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Wu X, Lei Z, Wu Y, Jiang M, Luo H, Chen X, Ruan J. Dynamics of Cerebral Function in Patients with Acute Cerebellar Infarction. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:374-382. [PMID: 36810748 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Few studies were devoted to investigating cerebral functional changes after acute cerebellar infarction (CI). The purpose of this study was to examine the brain functional dynamics of CI using electroencephalographic (EEG) microstate analysis. And the possible heterogenicity in neural dynamics between CI with vertigo and CI with dizziness was explored. Thirty-four CI patients and 37 age- and gender-matched healthy controls(HC) were included in the study. Each included subject underwent a 19-channel video EEG examination. Five 10-s resting-state EEG epochs were extracted after data preprocessing. Then, microstate analysis and source localization were performed using the LORETA-KEY tool. Microstate parameters such as duration, coverage, occurrence, and transition probability are all extracted. The current study showed that the duration, coverage, and occurrence of microstate(Ms) B significantly increased in CI patients, but the duration and coverage of MsA and MsD decreased. Compared CI with vertigo to dizziness, finding a decreased trend in the coverage of MsD and the transition from MsA and MsB to MsD. Taken together, our study sheds new light on the dynamics of cerebral function after CI, mainly reflecting increased activity in functional networks involved in MsB and decreased activity in functional networks involved in MsA and MsD. Vertigo and dizziness post-CI may be suggested by cerebral functional dynamics. Further longitudinal studies are needed to validate and explore the alterations in brain dynamics to what extent depict the clinical traits and their potential applications in the recovery of CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Ziye Lei
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yusi Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Mingqing Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Hua Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xiu Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jianghai Ruan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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2
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Luna R, Vadillo MA, Luque D. Model-free decision making resists improved instructions and is enhanced by stimulus-response associations. Cortex 2023; 168:102-113. [PMID: 37690266 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Human behaviour may be thought of as supported by two different computational-learning mechanisms, model-free and model-based respectively. In model-free strategies, stimulus-response associations are strengthened when actions are followed by a reward and weakened otherwise. In model-based learning, previous to selecting an action, the current values of the different possible actions are computed based on a detailed model of the environment. Previous research with the two-stage task suggests that participants' behaviour usually shows a mixture of both strategies. But, interestingly, a recent study by da Silva and Hare (2020) found that participants primarily deploy model-based behaviour when they are given detailed instructions about the structure of the task. In the present study, we reproduce this essential experiment. Our results confirm that improved instructions give rise to a stronger model-based component. Crucially, we also found a significant effect of reward that became stronger under conditions that favoured the development of strong stimulus-response associations. This suggests that the effect of reward, often taken as indicator of a model-free component, is related to stimulus-response learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Luna
- Institute of Optics, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Spain.
| | - Miguel A Vadillo
- Department of Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - David Luque
- Department of Basic Psychology and Speech Therapy, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Málaga, Spain.
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3
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Bramson B, Toni I, Roelofs K. Emotion regulation from an action-control perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105397. [PMID: 37739325 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing interest in emotional processes in cognitive science, theories on emotion regulation have remained rather isolated, predominantly focused on cognitive regulation strategies such as reappraisal. However, recent neurocognitive evidence suggests that early emotion regulation may involve sensorimotor control in addition to other emotion-regulation processes. We propose an action-oriented view of emotion regulation, in which feedforward predictions develop from action-selection mechanisms. Those can account for acute emotional-action control as well as more abstract instances of emotion regulation such as cognitive reappraisal. We argue the latter occurs in absence of overt motor output, yet in the presence of full-blown autonomic, visceral, and subjective changes. This provides an integrated framework with testable neuro-computational predictions and concrete starting points for intervention to improve emotion control in affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Bramson
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 HR Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Ivan Toni
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Roelofs
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 HR Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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4
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Scerrati E, Rubichi S, Nicoletti R, Iani C. Emotions in motion: affective valence can influence compatibility effects with graspable objects. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 87:725-736. [PMID: 35616712 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01688-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that affective valence (positive, negative) influences Stimulus-Response Compatibility (SRC) effects elicited by both relevant and irrelevant spatial dimensions. We tested whether valence influences SRC effects when the irrelevant spatial dimension rather than being conveyed by the entire stimulus location is conveyed by the location of the stimulus' graspable part, i.e., the Handle-Response (H-R) compatibility effect. Participants saw objects with either a flower, a spider or nothing on their handle and categorized them as kitchen utensils or garage tools through button presses. In Experiment 1, a random presentation of valenced stimuli was used, whereas in Experiment 2 differently valenced stimuli were arranged in different blocks. Furthermore, participants in Experiment 2 could be spider-fearful or not. In Experiment 1, an H-R compatibility effect occurred for response latencies, regardless of whether stimuli presented a negative, positive or no element on their handle. In Experiment 2 the effect occurred only when a positive element was shown on the object's handle. In addition, spider-fearful individuals showed significantly slower responses when the element appearing on the object's handle had a negative valence. These results suggest that the SRC effect observed with pictures of graspable objects may be sensitive to the affective characteristics of stimuli and that approach/avoidance response tendencies may also depend on individual differences (being spider-fearful or not).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Scerrati
