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Kang EYC, Chong YJ, Chen KJ, Chou HD, Liu L, Hwang YS, Lai CC, Wu WC. A comparative study of stereopsis in term and preterm children with and without retinopathy of prematurity. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 262:2685-2694. [PMID: 38507045 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-024-06402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate stereopsis in term-born, preterm, and preterm children with and without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and its treatment. METHODS The cross-sectional study included 322 children between 3 and 11 years of age born term or preterm, with or without ROP, and with or without treatment for ROP. The ROP treatments were laser therapy, intravitreal injection (IVI) of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, or their combination. Stereoacuity was measured using the Titmus Stereo Test, and the results among various age groups were analyzed. RESULTS Stereopsis was found to improve with increasing age at testing (P < 0.001) across the entire study population. The term group exhibited significantly better stereoacuity than the preterm group (P < 0.001). At 3-5 years and 6-8 years, the preterm children without ROP exhibited significantly better stereoacuity than did those with ROP (P < 0.001 and P = 0.02, respectively); however, at 9-11 years, both groups exhibited similar stereoacuity (P = 0.34). The stereoacuity in the children with untreated ROP was similar to that of the children with treated ROP in all age groups (P > 0.05). No significant differences in stereopsis were identified between children with ROP treated with laser versus with IVI (P > 0.05). From multivariate analysis, younger age at testing (P = 0.001) and younger gestational age (P < 0.001) were associated with poorer stereopsis. CONCLUSIONS Stereopsis development gradually improved with age in all groups. The children born preterm exhibited poorer stereoacuity than those born term. Children with ROP treated with laser photocoagulation versus IVI may exhibit similar levels of stereoacuity. Younger age at testing and gestational age were independent risk factors for poorer stereoacuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jiun Chong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penang General Hospital, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Kuan-Jen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Da Chou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Laura Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Shiou Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jen-Ai Hospital Dali Branch, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Lai
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Wong BM, Fung SSM, Velez FG, Perez C, Guo R, Yu F, Pineles SL. Evaluation of 3D tablet-based stereoacuity test ASTEROID in children with normal and abnormal visual acuity. J AAPOS 2024; 28:103930. [PMID: 38719139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2024.103930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the utility of 3D, tablet-based, glasses-free Accurate STEReotest (ASTEROID) in children compared with the Titmus test. METHODS Children aged 5-13 years were enrolled in a single-center, nonrandomized, observational comparison study and analyzed by age (5-7 vs 8-13 years) and visual acuity (20/25 or better in both eyes vs abnormal). Each participant underwent both the ASTEROID and Titmus stereoacuity tests. Stereoacuity was defined as fine (≤60 arcsec), moderate (61-200 arcsec), coarse (201-1199 arcsec), or very coarse to nil (≥1200 arcsec). Agreement between the tests was assessed using a weighted kappa (κ) statistic based on all four categories. RESULTS A total of 112 children were included: 28 aged 5-7 with normal visual acuity, 30 aged 5-7 with abnormal visual acuity, 34 aged 8-13 with normal visual acuity, and 20 aged 8-13 with abnormal visual acuity. Mean ASTEROID score was 688 ± 533 arcsec (range, 13-1200 arcsec). Agreement between ASTEROID and Titmus test scores for participants overall was moderate (κ = 0.52). By subgroup, agreement was fair for children 5-7 with abnormal visual acuity (κ = 0.31), moderate for children 5-7 with normal visual acuity (κ = 0.47) and children 8-13 with normal visual acuity (κ = 0.42), and substantial for children 8-13 with abnormal visual acuity (κ = 0.76). Where ASTEROID and Titmus score group varied, ASTEROID score was poorer in 94% (47/50) of cases. CONCLUSIONS ASTEROID is a digital, tablet-based test that evaluates global stereopsis, does not require glasses, and provides a continuum of scores. Among children, ASTEROID has good agreement with the Titmus test; however, it may be more sensitive at detecting stereovision deficits. Further study is necessary to determine which test is more accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Wong
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Simon S M Fung
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Federico G Velez
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Claudia Perez
- Department of Medicine, Statistics Core, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rong Guo
