Y.); Fax: +886-4-2332-1206 (Y.-L.C.); +886-7-313-4761 (C.-F.Y.)
| | - Cheng-Fang Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-L.C.); (C.-F.Y.); Tel.: +886-4-2332-3456 (ext. 20106) (Y.-L.C.); +886-7-3121101 (ext. 6822) (C.-F.Y.); Fax: +886-4-2332-1206 (Y.-L.C.); +886-7-313-4761 (C.-F.Y.)
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