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via A. Allegri, 9, 42121, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Sandro Rubichi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via A. Allegri, 9, 42121, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Nicoletti
- Department of Philosophy and Communication, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Iani
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Xia X, Pi Y, Xia J, Li Y, Shi Q, Zhang J, Tan X. Bilateral motor cortex functional differences in left-handed approaching-avoiding behavior. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14194. [PMID: 36250797 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Automatic action tendencies occur at behavioral and neurophysiological levels during task performance with the dominant right hand, with shorter reaction times (RTs) and higher excitability of the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1) during automatic vs. regulated behavior. However, effects associated with the non-dominant left-hand in approaching-avoiding behavior remain unclear. Here, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation during the performance by 18 participants of an approaching-avoiding task using the non-dominant left hand. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over left or right M1 at 150 and 300 ms after the onset of an emotional stimulus. RTs and motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded. Significant automatic action tendencies were observed at the behavioral level. Higher MEP amplitudes were detected 150 ms after stimulus onset from the right hand (non-task hand, corresponding to left M1) during regulated behavior compared with during automatic behavior. However, no significant modulation was found for MEP amplitudes from the left hand (task hand, corresponding to right M1). These findings suggested that left M1 may play a principal role in the early phase of mediating left-handed movement toward an emotional stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xia
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yanling Pi
- Shanghai Punan Hospital of Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xia
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yansong Li
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingde Shi
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Tan
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
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Mennella R, Bavard S, Mentec I, Grèzes J. Spontaneous instrumental avoidance learning in social contexts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17528. [PMID: 36266316 PMCID: PMC9585085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to our social environment requires learning how to avoid potentially harmful situations, such as encounters with aggressive individuals. Threatening facial expressions can evoke automatic stimulus-driven reactions, but whether their aversive motivational value suffices to drive instrumental active avoidance remains unclear. When asked to freely choose between different action alternatives, participants spontaneously-without instruction or monetary reward-developed a preference for choices that maximized the probability of avoiding angry individuals (sitting away from them in a waiting room). Most participants showed clear behavioral signs of instrumental learning, even in the absence of an explicit avoidance strategy. Inter-individual variability in learning depended on participants' subjective evaluations and sensitivity to threat approach feedback. Counterfactual learning best accounted for avoidance behaviors, especially in participants who developed an explicit avoidance strategy. Our results demonstrate that implicit defensive behaviors in social contexts are likely the product of several learning processes, including instrumental learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Mennella
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Laboratoire des Interactions Cognition, Action, Émotion (LICAÉ), Université Paris Nanterre, 200 Avenue de La République, 92001 Nanterre Cedex, France ,grid.440907.e0000 0004 1784 3645Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory (LNC2), Inserm U960, Department of Cognitive Studies, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, 29 Rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Bavard
- grid.440907.e0000 0004 1784 3645Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory (LNC2), Inserm U960, Department of Cognitive Studies, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, 29 Rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.9026.d0000 0001 2287 2617Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 11, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Inès Mentec
- grid.440907.e0000 0004 1784 3645Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory (LNC2), Inserm U960, Department of Cognitive Studies, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, 29 Rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Julie Grèzes
- grid.440907.e0000 0004 1784 3645Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory (LNC2), Inserm U960, Department of Cognitive Studies, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, 29 Rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
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Moors A, Köster M. Behavior prediction requires implicit measures of stimulus-goal discrepancies and expected utilities of behavior options rather than of attitudes toward objects. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2022; 13:e1611. [PMID: 35775455 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Meta-analyses show low correlations between implicit attitude measures and behavior measures, suggesting that these attitude measures are weak predictors of behavior. Researchers of implicit cognition have resorted to several rescue strategies. Their most important reply, based on a traditional dual-process theory of behavior causation, is that attitudes toward objects (positive/negative) automatically activate specific action tendencies (approach/avoidance), but that this stimulus-driven process can be overruled by a nonautomatic goal-directed process in which the expected utilities of action options are weighed up. According to such a theory, it makes sense to continue measuring attitudes with implicit measures, but research should also take into account the moderating role of goals and other factors. We propose an alternative dual-process theory in which goal-directed processes can also be automatic and count as the most important cause of behavior. According to this theory, the goal-directed process responsible for action selection is further preceded by the detection of a stimulus-goal discrepancy. Based on this alternative theory, we propose to no longer measure attitudes toward objects but rather to measure (a) the magnitude of stimulus-goal discrepancies as well as (b) the expected utility of the behavior at stake, understood as the product of the values of the outcomes of the behavior, and the behavior-outcome expectancies. Here too, implicit measures are needed because people may not always have conscious access to these constructs or be motivated to disclose them. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Theory and Methods Psychology > Emotion and Motivation Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making.