- Department of Medicine, Statistics Core, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Fei Yu
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stacy L Pineles
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
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Llamas-Cornejo I, Peterzell DH, Serrano-Pedraza I. Temporal mechanisms in frontoparallel stereomotion revealed by individual differences analysis. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:3117-3133. [PMID: 38622053 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Masking experiments, using vertical and horizontal sinusoidal depth corrugations, have suggested the existence of more than two spatial-frequency disparity mechanisms. This result was confirmed through an individual differences approach. Here, using factor analytic techniques, we want to investigate the existence of independent temporal mechanisms in frontoparallel stereoscopic (cyclopean) motion. To construct stereomotion, we used sinusoidal depth corrugations obtained with dynamic random-dot stereograms. Thus, no luminance motion was present monocularly. We measured disparity thresholds for drifting vertical (up-down) and horizontal (left-right) sinusoidal corrugations of 0.4 cyc/deg at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 Hz. In total, we tested 34 participants. Results showed a small orientation anisotropy with lower thresholds for horizontal corrugations. Disparity thresholds as a function of temporal frequency were almost constant from 0.25 up to 1 Hz, and then they increased monotonically. Principal component analysis uncovered two significant factors for vertical and two for horizontal corrugations. Varimax rotation showed that one factor loaded from 0.25 to 1-2 Hz and a second factor from 2 to 4 to 8 Hz. Direct Oblimin rotation indicated a moderate intercorrelation of both factors. Our results suggest the possible existence of two somewhat interdependent temporal mechanisms involved in frontoparallel stereomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichasus Llamas-Cornejo
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Madrid, Spain
| | - David H Peterzell
- Fielding Graduate University, Santa Barbara, California, and National University (JFK), Pleasant Hill, California, USA
| | - Ignacio Serrano-Pedraza
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Madrid, Spain
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Baldev V, Tibrewal S, Ganesh S, Majumdar A, Chandna A. Measures and variability with age of low contrast acuity and near stereoacuity in children. Clin Exp Optom 2023; 106:759-768. [PMID: 36031926 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2022.2113735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Low contrast acuity (LCA) and near stereoacuity (NS) testing are integral to the comprehensive assessment of sensory visual function in children. However, routine ophthalmological evaluations seldom take these measures into consideration. Additionally, there is limited literature regarding the normative values of these parameters in children. BACKGROUND This study investigated LCA and NS measures and their variability in children with normal visual acuity. The aim was to provide a benchmark for distinguishing normal measures from abnormal ones. METHODS A prospective observational study was conducted in primary and secondary schools across North India. The participants numbered 240 children, aged between 3 and 15 years. They were split into 12 smaller groups of 20 participants in each age group. Only participants with normal monocular uncorrected visual acuity, no refractive error, normal birth history, and no systemic ailments, were recruited. All the participants underwent a complete ophthalmic examination and non-cycloplegic retinoscopy. LCA was measured, using the low contrast Lea number chart at three metres. NS was measured using the Randot® stereo test at 40 cm. RESULTS The percentages of males and females, were found to be 55%, and 45%, respectively (p = 0.093). The mean NS was found to be 38.7 ± 11.5 arcsecs in the 3-9-year age group, and 26.7 ± 5.6 arcsecs in the 9-15-year age group (p-value <0.001). The mean NS showed an increasing trend up to 9 years of age. The mean LCA was 64.4 ± 20.1 in the age group of 3-8 years, and 76.38 ± 11.39 in the age group of 8-15 years (p-value <0.001). Considerable variability was noted in the LCA in the younger age group (p-value = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS LCA and NS mature gradually during childhood. LCA stabilises after the age of 8, while NS stabilises after the age of 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Baldev
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Dr Om Parkash Eye Institute, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Shailja Tibrewal
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus and Neuro-ophthalmology, Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, Daryaganj, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Suma Ganesh
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus and Neuro-ophthalmology, Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, Daryaganj, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Atanu Majumdar