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Modzelewska A, Imbir KK. Interoceptive awareness and beliefs about health and the body as predictors of the intensity of emotions experienced at the beginning of the pandemic. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12542. [PMID: 35036120 PMCID: PMC8706328 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic is a type of stressful event which might have an impact on psychological state. A prolonged threat of getting a serious, contagious illness is expected to be associated with an increase of negative emotions and, conversely, with a decrease of positive emotions. As the stressor is strongly linked to health and the body, we decided to investigate what types of factors related to body perception and appraisal are associated with different types of reported emotions. The purpose of the study was to verify the associations between three types of variables: interoceptive awareness as described by Mehling and colleagues (2012a, 2018), negative beliefs about health and body, and different types of emotions. Methodology A Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness questionnaire was applied to evaluate interoceptive awareness. The declared emotional state was diagnosed with a list of 20 emotions-divided by valence and origin. Additionally, a list of 10 negative beliefs about health and body was used. The study was held in a correlational schema with 299 subjects recruited via the social media platform Facebook who took part in an online survey. Results The study revealed that the scales of Self-Regulation and Trusting are primarily associated with negative automatic and reflective emotions and positive automatic emotions. Furthermore, the Self-Regulation, Trusting dimensions of interoceptive awareness predict an intensity of emotions categorised on the basis of valence and origin. In addition, negative beliefs about health and the body provided an adequate explanation of the variance of most of the types of emotions experienced during the pandemic. Conclusions Factors related to body perception, such as interoceptive awareness and negative beliefs about health and body provide a significant contribution to explaining emotional state at the beginning of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamil K Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Masovian, Poland
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Harvey DY, DeLoretta L, Shah-Basak PP, Wurzman R, Sacchetti D, Ahmed A, Thiam A, Lohoff FW, Faseyitan O, Hamilton RH. Variability in cTBS Aftereffects Attributed to the Interaction of Stimulus Intensity With BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:585533. [PMID: 34220466 PMCID: PMC8249815 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.585533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate whether a common polymorphism (Val66Met) in the gene for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-a gene thought to influence plasticity-contributes to inter-individual variability in responses to continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS), and explore whether variability in stimulation-induced plasticity among Val66Met carriers relates to differences in stimulation intensity (SI) used to probe plasticity. Methods: Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were collected from 33 healthy individuals (11 Val66Met) prior to cTBS (baseline) and in 10 min intervals immediately following cTBS for a total of 30 min post-cTBS (0 min post-cTBS, 10 min post-cTBS, 20 min post cTBS, and 30 min post-cTBS) of the left primary motor cortex. Analyses assessed changes in cortical excitability as a function of BDNF (Val66Val vs. Val66Met) and SI. Results: For both BDNF groups, MEP-suppression from baseline to post-cTBS time points decreased as a function of increasing SI. However, the effect of SI on MEPs was more pronounced for Val66Met vs. Val66Val carriers, whereby individuals probed with higher vs. lower SIs resulted in paradoxical cTBS aftereffects (MEP-facilitation), which persisted at least 30 min post-cTBS administration. Conclusions: cTBS aftereffects among BDNF Met allele carriers are more variable depending on the SI used to probe cortical excitability when compared to homozygous Val allele carriers, which could, to some extent, account for the inconsistency of previously reported cTBS effects. Significance: These data provide insight into the sources of cTBS response variability, which can inform how best to stratify and optimize its use in investigational and clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Y. Harvey
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Research Department, Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Laura DeLoretta
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Rachel Wurzman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniela Sacchetti
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Abdou Thiam
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Falk W. Lohoff
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Olufunsho Faseyitan
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Roy H. Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Comparison of the determinants for positive and negative affect proposed by appraisal theories, goal-directed theories, and predictive processing theories. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Moors A, Boddez Y. The goal-directed model as an alternative to reductionist and network approaches of psychopathology. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 41:84-87. [PMID: 33990019 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As an alternative to biological reductionist and network approaches to psychopathology, we propose a nonreductionist mental-mechanistic approach. To illustrate this approach, we work out the implications of the goal-directed framework of Moors et al., which has the potential to explain the heterogeneous manifestations of psychopathology with a restricted set of broad theoretical principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Moors
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Yannick Boddez
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Belgium
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Köster M, Moors A, De Houwer J, Ross-Hellauer T, Van Nieuwerburgh I, Verbruggen F. Behavioral Reluctance in Adopting Open Access Publishing: Insights From a Goal-Directed Perspective. Front Psychol 2021; 12:649915. [PMID: 33897558 PMCID: PMC8059406 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.649915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite growing awareness of the benefits of large-scale open access publishing, individual researchers seem reluctant to adopt this behavior, thereby slowing down the evolution toward a new scientific culture. We outline and apply a goal-directed framework of behavior causation to shed light on this type of behavioral reluctance and to organize and suggest possible intervention strategies. The framework explains behavior as the result of a cycle of events starting with the detection of a discrepancy between a goal and a status quo and the selection of behavior to reduce this discrepancy. We list various factors that may hinder this cycle and thus contribute to behavioral reluctance. After that, we highlight potential remedies to address each of the identified barriers. We thereby hope to point out new ways to think about behavioral reluctances in general, and in relation to open access publishing in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Köster
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Agnes Moors
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan De Houwer
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tony Ross-Hellauer
- Open and Reproducible Research Group, Graz University of Technology and Know-Center GmbH, Graz, Austria
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OToole MS, Mikkelsen MB. Developing a non-verbal, self-report assessment tool of action tendencies: The Depicted Action Tendencies (DAT) instrument. Scand J Psychol 2021; 62:289-300. [PMID: 33538033 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this series of studies were to develop and evaluate a visual self-report measure, the Depicted Action Tendencies (DAT), for the assessment of action tendencies, and to examine relations between action tendencies and emotions. In three independent studies, 938 participants evaluated drawings depicting individuals engaged in actions, reflecting four classes of action tendencies; the tendency to approach reward, approach threat, avoid threat, and avoid reward. The DAT instrument showed specificity in terms of associations with emotions and verbal action-tendency items with minimal overlap between drawings (Study 1). The specificity of the drawings extended to settings in which participants recalled events from their lives (Study 2 and 3). The findings suggest that the drawings can capture different action tendencies in contexts labeled with the same emotion and provide initial support for the DAT instrument as a valid and reliable measure of action tendencies. We believe the DAT instrument offers potential value both in experimental and clinical settings. Given its pictorial format, the DAT is easy to comprehend and may represent a valuable instrument for assessing action tendencies in a quick manner at the momentary level. It may also be useful to individuals with limited linguistic skills or difficulties in verbalizing sensations and feelings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia S OToole
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mai B Mikkelsen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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15
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Hartwig M, Peters A. Cooperation and Social Rules Emerging From the Principle of Surprise Minimization. Front Psychol 2021; 11:606174. [PMID: 33551917 PMCID: PMC7858259 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.606174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The surprise minimization principle has been applied to explain various cognitive processes in humans. Originally describing perceptual and active inference, the framework has been applied to different types of decision making including long-term policies, utility maximization and exploration. This analysis extends the application of surprise minimization (also known as free energy principle) to a multi-agent setup and shows how it can explain the emergence of social rules and cooperation. We further show that in social decision-making and political policy design, surprise minimization is superior in many aspects to the classical approach of maximizing utility. Surprise minimization shows directly what value freedom of choice can have for social agents and why, depending on the context, they enter into cooperation, agree on social rules, or do nothing of the kind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattis Hartwig
- Institute of Information Systems, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Achim Peters
- Clinical Research Group, Brain Metabolism, Neuroenergetics, Obesity and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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16
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Mennella R, Vilarem E, Grèzes J. Rapid approach-avoidance responses to emotional displays reflect value-based decisions: Neural evidence from an EEG study. Neuroimage 2020; 222:117253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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17
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Support from a TMS/MEP study for a direct link between positive/negative stimuli and approach/avoidance tendencies. Neuropsychologia 2020; 143:107496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Boddez Y, Moors A, Mertens G, De Houwer J. Tackling fear: Beyond associative memory activation as the only determinant of fear responding. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 112:410-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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19
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Early Approach and Avoidance Tendencies can be Goal-Directed: Support from a Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:648-657. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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20
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When socially excluded people prefer moralizing to anti- and prosocial behavior: Support for a goal-directed account. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-020-09826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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