- Department of Biostatistics, Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, Daryaganj, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Arvind Chandna
- Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, SEELAB, San Francisco, USA
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Navas-Navia B, Garcia-Montero L, Pérez-Sanchez B, Martínez-Pérez C, Villa-Collar C. Percentile curves of stereacuity in a Spanish paediatric population. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2022; 15:191-198. [PMID: 34844895 PMCID: PMC9237587 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to obtain percentile curves of stereoacuity in arc seconds for a Spanish population aged between three and twelve years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS A descriptive, observational and transversal study was conducted, which included children aged between three and twelve years of age who did not present with any known ocular and/or systemic diseases. The convenience sampling method was used to select the sample from three schools and one hospital in the Community of Madrid. The Bueno-Matilla Vision Unit's random dot test was used to measure stereoacuity. A descriptive statistic was performed with the stereoacuity values that were obtained for the 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th percentiles. RESULTS The stereoacuity values of 1300 children were analysed. In the 50th percentile curve, it was determined that stereoacuity values close to 40 sec/arc were present from four years of age, and at four years and nine months, stereoacuity values close to 28 sec/arc were already being observed within said percentile, with values that were similar to those expected in the adult population. A progressive increase was observed, reaching 19 sec/arc before six years of age, with this stereoacuity value becoming more established in children from seven years of age. CONCLUSION Although given the specific type of sampling that was performed it was not possible to generalise the results to the entire population, these percentile curves may aid paediatric professionals in their assessment of the development of this visual ability, which is indicative of the degree of development of binocular vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Navas-Navia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rey Juan Carlos University Hospital, Móstoles, Madrid.
| | - Laura Garcia-Montero
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rey Juan Carlos University Hospital, Móstoles, Madrid
| | - Belén Pérez-Sanchez
- Department of Statistics, Mathematics and Informatics, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain.
| | - Clara Martínez-Pérez
- Department of Pharmacy, Biotechnology, Nutrition, Optics and Optometry, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - César Villa-Collar
- Department of Pharmacy, Biotechnology, Nutrition, Optics and Optometry, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Fogt JS, Onate J, Emerson A, Kraemer W, Fogt N. Visual and Ocular Characteristics of eSports Participants. Optom Vis Sci 2021; 98:771-776. [PMID: 34328456 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The popularity of competitive video game play is growing rapidly. Little is known about the ocular characteristics of esports participants. Refractive error and binocular measures in young adult gamers were similar to population norms. However, tear breakup time was lower, and accommodative lag was higher. PURPOSE In a recent report, very young video game players were found to have greater levels of refractive error and heterophoria and reduced stereopsis. The purpose of this study was to assess the visual and ocular characteristics of a group of recreational esports athletes to determine if the findings in young children were similar to findings in a group of young adult video game players. METHODS Vision tests were performed on 36 college students during a video game combine event. Testing included high- and low-contrast visual acuity, autorefraction at distance and at 33 cm, stereoacuity, near heterophoria, and tear breakup time. Participants also indicated their level or rank in the game Overwatch. RESULTS Fifteen participants were myopic, and 21 did not wear vision correction. The mean local stereopsis was 31.9 seconds. The mean of the esophoric value was 3.2 prism diopters, and the mean of the exophoric value was 5.7 prism diopters. The mean lag of accommodation was 0.81 D. The mean tear breakup time was 5.8 seconds. Average hours of play did not differ between those who wore vision correction and those who did not. There were no significant relationships between the hours of play and the ocular findings. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of refractive error and the mean heterophoria were similar to population norms, and the mean stereoacuity was normal. However, accommodative lag was slightly higher, and the tear breakup time was lower than expected. Differences in these latter values were also noted between high- and low-level Overwatch players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angela Emerson
- Human Performance Collaborative, The Ohio State University, Office of Research, Columbus, Ohio
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Read JCA, Wong ZY, Yek X, Wong YX, Bachtoula O, Llamas-Cornejo I, Serrano-Pedraza I. ASTEROID stereotest v1.0: lower stereo thresholds using smaller, denser and faster dots. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2020; 40:815-827. [PMID: 32989799 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In 2019, we described ASTEROID, a new stereotest run on a 3D tablet computer which involves a four-alternative disparity detection task on a dynamic random-dot stereogram. Stereo thresholds measured with ASTEROID were well correlated with, but systematically higher than (by a factor of around 1.5), thresholds measured with previous laboratory stereotests or the Randot Preschool clinical stereotest. We speculated that this might be due to the relatively large, sparse dots used in ASTEROID v0.9. Here, we introduce and test the stereo thresholds and test-repeatability of the new ASTEROID v1.0, which uses precomputed images to allow stereograms made up of much smaller, denser dots. METHODS Stereo thresholds and test/retest repeatability were tested and compared between the old and new versions of ASTEROID (n = 75) and the Randot Circles (n = 31) stereotest, in healthy young adults. RESULTS Thresholds on ASTEROID v1.0 are lower (better) than on ASTEROID v0.9 by a factor of 1.4, and do not differ significantly from thresholds on the Randot Circles. Thresholds were roughly log-normally distributed with a mean of 1.54 log10 arcsec (35 arcsec) on ASTEROID v1.0 compared to 1.70 log10 arcsec (50 arcsec) on ASTEROID v0.9. The standard deviation between observers was the same for both versions, 0.32 log10 arcsec, corresponding to a factor of 2 above and below the mean. There was no difference between the versions in their test/retest repeatability, with 95% coefficient of repeatability = 0.46 log10 arcsec (a factor of 2.9 or 1.5 octaves) and a Pearson correlation of 0.8 (comparable to other clinical stereotests). CONCLUSION The poorer stereo thresholds previously reported with ASTEROID v0.9 appear to have been due to the relatively large, coarse dots and low density used, rather than to some other aspect of the technology. Employing the small dots and high density used in ASTEROID v1.0, thresholds and test/retest repeatability are similar to other clinical stereotests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny C A Read
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Zhen Yi Wong
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Xinye Yek
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ying Xin Wong
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Omar Bachtoula
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Serrano-Pedraza
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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McCaslin AG, Vancleef K, Hubert L, Read JCA, Port N. Stereotest Comparison: Efficacy, Reliability, and Variability of a New Glasses-Free Stereotest. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:29. [PMID: 32879785 PMCID: PMC7442860 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.9.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To test the validity of the ASTEROID stereotest as a clinical test of depth perception by comparing it to clinical and research standard tests. Methods Thirty-nine subjects completed four stereotests twice: the ASTEROID test on an autostereo 3D tablet, a research standard on a VPixx PROPixx 3D projector, Randot Circles, and Randot Preschool. Within 14 days, subjects completed each test for a third time. Results ASTEROID stereo thresholds correlated well with research standard thresholds (r = 0.87, P < 0.001), although ASTEROID underestimated standard threshold (mean difference = 11 arcsec). ASTEROID results correlated less strongly with Randot Circles (r = 0.54, P < 0.001) and Randot Preschool (r = 0.64, P < 0.001), due to the greater measurement range of ASTEROID (1–1000 arcsec) compared to Randot Circles or Randot Preschool. Stereo threshold variability was low for all three clinical stereotests (Bland–Altman 95% limits of agreement between test and retest: ASTEROID, ±0.37; Randot Circles, ±0.24; Randot Preschool, ±0.23). ASTEROID captured the largest range of stereo in a normal population with test–retest reliability comparable to research standards (immediate r = 0.86 for ASTEROID vs. 0.90 for PROPixx; follow-up r = 0.68 for ASTEROID vs. 0.88 for PROPixx). Conclusions Compared to clinical and research standards for assessing depth perception, ASTEROID is highly accurate, has good test–retest reliability, and measures a wider range of stereo threshold. Translational Relevance The ASTEROID stereotest is a better clinical tool for determining baseline stereopsis and tracking changes during treatment for amblyopia and strabismus compared to current clinical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen Vancleef
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Luke Hubert
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Jenny C A Read
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nicholas Port
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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